Exercises

1- Lect. 12.
Exercise1: A 3-phase 11 kV 10 MW star-connected synchronous generator has a synchronous
impedance of (0.6  j10)  per phase. If the excitation is such that the open-circuit voltage is 12
kV, determine:
I. Maximum output of the generator
II. Current and p.f. at the maximum output
Assume negligible armature resistance.
[Ans: 13200 kW; 939.8 A; 0.737 lead]

Solution1:
I) Maximum output of the generator
The generated phase voltage is

12000
E g= =6928 V
√3
The terminal voltage per phase is

11000
V= =6351V
√3
Since the armature resistance is negligible

E g V 6928× 6351
Pmax = = =4400 kW
Xs 10
⟹ total Pmax =3 × 4400=13200 kW

II) Current and p.f. at the maximum output

I max=
√E g+V 2 √ 69282 +63512
2

= =939.8 A
Xs 10

Eg 6928
cosθ max = = =0.737
√E g
2
+V
2
√ 69282 +63512
Exercise2:
A 3-phase 11 kV 5 MVA star-connected alternator has a synchronous impedance of (1+j10) 
per phase. Its excitation is such that the generated line emf is 14 kV. If the alternator is connected
to infinite busbars, determine maximum output at the given excitation.
[Ans: 14127 kW]

Solution2:
The generated phase voltage is

14000
E g= =8083 V
√3
The terminal voltage per phase is

11000
V= =6351V
√3
Since the armature resistance is NOT negligible, we need to calculate the internal angle

Ra 1
cosα= = 2 =0.0 995
Z s √ 1 +10 2

Hence the maximum power output per phase is

V 6351
Pmax = ( Eg −Vcosα ) = 2 ( 8083−6351 ×0.0995 )=4709 kW
Zs √1 +102
→ total Pmax =3 × 4709=14127 kW

Exercise3:
A 3-phase 11 kV 10 MW star-connected synchronous alternator has a synchronous impedance of
(0.8+j8)  per phase. If its excitation is such that the open-circuit voltage is 14 kV, determine:
I. Maximum output of the generator
II. Current and p.f. at the maximum output
[Ans: 17658 kW; 1028 A; 0.786 lead]
Solution 3:
I) Maximum output of the generator
The generated phase voltage is

14000
E g= =8083 V
√3
The terminal voltage per phase is

11000
V= =6351V
√3
Since the armature resistance is NOT negligible, we need to calculate the internal angle

Ra 0.8
cosα= = =0.0995
Z s √ 0.82 +82

Hence the maximum power output per phase is

 V 6351
Pmax = ( Eg −Vcosα ) = ( 8083−6351× 0.0995 )=5886 kW
Zs √0.8 2+ 82
→ total Pmax =3 ×5886=17658 kW

II) Current and p.f. at the maximum output

I max =
√E g+V 2 √ 80832 +63512
2

= =1028 A
Xs 8

Eg 8083
cosθ max = = =0.7 86
√E g
2
+V
2
√ 80832 +63512

2- Lect. 14.
Exercise 1: A 3300 V 3-phase star-connected alternator has a full-load current of 100 A. On
short-circuit, a field current of 5 A was necessary to produce full-load current. The emf on open-
circuit for the same excitation was 900 V. The armature effective resistance per phase was 0.8  .
Calculate the full-load percentage regulation for a load of

(a) 0.8 lagging [Ans: 36.17 %]

(b) 0.8 leading [Ans: -14.80 %]

Solution 1:
For a star-connected winding, the phase voltage is given as:

VL 3300
V= = =1905 V
√3 √3
The synchronous impedance is given as:

Eoc
Z s= for the same I f
I sc

900
Z s= =9 Ω
100

The synchronous reactance is then calculated as:

X s=√ Z s2−Ra2=√ 92 −0. 82=8.96 Ω

a) 0.8 lagging power factor ⇒ cos ∅ =0. 8∧sin ∅ =0. 6

The generated voltage is:
E=√ ¿ ¿

E=√ ¿ ¿

E=2594 V

Hence the percentage voltage regulation is:

E−V 2594−1905
VR= ×100= ×100=36.17 %
V 1905

b) 0.8 leading power factor ⇒ cos ∅ =0.8∧sin ∅ =0.6

The generated voltage is:

E=√ ¿ ¿

E=√ ¿ ¿

E=1623V

Hence the percentage voltage regulation is:

E−V 1623−1905
VR= ×100= × 100=−14.8 %
V 1905

Exercise 2: A 3-phase star-connected alternator is rated at 1600 kVA13500 V. The armature

effective resistance and synchronous reactance are 1.5  and 30  respectively per phase.
Calculate the percentage regulation for a load of 1280 kW at power factors of
(a) 0.8 lagging [Ans: 18.6 %]
(b) 0.8 leading [Ans: -11.99 %]
Solution 2:

For a star-connected winding, the phase voltage is given as:

VL 13500
V= = =7794 V
√3 √3
The load current drawn by the 1280 kW 0.8 power factor lagging load is:

P3∅ 3
1280 ×10
I= = =68.43 A
√3 × V L × cos ∅ √ ×13500 × 0.8
3

a) Voltage regulation with 0.8 pf lagging; ⇒ cos ∅ =0.8∧sin ∅ =0.6

The no-load voltage for a lagging load is given as:

E0 =√ ¿ ¿

E0 =√ ¿ ¿

E0 =9244 V

The corresponding percentage voltage regulation is:

E0 −V 9244−7794
VR= ×100= ×100=18.6 %
V 7794

b) Voltage regulation with 0.8 pf leading; ⇒ cos ∅ =0.8∧sin ∅ =0.6

The no-load voltage for a lagging load is given as:

E0 =√ ¿ ¿

E0 =√ ¿ ¿

E0 =6859 V

The corresponding percentage voltage regulation is:

E0 −V 6859−7794
VR= ×100= ×100=−1 1.99 %
V 7794