Quiz 1 Midterm PEE

I. IDENTIFICATION

SALINITY 1. It refers to high salt content that make marine ecosystem different.

ABYSSAL PLAIN 2. It is found at the bottom of the ocean which contains pocket of life that are spread from one another.

FRESHWATER 3. It is known for lower salt content bodies of water.

SEA 4. It is a body of salt water that is partially or totally covered by land.

RVER 5. It is a ribbon-like body of water that flows downhill from gravity.

LAKE 6. It is a body of water that is surrounded by land.

WETLAND 7. It is an area of land that is either covered by water or saturated with water.

PACIFIC OCEAN 8. It is the largest of the world's five ocean.

ARCTIC OCEAN 9. It is the smallest of the world's five ocean.

COASTAL 10. It is an interface between the land and sea.

II. Enumeration

A 5 Oceans of the world (1-5)

1)PACIFIC OCEAN is the largest of the world five oceans
2) ATLANTIC OCEAN is the second largest of the worlds five oceans
3) INDIAN OCEAN is the third largest of the worlds five oceans
4) SOUTHERN/ ANTARCTIC OCEAN plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation.
5) ARCTIC OCEAN is the smallest of the worlds five oceans

B. Zones of Lakes (6-10)

1) LITTORAL ZONE
2)LIMNETIC ZONE
3)PROFUNDAL ZONE
4)BENTHIC ZONE
5)EUPHOTIC ZONE

C. Examples of Marine ecosystem (11-15)

Marine ecosystems include: the abyssal plain (areas like deep sea coral, whale
falls, and brine pools), polar regions such as the Antarctic and Arctic, coral reefs, the
deep sea (such as the community found in the abyssal water column), hydrothermal
vents, kelp forests, mangroves, the open ocean, rocky shores, salt marshes and
mudflats, and sandy shores.
COASTAL, The coastal zone is an interface between the land and sea,
SEA, is a body of salt water, that is partially or totally surrounded by land.
A MARSH is a type of wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long
periods of time.

D. Examples of Freshwater ecosystem (16-20)

RIVER is the smallest of the worlds five oceans
A LAKE is a body of water that is surrounded by land.
A WETLAND is an area of land that is either covered by water or saturated with water.
STREAM Water flows downhill due to Earths gravity
A SPRING is a place where water moving underground finds an opening to the land
surface and emerges, sometimes as just a trickle, maybe only after a rain, and
sometimes in a continuous flow.
WATERFALL, area where flowing river water drops abruptly and nearly vertically.

Quiz 2

Midterm PEE

1. Identification

PERSONAL POLLUTION 1. It refers to the contamination of our own body due to hazardous actions and lifestyle.

FOOD ADDITIVES 2. These are substances added to food to enhance taste, flavor and to improve texture. 3. When prescribed by
a doctor, they are helpful in treating illnesses or diseases.

SMOKING 4. It is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the smoke that is produced.

COSMETICS 5. They are products applied to the body, especially the face to improve appearance.

POLLUTION 6. It is the presence or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous
effects.

POLLUTANTS 7. These are substances that comes from various sources, natural or man-made.

AIR POLLUTION 8. It happens when excessive quantities of harmful substances are introduced to the Earth's atmosphere.

WATER POLLUTION 9. It happens when toxic substances enter water bodies, lakes, rivers,oceans, etc. dissolved, suspended or
deposited in them.

ALGAL BLOOM 10. It happens when colonies of simple plants that live in sea and freshwater grow out of control.

RUN OFF 11. It refers to water from rain, melted snow or irrigation that is not absorbed by the soil but runs over the ground.

II. Enumeration

A Sources of Personal Pollution (1-6)

1) FOOD ADDITIVES
2)COSETICS
3)SMOKING
4)MEDICINES
5)DRUGS AND NARCOTICS
6)ALCOHOL
B. Air Pollutants (7-13)
1) OZONE
2)NITROGEN DIOXIDE
3)SULFUR DIOXIDE
4)VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPONENTS
5)LEAD
6)PARTICULATE MATTERS
7)CARBON MONOXIDE
C. Types of Pollution (14-17)
1) AIR POLLUTION
2)WATER POLLUTION
3)LAND POLLUTION
4)PERSONAL POLUTION

D. Largest contributors of water pollutions (18-19)

1) PLASTICS
2)RUN OFF

Quiz 3

Midterm

PEE

I Identification

II. Multiple Choice

GLOBAL WARMING 1. It is change in temperature giving us worldwide warm climate.

CLIMATE CHANGE 2. It refers to a long-term change in weather patterns of the globe or a region over a period of many years.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT 3. It is a condition where the Earth absorbs some of the energy it receives from the sun and radiates the
rest back toward space, then radiated from the Earth. 4. It is a form of precipitation consisting of solid ice that forms inside
thunderstorm.

TROPICAL CYCLONE 5. It is a low-pressure weather system that has organized thunderstorms but no fronts

FRONTS 6. It refers to a boundary separating two air masses of different densities.

TORNADO 7. It is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground.

MITIGATION 8. It involves efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases.

FLASHFLOODS 9. It occurs when water flows into a region faster than it can be absorbed into the soil, stored in a lake or
reservoir or removed in runoff or a waterway.

RESILIENCE 10. It describes the ability of a system to persist through extreme change.

1. Which of the following gases does not trap heat?

a. Carbon dioxide

C. NITROGEN

d. Methane

2. Solar energy that warms the Earth includes visible light, infrared from the sun.
a. Gamma rays B. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
c. Microwaves d. Sunspots

3. Earth's temperature is stable because we surrounded by the right amount od sunlight which allows

a. Cloud layer
b. Water
c. Gravity
D. ATMOSPHERE

4. Sea level is rising at the same rate all over the world.

A. TRUE

b. False

5. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?

a. Carbon dioxide

b. Methane

c. Nitrous oxide

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

6. The overwhelming number of scientists agree that climate change is real and cause by man

A. TRUE

b. False

7. What can you do to help fight climate change?

a. Divest from fossil fuel

b. Engage yourself in organization behind climate change

c. Vote for political candidates who will advocate and include legislation or policy

in climate change.

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

8. These are the effects of climate change except for one.

a. Increased drought

B. DEFORESTATION

c. Species loss

d. Health risk

9. Which of the preventive measures in global warming?

a. Reforestation
b. 3 R's

C. USE RENEWABLE ENERGY

d. All of the above

10. Too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may block heat from escaping

into space and trap too much heat next to the Earth's surface causing

a. Volcanic eruptions

b. Earthquake

c. Global warming

D. SEVERE WEATHER

Right or Wrong

RIGHT 1. Climate change is a change in weather patterns of the world over a long period of time.

RIGHT 2. Global warming exceeded the temperature of the planet by a large percentage.

WRONG 3. Greenhouse effect absorbs some of the energy radiated from the Earth a trap it in the atmosphere.

WRONG 4. Rising seas is one of the global warming effects.

RIGHT 5. Maior cities in Metro Manila could likely submerged by 2050 due to climate

RIGHT 6. Severe weather can happen anytime.

WRONG 7. Tropical cyclone occurs when water flows to a region faster than it can absorbed in the soil.

WRONG 8. Flashflood occurs when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from bare dry soils inti the atmosphere.

RIGHT 9. Changes in seasons affects the timing of many cycle events as flowers bloom or when pollinators emerge.

RIGHT 10. Engagement is joining forces with others to seek solutions to the challenges and threats to fish and wildlife
conservation posed by climate change.

MODULE 7 EVIEWER

demography, or the study of populations.

Three of the most important components affecting the issues above are fertility, mortality, and migration
The fertility rate of a society is a measure noting the number of children born.
Fecundity number, which measures the potential number of children that could be born to women of childbearing age.
The crude birthrate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year
The mortality rate is a measure of the number of people who die.
The crude death rate is a number derived from the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
The movement of people into and out of an area.This movement is called migration.
Immigration, which describes movement into an area to take up permanent residence
Emigration, which refers to movement out of an area to another place of permanent residence

. Migration might be;

a) voluntary (as when university students study abroad)
 b) involuntary (as when Somalians left the drought and famine-stricken portion of their nation to stay in refugee
camps)
c) forced (as when many First Nations were removed from the lands they had lived in for generations).

The growth rate of a population, or how much the population of defined area grows or shrinks in a specific time period
population composition, a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population.
the sex ratio the number of men for every hundred women
population pyramid a picture of population distribution by sex and age

a. Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) was an English clergyman who made dire predictions about Earth’s ability to sustain
its growing population.
According to Malthusian theory, three factors would control human population that exceeded the earth’s carrying
capacity, or how many people can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources. He identified
these factors as war, famine, and disease (Malthus 1798). He termed these “positive checks” because they
increased mortality rates, thus keeping the population in check, so to speak. These are countered by “preventive
checks,” which also seek to control the population, but by reducing fertility rates; preventive checks include birth
control and celibacy.

There are three reasons that sociologists suggest to continue to expand the population of the planet.

First, technological increases in food production have increased both the amount and quality of calories can
a person produce.

Second, human ingenuity has developed new medicine to curtail death through disease.

Finally, the development and widespread use of contraception and other forms of family planning have
decreased the speed at which the population increases. But what about the future? Some still believe that Malthus
was correct and that ample resources to support the Earth’s population will soon run out.

b. Zero Population Growth

A neo-Malthusian researcher named Paul Ehrlich brought Malthus’s predictions into the 20th century. He
advocated for a goal of zero population growth (ZPG), in which the number of people entering a population through
birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration. While support for this concept
is mixed, it is still considered a possible solution to global overpopulation.

c. Cornucopian Theory

Some theories are less focused on the pessimistic hypothesis that the world’s population will meet a
detrimental challenge to sustaining itself. Cornucopian theory scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out; it
asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop.
d. Demographic Transition Theory

Modernization theorists argue that societies develop along a predictable continuum as they evolve from
unindustrialized to postindustrial. Following this model, demographic transition theory (Caldwell and Caldwell
2006) suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model.

In Stage 1, birth, death, and infant mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is short. An example of
this stage is 19th century North America. As countries begin to industrialize,

Stage 2, where birth rates are higher while infant mortality and the death rates drop. Life expectancy also
increases.

Stage 3, occurs once a society is thoroughly industrialized; birth rates decline, while life expectancy
continues to increase. Death rates continue to decrease. Mexico’s population is at this stage. In the final phase,

Stage 4, the postindustrial era of a society. Birth and death rates are low, people are healthier and live
longer, and society enters a phase of population stability. Overall population may even decline.

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN POPULATION SIZE

A. Birth rates and Death rates

Population grow or decline through the interplay of three factors;

1. Birth rate or crude rate (natality) is the greatest factor that influence
population increases. It is in the inherent ability of population to increase.

There are two types of natality;

1.a. Maximum Natality - is the absolute theoretical maximum

production of new individual under ideal condition.

1.b. Ecological Natality – is the population increase under actual

or environmental condition.

2. Mortality or Death rate – it is usually express as the probability of dying.

Two types of Mortality;

2.a. Minimum Mortality- is the loss of the individual under ideal

Condition.

2.b. Ecological Mortality- is the loss of the individual under given

environmental condition.

B. Fertility Rates

Two types of fertility rates affect a countries population size and growth rate.

b.1. Replacement –level fertility – is the number of children the couple must bear to replace themselves. The
actual average replacement –level rate is slightly higher than two children per couple, mostly because some female
children die before reaching their reproductive years.
 b.2. Total Fertility Rate – the most useful measure for projecting future population change. It is an estimate
of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Factors contributed to the decline of Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

 Widespread use of effective birth control methods.

 Availability of legal abortion. (if applicable)
 Social attitudes favoring smaller families
 Greater social acceptance of children couples
 Increasing cost of raising families.
 The rise in the average age of marriage.
 More women working outside home
 Delayed reproduction

FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTHRATES AND FERTILITY RATES

The most significant and interrelated factors affecting a country’s average birth rate and total fertility are;

 Average level of education and affluence

 Importance of children as a part of the family labor
 Urbanization
 Cost of raising and educating children
 Educational and employment opportunities for women
 Infant mortality rate
 Average age of marriage
 Availability of private and public pension system
 Availability of reliable methods of birth control
 Religious beliefs. Traditions, and cultural norms that influence the number of children couples want to have.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEATH RATES

 Better nutrition
 Fewer infant deaths and longer average life expectancy
 Improvement in medical and public health technology

C. Migration- it is the movement of people into and out of specific geographic

areas.

The population change for specific geographic area is also affected by the movement of people into
(immigration) and out of (emigration) that area, according to the following equation:

Population births deaths

Change = + - +
Immigration emigration

Migration within the countries especially from rural to urban areas, plays an important role in the population
dynamics of cities, towns, and rural areas

Urbanization - is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities, and someone
specializing in urban sociology would study those relationships.
Urban areas – is often defined as a town or city with a population of more than 2,500 people (although in some
countries it ranges a minimum of 10,000to 50,000)
An Urban growth is the rate of growth of urban populations, which grow in two ways;
a. By natural increase (more births than deaths)
b. By immigration (mostly from rural areas)

The Growth of Cities

According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg (1965), there are three prerequisites for the development of a city:

First, good environment with fresh water and a favorable climate;

Second, advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support non-farmers; and

Third, strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy.

Five features define the form of cities:

 dispersal of population in suburbs,

 high-rise apartment buildings,
 isolated industrial parks,
 downtown cores of office towers, and
 suburban shopping malls.

Postmodern cities, are defined by their orientation to circuits of global consumption, the fragmentation of
previously homogeneous urban cultures, and the emergence of multiple center or cores.

John Hannigan (1998) describes three related developments that characterize the postmodern city as;

a. Edge cities, are urban areas in suburbs or residential areas that have no central core or clear
boundaries but form around clusters of shopping malls, entertainment complexes, and office towers
at major transportation intersections.
b. Dual cities, are cities that are divided into wealthy, high-tech, information-based zones of urban
development and poorer, run-down, marginalized zones of urban underdevelopment and informal
economic activity. Mike Davis (1990) used the term “fortress city” to describe the way that cities
abandon the commitment to creating viable public spaces and universal access to urban resources
in favor of the privatization of public spaces, a “militarization” of private and public security services,
and the creation of exclusive gated communities for the wealthy and middle classes.

c. Fantasy cities, are cities that choose to transform themselves into Disneyland-like “theme parks”
or sites of mega-events (like the Olympics or FIFA World Cup competitions) to draw international
tourists. Victoria, B.C., for example, has branded itself as a safe, historical—“more English than the
English”—heritage destination for cruise ship and other types of tourism.
Suburbs , are the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute in, but far enough
away to allow for more space than city living affords. The bucolic suburban landscape of the early 20th century has
largely disappeared due to sprawl.

the exurbs, communities that exist outside the ring of suburbs

Gentrification refers to members of the middle and upper classes entering city areas that have been historically less
affluent and renovating properties while the poor urban underclass are forced by resulting price pressures to leave
those neighborhoods.
metropolis., a huge urban corridor encompassing multiple cities and their surrounding suburbs

Slum cities, refer to the development on the outskirts of cities of unplanned shantytowns or squats with no access to
clean water, sanitation, or other municipal services.

the global city as a unique development based on the new role of cities in the circuits of global information and
global capital circulation and accumulation.

Sassen (2005) emphasizes three important tendencies that develop from the formation of global cities:
a) a concentration of wealth in the corporate sectors of these cities,
b) a growing disconnection between the cities and their immediate geographic regions, and
c) the development of a large marginalized population that is excluded from the job market for these high-end
activities

Human ecology, is a functionalist field of study that focuses on the relationship between people and their built and
natural physical environments
The concentric zone model (Burgess) , is perhaps the most famous example of human ecology.
“growth coalitions”—coalitions of politicians, real estate investors, corporations, property owners, urban planners,
architects, sports teams, cultural institutions, etc.—who work together to attract private capital to the city and lobby
government for subsidies and tax breaks for investors.

For example, sociologists Feagin and Parker (1990) suggested three aspects to understanding how political
and economic leaders control urban growth.

First, economic and political leaders work alongside each other to effect change in urban growth and
decline, determining where money flows and how land use is regulated.

Second, exchange value and use value are balanced to favour the middle and upper classes so that, for
example, public land in poor neighbourhoods may be rezoned for use as industrial land.

Finally, urban development is dependent on both structure (groups such as local government) and agency
(individuals including business people and activists), and these groups engage in a push-pull dynamic that
determines where and how land is actually used.

Simmel described how the built environment and the sheer size and anonymity of the modern city had become a
social form, which he called the “metropolitan way of life.”

The subfield of environmental sociology studies how humans interact with their environments. This field is closely
related to human ecology, which focuses on the relationship between people and their built and natural
environment.

Two key concepts in environmental sociology are;

a. the concepts of carrying capacity, which refers to the maximum amount of life that can be sustained within
a given area, and

b. the commons, which refers to the collective resources that humans share in common. These collective
resources are typically shared natural resources like air, water, plant and animal life, or ecosystems that have
remained outside of private ownership or processes of commodification and trade.

Pollution- describes the introduction of contaminants into an environment (water, air, land) at levels that are
damaging.
The so-called Green Revolution in the 1960s saw chemists and world aid organizations working together to bring
modern farming methods, complete with pesticides, to peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.
There are two primary means of waste disposal: landfill and incineration.
E-waste is the name for obsolete, broken, and worn-out electronics—from computers to mobile phones to
televisions
Section Summary

7.1. Demography and Population

Scholars understand demography through various analyses. Malthusian, zero population growth, cornucopian
theory, and demographic transition theories all help sociologists study demography. Earth’s human population is
growing quickly, especially in peripheral countries. Factors that impact population include birth rates, mortality rates,
and migration, including immigration and emigration. There are numerous potential outcomes of the growing
population, and sociological perspectives vary on the potential effect of these increased numbers. The growth will
pressure the already taxed planet and its natural resources.

7.2. Urbanization

Cities provide numerous opportunities for their residents and offer significant benefits including access to goods
and numerous job opportunities. At the same time, high-population areas can lead to tensions between demographic
groups, as well as environmental strain. While the population of urban dwellers is continuing to rise, sources of social
strain are rising along with it. The ultimate challenge for today’s urbanites is finding an equitable way to share the
city’s resources while reducing the pollution and energy use that negatively impacts the environment.

7.3. The Environment and Society

The area of environmental sociology is growing as extreme weather patterns and concerns over climate change
increase. Human activity leads to pollution of soil, water, and air, compromising the health of the entire food chain.
While everyone is at risk, poor and disadvantaged neighborhoods and nations bear a greater burden of the planet’s
pollution.
Section