Scribd
Upload
14 views6 pages

Instrument and Measurement: Stage

The document discusses types of measuring instruments including electrical, electronic, analog, and digital instruments. It also covers absolute and secondary instruments, factors affecting instrument selection like accuracy and precision, and types of errors in measurement including systematic and random errors.

Uploaded by

Hayder Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views6 pages

Instrument and Measurement: Stage

The document discusses types of measuring instruments including electrical, electronic, analog, and digital instruments. It also covers absolute and secondary instruments, factors affecting instrument selection like accuracy and precision, and types of errors in measurement including systematic and random errors.

Uploaded by

Hayder Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Ministry of Higher ‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬

Education and Scientific ‫والبحث العلمي‬


Research ‫كلية االسراء الجامعة‬
Al-Esra’a University
College Medical ‫قسم هندسة تقنيات‬
Instrumentation ‫االجهزة الطبية‬
Engineering Technologies ‫ الثانية‬:‫المرحلة‬
Stage: Second

Instrument and measurement

‫ملخص المحاظرات االولى والثانية‬

‫المدرس المساعد احمد سمير‬:‫اعداد‬


Review on measuring Instrument
1- Electrical and Electronic Instruments
The measuring instrument that use mechanical movement of
electromagnetic meter to measure voltage, current, power, etc. is called
electrical measuring instrument, so the heart of these instruments was the
d’Arsonval meter, while any measurement system use d’Arsonval meter with
amplifiers to increase the sensitivity of measurements is called electronic
instrument.
2- Analogue and Digital Instruments
An analogue instrument are the instrument that use analogue signal
(signal varying in continuous fashion and take on an infinity number of
values in any given range) to display the magnitude of quantity under
measurement.
The digital instrument use digital signal (signal which vary in discrete steps
and take up only finite different values in a given range, like binary signal
which take only two levels zero and one) to indicate the results of measurement
in digital form.
3- Absolute and Secondary Instruments
In absolute instrument the measured value is given in term of instrument
constants and the deflection of one part of the instrument e.g. tangent
galvanometer, and Rayleigh current balance. In these instruments no
calibrated scale is necessary. While in secondary instruments, the quantity
of the measured values is obtaining by observing the output indicate by these
instruments.
Classification of Secondary
Instruments

a) Indicating Instruments
The magnitude of quantity being measured is obtain by deflection the pointer
on scale, and the output is indicating either in analogue or digital form like
ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter.
Three forces were acting on the pointer to deflect it in proportional to the
quantity being measured, these forces are:
i) Deflecting Force
This force gives the pointer the initial force to move it from zero
position, it’s also called operating force.
ii) Controlling Force
This force control and limits the deflection of the pointer on scale which
must be proportional to the measured value, and also ensure that the
deflection is always the same for the same values.
iii) Damping Force
This force is necessary in order to bring the movement system (pointer)
to rise quickly to the measured value, and then stop without any
oscillation.
b) Recording Instruments
An instrument which makes a written record in any recorded medium to the
quantity being measured in order to save information and use it in anther time
or another place. Recording instrument may record transient signal, or
phenomena which cannot obtain readily. This instruments like recording
devices, X-Y plotter, and oscilloscope.
c) Controlling Instruments
These instruments give an information or instruction (orders) to control
on original measured quantity or control on other devices, like a compute
Factors Effecting Instrument selection
1- Accuracy
Its represent how closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the
true value of the variable being measured.
The deviation of the measured value from the true value is the indication
of how accurately reading has been made.
2- Precision
It’s specified the repeatability of a set of reading each made independently
with the same instrument. An estimate of precision is determined by the
deviation of different reading from the mean(average) value.
Example:
To detect the deference between accuracy and precision of measurement for some
voltage, we see the following cases:
i) V=6Volt (true or theoretical value) V=5.8Volt (measured or practical value)
This instrument is
accurate
ii) V=6Volt (true or theoretical value) V=4.8Volt (measured or
practical value) This instrument is not accurate
When we try to check the reading, we measured it again and again, and get
the following results: second measure for the same reading equal
V=5.8Volt, third measured V=5.8Volt, forth measured V=5.8Volt and so
on. This instrument is accurate and precise

We try to check the reading, we measured it again and again, and get
the following results: second measure for the same reading equal
V=5Volt, third measured V=4.6Volt, forth measured V=5.2Volt and so
on. This instrument is not accurate and not precise.
3- Range
It is defined as that region enclosed by the limits within which a particular
quantity is measured.
4- Span
It is algebraic difference of the upper and lower limits of the range.
Example:

The span of (0 to10) voltmeter is


Span= 10-0=10 state
But the span for (-10 to +10) voltmeter is
Span= 10-(-10) =20 state
5- Loading effect
It’s the change of circuit parameter, characteristic, or behaves due to
instrument operation without maintains.
6- Sensitivity
It’s represent the ratio of output signal to a change in input, or its represent
the response output of the instrument to a change of its input.
7- Resolution
The smallest change in input that the instrument can response to it, or the
ratio of output to smallest change in input.
8- Error
The deviation of the measured value from the true value.

Types of
Errors

No measurement can be made with perfect accuracy, but its important to


find out what the accuracy actually is , and who different errors have enter to the
measurement, so study of errors is a first steps in finding ways to reduce them.
Errors may come from different sources and are usually classified under
two main heading:

1- Systematic Errors
These types of errors have known reasons, and we can be avoided,
reduced or eliminated, and estimated it. These errors are subdivided into:
a) Gross (Human) Errors
i) Misreading of instruments and observation errors.
ii) Improper choice of instrument, or the range of instrument.
iii) Incorrect adjustment or forgetting to zero.
iv) Erroneous calculations, computation mistakes, and estimation errors.
v) Neglect of loading effects.
vi) Proper position for measuring human.

b) Instrumentation (Equipment) Errors


i) Damaged equipment such as defective due to loading effect or worn
parts.
ii) Calibration errors.
iii) Bearing fraction.
iv) Component nonlinearities.
v) Loss during transmission.
vi) Proper position of equipment (vertical or horizontal).
vii) Static charge error.

c) Environmental Errors
i) Change in temperature, pressure.
ii) Humidity.
iii) Stray electric and magnetic fields.
iv) Mechanical vibration.
v) Weather variations (day, night, and four seasons).

2- Random Errors
Those due to causes that cannot be directly established because of
unknown events that causes small variation in measurement, quite
random and unexplained. We can reduce this type of errors after treatment
the systematic errors by taking many reading for the measuring value and
apply statistical analysis to determine the best true estimate of
measurement readings.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy