es DAY THREE Scalar and Vector Learning & Revision for the Day + Scalar and Vector Quantities» Multiplication or Division of a | + Relative velocity + Laws of Vector Addition Vector by a Scalar + Motion in a Plane + Substraction of Vectors, + Product of Vects + Projectile Motion + Resolution of vector Scalar and Vector Quantities A scalar quantity is one whose specification is completed with its magnitude only. og, mass, distance, speed, energy, ete A vector quantity is a quantity that has magnitude as well as direction, Not all physical ‘quantities have a direction. e.g. velocity, displacement, force, et. Position and Displacement Vectors A vector which gives position of an object with reference to the origi ofa coordinate The vector which tells how much and in which direction on object has changed its position in a given interval of time is called displacement vector. General Vectors and Notation * Zero Vector The vector having zero magnitude is called zero vector or null vector. Ik is written as 0. The initial and final points of a zero vector overlap, so its direction is arbitrary (not known to us). * Unit Vector A vector of unit magnitude is Known as an unit veetor. Unit vector for A. is A (read as A cap) AAR Direction Magnitude * Orthogonal Unit Vectors axis.s, Y-axis and Z-axis aro denoted by 1 unit vectors along and & These are the orthogonal unit vectors+ Parallel Vector Two vectors are said to be parallel, if they have same direction but their magnitudes may or may not be equal, © Antiparallel Vector Two vectors are said to be anti-parallel when both have opposite direction (ii) one vectors is scalar non zero negative multiple of another vector. + Collinear Vector Collinear vector are those which act along, same line, © Coplanar Vector Vector which lies on the same plane are called coplanar vector. «Equal Vectors Two vectors A and B are equ: the same magnitude and the same direction. Laws of Vector Addition 1. Triangle Low If two non-zoro vectors aro represantod by the twa sides ofa triangle taken in same order than the resultant is given by the closing sie of triangle in opposite order, Le +B 1 bo calculated as Vary F2AB e088 tL, A Boose Hf resultant R makes an angle « with vector A, then Bsin€ A+ Beos8 if they have ‘The resultant R |A+Bl= lana = 2. Parallelogram Law Acconding. to parallelogram aw of 2 vector addition, if two vector acting —/ sea pure are prone of magnitude and direction by two oe my deen ge Bk the deol of he purllgren epee maga and con ofthe estan’ of he wo eto ating ithe pte fe RQ Magnitude ofthe tant [R|=1P'+Q' +2PQcos sino Ps PeQeosd ~~ Oe eos tana = Subtraction of Vectors Vector subtraction makos use of the definition of the nogative ofa vector. We define the operation A~ Bas vector ~ B added tovector A. A-B=A+ (-B) ‘Thus, vector subtraction is really @ special case of vector addition, The — geometzic construction for subtracting two vectors is shown in the A-B above figure. If 6 be the angle between A and B, then [A —B| (a? —2ABeos6 If tho vectors form a closed 1 sided polygon with all the sides in the same order, then the resultant is zero. Multiplication or ion of a Vector by a Scalar ‘The multiplication or division of a vector by a scalar gives a vector. For example, if vector A is multiplied by the scalar number 3, the result, written as 3A, is a vector with a magnitude tive mes that of A, pointing in the same direction as A. If we multiply vector A by the scalar ~3, the result is 3A. a vector with a magnitude three times that of A, pointing in the direction ‘opposite to A (because of the negative sign) Product of Vectors ‘The two types of products of vectors are given below Scalar or Dot Product The scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined as the product of magnitudes of A and B multiplied by the cosine of Properties of Dot Product + Dot product or scalar product of two vectors gives the scalar two vectors given 8 the scalar quantity + tis commutative in nature, ie. A-B=B-A, Z * Dot product is distributive over the audition of vectors. a) ABYAC Component of . k =1, because angle vector B along A between two equal vectors is zero. + If two vectors A and B are perpendicular, vectors, then A-B= ABcos 90° =Oandi-j=j-k=k-i=o The Vector Product ‘The vector product of A and B, waltten as Ax, produces a third vector € whose magnitude is C = ABsin®. where, 0 is the ‘smaller of the two angles between A and B. Because of the notation, Ax B is also known as the cross Product, and it is spellod a5"A cross BProperties of Cross Product + Vector or eras product of two vectors gives the vector quantity, + Cross product of two vectors does not obey the commitiative law. .@, AX B2 BX A; Hore, Ax B=-Bx A + Cross product of two vectors is distributive over the aaition of vectors Ax (B+ C)=AxB+ AC ‘+ Cross product of two equal vectors is given by Ax A = Similarly, Di =[t x1 sino Uxj-axaxsinoy a Reka x1 xsino) a + Gross product of to perpendicular vectors i given as AXB=(ABsin 90°) 8 (Al) & itah+ok = Fortwo vectors A and B=b,. sb/isbé + Cross product of as follows ix: Cyclic representation for unit vectors, j andi IE + vector triple product ¢ given by Ax (Bx C)= B(A-C)-C (A.B) Resolution of a Vector The process of splitting of a single ¥ ‘vector into two or more vectors in different direction is resolution of a A vectors. Consider a vecor A inthe X ¥ plane maki fe Owith tie 4] Xcaxss Tha X and ¥ components of ‘Aare A, and A, respectively 6 ‘Thus A, =A, =(Acos}t ol % * along X-direction A, =A, =(Asin8j along Y-direction From triangle law of vector addition lal=|Ay+4 l= JAZ +A 4 (Ae = tan Ay A, and Relative Velocity ‘Tho time rate of chango of relative position of one object sith respect to another is called relative velocity. Different Cases Case I If both objects A and 2! move along parallel straight lines in the opposite direction, then relative velocity of B Wit A is given as, vans ww v4) Ifhoth objects A and B mave along parallel staight lines in the same direction, then Case 11 Grossing the River To cross the river over shortest distance, ic. to cross the river straight, the man should swim upstream making an angle® with OB such that, OB gives the direction of resultant velocity (Ving) of velocity of swimmer ¥yy and velocity of river water vp as shown in figure. Let us| Aw 8 o In AOAB, sin@=*# and vue = v2, ~ Ve ‘Tho time taken to cross the river given by ae ages Yon” Yeh Case II ‘To cross the river in possible shortest ime The man should go along OA. Now, the swimmer will be going along OB, which isthe direction of resultant velocity vay of rand vy nd awe | 8 ‘upstream downsticam ‘Time of crossing the sv, a_op_ jee ve van oe ‘The boat will be reaching the point B instead of potnt A. If AB> x, tane= "2 = =e then, ey =Motion in a Plane Lat the object be st position A and # at timing f, and ¢,, where” eee Gt nanton, i Suppose O be tho origin tor | ny % mmentring tine and positon of | 7 the bjt ere) = oO e ty © Displacement of an object form position A to Bis AB ara 55 =(%—¥)f-Us YF + Velocity, v= 6 + A particle moving in X-¥ plane (with uniform velocity) then, its equation of motion for X and Y axes are ¥ aiey) i+ yo) and r xe b =Yottyt ‘+ A particle moving in 29-plane (with uniform acceleration), then its equation of motion for X and Y-axes are vy =U, +4, v,=u, +a waxy tit Projectile Motion Projectile is an object which fonce projected ina given ction with given velocity land is then free to move under gravity alone. The path ‘doseribed by the projectile is callod its trajectory. Lata partie is projected at an ingle O from the ground with inital velocity Resolvingu in two components, we have 088, u, =1 sin8, 0, + Equation of trajectory, y = x tan — fa ODA au cos + Vertical height covered, fh= Sia" ® 2g + Horizontal range, R=08 =u, 7, n= ©8020 @ Projectile Motion in Horizontal Direction From Height (h) eta particle be projected in horizontal direction with speed a fiom height + Equation of trajectory, y Oh + Timo of fight + Hortzantl range, a + Valociyof projectile at any time. v= fe +P Projectile Motion Up an Inclined Plane Lata pare be projected ‘up with speed w from an %, Thelined plane whic maker an anges: withthe ovzonal end velocity of projection makes an angle Sean the ela plan + Time of flight on an inclined plane T a sin‘ 2g cosa, » Maximum height, =“ when projectile is thrown upwards. (+ sina) g(1-sing) when projectile is thrown downwards. Projectile Motion Down an Inclined Plane A projectile is projected down the plane from the point 0 with an initial velocity w at an angle @ with horizontal. The angle of inclination of plane with horizontal a. Then, 2usin(0 +0) eos + ‘Timo of flight down an inclined plane, goose + Horizontal range, [sin 20 +a) +sing]FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE 1 Which of the folowing statement is tuo? (a) A scalar quantity 's the on that's conserved in a process (b) A scalar quantity is one that can never be negative values (6) Ascalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point to another in space (@) A scalar quantity has the same value for dbservers with different orientations ofthe axes 2 If two vectors are equal in magnitude and their resultant is also equalin magnitude to one of them, then the angle botwoen the two veotors is er (bye (A)OP 3A =3i+ 4] andB=71 + 24], the vector having the same magnitude as B and parallel to Ais, (a)51+ 20] (b)18i + 10} (6) 201+ 19] (0) 181 + 20) 4 Six vectorsa through fhave the magnitudes and directions as shown in figure. Which statemant is true? “+ CBSE AIPMT 2010 gee wg (jos (ejde-t fae (ior ont 5 Tho component vector A=24 + 3 along tho vector i+iis OZ — WIA eI (a)5 6 AandB are to vectors and@ is the angle between thom, AB |= V3 (A-B) the value of is (a) 6° (b) 45° (c) 30° (9) 90° 7 Given A=4i + 6] andB = 21+ 3}, Which ofthe following iscorecr? iain Bi 2 Bi Andi 4j+acondB =3i+ js vectors A and Bis (@) 180" (b)90"—fe)45*—(ayO® 9 1 wo vectors 27-+ 3] +f and 41-6] -Aiare parallel each other, then value of is Giz ()-2 (0) (aa 40 11-8 = A.B, then the angle between A andB is (yas (O30) CaSO ()AB=24 (6) Aand B are anti-parallel then angle between 11 iia vector 21+3] + Bkis perpendicular to the vector 4]—4i+ ak thon value ofaris a= i )-1 (2) wt o-} at 12 Ai what angle should the two forces 2P and V2P act, so that the resultant force is P10? fase bye”) 120" 13 A boat is sent across a river with a velocity of 8 krnfh If the resultant velocity of boat is 10 kmh, then velocity of (a) 10kmi (b)Bkmm —(c} 6k) Aka 14 The velocity ofa projectile at the inital point A is (21+ 3] yrs. ts velocity (in ms) at point Bis ‘ NEET 2013 ¥ 7 A x @)2i- 3] ()-21e (21-3) 2143] 15 The xand y coordinates of the particle at any time are x=51-20? and y=10t respectively, where xand yare in metres and tin seconds. The acceleration of the partcle att = 28 * NET 2017 (ao {b) Sims? (c)-4i m&? (a) -8i ms? 16 A partic has inital volosty (38+ 4j)and has acceleration(0.4i +03j). Its speed alter 10s is = CBSE AIPMMT 2010 (a)7 unit —(O)7VZunit (c) 8S unit (@) 10 unit 17 Aparticle is moving such that its position coordinates, (x y)are (2 m, 3m) attime t= 0, (6 m, 7 m) at ime t= 2s and (13m, 14 m) at met =5.. Average velocity vector (Vy,) fromt=0t01=5 is @iosivuh wLd+poed+h OLED 18 The horizontal range and maximum helgt attained by 8 projectic are and H respectively. ra conetan hvizonil acceleration a = gf mparted othe projectile due to wind, then ls hotzontal range and maximum height will be “ y(n coer wer} (oR + 240.4 e+19 A projectile is thrown in the upward direction making an angle of 60° withthe horizontal direction wih a volooty of 147 mfs. Then, the time after which its inclination with the horizontals 48°, 1s (15s (b) 10986 20 The velocity of a particle is (549s (6) 27458 = ¥o+gt+at®. Hits poston is x =Oatt =. then ts cisplacement after unit tne (t =1) is (av) =2+a (b) vy = 20+ 3a (v= (0)v, = 20 a (oye 2 Ay tora (m8 (@va+0- 21 A projectiles fed from the surtace of the earth with a velocity of 6 m/s and angle @ with the horizontal. Another projectile fired from another planet wit a velocity of 3 mms at the same angle follows a trajectory which is identical with the trajectory ofthe projectile fired from the ‘earth, The value of the acceleration due to gravity on the planet is (in mis*} (given, g = 9.8 m/s”) * CBSE AIPM 2014 35 )S9— (63a) 1108 22 Tohznta range and maximum high of prose arog The angle oroecton's*COSE AT 2012 (a 0=tn'(4) )o=tev' (co) in (2) (0) 0 = 45° 23 A missile is fred for maximum range with an initial velocity of 20 mis. If g=10 m/s”, the range of missile is “+ CBSE AIPMT 2011 (50m (20m (o}60m (40m 24 A panicle of mass mis projected with a velocity v making fan angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of angular momentum of projectile about the point of projection when the particle is at its maximum height his fazero (o) @ oe vt? ome (2) None of nese PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE 1 The sum ofthe magnitudes of two forces acting ata point is 16. The resutent ofthese forces is perpendicular to the smaller forces and nas a magnitude of BN. if tre smaller forces of magnitude x, then the value of xis @)2N WAN Na)? 2 Ifthe magnitude of sum of twa vectors is equal to the magnitude of dference ofthe two vectors, the angle batwaen these vectors is = NEET 2016, CBSE APMT 1991 (ayo ASO (a)O® 3 The value of go that vectors 21+ 3]-2k Si+a]+i and —1-+ 2]-+ 3% may be coplanar, willbe (a) 18 (b) 28 (9 (a) 36 4 A projectile is given an inital velocity of (+ 2/) ms, when ‘is along the ground and jis along the vetical. fg =10 mvs*, the equation of its trajectory is fa) y= x-5x° (e)4y 220-52 5‘ palce jeep is cnasing a culpet going on a motorbike. ‘The motorbike crosses a turning ata speed of 72 kmh, The jeep follows i at a speed of 90 mh, crossing the tuming 10 s later than the bike, Assuming that they travel ‘constant speeds, how far from the uring wil the jeep ceatch up wth the Bike? (in km) (at (2 os aa 6 A boat takes 2 h to travel B km and back instill water. It the velocity of water 4 kmh, the time taken for going up stream & km and coming back is fa)2h —(b)2h40min (@) 1h 20min (8) Cannot be estimated with the Information given 5 7 Aman wants to reach point Bon the | opposite bank of a river flowing al a leg speed as shown in figure. What minimum speed relative to water t should the man have, 60 that he can reach point 8? (aw2 — (oyuiv2 (ou (ayui2 8 Aparicle starting from the origin (0, 0) moves in a straight line in the X¥-plano. Its coordinates at a later time are (3,3). The path ofthe particle makes with the X-axis an angie of (ays (bya (ep 6O" (aor {9 A ball is rolled off along the edge of the table with horizontal with velocity 4 mis. Ithits the ground after time (0.4 5. Which ofthe following statement is wrong, (g=10ms") (a) The height of table is 0.8 m. (©) Ithits the ground of an angle of 6° with the vertical (c)It covers a hoxizontal distance 1.6 m from the table. (a) Ithits the ground with vercal velocity 4 mis,10 A ship Ais moving Westwards with a speed of 10 kruh and ship 8 100 km South of A, is moving Northwards with ‘a spoad of 10 krvh. The tine aftr which the distance between them becomes shortest, is CBSE AIPMT 2015 (on — YS (CPEB) 1B 11 Two parties A and 8, move with constant velocities w, ‘and v.. At the intial moment, their position vectors aro m ‘and r, rospestively. The condition for pariolos A anc 8 for their calision is “CASE AIPM 2015 12 The postion vector of a particle Ras a function of time is aiven by R=4 sin (2nt)i + 4 008 (2nt) | where is in metre, tis in seconds and i and j denote Unit vectors along x and y-cirections, respectively. Which ine ofthe folowing statements is wrong for the motion of particle? CBSE AIPMT 2015 (6) Acceleration is long —R. (b) Magnitude of acceleration vectors. where vie te (©) Mage 5 @s rivovt CO) My =F Me velocity of particle one (©) Magaituée ofthe veloc of particle is mis : * ° (d) Path of the particle is a circle of radius 4m CRD 1H 26 3) 4 5m 6m) 7H 8H 9H) 10m NO 2G BE WO BE 6H 7 WH we BE) 2 fo) 220) i) 24 CBIOND 10 2m 30 | 4H 5H 6H) 7H 8 9% 10%) ne ze SESSION 1 5 Component of Astongi + j 9 Tha concent fk shou 1 A scalar quantity has same value for 8 B _@i+api+i —— ‘hservere with diffewent orientation of eA BA We or FS Ney a-e thenwe inc, alu of ala 6 Jndopendeat ofthe decton ets 6 Given, 10 Given, A B= AxB Saami ~ + AB cos - AB sin@ + c0s@ - sin® 2 Given, R= A=B 5 3 fine 1-30 = 45 rH = acoso 7 tt imacateadeok b=4]-4i+ak=-4i+4]+ak Ghenalpaab=0 Se ap ae a ho wer gain, A Sot i2 4 enim a= naoront tanh > Now, |:0A|=[B lis given ‘again, IAL WI6% 96 2 Hence il are “2 42 owlian, R= JAP 6 Hv EAB od yor 6 ‘ats, Given, AO, A =2P, 8 = oP ones SF A151 +20) + And Bare pall and not 2 INI = Jam +a + ale ease 4 When two non-zero vectors are iar es = PNIO = YOP* + 4v2 Pond Fpmwented ty the two adcentskds 8 A-B~ ABoos® oe cacao sles wens vlog, terest 6 Ging, A a+ 4] ah Bal a squaring both sides, we ha sven ty the ea 6 vos = ABaah + 4) ah Gi +} a8) "Pleo w5n62 0102 + cos 10-45? aa13 Givon, AB ~ Velocity of boat ~ 8 km AAG = Resultant velocity of hoa = 10a ae A 14 From the figure, the x- component remain unchanged, while the ‘y-component is reverse. Then, the 15 Given ‘Velocity ofthe particle, de a ‘Acceleration, 0, Also, Veloxity, 16 Given, initil vlecty(u)= 34 + 4) Final velocity ( Acceleration fa) =(04 i +039) Time(= 105 From frst equation of motion, yeai + 4j+ 10(aai + 03) ist] = Wert by = T+ Os ysl 17 Velocity vx ais taj i Mie By = and RUT . hen horizontal acleraion elo Bren tothe pelo and wl Fei wachged wh bang Tome 40 +} at? 2 Jemen and maximum height will be 19 Horizontal componnnt of velocity at angle 60° ~ Horizontal component of velocity at 45° ie, woos 60" = v cosa or 1472 a vas but vy =u, at 2 MEL MEE 9.94 or t= 5495 20 Velocity v= yy + at + at® tate att Integrate on both sides, Jae= frat faa fariar rents tet eee 2S Given, x=0att=0 For equatorial trajectories for same angle ff projection a 22 Given, Range () co, = 25in6 c0s8) yy _usin'@ @ F (2sindcos®) usin @ 28 ws) £23 Maximum range of projectile i given by = maximum height (4) 24 The angular momentum ofa partic is siven by . ZN 45 Lerxmy L= mr sino From figure, Tsim ¥ cos 45)sin0 ow i in rr! a SESSION 2 4 Given xs y=16 vote 46 08—yF beam 38-91 M+ 256+ y? - Szy 20ory =10N Teles ON cor ay pers 2 Suppose two vectors are P and Q. Wisgiven that] P=Q|=|P-Q] Lat angle bessoon Pana Qis PP4Q? + 2PQ cos 6 + QE 2PQ com 6 sa) 43k >a5n-2)-315+ 1) 2000+ n) 3 bn—4-45-3-20-2n = an=74.0=18 4 The aquation of tajectory ofa partici, fired, with a initial velocity at an angle of projection, y= stand.Now, magnitude of velocity vector uat+2) u= far +eF = 3m and angle of projection is givon by component _ 2 _ and 2 womponent 1 and =2 So, from eq (i, we have a EE gaa oe 10m = 25m vy, =72 kmh = 20m 1m 10 s culprit reaches plat B from A Distance covered by culpet, S=w=20%10= 200m Altime~ 105, the police jp is 200 m behind the culprit. Relative velocity between jeep and sme [Relative velocity is considered) 140 ¢, the police oop we toadistance S whore, $= ¥ =25% a ‘im away ‘The jeep will catch up eth the bike 4a fa fom the turning. 6 oat covers distance of 16 km in till, water in 2 ‘owe from A 4a ‘waco oppose he tion of Beattie ao pg twas, rig Bea a 5 [water current helps the motion of boa 7 Lat be the speed of boatman instill water, ‘Resultant of v anal should be slong AB. ‘Components of vy (absolute velocity of batman along’ and y divetions ae, =v sind ‘cos © ~ sin + 45) is tin Gh 45 = 90° or = a5 aod 8 Draw hesitation —4¥ ss shown, O4 represents the path of the particle starting from sean 108 6 8 raw a a perpendicular oo from point to X-axis, Lat path of the particle makes an angle with the ‘Kean, thea tan@= slope of ine OA Horizonal distance covered = ue ‘Vertical vloelty on aching ground ¥) =u) 40) =0+ 10x04= 4m Horizootal velocity on reaching ground v =u, = 4m WOis the angle at which th ball its the ‘round with the vertical, then Yenteis 0-45 a © E> 100 5 = 100000. oo Relative velocity btween A and B is vec = Voi vp =m 14 Fortwo particles A and B move with constant velocities vy and vq. Such thal {two particles to collide, the direction of the relative velocity of one with respect {oother shouldbe directed lowards the relative postion ofthe other particle. BA 5 dination of relative in-nl position of 1 was.2 Similarly, “X= % __, direction of imal velocity of2 wer 1. So, for collision of A and B, wo got in-al lew 12 (0) The postion vector ofa particle R as ‘function of time i given by R= 4sin erty =4c0s (ont) component, x=4sin2nt o component, y= dco Dnt wy ‘Squaring and adding both equations, wwe att Xe + yt = alsin @ad) + cost) in dt ytd ie equation of circle and radius sm, (Gi) Accoloration vector, (ie) As, wo havo vy ‘(oor 2nt}2n andy, =—4(sin’ at)2n Not resultant velocity, (any (cos xt + an 28) veer (ost ant + sin 2a So, option (es incorrect.