1A → 1B

Answers
Answers

Chapter 1 b
Frequency
Shoe size Count %
Exercise 1A
8 6 50.0
1 a numerical b numerical c categorical 9 3 25.0
d categorical e numerical 10 2 16.7
f numerical g categorical
11 0 0
h categorical
12 1 8.3
2 a nominal b nominal c ordinal
d ordinal e ordinal f nominal
Total 12 100.0

3 a discrete b discrete c continuous 2 a categorical

d continuous e discrete b Frequency
f continuous State of residence Count %
4 B 5 D 6 B Victoria 6 54.5
SA 1 9.1
Exercise 1B WA 4 36.4

1 a Total 11 100.0
Frequency
c 7
Grades Count %
6
A 3 27.3 5
Frequency

4
B 5 45.5 3
C 3 27.3 2
1
Total 11 100.1 0
0 Victoria SA WA
State of residence

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Answers
3 a categorical c Vehicle type
100
b Commercial
Frequency 90
Private
80
Car size Count % 70
60

Percentage
Small 8 40 50
Medium 9 45 40
30

1B
Large 3 15 20
10
Total 20 100 0
c
6 a 20, 55 b 5 c 20 d 55%
50 e Report: 20 schools were classified ac-
45
40 cording to school type. The majority of
35 these schools, 55%, were found to be
Frequency

30
25 government schools. Of the remaining
20 schools, 25% were independent while
15
10 20% were Catholic schools.
5 7 a 7, 45.5, 100.0
0
0 Small Medium Large b Report: When 22 students were asked
Car size the question, ‘How often do you play
4 a nominal sport’, the most frequent response was
b Place of birth ‘sometimes’, given by 45.5% of the
100
Overseas students. Of the remaining students,
90
Australia
80 31.8% of the students responded that
70
Percentage

60 they played sport ‘rarely’ while 22.7%

50 said that they played sport ‘regularly’.
40
30 8 Report: The eye colours of 11 children
20 were recorded. The majority, 54.5%, had
10
0 brown eyes. Of the remaining children,
5 a nominal 27.3% had blue eyes and 18.2% had hazel
b eyes.
Frequency
9 B
Type of vehicle Count %
Private 132 736 73
Commercial 49 109 27
Total 181 845 100

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1C 776 Answers

Exercise 1C 4
11
10
1 a 9
Frequency
Answers

8
7

Frequency
Number Count %
6
0 6 30 5
1 4 20 4
3
2 3 15 2
3 3 15 1
0
4 2 10 0 200 400 600 800 1000
5 2 10 Population density
Total 20 100 5 a i 17% ii 13% iii 46% iv 33%
b i 6 ii 4
b 20%
c 15–19 words/sentence
c 0
6 a 21
2 a
Frequency b i 13 ii 8 iii 5 iv 0
Number Count % c i 4.8% ii 57.1%
2 1 2.5 7 a
3 0 0
4
4 17 42.5
5 13 32.5
count

6 9 22.5
2
Total 40 100.0
b 2.5% 0
c 4 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98
Pulse
3 a b i 69 ii 3; 69, 70, 70
Height (cm) Frequency c
160−164 5
165−169 5 4
170−174 5
count

175−179 6
2
180−184 3
185−189 1
0
Total 25 60 70 80 90 100
b 175−179 Pulse
d 3
c 16%

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8 a c
mode
6
20 symmetric

Frequency
count 4 15
10
2 5

1C
0
0 centre
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
children Histogram C
b 3.5, 5
d
c mode
9 20

6 15
count

Frequency
positively skewed
10
3
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
children 0
d i 2 ii 6 and 7 centre
9 a mode Histogram D
20 positively e
skewed
Frequency

15 potential mode
10 outlier 20
5
15
Frequency

0
10
centre
negatively
Histogram A 5 skewed

b 0
symmetric centre
80 Histogram E
60 f
Frequency

40 modes
80 symmetric
20
60
Frequency

0
40
centre
20
Histogram B
0
centre
Histogram F
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1D 778 Answers

10 a All of the distributions are ap- b 21 years

proximately symmetric about their c approximately symmetric d 14%
respective centres. 6 a continuous
Answers

b There are no clear outliers in any of the b

Key: 1|6 = 16
distributions.
c In A the centre lies in the interval 8-10, 0 33699
in B it lies in the interval 24-26, and in 1 2267
C it lies in the interval 2 0225789
40-42. 3 15
d The spread is the lowest in B, since the 4
range is only 8, compared to 14 for A, 5 46
and 18 for C. 6
11 B 7
12 A 8
9 99
Exercise 1D
10 0
1 a discrete 7 a continuous
b b i
Key:16|5 = 16.5
4 5 6 7 8 16 579
Rooms
2 a discrete 17 0123667
b 18 245
19 39
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ii
Number of children Key:16|5 = 16.5
c 4; mode is the most frequently 16 579
occurring number of children for these 17 0123
families
17 667
3 a continuous
18 24
b
18 5
19 3
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Life expectancy (years) 19 9
c 75; mode is the most common life
8 a positively skewed
expectancy for these countries
b negatively skewed
4 a negatively skewed
9 a 40 b approx symmetric
b positively skewed
c 11
5
10 C
a
11 B
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Age

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Exercise 1E b M = 26
c Q1 = 17.5, Q3 = 30.5
1 a 0.4 b 1.4 c 2.4 d 3.4
d IQR = 13, R = 29
e −0.3 f −1.3 g −2.3 h −3.3
8 a positively skewed with a possible
2 a 0.0032 b 0.032 c 0.32 d 1.0
outlier at 6.
3 a 20
b M=0
Frequency

15

1E → 1F
c IQR = 1 d R=6
10
9 a M = 21 b Q1 = 10.5, Q3 = 28
5
c IQR = 17.5, R = 54
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 10 Median from 65 to less than 70, Q1 from
brain weight (gm) 60 to less than 65, Q3 from 75 to less than
The shape is positively skewed with 80.
outliers. 11 a Median in the interval 5.0-9.9.
b 8
b max IQR = 19.9
12 a n = 4, Σx = 12, x̄ = 3
Frequency

6
b n = 5, Σx = 104, x̄ = 20.8
4
c n = 7, Σx = 21, x̄ = 3
2
13 a x̄ = 3, M = 3, Mode = 2
0
–1.0 .0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 b x̄ = 5, M = 5, Mode = 5
log(brain weight)
14 a i mean = 36.1 ii median = 36.0
The shape is slightly negatively
b The mean and median almost co-
skewed but closer to symmetric.
incide because the distribution is
4 a −0.4 b 3.8 c 100 g d 0.1 g approximately symmetric.
e i 5 ii 12 iii 24 15 a i mean = $3.65 ii median = $1.70
5 B 6 D b The median. The mean is inflated
because of the one large sale and not
Exercise 1F representative of the sales in general.
16 a strongly positively skewed distribution
1 a 5 b 12
b positively skewed distribution with
2 $850
outliers
3 M=1
17 a symmetric; either
4 a M=7.3 b R=6.4 b mean = 82.55 median= 82.5
5 a M = 2 b Q1 = 1, Q3 = 3 c IQR = 2 18 a IQR b range c standard deviation
d R=7
19 7.1, 0 20 b, d, f
6 a M = 11 b Q1 = 10, Q3 = 15
c IQR = 5, R = 18 21 a 20.1, 1.8 b symmetric

7 a approximately symmetric with no

outliers.

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1G 780 Answers

22 e i 34 ii 30, 39 iii 9 iv 30, 55

TVs Cars Alcohol
v 55
mean 450 376 14.9
9 a i 55 ii 15
Answers

SD 100 107 5.1

b i 100 ii 20
23 C 24 C 25 C 26 B 10 a 30;
b no, 31 > 30, so inside the lower fence
Exercise 1G 11 a 25% b 75% c 25% d 50%
e 75%
1 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
12 a 25% b 25% c 50% d 25%
2 136, 148, 158, 169, 189
e 75% f 50%
3 a
13 Boxplot 1 matches histogram B, Boxplot
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 2 matches histogram D, Boxplot 3
b median: 258
matches histogram C, Boxplot 4 matches
histogram A.
135 145 155 165 175 185
14 a The distribution is negatively skewed
4 a
with no outliers. The distribution is
centred at about 42, the median value.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 The spread of the distribution, as
b Q3 and the maximum are equal. measured by the IQR, is 15 and, as
5 b Upper fence = 26.5 + 1.5 × 16 = 50.5 measured by the range, 47.
c 55 is larger than the upper fence. b The distribution is postively skewed
d median: 21 with no outliers. The distribution is
centred at 800, the median value. The
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 spread of the distribution, as measured
unirate
by the IQR, is 1200 and, as measured
6 a lower fence = 7, upper fence = 95.
by the range, 3200.
b 6 and 99
15 a The distribution is negatively skewed
7 a median: 38.5
with an outlier. The distribution is
centred at 39, the median value. The
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
rtime spread of the distribution, as measured
b 25, 35, 38.5, 43, 64; 64 is a possible outlier. by the IQR, is 10 and, as measured by
8 a i 10 ii 5, 21 iii 16 iv 0, 45 the range, 45. There is an outlier at 5.
v none b The distribution is positively skewed
b i 27 ii 12, 42 iii 30 iv 5, 50 with outliers. The distribution is
v none centred at 16, the median value. The
c i 38 ii 32, 42 iii 10 iv 5, 50 spread of the distribution, as measured
v 5 by the IQR, is 6 and, as measured by
d i 16 ii 14, 21 iii 7 the range, 35. The outliers are at 5, 8,
iv 1.5, 50 v 1.5, 3, 36, 40, 50 36 and 40.

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c The distribution is approximately 11 a 120 b 116 c 142 d 100
symmetric but with outliers. The e 72 f 50
distribution is centred at 41, the 12 $1.50
median value. The spread of the 13 101 g
distribution, as measured by the IQR, 14 mean = 3.5 kg, st dev = 0.5 kg
is 7 and, as measured by the range, 36. 15 mean = 66.0 marks, st dev = 7.7 marks

1H → 1 review
The outliers are at 10, 15, 20 and 25.
16 a 0.2 b 46.5 c 2.5% d 34%
16 The median time it takes Taj to travel
e 16% f 97.5%
to university is 70 minutes. The range
17 a i 16% ii 2.5%
is of the distribution of travel time is
b 130
60 minutes, but the interquartile range
c 133
is only 15 minutes. The distribution of
travel times is positively skewed with two 18 a i 84% ii 97.5%
outliers, unusually long travel times of b 184 cm
110 minutes and 120 minute respectively. c 144 cm
17 B 18 A 19 B 20 D d 150.4 cm

19 A 20 D 21 C 22 C
Exercise 1H 23 C

1 a 114 and 154 b 94 and 174

Chapter 1 review
c 74 and 194 d 154 e 94
f 74 g 134 Multiple-choice questions
2 a 68% b 99.7% c 16% d 2.5%
e 0.15% f 50% 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 C
5 D 6 B 7 C 8 C
3 a i 84% ii 50% iii 47.5% b 25
9 C 10 D 11 E 12 B
4 a i 99.7% ii 2.5% iii 81.5% b 800
13 C 14 B 15 A 16 B
5 a i 50% ii 34% iii 81.5% b 1994
17 A 18 D 19 D 20 A
6 a z = 1 b z = 2 c z = −1 d z = 0
21 B 22 B 23 A 24 D
e z = −3 f z = 0.5
25 B 26 D 27 C 28 B
7 a 1.0 b −1.0 c 1.4 d −1.4 29 C 30 E 31 A 32 A
8 33 E 34 B 35 E
Subject z-score Rating Written-response questions
English 2.25 Top 2.5%
Biology 3 Top 0.15% 1 a 30
Chemistry 0 Exactly average 25
Frequency

Further Maths 1.1 Top 16% 20

15
Psychology −2.25 Bottom 2.5%
10
5
9 a 2.5% b 15.85%
0
10 a 2.5% b 13.5% agree disagree don’t know
Response

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2A 782 Answers

b b lower fence = 65 , upper fence = 185,

Frequency
no outliers.
Legalised? Count %
c i 68% ii 68 mmHg iii 3
Answers

Agree 18 34.6
iv 0
Disagree 26 50.0 5 a 18 cm
Don’t know 8 15.4 b 5.5%
Total 52 100.0 c
c
100
Response
90 Don’t know
80 Disagree
70 Agree
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Percentage

60 hand span (cm)

50 There are two outliers at 21.0 and one
40 at 21.5.
30
20
10 Chapter 2
0
d Report: In response to the question,
‘Do you agree that the use of mar- Exercise 2A
ijuana should be legalised?’, 50% 1 a Two categorical
of the 52 students disagreed. Of the b One categorical and one numerical
remaining students, 34.6% agreed, c Two numerical d Two categorical
while 15.4% said that they didn’t 2 a EV: colour; RV: toxicity
know. b EV: diet; RV: weight loss
2 a i 50 ii 5 c EV: age; RV: price
b $105 − < $110 c 28 d 16% d EV: fuel; RV: cost
e i approximately symmetric e EV: location; RV: house price
ii $110 − < $115 iii $120 − < $125 3 a EV: age (numerical), RV: exercise level
3 a positively skewed. (categorical)
b M = 2.65 kg b EV: years of education (numerical),
c IQR = 1.25 kg RV: salary level (numerical)
d 15.6% c EV: temperature (numerical), RV:
e No, it is less than the upper fence comfort level (categorical)
(5.33 kg). d EV: time of year (categorical), RV:
4 a incidence of hay fever (categorical)
e EV: age group (categorical), RV:
musical taste (categorical)
f EV: state of residence (categorical),
RV: AFL team (categorical)
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
blood pressure (mmHg) 4 B 5 B 6 C

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Exercise 2B c No, there is little difference in the
percentage of males and females who
1 a EV: gender, RV: intends to go to
are left handed, 9.0% compared to
university
9.8%.
b
5 a course b ordinal c 54.9%
Intends to go Gender d Yes; the percentage of Business stu-

2B
to university Male Female dents who exercise regularly (18.6%)
Yes 4 8 was much higher that the percentage of
No 4 4 Arts who exercise regularly (5.9%).

Total 8 12 6 a
Teacher (%)
Result Dr Evans Dr Smith
2 a EV: age group, RV: reduce university
fees? Fail 11.1 9.4
b Pass 61.1 62.5
Credit 27.8 28.1
Reduce Age group
university fees? 17-18 19-25 26 or more Total 100.0 100.0

Yes 8 6 6 b 100%
80%
No 3 3 4 Credit
60%
Result

Pass
Total 11 9 10 40%
Fail
c 20%
0%
Reduce Age group (%) Dr Evans Dr Smith
Teacher
university fees? 17-18 19-25 26 or more c There is no evidence students of Dr
Yes 72.7 66.7 60.0 Evans receive higher grades than
No 27.3 33.3 40.0 students of Dr Smith. The percentage
of students achieving each grade level
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
is almost the same for both classes (eg.
3 a enrolment status 61.1% compared 62.5% for students
b No. The percentage of full-time and who received a Pass).
part-time students who drank alcohol 7 The data supports the contention that
is similar: 80.5% to 81.8%. This people who are satisfied with their job are
indicates that drinking behaviour is not more likely to be satisfied with their life,
related to enrolment status. with 70% of people who are satisfied with
4 a handedness their job reporting that they are satisfied
b with their life, compared to only 50% of
Gender (%)
people who are dissatisfied with their job.
Handedness Male Female
8 a EV: type of treatment, RV: treatment
Left 9.0 9.8 outcome
Right 91.0 90.2 b The data supports the contention that
Total 100.0 100.0 the special pillow is more effective
at treating snoring than the drug
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30% ofUniversity Press
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2C 784 Answers

people who used the special pillow (34 years) admitted to the hospital
reporting they were cured, compared to was considerably higher than the
only 10% of people who used the drug median age of males (25.5 years). The
Answers

reported they were cured. variability of the ages was also higher
9 a 11.9% b 52.3% c marital status for the females (IQR = 28 years)
d ordinal compared that of the males (IQR = 13
e Yes. There are several ways that years).
this can be seen. For example, by 3 a hours online: numerical, year level:
comparing the married and widowed categorical
groups, we can see that a smaller b From this information it can be
percentage of those widowed found concluded that the median number
life exciting (33.8%) compared to of hours spent online was associated
those who were married (47.6%). with year level. The median time spent
Or: a bigger percentage of widowed online by the Year 10 students (20
people found life pretty routine (54.3% hours) was higher than the median
to 48.7%) and dull (11.9% to 3.7%) number of hours by the Year 11
compared to those who were married. students (16.5 hours). The variability
10 A 11 B 12 C of the hours spent online was lower for
the Year 10 students (IQR = 9.5 hours)
compared that of the Year 11 students
Exercise 2C
(IQR = 13 hours).
1 a country of origin: categorical, number 4 a age at marriage: numerical, gender:
of days away: numerical categorical
b The number of days these tourists b For this data there is an association
spend away from home was associated between age at marriage and gender.
with their country of origin. The me- The age at marriage is higher for
dian number of days spent away from men (M = 23 years) than for women
home for Japanese tourists (M = 17 (M = 20.5 years). The variability is
days) is considerably higher than also greater for the men (IQR = 12
for Australian tourists (M = 7 days). years) than for the women (IQR =
The variability for the number of 8.5 years). The distributions of age
days away is also higher for Japanese at marriage are positively skewed for
tourists (IQR = 16.5) compared to that both men and women. There are no
for Australian tourists (IQR = 10.5). outliers.
2 a age: numerical, gender: categorical 5 a pulse rate: numerical, gender:
b From this information it can be categorical
concluded that the median age of the b For this data there is an association
people admitted to the hospital during between pulse rate and gender.
this week was associated with their The pulse rates for males (M = 73
age. The median age of the females beats/min) are lower than the pulse

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Answers
rates for women (M = 76 beats/min). 3
45
The variability is also lower for the
males (IQR = 8 beats/min) than for 30

runs
the women (IQR = 14 beats/min).
Both distributions are approximately 15
symmetric, with no outliers.

2D → 2E
6 a lifetime: numerical; price: categorical 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
b For this data there is an association
balls
between the lifetime of a battery 4 2.30
and its price. The lifetime of the
high price batteries (M = 51 hours) 2.25

is longer than that of the medium 2.20

diametet
price batteries (M = 35 hours), which
2.15
is in turn slightly longer than that
of the low price batteries (M = 32 2.10
hours). The variability in lifetime 2.02
increased as price decreased, from
IQR = 7 hours for the high price 0 40 80 120 160
temperature
batteries, to IQR = 12 hours for the
5 135
medium price batteries, and IQR = 17
hours for the low price batteries. All 120
number

three distributions are approximately

symmetric, with no outliers. 105

7 A 8 D 90

Exercise 2D 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
time
1 a number of seats 6 D
b numerical
c 8 aircraft Exercise 2E
d around 800 km/h
1 Note: There are no absolute right or
2
wrong answers to these questions as
36
answering them requires a degree of
max temp

personal judgment.
33 i no association ii yes, positive
iii yes, positive iv yes, positive
30 v yes, negative vi yes, negative
2 a i moderate, positive, linear association
17.5 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5
min temp ii weak, negative, linear association
iii strong, positive, linear association

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2F → 2H 786 Answers

iv no association life expectancies can be explained by

b i Those people who smoke more variation in birth rates.
tend to have a higher lung cancer d The coefficient of determination is
mortality rate. r2 = (0.818)2 = 0.669 or 66.9%; that
ii Older children tended to score is, 66.9% of the variation observed
lower on the aptitude test. in daily maximum temperature is
Answers

iii Intersections with higher levels of explained by the variability in daily

traffic volume also tended to have minimum temperatures.
higher CO levels. e The coefficient of determination is
r2 = (0.8782)2 = 0.771 or 77.1%; that
Exercise 2F is, 77.1% of the variation in the runs
scored by a batsman is explained by
1 a A: strong, positive, non-linear the variability in the number of balls
relationship with no outliers they face.
B: strong, negative, linear relationship 3 a r = 0.906 b r = −0.353
with an outlier
4 E 5 A 6 E 7 D
C: weak, negative, linear relationship
8 D
with no outliers
b A: non-linear
2 r = 0.73 Exercise 2H
3 a–c Answers given in question. Note: These answers are for guidance only.
4 a strong positive Alternative explanations for the source of an
b strong positive association may be equally acceptable as the
c moderate negative variables suggested.
1 Not necessarily. In general, older
Exercise 2G
children are taller and have been learning
1 a 45.6% b 11.9% c 32.1% d 45.3% mathematics longer. Therefore they tend
e 1.5% to do better on mathematics tests. Age
2 a The coefficient of determination is is the probable common cause for this
r2 = (−0.611)2 = 0.373 or 37.3%; that association.
is, 37.3% of the variation observed in 2 Not necessarily. While one possible
hearing test scores can be explained by explanation is that religion is encouraging
variation in age. people to drink, a better explanation
b The coefficient of determination is might be that towns with large numbers of
r2 = (0.716)2 = 0.513 or 51.3%; that churches also have large populations, thus
is, 51.3% of the variation observed in explaining the larger amount of alcohol
mortality rates can be explained by consumed. Town size is the probable
variation in smoking rates. common cause for this association.
c The coefficient of determination is 3 Probably not. The amount of ice-cream
r = (−0.807) = 0.651 or 65.1%; that
2 2
consumed and the number of drownings
is, 65.1% of the variation observed in would both be affected by weather

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Answers
conditions. Weather conditions are the Written-response questions
probable common cause. 1 a Number of accidents and age; both
4 Maybe but not necessarily. Bigger categorical variables
hospitals tend to treat more people with b RV: Number of accidents; EV: age
serious illnesses and these require longer
c 470
hospital stays. A common cause could be
d
No of accidents < 30 ≥ 30

2I → 2 review
the type of patients treated at the hospital.
5 Not necessarily. Possible confounding At most one 21.7% 42.5%
variables include age and diet. More than one 78.3% 57.5%
6 There is no logical link between eating e The statement is correct. Of drivers
cheese and becoming tangled in bed aged less than 30, 78.3% had more
sheets and dying. The correlation is than one accident compared to only
probably spurious and the result of 57.5% of drivers in the older category.
coincidence. 2 a Numerical: conversation test score.
7 Not necessarily. For example, the more Categorical: completed weeks of
serious the fire, the more fire trucks course
in attendance and the greater the fire b There is an association between the
damage. A possible common cause is the students’ scores on the conversation
severity of the fire. test, and the number of weeks of
8 E the course they have completed.
The median score at the beginning
Exercise 2I
of the course (M=38) showed a
1 a segmented bar chart little improvement after six weeks
b scatterplot c parallel box plots (M =42), followed by a very large
d scatterplot e scatterplot improvement by the end of the 12
f segmented bar chart week course (M =72). The variability
g segmented bar chart of the scores changed little over the
h parallel box plots or back-to-back stem plots course (IQR=12 at the beginning,
2 E IQR = 12 at 6 weeks, IQR = 14 at 12
3 D weeks). The distributions of scores at
0 weeks is approximately symmetric
with an outlier at 66, positively skewed
Chapter 2 review with an outlier at 76 at 6 weeks, and
Multiple-choice questions approximately symmetric with no
outliers at 12 weeks.
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 D
3 a rate is the response variable,
5 E 6 B 7 D 8 A
experience is the explanatory variable.
9 C 10 E 11 D 12 E
13 C 14 C 15 C 16 D
17 A 18 E 19 B 20 C
21 E 22 C

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3A → 3B 788 Answers

b 34 2 C
3 The data is numerical; the association is
32
linear; there are no clear outliers.
30 4 a x
rate ($/hr)
28 b y = 9.23 + 1.00x
Answers

5 a RV: pollution level; EV: traffic volume

26
b pollution level = −330 + 49 × traffic
24 volume
22 6 a RV: life expectancy; EV: birth rate
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 b life expectancy = 110 − 1.5 × birth rate
experience (years)
c There is a moderate positive linear 7 a y b r = −0.450
relationship; that is, people with more 8 a RV: distance travelled; EV: age of car
experience are generally being paid a b r = 0.947
higher hourly pay rate. 9 a r is also negative.
d 0.786. Note that this value is on the b Slope is zero: regression line is horizontal.
borderline between a moderate and c intercept = ȳ (mean of RV)
a strong linear relationship, but with 10–11 Answers given in question.
such a small data set it is difficult to 12 a Answers given in question.
assess the strength from the scatterplot. b runs = −2.6 + 0.73 × balls f aced
e Coefficient of determination = 0.618; 13 a RV: number of TVs
that is, 61.8% of variation in pay
b Answer given in question.
rate is explained by the variation in
c number of T V s =
experience.
61.2 + 0.930 × number of cars
4 a 60%
14 C 15 A 16 C
b For these people there is an association
between the person’s quality of sleep
Exercise 3B
and their participation in the course,
with 85% of people rating their sleep 1 mark = 80 − 4.3 × days absent
quality as good after the course, 2 a 2.9: On average a person who is 0 cm
compared to only 60% of people rating in height has a hand span of 2.9 cm -
their sleep quality as good before the not sensible!
course. b 0.33: On average a person’s hand span
increases by 0.33 cm for each 1 cm
increase in height.
Chapter 3 3 a 575: On average, the company will
have $575 in sales when their online
advertising expenditure is $0.
Exercise 3A
b 4.85: On average sales will increase by
1 A residual is the difference between a $4.85 for each additional $1.00 spent
data value and its value predicted by a on online advertising.
regression line.
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 Answers 789

Answers
4 a 80 cm, extrapolating e 49.7%: 49.7% of the variation in
b 92 cm, interpolating success rate in putting is explained by
c 98 cm, extrapolating the variation in the distance the golfer
5 a $487.50, extrapolating is from the hole.
b $1023.50, interpolating 14 a yes, linear relationship

c $1224.50, extrapolating b 0.9351 or 93.5%

3B
6 a 173 cm, reliable, interpolating c 93.5%

b 189 cm, unreliable, extrapolating d pay rate = 18.56 + 0.289 × experience

c 165 cm, reliable, interpolating e Intercept = $18.56. On average, a

7 a 20.3%
worker with no experience will earn
$18.56 per hour.
b 42.3%
f On average, the pay rate increases by
c The number of hours is more im-
29 cents per hour for each additional
portant as it explains 42.3% of the
one year of experience.
variation in exam score, much more
g i $20.87 ii $0.33
than IQ which explains only 20.3% of
the variation in exam score. h yes; no clear pattern in the residual

8 Answers given in question.

plot
15 a r = −0.608
9 a 9.7 b −0.8
b 37% of the variation in the hearing test
10 a 2 b −1 c 2
score is explained by the variation in
11 A: clear curved pattern in the residuals
age.
(not random), C: curved pattern in the
c score = 4.9 − 0.043 × age
residuals (not random).
d −0.043; the hearing test score, on
12 a 27.8: On average a packet of chips
average, decreases by 0.043 for each
with 0 gm of fat contains 27.8 calories.
one additional year of age.
b 14.7: On average, the calorie content
e i 4.04 ii −2.04
increases by 14.7 for each one
f i 0.3 ii −0.4
additional gram of fat included.
g yes; no clear pattern in the residual
c 75.7% of the variation in calorie
plot
content of the chips is explained by the
16 negative, drug dose,
variation in fat content.
−0.9492; 55.9; −9.31; decreases,
d 145.4 e −13.4
9.31; 55.9; 90.1, response time,
13 a −0.278: On average, for each addi-
drug dose; clear pattern
tional one metre the golfer is from
17 The scatterplot shows that there is
the hole the success rate decreases by
a strong positive linear relationship
27.8%.
between radial length and femur length:
b 73.5
r = 0.9876. There are no outliers.
c 3.54 m The equation of the least squares
d −0.705 regression line is:
radial length = −7.2 + 0.74 ×
f emur length
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3C 790 Answers

The slope of the regression line predicts d

3.0
that, on average, radial length increased
1.5

residual
by 0.74 cm for each one centimetre
Answers

increase in femur length. 0.0

The coefficient of determination indicates −1.5
that 97.5% of the variation in radial
−2.0
lengths can be explained by the variation
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
in femur lengths. test a
The residual plot shows no clear pattern, 2 a
supporting the assumption that the
relationship between radial and femur 18
length is linear.
15

score
18 E 19 B 20 A

12
Exercise 3C
9
1 a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
errors
17
b score = 17.5 − 1.08 × error,
r = −0.841, r2 = 0.707
test b

14
c
11
18
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
y = 17.5 + 1.08333x
test a 15
score

b test B score = 4.2 + 0.72 ×

test A score, r = 0.78, r2 = 0.61 12
c
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
17 errors
d
test b

14

1.5
13
residual

0.0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
test a −1.5

−2.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
errors

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 Answers 791

Answers
3 a RV: adult weight; EV: birth weight 17 C 18 A 19 A 20 D
b 21 C 22 C 23 D
60

adult weight
Written-response questions
56

1 a i 5 years
50
ii mean= 767, st dev = 35

3 review
1.0 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.6 4.2
birth weight b airspeed = 673 + 0.372 × number of
c i strong positive linear association seats
with no outliers c 74.1%
ii approximately 0.9 2 a days of rain b −6.88, 2850 c 2024
d adult weight = d decrease, 6.88 e −0.696
38.4 + 5.87 × birth weight, f 48.4, days of rain g i 1873 ii −483
r2 = 0.765, r = 0.875 h interpolation
e 76.5% of the variation in the adult 3 a cost
weight is explained by the variation in b There is a strong, positive, linear
birth weight. association between the cost of
f On average, adult weight increases by the meals and the number of meals
5.9 kg for each additional kilogram of prepared.
birth weight. c i $307.30 ii extrapolating
g i 56.0 ii 53.1 iii 61.3 d i 222.48: the fixed costs of preparing
h Yes. 76.5% of the variation in the adult meals is $222.48.
weight is explained by the variation in ii $4.039: The slope of the regression
birth weight. line predicts that, on average,
i 3.0 meal preparation costs increase by
1.0 $4.039 for each additional meal
residual

0.0
produced.
e Answer given in question.
−1.5
4 a RV: height; EV: femur length
−3.0
b height = 36.3 + 5.35 × f emur length
1.0 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.6 4.2
birth weight c On average, height increases by 5.35
The lack of a clear pattern in the cm for each cm increase in femur
residual plot supports the assumption length.
that the association between adult d r2 = 0.988; that is, 98.8% of the
weight and birth weight is linear. variation in height is explained by the
variation in femur length.
Chapter 3 review
e 97.6%
Multiple-choice questions
5 a RV: height; EV: age
1 C 2 D 3 A 4 C b strong positive association with no
5 E 6 C 7 B 8 B outliers.
9 D 10 A 11 A 12 A c Answer given in question.
13 D 14 E 15 A 16 C d i Answer given in question
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4A → 4B 792 Answers

ii Extrapolating 4 a ±4.7 b ±1.3 c 6 d −8

e On average, for each additional one 5 a y2
year of age, height increases by 6.4 30.0
cm.
20.0
f r2 = 0.995; that is, 99.5% of the
variation in height is explained by the 10.0
Answers

variation in age. 0 x

0
0
0
0
0
.0
g i 140.3 cm ii −0.7 cm

2.
4.
6.
8.
10
h i Answer given in question. b y2 = 1.5 + 3.1x
ii Residuals show a clear curved pattern. c y = ±5.4, but only the positive solution
6 a moderate, positive linear association applies here because the model is only
with no outliers defined for y > 0.
b i 142 6 a number of people = 0.0 + 4.1 ×
ii extrapolating diameter2
c −6.3 b 7
d i linearity 7 a time2 = 18 − 9.3 × amount b 3.8 min
ii the lack of a clear pattern in the 8 D 9 A 10 B
residual plot supports the linearity
assumption. Exercise 4B

1 a 6.6 b 1.1 c −3.1 d 138.5

Chapter 4 2 a y

Exercise 4A 10
9
8
1 a 19.5 b 11.7 c 23.8 d 126.7 7
6
2 a y 5
4
20 3 log x
50

1. 0
50
00
50
00
0

15
0.
1.

2.
2.
3.

b y = 1 + 3 log x c 7
10
3 a y
5 16
0 x2 14
0 5 10 15 20 12
b y = 16 − x2 10
8
c when x = −2, y = 12 6
4 log x
3 a y
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
60 b y = 20 − 5 log x c 5
50 4 a 100 b 218.8 c 1 000 000
40
30 d 0.8
20
10
0 x2
0 5 10 15 20 25
b y = 1 + 2x2
c when x = 6, y = 73
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 Answers 793

690

Answers
5 a log y 5 a horsepower = 22.1 +
consumption
2.0 b 99 to nearest whole number
1.8 1
6 a = −0.00024 + 0.050 × times
errors
1.6
to 2 sig. figs
1.4
b 3 to nearest whole number
1.2 x

4C → 4D
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 7 A 8 E 9 C
b log y = 1 + 2x c 158.5
6 a level = 1.8 + 2.6 log(time) to 2 sig. figs Exercise 4D
b 2.8 to 1 d.p. 1 1
1 a log y, , log x,
7 a log(number) = 1.314 + 0.08301 × y x
b None; trend needs to be consistently
month to 4 sig. figs
increasing or decreasing.
b 139 to nearest whole number 1
c log y , , x2
8 C 9 E 10 A y
2 2
d x ,y
Exercise 4C 2 a
2500
1 a 13.3 b 2.8 c 4.9 d 309.5
2 a y 2000
potato yield(kg)

60 1500

40
1000
20
500
1
0
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.30.40.5 0
120 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
b y= c 24 plot length (metres)
x b yield = −620.0 + 80.23 × length
3 a 0.17 b 0.07 c 0.16 d 0.06
c
4 a 1
y 400
300
5 200
residual

4 100
0
3
–100
2 –200
1 –300
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 x plot length (metres)
0 1 2 3 4 5
linear
No, the residuals show a clear curved
1
b =x pattern.
y
c 4
1
d log y , , x2
y
e yield = 3.983 + 2.030 × (length)2

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4 review 794 Answers

f r2 = 97.5% 4 a
3 a 350

18
300

density (people/hectare)
16 250
smoking (cigarettes/day)
Answers

200
14
150
12
100

10 50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
distance (km)
8 b density = 345.3 − 18.65 × distance
.60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40
cost ($/cigarette) c
b smoking = 22.49 − 9.501 × cost 40
c

.50 20
residual
.25
0
residual

.00
–20

–25
–40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–50
distance (km)
No, the residuals show a clear curved
.60 .80 1.00 1.20 1.40 pattern.
cost ($/cigarette)
No, the residuals show a clear curved d x2 , y2
pattern. e density = 308.9 − 1.345 × (distance)2
1 1
d log x , log y , , f r2 = 99.1%
y x
1
e Either the log x and could be
x Chapter 4 review
recommended as both transformations
Multiple-choice questions
give very good results. That is
9.045
smoking = 3.420 + or 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 B
cost
smoking = 12.73 − 21.90 × log(cost) 5 A 6 B 7 E 8 D
1 9 D 10 D 11 D
The transformation is more intuitive
x
and easier to interpret. Written-response questions
1 1
f : r2 = 99.3% 1 a = 2.606 − 1.053 × length
x age
log x: r2 = 99.6% b 2.6 years
2 a literacy rate = −44.2 + 33.3 log (GDP)

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 Answers 795

Answers
b 4 a
30 120
20
100
10
residual
80

mortality
0
–10 60

4 review
–20
40
–30
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 20
log(GDP)
0
Residual plot shows no clear pattern 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
doctors
c 89% b
d 0.077 120
3 a 180
160 100
Distance (metres)

140
80
120

mortality
100
60
80
60 40
40
20 20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 0
Time (seconds) .000 .005 .010 .015 .020 .025 .030 .035 .040
1/doctors
b 1
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c mortality = −1.194 + 3856 ×
Distance 0 5.2 18 42 79 128 168 doctors
d
2
Time 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 60
c 200 40
150
distance

residual

20
100
50 0
0 –20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(time)2 –40
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04
d distance = 0.45 + 4.8 × time2
1/(doctors)
e 236 metres The residual plot shows no clear struc-
f 7.5 ture indicating that the assumption of
5.0
2.5 linearity is justified.
residual

0
–2.5 e r2 =82.8%
–5.0 f 37
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(time)2 g Since 100 is within the range of the
The residual plot shows no clear structure data we are interpolating, and the
indicating that the assumption of linearity prediction is reliable.
is justified.

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 796 Answers

Chapter 5
5A

5
Feature A B C
Irreg fluct X X X
Answers

Exercise 5A
Inc trend X
1 Dec trend X
70
Cycles X
60 Seasonality X X
50
6 Feature A B C
40
Sales

Irreg fluct X X
30
Struct change X
20 Inc trend X
10 Dec trend X
0 Seasonality X
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
7 Feature A B C
2 800

700 Irreg fluct X X X

600 Struct change X
Number of penguins

500
Inc trend X
400

300
Dec trend
200 Outlier X
100
8 The number of mobile phones per 100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec people increases rapidly over the years
Month
3 25 2000-2008. The number continues to
24 increase from 2009 until 2019, but the
23
increase in the number of phones is at
22
much lower rate than in the preceding
Temperature

21
20 years.
19
9 a
18
Population of Australia (millions)

17 26
16
15 25
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Day
4 24
Feature A B C
Irreg fluct X X X 23
Inc X
22
Dec X 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
Year

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 Answers 797

Answers
b The plot shows a steady increase in the 1945 to 1975 but then decreased
population of Australia over the years at a similar rate to males over the
2012 - 2021. period 1975–1992.
10 a ii The difference in smoking rates
600 between males and females has
Theft rate(per 100,000 cars)

500 decreased over these years.

5B
400 b i
28.0
300
26.0
200 24.0

100 22.0

Smoking(%)
20.0
0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 18.0
Year
16.0
b The plot shows a steady decline in
14.0
the number of vehicle thefts over the
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
years 2003 -2010, after which the Year

number of vehicle thefts has remained ii Whilst both plots show irregular
reasonably steady, showing only fluctuation, overall the percentages
irregular variation. of male and females who smoke
have declined substantially over the
11 The number of cases of measles show an
years 2000-2018.
increasing trend between 1989 and 1992.
In 1993-1994 there is a rapid increase in iii The difference in smoking rates
the number of measles cases, followed between males and females has
be a rapid decrease in 1994-1995. The remained almost the same over
number of cases continued to decrease these years.
until 2000, since then have remained low, 14 E
showing only irregular variation over the 15 D
years 2001-2019.
12 The number of overseas arrivals (millions Exercise 5B
people per month) in Australia increased
1 a i 3 ii 1 iii 4
steadily from November 2011 until April
b i 3.2 ii 1.2 iii 2.2
2020. The number of arrivals is clearly
c i 2.6 ii 2.0
seasonal, with the peak time for arrivals
in the January quarter each year. The d 2.3
number of arrivals dropped suddenly to 2 a 24.4 b 20.0 c 23.2
almost zero in April 2020, and remained 3
at this level until October 2021. t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13 a i The percentage of males who
y 10 12 8 4 12 8 10 18 2
smoke has consistently decreased
3-mean − 10 8 8 8 10 12 10 −
since 1945, while the percentage of
females who smoke increased from 5-mean − − 9.2 8.8 8.4 10.4 10 − −

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5B 798 Answers

4 a, c 45 • 3-moving mean exchange rate

40
35 • 5-moving mean exchange rate

Temperature
30 The exchange rate has a downward
Answers

25
20
trend over the 10-day period. This is
15 most obvious from the smoothed plots,
10
5
particularly the 5-moving mean plot.
0 b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day 3-moving 5-moving
Raw data Day Exchange rate mean mean
3-mean smoothed
5-mean smoothed 1 0.743 − −
The smoothed plots show that the 2 0.754 0.745 −
‘average’ maximum temperature 3 0.737 0.747 0.742
changes relatively slowly over the 4 0.751 0.737 0.738
10-day period (the 5-day average varies 5 0.724 0.733 0.730
by only 5◦ ) when compared to the daily 6 0.724 0.720 0.729
maximum, which can vary quite widely 7 0.712 0.724 0.722
(for example, nearly 20◦ between the 8 0.735 0.721 0.720
fourth and fifth day) over the same
9 0.716 0.721 −
period of time.
10 0.711 − −
b
3-moving 5-moving 6 a 3.8 b 2.0
◦
Day Temp. ( C) mean mean 7 a 3.3 b 1.5 c 2.4 d 1.9
1 24 − − 8 a 13.1 b 12.2 c 10.7
2 27 26.3 − 9 a, c
3 28 31.7 28.2 25

20
4 40 30.0 28.0
15
5 22 28.3 27.0
10
6 23 22.3 25.6 5
7 22 22.0 22.6 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
8 21 22.7 23.4 Number of complaints 2-moving mean

9 25 24.0 − Two-mean smoothing of the plot has

10 26 − − not had a big effect, with both plots
showing that the that the number of
5 a, c
complaints between April and July is
0.76
0.75 considerably higher than the number in
0.74 the rest of the year.
0.73
0.72
0.71

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day
• exchange rate
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 Answers 799

Answers
10 a, c 6
90

Number of whales (000S)

80 70
70 60
60
50 50
40 40
30
20 30
10 20
0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10
rainfall 4-moving mean

5C
0

20

30

40

60

70

80
50
Four-mean smoothing of the plot shows

19

19

19

19

19

19
19
a steady increase in rainfall from June to Year

October. Raw data

3-median smoothing
11 A 12 C 13 E 14 D 5-median smoothing
7 a 4 b i, ii
Exercise 5C 6
5

Growth in GDP (%)

1 a (3, 3) b (2, 2) c (3, 2) d (3, 3) 4
◦ ◦ 3
2 a 30 C b 25 C
2
3 30 1
28 0
-1
26
-2
24

ar 0
Ye 11
Ye 12
13
Ye r 1

Ye r 3

Ye r 5

Ye ar 9
Ye 2

Ye 4

Ye 6
Ye r 7
Ye r 8

Ye r 1
ar

ar

ar
carsale($millions)

a
a

ar
ar
a
Ye

22

20
GDP growth
18 3-median smoothing
16
5-median smoothing

14 c The plot of GDP growth over 1 year,

12 shows a great deal of variability,
10 with no clear trend apparent. When
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year smoothed over a 3-year period, GDP
The smoothed plot shows that sales were growth is still variable but to a lesser
quite consistent up to 2017 when they extent. No clear trend is apparent, but
dropped, and have remained at this lower GDP appears to be going through a
level from 2017-2022. period of below average growth during
4 a 25◦ C b 25◦ C the time period from Year 7 to Year 9.
5 0.76 When smoothed over a 5-year period,
0.75
Exchange rate

GDP growth is much less variable

0.74
0.73
but clearly shows the period of below
0.72 average growth during the from period
0.71 from Year 7 to Year 9.
0.70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 8 D 9 C 10 D
Day
The smoothed plot shows that there was a
general decreasing trend in the exchange
rate over this period.
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5D → 5E 800 Answers

Exercise 5D 11 b

Number of cars (deseasonalised)

200
1 a 1.0 190
180
170
b Sales in February are typically 30% 160
150
higher than sales in the average month. 140
130
120
c Sales in September are typically 10% 110
Answers

100
lower than sales in the average month. Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Day

2 a 7.8 b 6.7 12 a, d
250
3 a 3.9 b 6.9 240
230
4 a Increase by 42.9%. 220
210
b Decrease by 23.1% 200
190
5 a 1.2 b 1514 c 1437 d 1005 180
170
160
6 Sum Aut Win Spr 150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quarter
Number of students: 56 125 126 96 Jobs vacancies Deseasonalised job vacancies

Deseasonalised: 112 125 97 80 b Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Seasonal index: 0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2
1.03 0.93 0.93 1.11
7 a, c Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
c Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Deseasonalised: 152 142 148 153
Seasonal index: 1.30 1.02 0.58 1.10 1 206 209 211 205
b In quarter 1 the restaurant chain 2 214 212 211 215
employs 30% more waiters than 3 224 220 218 221
the number employed in an average
13 E 14 D 15 E 16 B
quarter.
17 B
8 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
0.89 0.83 1.12 1.16 Exercise 5E
9 Jan Feb Mar April May June 1 a There was a general increasing trend
0.89 0.96 1.04 1.26 1.33 1.11 in the number of university students in
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Australia during the period 2010–2019
0.67 0.74 0.59 0.81 1.11 1.48 b students(000s) = −37563 + 18.927 ×
year. On average, the number of
10 Jan Feb Mar April May June university students in Australia has
1.06 0.96 1.18 1.18 1.03 0.86 increased by 18 927 per year.
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec c 859 000 (to nearest thousand)

0.96 0.79 0.74 0.54 1.18 1.50 2 a

13
11 a Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun
12
Sales

11
155 157 150 134 153 134 150
10
150 154 190 148 143 150 157 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Year

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 Answers 801

Answers
b There was a general decreasing trend The deseasonalised sales appear to
in the percentage of retail sales made show an increasing trend over time.
in department stores. c deseasonalised sales
c sales = 12.5 − 0.258 × year = 80.8 + 23.5 × quarter
The percentage of total retail sales d forecasted actual sales
that are made in department stores is = 386.3 × 1.13 = 437

5 review
decreasing by 0.258% per year. 7 C 8 E
d 8.6%
3 a age = −147 + 0.0882 × year; On Chapter 5 review
average, the average age of mothers
increased by 0.0882 years (equivalent Multiple-choice questions
to 1 month) each year between 2010
1 E 2 E 3 A 4 B 5 E 6 C
and 2020.
7 D 8 D 9 C 10 D 11 B 12 C
b 32.0 years; Unreliable as we are ex-
13 B 14 A 15 E 16 D 17 D 18 A
trapolating 10 years beyond the period
19 B 20 E
in which the data were collected.
4 a earnings = −83 280 + 42.07 × year;
Written-response questions
On average, average weekly earnings
increased by $42.07 each year between 1 a 18.5

18.0
2014 and 2021.
Carbon dioxide emissions

17.5
b $2122.10; Unreliable as we are extrap- 17.0
olating 9 years beyond the period in 16.5

which the data were collected. 16.0

15.5
5 a deseasonalised number
15.0
= 50.9 + 1.59 × quarter number 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
b deseasonalised number = 76.34 b Carbon dioxide emissions decreased
reseasonalised (actual) number = 90 between 2009 and 2014, then remained
(to the nearest whole number) reasonable steady over the years
6 a Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2014–2017, showing only irregular
1 122 128 118 130 fluctuations. Between 2017 and 2018
there was a small decrease in carbon
2 250 245 263 236
dioxide emissions.
b 400
sales c CO2 emissions = 612.0 − 0.2958 × year
300 d 12.7
Sales

200 deseasonalised e Unreliable as we are extrapolating 8

sales years beyond the period in which the
100
data were collected.
0 2 a i inflation= 332 − 0.164 × year
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Quarter b i inflation= 339 − 0.167 × year

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6A → 6E 802 Answers

a ii, b ii 9 D 10 A 11 E 12 E
6 13 B 14 A 15 E 16 C
5 17 D
inflation(%) 4
Exercise 6D
3
1 A 2 A 3 A 4 B
Answers

2
5 E 6 B 7 A 8 B
1
9 D 10 E 11 D 12 E
0
2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 13 E 14 B 15 B 16 D
year
17 A
c The trend lines are parallel. As such,
they will never cross, so the inflation Exercise 6E
rate for China will remain higher than 1 a age, distance
the inflation rate for Australia. b mean = 7.17 km, sd = 3.46 km
d 1.7 c z = 1.7
3 a Sum Aut Win Spr d
Gender
SI 0.29 0.36 1.37 1.98
b Study mode Female Male
Sum Aut Win Spr On campus 3 3
Deseas 269 239 255 273 Online 4 2
Total 7 5

Chapter 6 e i 60%
e ii Yes, there is an association between

Exercise 6A
study mode preference and course.
A higher percentage of students
1 A 2 B 3 B 4 B business chose to study online
5 D 6 B 7 D 8 E (60%), compared to only 36% for
9 E 10 E 11 D 12 A both students of Health and Social
13 D 14 A 15 A 16 E Science.
17 C 18 B 19 B 20 B 2 a The distribution of distance is pos-
21 C 22 E 23 D 24 C tively skewed, with outliers at 17 km,
25 A 26 D 18 km, and 19 km.
Exercise 6B b 30
c i Lower fence = -2, Upper fence =
1 E 2 A 3 E 4 C
14.
5 C 6 B 7 E 8 B
ii A distance of 1 km is within the
9 B 10 E 11 B 12 E
fences.
13 D 14 B 15 E 16 D
d i 1 km ii 1.5 km
17 A 18 D
3 a On average, height increases by 0.815
Exercise 6C
cm for each additional 1 cm increase in
1 C 2 C 3 A 4 D
arm span.
5 B 6 B 7 E 8 B

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 Answers 803

Answers
b i Females: r2 = 64.6% c i Slope = $1525.80. On average the
ii Males: r2 = 69.9% price of bitcoin is increasing by
iii Since the value of the coefficient of $1525.80 each month.
determination for males (69.9%) is ii $92 837
higher than the value for females iii Unreliable as we are extrapolating
(64.6%), then we can say that arm several years beyond the period in

7A
span is a better predictor of height which the data were collected.
for males than for females.
c i The models predict that when both Chapter 7
have arm span measurements of
160 cm, a male will be 1.8 cm Exercise 7A
taller than a female.
1 a 2, 8, 14, 20, 26 b 5, 2, −1, −4, −7
ii The models predict that when both c 1, 4, 16, 64, 256 d 64, 32, 16, 8, 4
have arm span measurements of 2 a 6, 14, 30, 62, 126
190 cm, a female will be 4.6 cm b 24, 16, 12, 10, 9 c 1, 2, 5, 14, 41
taller than a male. d 124, 60, 28, 12, 4
iii The differences predicted are 3 a 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 b 24, 20, 16, 12, 8
not reliable for a height of 160 c 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 d 50, 10, 2, 0.4, 0.08
cm as this value is outside the e 5, 13, 29, 61, 125
range of height data for males. f 18, 16.4, 15.12, 14.096, 13.2768
The prediction is not reliable for a 4 a 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 b 50, 45, 40, 35, 30
height of 190 cm as this value is c 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 d 3, −6, 12, −24, 48
outside the range of height data for e 5, 9, 17, 33, 65 f 2, 7, 17, 37, 77
females. g −2, −1, 2, 11, 38
4 a There is a moderate strength, non- h −10, 35, −100, 305, −910
linear association between expenditure 5 a 12, 57, 327, 1947, 11667
and score. b 20, 85, 280, 865, 2620
1
b y2 , log x, c 2, 11, 47, 191, 767
x
c i The linearity assumption. d 64, 15, 2.75, −0.3125, −1.078125
ii No, there is a clear structure in e 48000, 45000, 42000, 39000, 36000
the residual plot. If the linearity f 25000, 21950, 19205, 16734.50, 14511.05
assumption had been met the resid- 6 a A2 = 6 b B4 = −1 c C3 = 27
uals would have been randomly d D5 = 127
scattered around a horizontal line at 7 a V0 = 4, Vn+1 = Vn + 2
y = 0. b V0 = 24, Vn+1 = Vn − 4
d i score = 12.99 + 120.6 × c V0 = 2, Vn+1 = 3Vn
log(expenditure) 8 a V0 = 5, Vn+1 = Vn + 5
ii 495 b V0 = 13, Vn+1 = Vn − 4
5 a i $12 000 c V0 = 1, Vn+1 = 4Vn
ii $11 000 d V0 = 64, Vn+1 = 0.5Vn
b $52 208.29
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 804 Answers

8
7B → 7C

9 6 8 a × 2800 = 224 b 2800

100
10 0 11 E 12 D 13 E
c W0 = 2800, Wn+1 = Wn − 224
9 a $2100, $1700, $1300 b 4
Exercise 7B 10 a $22 195, $21 390, $20 585 b 17
11 a i $1500 ii $102 iii 6.8%
1 a Vn
Answers

10 b $684
c 14 years
8
12 a $32 600
6 b M0 = 32 600, Mn+1 = Mn − 10
13 a 450, 449.95, 449.90, 449.85, 449.80
4
b $449
2 14 a $47 800, $47 600, $47 400
n
b $45 000 c 25 000 km
0 1 2 3 15 a 7200 b 72 000 c $720 d 10%
b Vn 16 C 17 C 18 B
50
Exercise 7C
40
1 a An = 4 + 2n, A20 = 44
30 b An = 10 − 3n, A20 = −50
20 c An = 5 + 8n, A20 = 165
d An = 300 − 18n, A20 = −60
10
2 a 5000 b $270 c Vn = 5000 + 270n
n d $7430
0 1 2 3
3 a 12 000 b $864
2 a V0 = 8000 b $320
c Vn = 12 000 + 864n d $19 776
c V0 = 8000, Vn+1 = Vn + 320
4 a $8000 b $512
3 a H0 = 41 000 b $2542
c i $14 144 ii 16 years
c H0 = 41 000, Hn+1 = Hn + 2542
5 a $2000 b $70
4 a V0 = 2000 b 14 years
c i $2420 ii 29 years
V1 = 2000 + 76 = 2076 6 a $5600 b $1260 c Vn = 5600 − 1260n
V2 = 2076 + 76 = 2152 d $1820
V3 = 2152 + 76 = 2228 7 a $7000 b $1225 c Vn = 7000 − 1225n
5 a $7518, $8036, $8554 b 6 years d 5 years
6 a i $15 000 ii $525 iii 3.5% 8 a $1700 b $212.50 c $850
b 29 years d $212.50 e 8 years
7 a $12 300 9 a $65 000 b $3250 c 5%
b C0 = 82 000, Cn+1 = Cn − 12 300 d $42 250 e 11 years
10 a $29 000 b $0.25 (25 cents)
c $24 000 d 96 000 km

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 Answers 805

Answers
11 a $9700 b $0.388 per km 2 a V0 = 6000
c Vn = 35 400 − 0.388n V1 = 1.042 × 6000 = 6252
d 74 000 km
V1 = 1.042 × 6252 = 6514.58
12 a i $0.026875 ii $69 687.50
V2 = 1.042 × 6514.58 = 6788.20
iii $20 156.25
b 7 years
b $9218.75
3 a V0 = 20 000

7D → 7E
c 1 486 400
V1 = 1.063 × 20 000 = 21 260
13 D 14 C
V1 = 1.063 × 21 260 = 22 599.38
Exercise 7D V2 = 1.063 × 22 599.38 = 24 023.14
b 7 years
1 a 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 4 a $5000 b 1.068
Vn
40
c V0 = 5000, Vn+1 = 1.068 × Vn
35 d $6947.46 e $1947.46
30
5 a $18 000 b 1.094
25
20 c V0 = 18 000, Vn+1 = 1.094Vn
15 d $25 783.50 e 4 years
10
5 6 V0 = 9800, Vn+1 = 0.965Vn
0
n 7 M0 = 28 600, Mn+1 = 0.926Mn
1 2 3 4
8 a V0 = 18 000, Vn+1 = 0.955Vn
b 3, 9, 27, 81, 243
b $17 190, $16 416.45, $15 677.71,
Vn
250 $14 972.21, $14 298.46
c $15 677.71 d $3701.54
200
9 a W0 = 4000, Wn+1 = 0.959Wn
150 b $3527.90 c 755.46
10 a S 0 = 13 420, S n+1 = 0.888S n
100
b $11 916.96, $10 582.26, $9397.05,
50 $8344.58, $7409.99
n
c $7409.99 d $1185.21
0 1 2 3 4 11 C 12 E 13 E 14 C
c 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01
Vn
Exercise 7E
100
90
1 a Vn = 2n × 6, V4 = 96
80
70 b Vn = 3n × 10, V4 = 810
60 c Vn = 0.5n × 1, V4 = 0.0625
50
40 d Vn = 0.25n × 80, V4 = 0.3125
30 2 a i 3000 ii 10%
20
b Vn = 1.1n × 3000
10
n c $4831.53
0 1 2 3 4

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7F → 7 review 806 Answers

3 a i $2000 ii 6% 12 a 6.38% b 8.76% c 4.91% d 13.10%

b Vn = 1.06 × 2000
n
13 6.78%
c $2524.95 d $837.04 14 E 15 C 16 E 17 A
4 a Vn = 1.125n × 8000
b $11 390.63 c $3390.63
Chapter 7 review
d $1265.63
5 a i $1200 ii 12% Multiple-choice questions
b Vn = 0.88 × 1200
n
c $490.41
Answers

1 C 2 E 3 D 4 C 5 A
6 a Vn = 0.905 × 38 500
n
6 A 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 A
b $23 372.42 c $15 127.58 11 D 12 C 13 C 14 B 15 A
7 6 years 8 100 years 94 16 B 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 C
10 6% 11 $9223.51 12 $32 397.17
13 C 14 E
Written-response questions

Exercise 7F 1 a V0 = 20 000, Vn+1 = Vn + 1880

1 a 0.40% b 2.08% c 0.40% d 0.14% b $29 400

e 0.03% c W0 = 20 000, Wn+1 = 1.094Wn
2 a 6.48% b 5.8% c 14.82% d Wn = 1.094n × 20 000
d 9.88% e 8.03% e $31 341.27
3 a V0 = 8000, Vn+1 = 1.048 Vn 2 $328.03
b V0 = 8000, Vn+1 = 1.012 Vn 3 a i V0 = 22 500, Vn+1 = Vn − 2700
c V0 = 8000, Vn+1 = 1.004 Vn ii $9000
4 a V0 = 20 000, Vn+1 = 1.005 × Vn b i V0 = 22 500, Vn+1 = 0.84Vn
b Vn = 1.005 × 20 000
n
c $26 977
ii $9409.77
5 a V0 = 8000, Vn+1 = 1.012 × Vn c 25000
b Vn = 1.012 × 8000
n
20000
c $9231.16
Value

15000
6 a V0 = 7600, Vn+1 = 1.005 × Vn 10000
b Vn = 1.005 Vn × 7600
n
5000
c $7791.91 d 139 months
O 1 2 3 4 5
7 a V0 = 3500, Vn+1 = 1.02 × Vn n
b $3788.51 4 a $0.20
8 a 4.68% b 4.70% c Monthly b Let Vn be the value of the vacuum
9 a 8.25% b 8.24% c Monthly cleaner after cleaning n offices.
10 a A – 8.62%, B – 8.11% V0 = 650, Vn+1 = Vn − 0.20
b A – $3018.10, B – $2837.08 c $250
c B – this loan will be charged less interest 5 a $6575 b $6722.75 c 6.9%
11 a A – 5.43%, B – 5.61% 6 a V0 = 30 000, Vn+1 = 1.0075 Vn
b A – $7603, B – $7860 b $31 142.00
c B – this investment will earn more interest c $32 814.21 d $34 318.81

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 Answers 807

Answers
7 $234.57 10 8%
8 3.5 11 10%
12 C 13 B 14 C

Chapter 8 Exercise 8B

1 V0 = 5000, Vn+1 = 1.054Vn − 1400

8A → 8B
Exercise 8A
2 a V0 = 2000, D = 339
1 a 2, 5, 11, 23, 47
b R = 1.005
b 50, 90, 170, 330, 650
c V0 = 2000, Vn+1 = 1.005Vn − 339
c 128, 96, 80, 72, 68
3 a B0 = 10 000, Bn+1 = 1.03Bn − 2600
2 a $500 b $100 c 1.03
b $5331
d V0 = 500, Vn+1 = 1.03Vn + 100
4 V0 = 3500, Vn+1 = 1.004Vn − 280
3 a $300 000 b $50 000
5 V0 = 150 000, Vn+1 = 1.0014Vn − 650
c 1.052
6 a V0 = 235 000, Vn+1 = 1.0001Vn − 150
d V0 = 300 000, Vn+1 = 1.052Vn + 50 000
b $234 620.46
4 a 1.003
7 a $2500 b $626 c 8%
b V0 = 3500, Vn+1 = 1.003Vn + 150
d $1117.03
c $3821.48
8 a $5000 b $865 c r = 12%
5 a V0 = 1700, Vn+1 = 1.008Vn + 100
d $3361.85
b $2395.38
9 a V0 = 20 000, D = 3375
6 V0 = 1500, Vn+1 = 1.0002Vn + 4
b R = 1.072
7 V0 = 24000, Vn+1 = 1.005Vn + 500,
c V0 = 20 000, Vn+1 = 1.072Vn − 3375
$27 766.81
10 a V0 = 750 000, D = 4100
8 a $2000 b $1000 c $4412.80
b R = 1.0045
d Vn ($)
c V0 = 750 000, Vn+1 = 1.0045Vn − 4100
4500 11 a V0 = 40 000, Vn+1 = 1.015Vn − 10 380
4000
3500 b $10 217.70
3000
2500
12 a $5000 b $1030 c 12%
2000 d $2030.50 e $3090
1500
1000 13 a $3052.65 b $6000
500
14 a $1 000 000 b $4000 c 2.88%
n (years)
0 1 2 d $996 796.16
9 a $20 000 b $2000
15 a $18 400 b 6.6%
c $27 689.06
c $9762.84
d Vn ($) 16 D 17 E 18 A
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
n (quarters)
0 1 2 3
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8C 808 Answers

Exercise 8C

1 a $14 000 b $1540 c $260

Answers

d $13 740
e Payment number Payment Interest Principal reduction Balance
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 000.00
1 1800.00 1540.00 260.00 13 740

f Payment number Payment Interest Principal reduction Balance

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 000.00
1 1800.00 1540.00 260.00 13 740.00
2 1800.00 1511.40 288.60 13 451.40
3 1800.00 1479.65 320.35 13 131.05
2 a $12 000 b 0.005
c $60 d $240 e $11 760
f Payment number Payment Interest Principal reduction Balance
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 000.00
1 300.00 60.00 240.00 11 760.00

g Payment number Payment Interest Principal reduction Balance

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 000.00
1 300.00 60.00 240.00 11 760.00
2 300.00 58.80 241.20 11 518.80
3 300.00 57.59 242.41 11 276.39
3 a $36 000 b 0.02
c Payment number Payment Interest Principal reduction Balance
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 36 000.00
1 1000.00 720.00 280.00 35 720.00
2 1000 714.40 285.60 35 434.40
3 1000 708.69 291.31 35 143.09
4 a 1%
b A = 16.75, B = 334.85, C = 342.17
5 a $4000, $100 b 2.5%
c A = 64.81, B = 505.16, C = 1076.65, D = 26.92, E = 530.73
6 A = 421.26, B = 458 736.22
7 a i $15.00 ii 0.25%
b A = 12.53, B = 495.47, C = 4517.30
8 a 1%
b A = 53.02, B = 153.02, C = 5454.52

9 D
ISBN 978-1-009-11041-9
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 Answers 809

Answers
Exercise 8D c $6061.91
4 a $21 867.22 b $12 095.13
1 $554.16
5 a $225 788.13 b $5452.89
2 $1262.60
6 a $34 093.96 b $344.64
3 $692.58
7 a Negative b $28 674
4 $771.27
c $6825.74

8D → 8F
5 a 180.53 b 1380.53 c $624.67
8 a $15 133.81 b $1732.49
6 a A = 345.69, B = 1.72, C = 343.97
9 a $7627.37 b $298.51
b $4131.23 c $131.23
10 E 11 E 12 B
7 a A = 3903.19, B = 34.82, C = 3868.37
b $31 227.69 c $1227.69
Exercise 8F
8 $12 165.50, $165.50
9 1 8.39%
350
2 a 2.7%
300
b i $741.19 ii 60 months
250 3 a $500
Amount ($)

200 b i $6000 ii 6491.15

iii $491.15
150
c 23 months
100
4 55 payments
50 5 a $197 793.85
b i $2158.06 ii $774 237.82
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Payment (n) iii $534 237.82
10 160
6 a $617.80 b $617.72
140 c $18 533.92 d $1533.92
120
Amount ($)

7 a i $5253.40 ii $210 135.61

100
80 b i $4175.11 ii $4174.54
60 iii $250 506.03
40
20 8 $446 972.41
0 1 2 3
9 $2591.94
Payment (n) 10 a 9.24% b $2348.50
11 E 12 C c 57 months
11 96 quarters
Exercise 8E 12 a $4000 b $22 965.28
1 a Negative b Negative 13 E
c $123 003.55 d $733 636.83 14 C
2 a $22 327.26 b $37 864.50 15 B
3 a Positive b Negative

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8G → 8 review 810 Answers

Exercise 8G 12 3.6%
13 4.8%
1 $46 615.21
14 a $1312 b $78 720 c $86 400
2 $178 558.60
d $1440 e 5.4%
3 a $81 939.67 b $67 141.09
15 C 16 B 17 D
4 $416.37
5 $338 807.90
Exercise 8I
6 a $5312.50 b $6500.67
Answers

c $6495.55 d $2 268 945.88 1 a $9790.50 b $642 000

e $1 518 945.88 c $642 000
7 a 153 months b $229.96 2 a $4800 b $57 600
8 a V0 = 125 000, Vn+1 = 1.0045Vn − 850 3 a $2160 b It will increase
b $11 966 4 $100 000
9 a S 0 = 150 000, S n+1 = 1.005 × S n 5 $50 000
b $272 909.51 c 2.72% 6 a $540 000 b $380 000
10 a $29 697.05 b $34 378 c $451 866.88
11 a $3504.76 b $104.76 7 3%
c $18929.68 d 58 payments 8 6.25%
12 B 9 6.3%
13 B 10 a $17 850 b $350 000
14 E c M0 = 350 000, Mn+1 = 1.00425Mn − 1487.50
11 a $600 b $7600 c Option B
Exercise 8H d Z0 = 200 000, Zn+1 = 1.038Zn − 7600
12 B
1 $600
13 D
2 $350
3 $462
4 $44 550
Chapter 8 review
5 a $2775 b $32 775 Multiple-choice questions
6 a $2555 b $306 600
1 C 2 D 3 D 4 B
c $1 006 600
5 D 6 C 7 D 8 B
7 a $182 b $35 000 c $272.48
9 C 10 C 11 D 12 E
d $64 892.48
13 D 14 E 15 C 16 D
8 $40 000
17 E 18 C 19 E 20 D
9 $16 000
10 $28 000 Written-response questions

11 2.9% 1 a V0 = 250 000, Vn+1 = 1.004Vn − 1800

b $240 185.96 c 56 months

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 Answers 811

Chapter 10

Answers
d i $1000 ii $12 000
iii $250 000
2 a $781.25 b $147 298.48 Exercise 10A
c 38 months
d i 41 payments ii $3323.07 1 a 2×3 b 1×3 c 3×2 d 3×1
e 3×3
3 a $656.65 b $13 134

9A → 10A
c $3134 2 a 2×3 b 4×1 c 1×3

4 a 40 months b $320.78 3 a 12 b 15 c 28

c $4770.78 4 1 × 12, 12 × 1, 6 × 2, 2 × 6, 4 × 3, 3 × 4
 
9 8
5 a $247.04 b $83 713.37    
1 0   1 9
6 a $1 175 244.58 b 290 months 5 a   b 3 5 c  

2 3 0 1
  
c $3300
 
7 5
6 a square; 2 × 2; 4 b column 3 × 1; 3
c row; 1 × 4; 4
Chapter 9 
1 3 5
 
1 0 0

   
7 a 0 4 7 b 0 1 0
Exercise 9A
   
0 0 2 0 0 1
   
1 E 2 C 3 C 4 E 5 C 6 D 
1 0 0

 
7 E 8 D 9 A 10 D 11 D 12 D   3 0
c 0 1 0and  
13 E 14 E 15 D   
0 5

 
0 0 1
d First 3 are symmetric.
Exercise 9B
8 a C, E b 3 c A d B
1 a $8500 b $222.44 e 4, 2 f 3, 3 g 1, 5 h 3, 1
c A0 = 8500, An+1 = 1.013 × An i 4, 2 j 9 k 5 l 0
d 5.2% e 13 quarters m 1 n 0 o 4 p −1
2 a V0 = 25 000, q 3 r 3 s 1
V1 = 25 000 − 936 = 24 064,
9 
1 2 10 3 11 
   
V2 = 24 064 − 936 = 23 128, −2 −5
   
V3 = 23 128 − 936 = 22 192
 
2 4 4 −1 −4
     
b 36 
3 6

5
  
0 −3

3 a $260 000  
6
1170
b × 12 × 100 = 5.4% 12
  13 
4 9 

260 000 2 5 10
c A = 1156.71, B = 993.29, C = 256 053.46  
9 16

4 a 204 b $29516.73 c The first
50 14 a   b   c  
5 a $4400 b = $2.50 1 2   4 −2  1 
20      
c Hn = 4450 − 2.50n 0 −2 −4 6 −1
d $3950    
e 581 3 1 2
 
d
 
6 a $5520 b 22 months
2 3

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10B → 10C 812 Answers

15 C 16 D 17 B 18 C 6  
21 5 5
19 B 
 8

 2 3
 4 
1 1
Exercise 10B
 

14 8 6
 
1 a  
0 1 2
4 2 1
 
 
6 2 3 , 3 × 3 7 a   b  
0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Answers

     

2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
     
0 1 0 0 1 0 1

b 6 2 3 , 1×3

 
c 1 0 1 0
  c  
1 0
0 1 1
   
3 , 3 × 1; the total number of computers 0
0 0 1
   
1
0 0 1

0
 

owned by the three households

1 1 0 1
2 a 
 
8  
24 32 11 0 0 1
  , 2 × 3; 
0 0 3

32 34 9  
   
b 24 32 11 , 1 × 3 1 3 0
c 9 a Girls 3 and 4 are friends.
  b Girls 2 and 5 are not friends.
24
  , 2 × 1; the total number of small cars c 3: girl 3 has three friends.
32
 
d girl 1, girl 3
sold by the car dealers
10 a i Polar bears eat cod.
3 a 4×4 b
 ;
430 380 950 900 ii Nothing eats polar bears.
1 × 4;The total exports of B b
P S C Z
c 
370; 4 × 1
   
   0 1 1 0  P
950  
  W =  0 0 1 1 S

150 
   0 0 0 1 C

470
  
0 0 0 0 Z
4  
200 110

180 117
 11 C 12 B
 
135 98 
Exercise 10C
 
 
110 89 
1 a = 9, b = 7
 
 56 53 
 

28 33
 2 a C, F
5   b A and B, C and F, D and E
3 5 8 7 0 2 3 6
  c A and B, C and F, D and E
4 2 2 9 0 0 0 9

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 Answers 813
 

Answers
d i 4 4 ii   8 a
1 1    
  16 104 86 24 124 100
1 1 A =   B =  
75 34 94 70 41 96
    
iii   iv −2 2
0
0 0 
 40 228 186

b C = 
 
0 0 0 ; the total
145 75 190
  
v   vi 9 3

10D
−1
1 number of females and males enrolled

−3

3 in each of the three programs for the
vii   viii   two years
 0 4 16  0 4 16
 
 
 8 20 14
c D =  ; the increase in the
 
12 8 4 12 8 4
 
  −5 7 2
ix −2 10 x not defined number of females and males enrolled
4 a 
  b    in each of the three programs for the
5 5 −3 −1
    two years; a decrease in the number of
5 5 3 1
  men enrolled in weights classes
c   d e  
 
0 0  48 248 200
9 8 1 d E =  
   
6 7 1 140 82 192

f     g     h not defined 9 C 10 C 11 E
2 −2
   
3 3
5 a    b   Exercise 10D
−2.2 1.1 −0.2 −13.8
1 a i, ii, iv, v, vi, vii
   
7.7 4.4 1 −3.7  
c 
 5 8 7 d 0.6 2
    1   
1 3.2 b i [6] ii [2] iii   iv −3 7 
 

−1
   
 16 0 3 1 0 −0.6 2
c i [6] ii  iii [0]
   

−1 5 4
 2 0 −2
6 x = 2, y = 4, z = 6, w = −4
 
1 0 −1
 
7 a 
0 0 0

 
2.4
 
2.8
 
2.5
 
3.4 iv undefined
       
[0] b [1] c [3]
A = 3.5 B = 3.4 C = 2.6 D = 4.1 2 a
    d  
1
         
1.6 1.8 1.7 2.1 3
b 
  e 
5 5 3
 f  
11.1    
 
1 2 0
13.6; the total (yearly) DVD sales    
 
2
 
7.2
 
for each store 3 a 
 1 2 3
 b
  6 7 


−3 −6 −9
  
  19 18
5 10 15
 

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10D 814 Answers

 
c   d   110 000
4 0  −5 15 9  
    116 000
2 −2 −2 8 4
11 XY =   It gives the total sales of

   
154 000
1 4 −5 8 7
   
Answers

 
4 a   post-multiply by this matrix. 58 000
1 each
   of the  dealers.
1  29 
 pre-multiply by this matrix. 12 a  , John took 29 minutes to eat
b

8.50

1 1 1
     food costing $8.50
7 1 2 1 10  
       29 22 12 
5 1 2 2 1 =  5  . b  ,
8.50 8.00 3.00
      
8 1 4 1 13
    
John’s friends took 22 and 12 minutes
 
  
9 0 2 to eat food costing $8.00 and $3.00
  
6 1 1 1 1 7 3 = 18 10 9 respectively

   

8 3 4
   0.2
79 78 80  
7 a   b
  13 a   b 0.3
22 8 10 6 14 11 80 78 82  
0.5
   
12
  c Semester 1: 79.2; Semester 2: 80.4
18
 
  d Semester 1: 83.8; Semester 2: 75.2
12 e No, total score is 318.6
 
30 f 3 marks
14 5 5  15 20 50 75 , 2250 3625
       
8   9  
9 3000   ,   ,    
 
5 10 20 35 75 125 3625 5875
         
7 2800
15 5 7   2 19 17 40 , 23 97 
           
6
2600
 
    ,   ,    
7 26 19 59 40 137 97 314
           
4 2200
  16 
24 30 36

3  
  38 59 64
1  
33 54 51
 
10 a 2 × 3
b i  17 a   b  
−1 5 −3 8 

184.50    

236
 5 2 6 −3
ii the total revenue from selling c   d  
 17 8 

  16 2 

products A, B and C at Energy and 
8 17
 
2 39

Nourishing respectively e  
 29 −5
c number of columns in P , number of  
−5 13
rows in Q
18 A 19 C 20 D

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 Answers 815

Answers
Exercise 10E f  
−8
 
1 a i   ii   10
1 0 1 0 0
6  
−1 2
   
0 1 0 1 0
  
 
−3 5
   
0 0 1
iii   7 a X = A−1C
1 0 0 0

10E → 10F
  b X = (AB)−1C = B−1 A−1C
0 1 0 0
  c X = A−1CB−1 d X = A−1C − B
0 0 1 0
 
  e X = A−1 (C − B)
0 0 0 1 f X = (A − B)A−1 = I − BA−1
8 x = −5000, y = 15 000, z = 0
    
1 2 1 0 1 2
b AI =    
   =   ;
0 3 0 1
 
0 3 9
Spray P Q R
    
1 0 1 2 1 2 8
46 12
IA =     =   Barrels
0 1 0 3
  
0 3 13
39 13

∴ AI = IA = A 10 a  
 0.1 0.25 −0.4
c 
 0.3 −0.75 0.8 

      
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 −0.2 0.5 −0.2
 

CI = 3 1 0 = 3
    
1 0 0 1 0 ; b
      Product P Q R
0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 Number per day 13.5 0.5 13
    
1 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 
  11 Brad 20; Flynn 10; Lina 15
IC = 0 1 0 = 3
   
1 0 3 1 0
      12 A 13 E 14 D
0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2
CI = IC = C Exercise 10F
3 a 3 b −3 c 0 d −8
1 B only
4 a  10 2  b  20
 1   
 11 − 3  2 a X= H U T S b n=4
  
   9 18 
1   −50 1 
 
0   3   4  
3 9 9 0
0 1 0  X 
Matrix has no inverse, det (D) = 0
 
c  
0
0 0 1 W 
 
d
1 1 1   
 − −  1
0 0 0  Z 
 
 2 2 2   
  
1 0 0 0 Y

 0 1 1 
 
5 a b
0 0 1     
0 1 1 2 1 1
5 a b 
      
−9 −3
  
 −28 −15 
 C = 1 0 1 C 2 = 1 2 1
   
1 3 39 22
   
1 1 0 1 1 2
c 
−14 9
 d   e  
c 2
  1  3.5 
  
 2.5 
 6 a There is no direct communication link
−9 8 0
 
between the towers.
 
−1.5
 

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10G 816 Answers

b T 1 and T 3 2 a
c 1, 0 losers
d There is a 2-step communication link A B C D E
Answers

between T 3 and T 1.  
A 0 1 1 1 1 
e 6  
B 0 0 1 0 0 
f 
T1 T2 T3 T4

winners C 0
 0 0 0 0 
  
 1 1 1 0  T1 D

0 1 1 0 0 
   
T =  1 2 1 1  T2 E 0 1 0 1 0

 
 1 1 2 1  T3
  A : 4, B : 1, C : 0, D : 2, E : 2
0 1 1 1 T4
A; D and E equal; B; C.
g T 1 and T 4
b 
0 2 2 1 0

7
A B C D E  
  0 0 0 0 0
A  0 0 0 0 1   
  D2 = 0 0 0 0 0
B  1 0 0 0 1   

 0  0 0 1 0 0
C 1 0 0 1   
0 1 2 0 0
 

D  0 0 1 0 1 
c  
  0 3 3 2 1 9
E 0 1 1 0 0  
0 0 1 0 0 1
8 D 9 D  
T = 0 0 0 0 0 0


0 1 2 0 0 3

Exercise 10G 

0 2 2 1 0 5
1 a
A B C D
A

 0 1 1 0 
 The tie can be broken using two-step
  dominances to give the ranking
B  0 0 1 0 
  A, E, D, B, C.
C  0 0 0 0 
  A B C D E Score
D 1 1 1 0 3 a  
A  0 0 1 1 0 2
D, A, B, C
 
B  1 0 1 0 1 3

 

D = C  0 0 0 1 0
 
b 1
A B C D  
  D  0 1 0 0 0 1
A  0 0 1 0   

 0
 E 1 0 1 1 0 3
B 0 0 0 
  b 
0 1 0 1 0

C  0 0 0 0 

 
  1 0 2 3 0
D 0 1 2 0  
D = 0 1 0 0 0
2  
D, A, B, C  
1 0 1 0 1
 
0 1 1 2 0
 

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 Answers 817

Answers
c A B C D E Score Chapter 10 review
 
A  0 1 1 2 0 4
 Multiple-choice questions

B  2 0 3 3 1 9
 

D + D2 = C  0 1 0 1 0
 
2 1 C 2 D 3 B 4 D
 
D  1 1 1 0 1

 
 4 5 D 6 A 7 B 8 C
 

10 review
E 1 1 2 3 0 7 9 D 10 E 11 A 12 B
The matrix D + D gives the following 13 D
2 14 E 15 A 16 D
ranking: 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 C
21 A 22 C 23 C 24 C
Rank Player Score
25 A 26 C 27 C 28 C
First Bea 9 29 E
Second Eve 7
Written-response questions
Equal Ann and 4
third Deb 1 a   b  
0 1 2 0 2 1 1
Fifth Cat 2 
    
1 0 1 2 0 2 0
4 a 10    
2 1 0 1 2 0 1
b  Ash defeats Carl and Dot
 
1 0 1 0

 Ben defeats Ash, Carl and Dot
c  
 Carl defeats Dot 0 0
 
0 0
 Dot defeats Elle
2 a 2×1 b 1×2
 Elle defeats Ash, Ben and Carl
c Yes; number of columns in C equals
c Ben = Elle, Ash, Carl = Dot

0 1 0 1
 the number of rows in J.
0

0 0 1 0  d [162.41] ; 5 × 30.45 + 4 × 2.54 = 162.41
1
e 
  
172.57

5 a 1 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 0

0 185.24
3 a 456 b 2×2
 
1 0 1 1 0
b E, B, A = C, D c  
354 987
B = 
 
0 2 2 1  
314 586
  
0 0 1 0
6 a 
 
b A d 
688 1863

0 0 0 0 C =  ; the total number of
527 1042
  
0 1 2 0
 
  books of each type in the two stores
0 1 1 0 e i 2×1
 
0 0 1 1
ii  
7 a  b A, B, D, C 31 236
 
0 0 0 1  
  18 021
1 0 0 0
 
iii total value of fiction and
8 A, B, D, C non-fiction books at bookshop 1
9 E, B, A = C, D
 
668 1752
f 2A =  
10 C 11 A 12 D 426 912

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11A → 11B 818 Answers

4 a 1×5 d
A B C
b i 
90 135 165 150 60
  
A 0.45 0.35 0.15
R =    
48 72 63 88 32 B 0.25 0.45 0.20

 
ii the number of students expected to C 0.30 0.20 0.65
get a C in Mathematics .
M P 2
O B
c i F = 220
h i
Answers

197
 
O 0.96 0.98
 


 600
 B 0.04 0.02
ii FN = 220 197   = [195 040]
 
320 3
F P
The total fees paid are $195 040.  
  F 0.80 0.14
5 a N= 8 6 1 b NG = [575]  
P 0.20 0.86
c total number of points scored by Daniel
6 a 80 tonnes b 100 tonnes
4 B
c $186, 000
d i 3×1
Exercise 11B
ii The price per tonne of each of
the minerals 1 a  
0.85 0.25
T = 

1000 
0.15 0.75
  
iii  700 
0.15
 
300
 
0.85 P I 0.75

0.25
Chapter 11
b 0.85 × 80 = 68 c 0.25 × 60 = 15
Exercise 11A d 0.15 × 120 + 0.75 × 40 = 48
2 a i 10% ii 80% iii 10%
1 a
A B b i 680 ii 85
 
A 0.40 0.55 c i 1150 ii 0 iii 0
 
B 0.60 0.45 d All (100%) of the sea birds who nest at
site A this year will nest at site A next
b
X Y year.
 
X 0.70 0.25
 
Y 0.30 0.75
3 a i 76440 ii 7560
c b i 5500 ii 1210 iii 266
X Y Z
  4 a i 18 ii 6 iii 6
X 0.6 0.15 0.22
  b i 84 ii 66 iii 30
Y 0.1 0.7 0.23

  84
 
Z 0.3 0.15 0.55 c 66
 
30
 
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 Answers 819

Answers
d i 21 ii 3 iii 6 b i 
207
 ii 
 225 

e 180
   
S 2 136 S 3 = 132.1
5 B 6 E    
257 242.9
iii 
224.9

Exercise 11C  
S 7 = 129.7

11C
 
1 a 
380
 b  
398 225.4
S 1 =   S 2 =  
c See solutions
220 202
 
c   6 a 
0.80 0.25

399.8
S 3 =    T =   
0.20 0.75

200.2

2 a   b   b  
400
399.998 400
S 5 =   S 7 =   S 0 =  
200.02 200
 400
 
c 
400
 420
S 12 =   c S 1 =  , 420 to Jill’s and 380 to
380

200

Pete’s
3 a 
5460
 b 
5456
 
442.2
S 4 =   S 3 =  
d S 5 =   , 442 to Jill’s and 358 to
4780 4784

357.8

4 a i  
130 ii  
151 Pete’s
S 1 =   S 2 =  
 
444.4
170 149 e steady state solution: S s =  , 444
iii   355.6
165.7
S 3 =    to Jill’s
 and 356 to  Pete’s
134.3
 0.90 0.60
7 a T =  
b 
0.72269

0.10 0.40

0.55462
T 5 =    
0.27731 0.44538 1500
b S 0 =  
c i  
151 ii  
165.7 500
S 2 =   S 3 =     
149 134.3 1650

c S 1 =  , 1650 are happy and 350
iii 
191.8

350
S 7 =   are unhappy
108.2  
d See solutions 1712.55
d S 4 =  , 1713 are happy and
5 a i   ii   287.45
180 207
    287 are unhappy
S 1 = 130 S 2 = 136 
1714.3

e steady state solution: S =  ,
   
290 257 285.7
iii 
 225 

1714 are happy and 286 are unhappy
   
S 3 132.1 1200
8 a S 0 =  600 
   
242.9  
200
 

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11D → 11E 820 Answers

ii S 2 = T S 1 − B
 
1270
 
b S 1 =  440 , 1270 are happy
     
0.6 0.2 100 −20
=   ·   − 
  
290
 
0.4 0.8 100 20
    
 
1310.33   
 80  −20 100
  
 
c S 5 =  429.82 , 1310 are happy =   −   =  
120 20 100
  
 
259.85 
11500

Answers

   
1311.7
  2 a i S 1 =  8500  ii 7300
 
d steady state solution:  429.1 , 1312 
10000

 
259.1
 
b A: 30 000, B: 0, C: 0; While the sea
are happy birds move between nesting sites each
9 A 10 E 11 A year, the ‘1’ in the transition matrix
indicates that, once a sea bird nests at
Exercise 11D site A, it continues to nest at this site.
    Meanwhile, some of the birds who nest
 80   68.8 
1 a i   ii   at sites B and C each year will move to
120 131.2
  
site A until, in the long term, all birds
b i are nesting at site A.
S1 = T S0 + R
c i 
 9500  ii  9000  iii 8507.5
          
0.6 0.2 100 10
=   ·   +        
 9500   9150  8912.5
0.4 0.8 100 5
          
11000 11850 12 580
           
 80  10  90 
=   +   =   3 C 4 B
120 5 125
ii Exercise 11E
S2 = T S1 + R
     
0.6 0.2  90  10 1 a i 1.9 ii 0.6
=    · 
   +  
0.4 0.8 125
  
5 b
1.1
     
 79  10  89 
=   +   =   2.1
136 5 141 1.9
1 2 3 4
c i 0.7 0.5 0.6
S1 = T S0 − B
c i 
510 ii 784.8 iii  208 276 
          
0.6 0.2 100 −20
=   ·   − 
       
 70    
212.8   103 876 
0.4 0.8 100 20
      
     
       50  178.5  36 984 
 80  −20 100      
=   −   =   60 21 15 815.8
120 20 100
  

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 Answers 821

Answers
d   e 37 f 90
3483

1829
 g i 111 ii 158 iii 235
 
 600  h i 99 ii 145 iii 233
  It appear that the population rate of
291
 
increase approaches 10% per year.
2 a
Further investigation confirms this.

11E
2.1
5 a  
 0  b  0
 
3.1 0 1000
2.9    
 0  0.02 0 0
1 2 3 4

0.8 0.7 0.5
   
50 0 0.05 0
   
b 0.42 c 1000
0 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
0.6 0.75 0.02 0.05
c
d i   ii  
8 50 000    0 
3
 0   
 0 
 
0    
0 50
 
1 2 3 4
0.4 0.5 0.25
iii 
50 000

     
 0 1.3 2.4  0 2.3 3  0 
     
3 a 0.7 0 0  b 0.6 0 0
0
  
  
0 0.6 0 0 0.3 0

e i 
50 000
 ii  
   50 
 0 1.4 2.6 0.6  
   1   
100
0.5 0 0 0     
c  5 50
     
 0 0.4 0 0 
  iii 
50 000

0 0 0.05 0

 
 1 
4 a    b  
15 0 0.2 0.9 1.1 0
 
5
 
   
20 0.8 0 0 0 0
    6 a i   ii
269 356 iii 622
   
30 0 0.9 0 0 0
        
    127 168 294
15 0 0 0.7 0 0      
 
30 40 70
       
10 0 0 0 0.8 0
i 427 ii 565 iii 986
c
1.1 0 b At this stage the rate of increase is
0.9
0.2 approximately 5.7%
1 2 3 4 5
0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 7 a i 
1400 ii 700 iii
    
2160
 
d i   ii      
 240  840  420 
48   58      
12  
  37 
100
 
60
 
210

   
18 22
 
 
21 21
 
   
12 19
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11 review 822 Answers

b i 
976 ii 1241 iii
    
1579 Chapter 11 review
     
460  586   745  Multiple-choice questions
     
91 115 146
     
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 B
c i 
974 ii 1237 iii 1571
    
6 C 7 C 8 A 9 B 10 B
     
460  584   741  11 B 12 C 13 E
Answers

     

90 115 145
     
Written-response questions
The population appears to be
iincreasing at a rate of 27% 1 a i   ii 748
504
 
d
244
 
     
 0   0  200
b 
 
517
     
8 a i 300 ii  0  iii  0   
      257
0 100 0
     
c Diiscoo attendance is expected to
b Population cycles through three states
increase to around 520 and stay at that
c i Population decreases by 50% every
level.
three time periods
d Diiscoo attendance is expected to
ii Population increases by 25% every
decrease to around 20 and stay at that
three time periods
      level.
2800 1080 4440
      Y M O
 200 1400  540 2  
9 a 

b
 
c
   Y 0.1 0.2 0.4
 200  100  700  
      M 0.9 0 0 
40 20 10
       
O 0 0.8 0.6
10 a i Every 3 years, the population 3 a  
returns to 1000 newborns 0 0.1 0.9 0.2 0 0 0 0
 
ii Every 3 years, the population 0.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

increases by 50% and returns to 0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0 0


only newborns  
0 0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0
iii Every 3 years, the population  
0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
decreases by 40% and returns to  
0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0

only newborns  
b Long-term growth rate 1.37; long-term 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
 
ratio of age groups 818 : 130 : 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0
   
11 D 12 D 13 A 104.5   28.83 
   
107.8  102.41 
   
  
 0  102.41 
   
 90.25  0 
b S2 =  , S =  
 85.5  3  81.225
   
 31.5   59.85 
   
   
 0   15.75 
   
0 0
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 Answers 823

Answers
c 1.035 b  
4000
S 0 = 
  
0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 980 
6000
    
0.7 0 0 0  692
4 a 
 
b 
  c
0  488
 0.7 0 0   
 
4360
S 1 = 
 ; 4360 fish in Lake Blue and
0 0 0.7 0 344
  
5640

   
972 7467 5640 fish in Lake Green

12A → 12B
   
680 4762
d
c  , 0.992 d 
   
484 3038  
4555.156
    S 3 =   ; 4555 fish in Lake Blue
342 1938 5444.844

e Day 56 and 5445 fish in Lake Green
e
 
4590.2
S s =   ; 4590 fish in Lake Blue and
Chapter 12 5409.8

5410 fish in Lake Green
Exercise 12A 3
a 30
1 E 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 B 6 C
7 D 8 C 9 C 10 D 11 B 12 A 20
13 A 14 B 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 E
E J Y A
19 D 20 C 21 A 22 D 23 B 24 D 0.5 0.1 0.05

25 A b 50 c 920 d 5 weeks
e 5%
Exercise 12B f i 1667 ii 1706
g 2%
1 a 3×1 b 1×3  ii 95
4a i 
c HC; because the number of columns in 100
 
H equals the number of rows in C 
50


d i [696.72] b S n = T nS 1 c 5 weeks
ii the number of Australian dollars d 90
($696.72) that you would receive 5a i 3 × 1 ii k = 1.2
by converting your foreign b i A and B and A and C
currency into Australian dollars; ii D → B → A → C
HC = 102 × 1.316 + 262 × 1.818 + iii C → A
 →B and C → D → B
385
 516 × 0.167  
566.21 c i S 1 =  75  ii 230
   
e 137.46 140
 
 

647.21
 iii 70.56%
2 a  
0.67 0.28
 
0.33 0.72

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13A 824 Answers

 
20 d C
 
d B = 15
  D
25
 
Answers

6a 4 × 2 H
2 a b
b i 435
  ii 72.4%
 60 

120

  c
c L =   Q × L = 5115

 50 
 
85 d
   
39 41.4
   
36 35.1
7a S 1 =   S 2 = 
   
21 20.1
   
24 23.4
  3 a i b ii c ii
42.76

34.64
 4 a B C
A
b S 10 = 
 
19.72
  F
E D
22.87
b A B
(P) 43, (S ) 35, (D) 20, (W) 23
c 3
C E
d 36 D
e 3.9 c B
C
f 47.4
A D
8a 550
b The number of sandwiches sold in
F E
week 3.
c Hamburgers $15, fish and chips $14 d not possible
sandwiches $12 5 a i v = 8, f = 6, e = 12
b i v = 6, f = 8, e = 12
 
d L= 1 0 1
c i v = 7, f = 7, e = 12
d i v = 5, f = 3, e = 6
e i v = 5, f = 6, e = 9
Chapter 13 f i v = 6, f = 4, e = 6
6 a 4 b 12 c 19
Exercise 13A 7 7 8 14 9 15

1 a i 3 ii 2 iii 1 10 C 11 E 12 C 13 B
b 14 14 E 15 C
c town D and town H

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Answers
Exercise 13B 2 a A B b B
A
1 a
A B C D
A

 0 1 1 0 
 C C
D
 
c A D
B  1 0 1 1 
 
C  1 1 0 0 


13B → 13C

D 0 1 0 0 C
B
b
A B C D
  3 C is an isolated vertex.
A  0 1 1 0 
  4 Leading diagonals will all be ‘1’.
B  1 0 0 1  5
A B C D E
 
C  1 0 0 1 

 
  A  0 1 1 1 1
D 0 1 1 0  
B  1 0 1 1 1
c
A B C D 
 1

  C 1 0 1 1
A  0 1 0 0 
 
D  1 1 1 0 1

 
B  1 0 0 0   
  E 1 1 1 1 0
C  0 0 0 1 
 
D 0 0 1 0 6 E 7 A 8 E 9 A
d 10 C 11 B 12 E
A B C D
 
A  0 1 1 1 

 1
 Exercise 13C
B  0 1 1 

C  1

1 0 1  1 a path b trail c path d walk

D

1 1 1 0 e trail f path
e 2 a walk b cycle c path d walk
A B C D E F
  e path f walk g h
A  0 1 1 0 0 0 
3 a i Euler trail
 
B  1 0 0 1 0 0 
ii A−B−E−D−B−C−D−A−E
 

C  1 0 0 1 0 0 
  b neither
D  0 1 1 0 0 0 
  c i Euler trail
E  0 0 0 0 0 1 

  ii A−C−E−C−B−D−E−F
F 0 0 0 0 1 0 d i Euler circuit
f ii A−B−C−E−D−C−A
A B C D
A

 0 0 0 0 
 e i Euler circuit
  ii E−F−D−E−A−B−D−C−B−E
B  0 0 0 1 

 0
 4 a A−B−C−F−I−H−E−G−D−A
C 0 0 2 
  b A−B−C−D−E−F−A
D 0 1 2 0
c A−B-D−C−E−A
5 F−A−B−C−D−E−H−G

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13D → 13F 826 Answers

6 a 2 b 7 c B Exercise 13E
A
1 a A − B − C − H, 160
b A − C − F − E − G − H, 53
C D
c A − D − E − F − H, 385
d Vertices are not all even.
d A − B − E − F − I − H, 87
7 a v = 9, e = 12, f = 5
2 23 minutes
v−e+ f =2
Answers

b i Hamiltonian cycle
Exercise 13F
ii Lake Bolac − Streatham − Nerrin
Nerrin−Woorndoo−Mortlake 1 a 6
−Hexham−Chatworth− b 4 5 3 2
Glenthompson−
2 6
Wickliffe−Lake Bolac.
5 3 2
and the reverse of this 2 2
c i Eulerian circuit 6
3 5 2
ii Not all vertices have an even 3
degree 6
2
d i Lake Bolac - Wickliffe c 22, 20, 21 (Answers will vary)
ii LWMHCGWCWNSLWL 2 a 2
A B 2 E
8 a Yes b Yes c No d Yes 3 F
e No f Yes g Yes 2
1 10
9 3 C D
b C
10 C 11 D 12 E 13 B B
16
14 A E 16
A D
12 11
10
15 80
Exercise 13D G F
c B 18 C
1 a D–E b 17 minutes 10
c 8 minutes d 36 minutes 10 9
E
2 11 A D 47
3 a 34 b 56 c E–B–A–E, 22 d D
H
d A–E–F–G–I or A–C–F–G–I 70
C 100 200 G
4 a S –B–D–F, 12 100
b S − A − C − D − F, 10 80 90
F
B
c S − B − D − F, 15 90
d S − A − E − G − F, 19 730
A
5 19 km 3 490 m
6 B 7 C 8 A 9 E

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 Answers 827

Chapter 14

Answers
4 A 5 B 6 C 7 E
8 B
Exercise 14A
Chapter 13 review
1 a 3 b 8
Multiple-choice questions
2 C1 = 14, C2 = 12, C3 = 21
1 C 2 C 3 A 4 D
3 C1 = 12, C2 = 16, C3 = 16

13 review → 14B
5 A 6 C 7 B 8 B
9 E 10 B 11 A 12 A 4 a 9 b 11 c 8 d 18

13 C 14 B 15 B 16 B 5 a A, 14; B, 23; C, 12; D, 16; E, not a

cut that can be used to determine the
Written-response questions
maximum number of available seats
1 a A−B−C−F−G−E−X, 11 b It does not prevent flow from source
b A−C−E−I−H−X, 127 (Arlie) to sink (Bowen).
c A−D−E−G−H−J−M−X, 55 c 12
d A−B−D−E−G−I−L−M−X, 49 6 a sink 1=10,sink 2=11
2 a i B b sink 1 = 8, sink 2 = 18
6 9
C 7 a 9 b 18
A 8 D 4 8 a Cut passes through edges with weights
5 F 7
4 5 20,10,30,30
8 5
b 59 c 25
E
ii 24 9 D 10 C 11 B
iii A B C D E F
1  Exercise 14B
 
A  0 1 0 1 1
 
B  1 0 1 0 0 0  1 a Worker 1−Task 3; Worker 2−Task 1;
 
C  0
 1 0 1 1 0  Worker 3−Task 2

b Worker 1−Task 5; Worker 2−Task 6;

D  1 0 1 0 1 1 
Worker 3−Task 4
 
E  1 0 1 1 0 1 

2 Niranjan − Cake; Nishara − Candles;

F 1 0 0 1 1 0
Dinesh − Serviettes; Dhishani − Balloons
b i 45 km 3 Two answers possible
ii Some vertices are visited more than Player 1 −Right Wing; Player 2 − Left
once. wing; Player 3 −Centre; Player 4 − Right
iii F–E–D–C–B–A–F Defence; Player 5 − Left Defence
iv 33 km (for route above; other Or
answers possible) Player 1 − Centre Player 2 − Right wing
c C and F Player 3 − Left Defence Player 4 − Right
Defence Player 5 − Left Wing
3 a 4 b 18
c v = 6, e = 9, f = 5; v − e + f = 2 4 a two distinct groups of vertices (people
d-l See solutions and flavours)

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14C 828 Answers

b chocolate f A
Gloria start B D E G
vanilla F
Minh C J
H
finish
Answers

Carlos peppermint I K
2 a H
Trevor butterscotch F
I
start m my
strawberry du finish
c 5 G
J
5 a W–D, X–A, Y–B, Z–C b D
B
b e.g., minimum cost is 11; W–A, X–B, A dummy finish
start E
Y–D, Z–C C
6 Dimitri 800 m, John 400 m, Carol 100 m, c R
U
P
Elizabeth 1500 m dummy finish
start S
7 Joe C, Meg A, Ali B V
8 A–Y, B–Z, C–X, D–W Q T
9 Champs Home, Stars Away,
d D
Wests Neutral; or Champs Neutral, Stars B G
H finish
A
Away, Wests Home. start dummy
F
Cost = $20 000 C
E
10 A Mark, B Karla, C Raj, D Jess; or A
3
Karla, B Raj, C Mark, D Jess; 55 km a
Activity Immediate predecessors
11 D 12 A 13 E 14 D
A −
B −
Exercise 14C
C A
1 a B D D A
A
start finish E B, C
C E F D
b P R
G E
T
start finish b
Q S
Activity Immediate predecessors
c T V P −
X Y Z
start Q P
U W R P
d F I S Q
G L
start J finish T Q
K
H U S, V
e K M V R
R S
start N finish W R
Q
L O P X T, U

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 Answers 829

Answers
c f
Activity Immediate predecessors Activity Immediate predecessors
J − A −
K − B A
L J C A
M N D A
N K E B

14C
O K F C, D
P N G D
Q L, M H E, F, G
R P I G
S O, R J I
T Q K H
d 4 a Remove panel.
Activity Immediate predecessors
b ‘Order component’ and ‘Pound out dent’
A −
5 a
B −
C A Activity Immediate predecessors
D A A −
E D, B B −
C −
F C, E
D A
G D, B
E B, F
H B F C
e G B, F
Activity Immediate predecessors
P − H D, E
I H
Q −
J I, K
R P
K G
S P
L G
T Q M H
U R N J, L
V S O N
W S, T b A−D−H−M
X U A−D−H−I−J−N−O
Y W c B−E−H−M
Z V, X, Y B−E−H−I−J−N −O
B−G−K − J −N −O
B−G−L−N −O
d C−F−E−H−M

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14D 830 Answers

C−F−E−H−I−J−N−O 8 a D, F, G b 13
C −F −G−K − J −N −O c Activity H lies on the critical path and
C −F −G−L−N −O if delayed, the completion time of the
Answers

6 a D, F, H project will be extended.

b A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H d 15 e F
7 aG b K 9 a i 25 ii 29 iii 30
c G is the immediate predecessor of both b 5 c 2
I and K, however activity K has other 10 a B, C b A, B, C, D, E, G
immediates predecesors not common c B, F, H, J d 4 e E, G, I
to activity I 11
8 D 9 A 10 A a
Activity Immediate predecessors
A −
Exercise 14D
B −
1 a p = 12 b w = 10 C −
c m = 8, n = 8 D B
d a = 10, b = 18, c = 11 E B
e f = 9, g = 12 F A, D
f q = 8, r = 3, p = 5, n = 9 G C, E
2 a 3 b A−C c 5 d 13 H F, G
e 2 I F, G
3 a 12 b 10 c 9 d 1 J G
e 3 f 9 K H
4 a D−E−F b A: 1, B: 1, C: 15 L I
5 a B−E−F−H−J M J
b A: 1, C: 14, D: 1, G: 1, I: 1 b 3 c 9
6 a d B−E −G−H −K
Duration Immediate
Activity B−E −G−I −L e 6
(weeks) predecessors
12 a
A 3 −
B 6 − S, 3
P, 4 U, 3
C 6 A, B
Q, 5 T, 6 W, 8 Y, 6
D 5 B start finish
dummy
E 7 C, D X, 13
R, 12 V, 4
F 1 D
G 3 E
H 3 F
I 2 B
b B−C−E−G
7 a 8 b 11 c C −F −G
d B

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 Answers 831

Answers
b b B − E − G − I, 21 hours
Activity ES T LS T
c 18 hours
P 0 11
2 a A−B−F −H b 21 days
Q 0 10
c 20 days d $100
R 0 0
3 a B−E−H−J b 2 hours
S 4 15
c 6 hours d 14 hours
T 5 15

14E → 14 review
4 a 4 b 17 hours c $1200
U 7 18
V 12 12 5 a 22 days b $870
W 12 21 6 a C, D, H
X 16 16 b B, E, H, I, J
Y 29 29 c i 21 days ii $450

c R−V−X−Y d 35 weeks 7 a 21 days b 10 days c 5 days d K

e $6000
13 a L, 4
I, 2
O, 6 8 a 29 days b 6 c 4
start J, 3 M, 8 d Two answers possible:
S, 1 H, 2 J, 0 K, 2 L, 1 M, 1
K, 5 P, 6
H, 2 J, 0 K, 1 L, 1 M, 2
N, 1 Q, 7 finish
9 B 10 B 11 D
T, 9
R, 5
b Activity ES T LS T
I 0 9 Chapter 14 review
J 0 3
Multiple-choice questions
K 0 0
L 2 11 1 D 2 D 3 A 4 A
M 6 7 5 C 6 B 7 E 8 D
N 5 5 9 D 10 E
O 14 15
Written-response questions
P 6 16
Q 6 6 1 a Alvin should write the Body par 3
R 5 8 Billy should write the Body par 2
S 20 21 Chloe should write the Body par 1
Danielle should write the Conclusion
T 13 13
Elena should write the Introduction
c K−N−Q−T d 22 weeks
b 43 minutes
14 E 15 D 16 C 17 A 2 a 26 b 15
18 D 3 Rob – breaststroke, Joel – backstroke,
Henk – freestyle, Sav – butterfly or Rob
Exercise 14E – breaststroke, Joel – butterfly, Henk –
backstroke, Sav – freestyle. Time = 276
1 a A − D; B − E − F; B − E − G − I;
C−H−I 4 a 26 b 15

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15A → 15B 832 Answers

C, 6
5 a A, 4
3 a Cut 1 does not isolate the source from
E, 10

Start dummy H, 5 the sink.

dummy Finish

B, 5 G, 4
b 26 c 22
A C H J
D, 7 F, 5 4 Start Finish

b 12 c 1 hour d 4 D G I

e B−D−E−H f 27 hours B F

E
g i B−D−F −G−H
Answers

ii 22 hours
5 a 9 b 7 c 1
h D, H must be in that order
d B−D−E −G e 15
6 a A → 1, D → 4, F → 10, K → 12,
Chapter 15 b B–C–E–G–J–K
7 a i 2.1 km
Exercise 15A ii PQRT S U or PRQS T U or
PRQT S U or PRT QS U
1 A 2 E 3 E 4 B
5 C 6 B 7 A 8 B b i R−Q−P−R−T−Q−S−T−U−S or

9 E 10 C 11 E 12 D R−Q−P−R−T−S−Q−T−U−S
13 D 14 B 15 E 16 A ii travel each road only once
17 C 18 C 19 C 20 E 8 a None of the edges overlap.
21 B 22 A 23 D 24 C b 7 + 6 − 11 = 2 c C d 297 km
25 B 26 C 27 C 28 E e no f 79 km g 127 km
h 187 km
Exercise 15B 9 a 5 b 24 hours c 7 hours
10 11 megalitres/day
1 a 14 b 3 c 3
11 a 112 km
e 5 + 5 = 7 + 2, 9 = 9
b i minimum spanning tree
2 ii M
P Q R S
  38
P  1 1 0 1  L 31
 
Q  1
 0 2 1  35 S N

R  0 2 0 1 

  24
S 1 1 1 0 R

47 O
Q
63
P
55
Q
P
R iii 293 km
c 306 km
12 a A, B, C

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 Answers 833

Answers
b LST for B is 1, EST for E is 10, LST b time
for I is 18 c i IQR = 6.2 seconds
c i A−D−F−I−J ii 27 months ii Upper fence = 28.2 + 1.5 × 6.2 =
d i B−C−D−F−I−J ii 25 months 37.5
13 a A–Z, B–W, C–X, D–Y, or A–Z, B–X, d 10 people
C–W, D–Y e From this information it can be con-

16A → 16B
b $130 cluded that the time taken to complete
14 a 15 weeks b $8500 c 3 the task is associated with the number
of distractions. The median time
Chapter 16 taken by the group who completed
the task with no distractions was 25.0
Exercise 16A seconds, faster than the group with a
few distractions which has a median
Data analysis, probability and statistics
time of 26.2 seconds, which was in
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 C turn faster than the group with many
6 B 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 A distractions which took a median time
11 E 12 E 13 B 14 B 15 A of 29.2 seconds to complete the task.
16 D 17 B 18 B 19 A 20 E 3 a r2 = 84.8%
Recursion and financial modelling b 84.8% of the variation in fuel con-
sumption can be explained by the
21 C 22 B 23 D 24 A 25 B
variation in speed.
26 C 27 B 28 D 29 A 30 C
c 9.0 litres/100 km
Matrices
d slope = 0.0218. On average, for each
31 B 32 B 33 A 34 E 35 D additional 1 km/hr increase in the
36 D 37 E 38 D 39 E 40 A speed of the car, the fuel consumption
41 B increases by 0.0218 litres/100 km.
Networks e predicted value = 8.40, actual
value= 8.30. Thus residual= −0.10.
42 C 43 D 44 B 45 D 46 E
4 a There is a strong, non-linear re-
47 B 48 C 49 C 50 D 51 C
lationship between efficiency and
enthusiasm.
1
Exercise 16B b log y, , x2
y
c log(efficiency) = 0.0205 + 0.0860 ×
Data analysis, probability and statistics
enthusiasm
1 a mean = 54.042, stand dev = 2.717 d 6.6
b z = −1.1 5 a
c i 48.6 kg ii 2.5%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2 a EV: number of distractions, RV: time
SI 1.01 1.15 1.32 0.52

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16B 834 Answers

 
Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2791.33
b  
2022 62 60 61 63 ii S 50 = 2577.88
 
1830.79
 
6 a 130.6 cents/litre
Answers

iii The long term customer numbers

b 141.1 cents/litre
are: HSL (2791), Radcliffs (2578)
c i Victoria, slope = 2.09. On average,
Cottonworths (1831)
the price of fuel in Victoria is 
0
  
0.9 0.7   0
increasing by 2.09 cents/litre each    
11 a L = 0.9 0 0  b S 0 = 100
year.    
0 0.8 0 0
 
ii NT, slope = 2.20. On average, the
     
price of fuel in the NT is increasing 90 56 73
     
by 2.20 cents/litre each year. c S 1 =  0, S 2 = 81, S 3 = 50,
d i 156.7 cents/litre.
     
80 0 65
ii 169.7 cents/litre.  
91
e The difference is predicted to increase  
S 4 = 66;
over time. The cost of petrol in the NT  
is already higher than the cost of petrol 40
number of cases is increasing and
in Victoria, and the cost is increasing
spreading through the three stages
at a higher rate in the NT (on average    
2.20 cents/litre each year) than it is 5309 5957
S 40 = 4258, S 41 = 4778, 1.122
   
increasing in Victoria (on average 2.09 d
   
cents/litre each year). 3036 3406
e Not sufficient to eradicate disease;
Recursion and financial modelling
growth rate after 40 weeks is
7 a $6468.13 b 6.2% approximately 1.027
c i $5225 ii 9% f Sufficient to eradicate disease;
8 a $39.23 b 6.42% growth rate after 40 weeks is
c V0 = 2600, Vn+1 = 1.0025Vn + 140 approximately 0.94
9 a $79 b $344.78 
29.6
 
96.11

c $375.48, $375.60 
14.4
 
55.97

   
Matrices 14.4 48.88
12 a S 1 =  , S 40 =  ,
   
10 a 1 × 3  21.6
 42.69
 150 250 320  
 6.4
 
33.15

 
b Q =  300
   
500 640 
0.0 19.30
    

1050 1750 2240
  
99.04
The number of shoppers who shopped 
 
57.67
from several sections at Radcliffs.  
50.37
c T ×A   S 41 = 
 

2835 43.99

   
d i S 1 = 1940 34.16
 
  
19.89

2425
 

ISBN 978-1-009-11041-9 © Peter Jones et al 2023 Cambridge University Press

Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Answers 835

Answers
   
715 735.9 iii A, E, F, H
   
416 429.0 iv 18 months
   
363 
374.4
 16 a A − B − D − E − C − A
c S 0 =  =
 
, S
  
1
b B − C − E − D − E − C − A − B − D;
  
317  326.7

   
247 Must start and end at a vertex of odd
253.6
 
 
    degree.

16B
144 148.2
  
c 9:54 am
13 a 3 × 1
17 a i 4
b C × A = [17900]; the total cost of the
ii
seats.
A Office
c The product = [11600]; the total cost 20 20
of the stalls and dress circle. 35
60 20 30
Networks 20
B 30
14 a i 40 40 15
1
45 35
C D
2 30
iii A, B, D
b i
A 20 Office
3 20
5
4
20
ii 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 10
40 B
b i Vertices D and E are odd. 15
40
ii E and F
D
iii E − F − D − E − A − B − C − D C
30
c i Capacity = 20 + 25 + 30 = 75
ii $44 400
ii Maximum flow = minimum cut
c i A Office
= 15 + 15 + 30 = 60 20

15 a i 2
ii C 20
B
b A on breastroke, 15
B on backstroke,
C on butterfly D
C
c i 7 months 30
ii ii $20 400
E 8 10
D 8 8 D,7 G 15 15
18 a
C,2
E, 10
C 6 6
G,4 G, 4
B, 8
A,3 E,9
A, 5 D, 15
A 0 3 dummy,0
I,2 21 21 H, 1 I, 3
I 19 19
H,9 C, 3
B 0 0 B,6 F, 6
F 6 7 F,3
H 9 10 b 32 weeks
ISBN 978-1-009-11041-9 © Peter Jones et al 2023 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
16B 836 Answers

c i d i The project would be completed in

a minimum of 30 weeks.
Activity Duration EST LST Float
ii Nothing. This activity has a float of
A 5 0 0 0
Answers

14 and so it could be extended in

B 8 5 5 0 duration by 14 weeks.
C 3 5 19 14 iii The project would be completed in
D 15 13 13 0 a minimum of 37 weeks.
E 10 13 15 2
F 6 8 22 14
G 4 23 25 2
H 1 28 28 0
I 3 29 29 0
ii A − B − D − H − I

ISBN 978-1-009-11041-9 © Peter Jones et al 2023 Cambridge University Press

Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.