UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART – A

One Dimensional Wave Equation:

Vibrations of a string

Zero Initial velocity Non Zero Initial velocity

Hint: Hint:
1) Velocity will not be given in the question 1) Velocity will be given in the question
2) The word released from the rest will be there 2) The word initially at rest will be there in
in the question the question

The Boundary and Initial Y The Boundary and Initial

conditions are: conditions are:
i) i)
ii) ii)
X iii)
iii)
x=0 x=l
iv)
iv)

The Correct (or) Suitable Solution is

y( x, t)  The displacement of the string at a distance x from one end at time t

 y  y
2 2

 C , what does C2 stands for?

2
1) In the wave equation
t x
2 2

Solution:
u  u
2

 C
2
One dimensional heat equation is
t x
2

2
C = T/m, where T is the tension and m is the mass of the string.
2) Write all possible solutions of the transverse vibration of the string in one dimension.

Solution:
(i) y x ,t  Ae px
 Be
– px
 Ce pat
 De
– pat

(ii) y(x,t) = (A cospx + Bsinpx) (C cospat + Dsinpat).
(iii) y(x,t) = (Ax +B) (Ct + D
 PART - B
1. A uniform string is stretched and fastened to two points ' l ' apart. Motion is started by displacing
the string into the form of the curve y  kx ( l  x ) and then releasing it from this position at time
t  0 . Find the displacement of the point of the string at a distance x from one end at time t .
Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m

The correct solution is

y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

i) y ( 0 , t )  0

ii) y ( l , t )  0

y
iii) ( x ,0 )  0
t

iv) y ( x , 0 )  f ( x )  k x ( l  x ), 0 x l

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0  A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y ( l , t )  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p l  0  s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 l  l l 

Diff (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’

y  n   na  na  na  na 
(2)  ( x , t )   B s in x    C s in t   D cos t 
t  l  l  l  l  l 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

y  n    na   na 
( x , 0 )   B s in x    C s in 0     D cos 0   
t  l    l   l  

 n    na 
0   B s in x  D   
 l   l 

n na
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  0,  D  0
l l

Sub the value of D in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  0
 l  l 

n na
y ( x , t )  B C s in x cos t
l l

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
l l

The most general solution is


n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
l
x cos
l
t      (4)
n 1

Applying condn (iv) in (4)


n
y( x,0)  b n
s in
l
x cos 0
n 1


n
f (x)  b n
s in
l
x cos 0  1
n 1

Which is half range Fourier sine series in (0, l )

l
2 nx
bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
2 nx

l
 kx (l  x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
 nx  nx   nx 
 
2k
   cos    s in   cos 
  lx  x 2   
n
l
  l  2 x  l
  2 
l

l  n   n  
2 2 3 3
   
    
 l   l
2
  l
3

 0

l
2 k  2l nx 
3

  3 3 cos 
l n  l 
0

4 kl
3

 cos n  cos 0 
ln 
3 3

4 kl
2

  (  1)  1 
n
 
n 
3 3
 0 if n is e v e n

bn   8 k l 2
 3 3 if n is o d d
n 

Sub bn in (4)

n na
2
8kl
y( x,t)   n 
3 3
s in
l
x cos
l
t
n  1 , 3 , 5 ,...


( 2 n  1)  ( 2 n  1)  a
2
8kl 1
(or) y( x,t) 

3  n
3
s in
l
x cos
l
t
n 1

2. A string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the string is displaced transversely through a
small distance ‘b’ and the string is released from the rest in that position. Find an expression for the
transverse displacement of the string at any time during the subsequent motion.
Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m
The correct solution is
y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

Assume 2l=L
i) y ( 0 , t )  0
ii) y (L , t )  0
b

y O(0,0)
iii) ( x ,0 )  0
t

iv) y ( x, 0)  f ( x)  ?

To find f(x):
The equation of line joining two points is
x  x1 y  y1

x 2  x1 y 2  y1

Eqution of OA is O(0,0)& A(l/2,b):

x0 y 0 2x y 2b L
    y x, 0  x 
L b0 L b L 2
0
2

Eqution of AB is A(L/2,b)&B(L,0):
L 2x  L
x 
2 y b 2 y  b 2x  L y  b
    
L 0b L b L b
L 
2 2

 2 x b  lb  y l  lb

 2 xb  L b  L b  yL   2 xb  2 L b  yL
 2b L
y (L  x ),  x  L
L 2

 2b L
x, 0  x 

 L 2
y  f (x)  
 2b L
(L  x ),  x  L

 L 2

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0  A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y (L , t )  ( B s in p L )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( B s in p L )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p L  0  s in p L  s in n   p L  n   p 
L

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 L  L L 

Diff (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’

y  n   na  na  na  na 
(2)  ( x , t )   B s in x    C s in t   D cos t 
t  L  L  L  L  L 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

y  n    na   na 
( x , 0 )   B s in x    C s in 0     D cos 0   
t  L    L   L  

 n    na 
0   B s in x  D   
 L   L 

n na
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  0,  D  0
L L

Sub the value of D in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  0
 L  L 
 n na
y ( x , t )  B C s in x cos t
L L

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
L L

The most general solution is


n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
L
x cos
L
t      (4)
n 1

Applying condn (iv) in (4)


n
y( x,0)  b n
s in
L
x cos 0
n 1


n
f (x)  b n
s in
L
x cos 0  1
n 1

Which is half range Fourier sine series in (0, l )

L
2 nx
bn 
L
 f ( x ) s in
L
dx
0


L
  2b L
x, 0  x 
2
2  2b nx
L
2b nx  
 L 2

 
L 0 L
x s in
L
dx   L
( L  x ) s in
L
dx

y  f (x)  
2b L
 L
  (L  x ),  x  L
 2  
 L 2

 
L
L
nx nx
2
4b  
 2  x s in dx   (L  x ) s in dx
 
L L L
0 L

 2 

 
L
L

  nx   nx  2   nx   nx  

4b     cos    s in     cos    s in  
 2   x     1      L  x       1 
L L L L
 
L  n   n 
2 2
  n   n 
2 2

    
   
   L   L
2
0 
  L   L
2
 L 
 2 

 
L
L
4b   nx nx  2  nx nx 
2 2
L L L L 
 2  x cos  2 2 s in      L  x  c o s  s in  
L  n n   n n 
2 2
L L  L L L 
0
 2 

 L 
L

4b   n n  2   n n  
2 2
L L L L  L  L
 2    cos  2 2 s in   (0 )    0       cos  2 2 s in  
L    n  2 2 n  2   0   n  2  2 n  2   L 
 2 

4b  n n n n 
2 2 2 2
L L L L
   c o s  s in  c o s  s in 
L  2n n  2n n 
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 


4b  2 L n 
2

 2 
s in 
L n 
2 2
2 
 8b n
bn  s in
n 
2 2
2

Sub bn in (4)

8b n nx nat
 y( x,t)   n 
2 2
s in
2
s in
L
cos
L
n 1


8b 1 n nx nat
 y( x,t) 

2  n
2
s in
2
s in
2l
cos
2l
n 1

This is the required displacement.

3. A string of length l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the string is displaced transversely through a
small distance ‘b’ and the string is released from the rest in that position. Find an expression for the
transeverse displacement of the string at any time during the subsequent motion.
Solution:
Replace L by l in the above problem
4. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x , 0 )  y 0 s in
3
. If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement y at any distance x
l
from one end any time t.
Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m

The correct solution is

y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

i) y ( 0 , t )  0

ii) y ( l , t )  0

y
iii) ( x ,0 )  0
t

x
y ( x , 0 )  f ( x )  y 0 s in 0 x l
3
iv) ,
l

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0  A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y ( l , t )  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )
Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p l  0  s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 l  l l 

Diff (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’

y  n   na  na  na  na 
(2)  ( x , t )   B s in x    C s in t   D cos t 
t  l  l  l  l  l 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

y  n    na   na 
( x , 0 )   B s in x    C s in 0     D cos 0   
t  l    l   l  

 n    na 
0   B s in x  D   
 l   l 

n na
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  0,  D  0
l l

Sub the value of D in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  0
 l  l 

n na
y ( x , t )  B C s in x cos t
l l

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
l l

The most general solution is


n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
l
x cos
l
t      (4)
n 1

Applying condn (iv) in (4)


n
y( x,0)  b n
s in
l
x cos 0
n 1


n
f (x)  b n
s in
l
x cos 0  1
n 1


x n
 b
3
y 0 s in n
s in x
l n 1 l


x n 1
 b s in    3 s in   s in 3  
3 3
y 0 s in n
s in x
l n 1 l 4
 
1  x 3x  n
y0 

3 s in  s in

  b n s in x
4  l l  n 1 l

3 y0 x y0 3x x 2x 3x 4x

s in  s in  b1 s in  b 2 s in  b 3 s in  b 4 s in  ...
4 l 4 l l l l l

Equating co-efficients of likely terms on both sides

3 y0 y0
b1  ; b 2  0 ; b3  ; b 4  b 5  b 6 ...  0 .
4 4

Sub these values in (4)

x at 2x 2at 3x 3at
( 4 )  y ( x , t )  b1 s in cos  b 2 s in cos  b 3 s in cos  ....
l l l l l l

3 y0 x at y0 3x 3at

y( x,t)  s in cos  s in cos
4 l l 4 l l

5. A tightly stretched string end points x=0 and x=l is initially at restin its equilibrium position. If it is set
vibrating giving each point a velocity  ( lx  x 2 ) , then show that the displacement of given string is

8 l ( 2 n  1)  x ( 2 n  1)  a t
3
1
y( x,t) 
a
4  ( 2 n  1)
4
s in
l
s in
l
.
n 1

Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m

The correct solution is

y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

i) y ( 0 , t )  0

ii) y ( l , t )  0
iii) y ( x, 0)  0

y
( x , 0 )   ( lx  x ), 0  x  l
2
iv)
t

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0  A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y ( l , t )  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )
Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p l  0  s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 l  l l 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

 n 
(3)  y ( x , 0 )   B s in x  C c o s 0  D s in 0  
 l 

 n 
0   B s in x  C 
 l 

n
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  C  0
l

Sub the value of C in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   D s in t
 l  l 

n na
y ( x , t )  B D s in x s in t
l l

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
l l

The most general solution is


n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
l
x s in
l
t      (4)
n 1

Diff (4) partially w.r.to ‘t’


y n na  na 
t
( x,t)   b n s in x cos t 
n 1 l l  l 

Applying condn (iv) in the above eqn.


y n  na 
t
( x,0)   b n s in x cos 0   
n 1 l  l 


nx  na 
f (x)   b n s in   cos 0  1
n 1 l  l 

nx na
y( x,0)   B n s in
l
le t B n  b n
l
n 1


n
f (x)   B n s in
l
x
n 1

Which is half range Fourier sine series in (0, l )

 l
2 nx
Bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
2 nx

l
  x (l  x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
 nx  nx   nx 
 
2
   cos    s in   cos 
  lx  x 2   
n
l
  l  2 x  l
  2 
l

l    
2 2 3 3
   n   n
    
 l   l
2
  l
3

 0

l
2  2l nx 
3

  3 3 cos 
l n  l 
0

4l
3

 cos n  cos 0 
ln 
3 3

na 4l
2

  (  1)  1 
n
bn
 
n 
3 3
l

4l
3

bn   (  1)  1 
n
 
n  a
4 4

0 if n is e v e n

bn   8  l 3
 4 4 if n is o d d
n  a

Sub bn in (4)


8 l n na
3

y( x,t)   n  a
4 4
s in
l
x s in
l
t
n  1 , 3 , 5 ,...


8 l ( 2 n  1)  ( 2 n  1)  a
3
1
(or) y(x,t) 
 a
4  ( 2 n  1)
4
s in
l
x s in
l
t
n 1

6. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position whose ends are fixed and each of its points
 l
cx ; 0  x 

2
is given a velocity v such that v   , find the displacement of the string at any time t .
 c (l  x ) ; l  x  l
 2
Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m

The correct solution is

y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

i) y ( 0 , t )  0
ii) y ( l , t )  0
iii) y ( x, 0)  0

 l
cx ; 0  x 
y 
 2
iv) ( x, 0)  
t  c (l  x ) ; l  x  l

 2

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0 A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y ( l , t )  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p l  0  s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 l  l l 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

 n 
(3)  y ( x , 0 )   B s in 
x  C c o s 0  D s in 0 
 l 

 n 
0   B s in x  C 
 l 

n
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  C  0
l

Sub the value of C in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   D s in t
 l  l 

n na
y ( x , t )  B D s in x s in t
l l

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
l l
The most general solution is

n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
l
x s in
l
t      (4)
n 1

Diff (4) partially w.r.to ‘t’


y n na  na 
t
( x,t)   b n s in x cos t 
n 1 l l  l 

Applying condn (iv) in the above eqn.


y n  na 
t
( x,0)   b n s in x cos 0   
n 1 l  l 


nx  na 
f (x)   b n s in   cos 0  1
n 1 l  l 

nx na
y( x,0)   B n s in
l
le t B n  b n
l
n 1


n
f (x)   B n s in
l
x
n 1

Which is half range Fourier sine series in (0, l )

l
2 nx
Bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0


l
  l
cx ; 0  x 
2 
2
nx
l
n x  
 2
 
 c x s in dx   c ( l  x ) s in dx  f (x)  
l 0

l l
l
  c (l  x ) ; l  x  l
 2  
 2

 
l
l
n x n x
2
2c  
  (l
 x s in dx   x ) s in dx

l l l
 0 l

 2 

 
l
l

  nx   nx  2   n x   n x  
2 c 
   cos    s in     cos    s in  
l l l l
   x     1     l  x       1   
l   n    n
2

2
    n    n
2

2
 
       
   l   l
2
0

  l   l
2
 l 
 2 

 
L
L
2c   nx nx  2  nx nx 
2 2
l l l l 
  x cos  2 2 s in    l  x  cos  2 2 s in  
l  n l n  l   n l n  l L 
0
 2 

 l 
l

2c   n n  2   n n  
2 2
l l l l  l  l
    cos  2 2 s in   (0 )    0       cos  2 2 s in  
l    n  2 2 n  2   0   n  2  2 n  2   l 
 2 
 2c  n n n n 
2 2 2 2
l l l l
   cos  2 2 s in  cos  2 2 s in 
l  2n 2 n  2 2n 2 n  2 
 

2c  2l n 
2

  2 2 s in 
l n  2 

na 4cl n n a
bn  s in B n  bn
n 
2 2
l 2 l

n
2
4cl
bn  s in
n  a
3 3
2

Sub bn in (4)

n nx n at
2
4cl
 y( x, t)   s in s in cos
n  a
3 3
n 1 2 l l


n nx nat
2
4cl 1
 y( x, t)   s in s in cos
 a
3 3
n 1 n 2 l l

7. If a string of length of l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its point is given the
y x
velocity ( x , 0 )  V 0 s in
3
; 0<x<l. Determine the displacement function y(x,t).
t l
Solution:
 y  y
2 2
T
 a
2

2
One dimensional wave equation is where a
t x
2 2
m

The correct solution is

y ( x , t )  ( A c o s p x  B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      (1)

The Boundary and Initial conditions are

i) y ( 0 , t )  0

ii) y ( l , t )  0
iii) y ( x, 0)  0

y x
( x , 0 )  V 0 s in , 0  x  l
3
iv)
t l

Applying condn (i) in (1)

(1)  y ( 0 , t )  ( A c o s 0  B s in 0 )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

0  ( A )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0  A  0

Sub A=0 in (1)

(1)  y ( x , t )  ( B s in p x )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )      ( 2 )

Applying condn (ii) in (2)

y ( l , t )  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )
0  ( B s in p l )( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )

Here B  0 , ( C c o s p a t  D s in p a t )  0

n
 s in p l  0  s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l

Sub the value of p in (2)

 n   na na 
(2)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   C cos t  D s in t       (3)
 l  l l 

Apply condn. (iii) in the above equation

 n 
(3)  y ( x , 0 )   B s in x  C c o s 0  D s in 0  
 l 

 n 
0   B s in x  C 
 l 

n
Here B  0 , s in x  0,  C  0
l

Sub the value of C in (3)

 n   na 
(3)  y ( x , t )   B s in x   D s in t
 l  l 

n na
y ( x , t )  B D s in x s in t
l l

n na
y ( x , t )  b1 s in x cos t le t B D  b1
l l

The most general solution is


n na
y( x,t)  b n
s in
l
x s in
l
t      (4)
n 1

Diff (4) partially w.r.to ‘t’


y n na  na 
t
( x,t)   b n s in x cos t 
n 1 l l  l 

Applying condn (iv) in the above eqn.


y n  na 
t
( x,0)   b n s in x cos 0   
n 1 l  l 


nx  na 
f (x)   b n s in   cos 0  1
n 1 l  l 

x na n x
 
3
V 0 s in bn s in
l n 1 l l


1  x 3x  na n x 1
 s in      3 s in   s in 3  
3
V0 

3 s in bn s in s in

4  l l  n 1 l l 4
 3V 0 x V0 3x a x 2a 2x 3a 3x 4a 4x
s in  s in  b1 s in  b2 s in  b3 s in  b4 s in  ...
4 l 4 l l l l l l l l l

Equating co-efficients of likely terms on both sides

a 3V 0 2a 3a V 0
b1  ; b2  0 ; b3  ; b 4  b 5  b 6 ...  0 .
l 4 l l 4

3V 0 l V 0 l
b1  ; b2  0 ; b3  ; b 4  b 5  b 6 ...  0 .
4a 12a

Sub these values in (4)

x at 2x 2at 3x 3at
( 4 )  y ( x , t )  b1 s in cos  b 2 s in cos  b 3 s in cos  ....
l l l l l l

3V 0 l x at V0l 3x 3at

y(x,t)  s in cos  s in cos
4a l l 12a l l

One Dimensional Heat Equation

1. One dimensional heat equation is
u  u
2
k T h e rm a l c o n d u c tiv ity
 w h e re   
2 2

t x c
2
d e n s ity × S p e c ific h e a t c a p a c ity
2. u ( x, t) 
The temperature distribution at any point x from one end at time t.
3. The various Possible Solution of 1-D heat equation.
2 2
 px 
 Be
px p t
(i) u(x ,t) = ( Ae ) Ce
2 2

(ii) u(x ,t )= ( A cos px  B sin px ) Ce
p t

(iii) u(x ,t) = Ax + B

4. The boundary and initial conditions.
i) u ( 0 , t )  k 1 C x=0 x=l
A l B
ii) u (l , t )  k 2C
iii) u ( x , 0 )  f ( x )

5. The correct solution is u ( x , t )   A c o s p x  B s in p x  C e  

2 2
p t

6. The steady state solution in 1-D heat equation:

Solution:
u  u
2

       (1)
2

t x
2

u
In steady state t=0 then  0
t
 u  u
2 2 2
d u
  0   0   0
2

x x
2 2 2
dx
Integrating twice we get u ( x )  A x  B
PART - B
1. A rod of length l has its ends A and B are kept at 0 C and 1 0 0 C until steady state condition prevail. If
the temperature at B is reduced suddenly to 0 C and kept so while that of A is maintained. Find the
temperature u ( x , t ) at a distance x from A and at time t.
Solution:
u  u
2
k
 w h e re  
2 2
The 1-D heat equation is
t x c
2

To find steady state solution u ( x , 0 )  u ( x )

u
In steady state t=0 then  0
t
 u  u
2 2 2
d u
  0   0   0
2

x x
2 2 2
dx
Integrating twice we get u ( x )  A x  B     (1)
The boundary conditions are i) u ( 0 )  0 C ii) u ( l )  1 0 0 C
Applying condn (i) in (1)
(1)  u ( 0 )  0  B  B  0
Sub B in (1)
u ( x)  A x     (2)
Applying condn (ii) in (2)
100
u (l )  A l 1 0 0  A l  A 
l
Sub A in (2)
100 x
u(x) 
l
The boundary and initial conditions are
i) u ( 0 , t )  0 C
ii) u ( l , t )  1 0 0 C
100 x
iii) u ( x , 0 )  f ( x )  , 0  x  l
l
The correct solution is
 A cos p x  B s in p x  C e
2 2

u ( x, t)       (1)
p t

Apply condn. (i) in (1)

 A cos 0  Ce
2 2

u (0, t ) 
p t
B s in 0
2 2

0  ACe
p t

2 2

Here C  0 , e   p t
 0  A  0
Sub A in (1)
 B s in px  C e
2 2

u ( x, t)       (2)
p t

Apply condn. (ii) in (2)

 B s in pl  C e
2 2

u (l , t ) 
p t

 B s in pl  C e
2 2

0 
p t

2 2

Here B  0 , C  0 , e  0  s in p l  0
p t

n
s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l
Sub p in (2)
 2 2 2
 n  t
 n x  
2
u ( x , t )   B s in Ce
l

 l 
2 2 2
 n  t
n x 
2
u ( x , t )  b1 s in e l
B C  b1 (s a y )
l
The most general solution is
2 2 2
  n  t
n x 

b
2
u ( x, t)  n
s in e l
     (3 )
n 1 l
Apply condn (iii) in (3)

n x

 0
u (x, 0)  b n s in e
n 1 l

n x

 0
f (x)  b n s in e 1
n 1 l
This is Fourier sine series of f(x) in (0,l)
l
2 n x
bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
2 100 x n x

l
 l
s in
l
dx
0

l
200 n x

l
2  x s in l
dx
0

l
 n x   n x  

   c o s    s in  
200
  (x) 
l
  (1) 
l
 
l
2
 n  n
2

2
 
 
   
 l   l
2
 
 0
l
200  l   n x 
    x cos 
l  n  
2
l 0
200
  l c o s n  0
ln 
 2 0 0 (  1)
n


n
200 n 1
bn  (  1)
n
Sub bn in (3)
2 2 2
  n  t
200 n x 


n 1 2
u ( x, t)  (  1) s in e l

n 1 n l
2 2 2
 n 1  n  t
200 (  1) n x 


2
u ( x, t)  s in e l

 n 1 n l
This is the required temperature.
3. The ends A and B of a rod l cm long have their temperatures kept at 3 0 C and 8 0 C , until steady state
conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is suddenly reduced to 6 0 C and that of A is increased to
4 0 C . Find the steady state temperature distribution in the rod after time t.
Solution:
u  u
2
k
 w h e re  
2 2
The 1-D heat equation is
t x c
2

To find steady state solution 1 u ( x , 0 )  u ( x )

u
In steady state t=0 then  0
t
 u  u
2 2 2
d u
  0   0   0
2

x x
2 2 2
dx
Integrating twice we get u ( x )  A x  B     (1)
The boundary conditions are i) u ( 0 )  3 0 C ii) u ( l )  8 0 C
Applying condn (i) in (1)
(1)  u ( 0 )  0  B  B  3 0
Sub B in (1)
u ( x)  A x  30     (2)
Applying condn (ii) in (2)
50
u (l )  A l  3 0 80  A l  30  A 
l
Sub A in (2)
50 x
u(x)   30  f ( x)
l
This will be treated as the initial conditions u ( x , 0 )  f ( x )
u(x)
To find steady state solution 2 u ( x , 0 )  u ( x )
Integrating twice we get u t ( x )  A x  B     (3 )
The boundary conditions are i) u t ( 0 )  4 0 C ii) u t ( l )  6 0 C
Applying condn (i) in (3)
(3)  u t (0 )  0  B  B  4 0
Sub B in (1)
ut ( x)  A x  40     (4)
Applying condn (ii) in (4)
20
u t (l )  A l  4 0 60  Al  40  A 
l
Sub A in (2)
20 x
ut ( x)   40
l
This u t ( x ) will be treated as the transient state temperature.
The required temperature is
u ( x , t )  u t ( x , 0 )   A c o s p x  B s in p x  C e
2 2
 p t

20 x 2 2

 A cos p x  B s in p x  C e

u ( x, t)   40       (5 )
p t

l
The boundary and initial conditions are
 i) u ( 0 , t )  4 0 C
ii) u ( l , t )  6 0 C
50 x
iii) u ( x , 0 )  f ( x )   30, 0  x  l
l
Apply condn (i) in (5)
u ( 0 , t )  0  4 0   A c o s 0  B s in 0  C e
2 2
 p t

 A cos 0  Ce
2 2

40  0  40 
p t
B s in 0
2 2

0  ACe
p t

2 2

This C  0 , e   p t
 0 A  0
Sub A in (5)
20 x 2 2

 4 0   B s in p x  C e

u ( x, t)       (6 )
p t

l
Apply condn (ii) in (6)
u ( l , t )  2 0  4 0   B s in p l  C e
2 2
 p t

6 0  2 0  4 0   B s in p l  C e
2 2
 p t

 B s in pl  C e
2 2

0 
p t

2 2

B  0, C  0, e  0  sin p l  0
p t

n
s in p l  s in n   p l  n  p 
l
Sub p in (6)
2 2 2
 n  t
20 x  n x  
u ( x, t)   4 0   B s in  C e l

l  l 
2 2 2
 n  t
20 x n x 
u (x,t)   4 0  b1 s in e l
B C  b1
l l
The most general solution is
2 2 2
  n  t
20 x n x 
u ( x, t) 
l
 40  b n
s in
l
e l
     (7 )
n 1

Apply condn (iii) in (7)


20 x n x

0
u ( x, 0)   40  b n s in e
l n 1 l

50 x 20 x n x
l
 30 
l
 40   b n s in
l
n 1


30 x n x
l
 10   b n s in
l
n 1

To find bn:
l
2 n x
bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
2  30 x  n x

l
  l
 1 0  s in
 l
dx
0
 l
 n x   n x  

  c o s   s in 
2  30 x    30 
  
l
 
l

 1 0  n
  
n 
2 2
l  l    l  
  
 l   l
2

 0
l
2  l   30 x  n x 
    10  cos 
l   n   l  l 0

2
   2 0  c o s n   1 0 
n
20
bn   2 (  1)  1 
n
 
n

Sub bn in (7)
2 2 2
  n  t
20 x 20 n x 
u ( x, t)   40    2 (  1)  1  s in
n l
e
 
l n 1 n l
2 2 2
  n  t
20 x 20 1 n x 
u ( x, t)   40    2 (  1)  1  s in
n l
e
 
l  n 1 n l
TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT EQUATION (LAPLACE EQUATION)
 u  u
2 2

1) The 2-D heat equation:   0

x y
2 2

2) The various possible solution of 2-D heat equation is

i) u(x ,y)= (A cospx + Bsinpx) (C e py + e - py)
ii) u(x ,y) = (Aepx + Be – px) (C cospy + sin py)
iii) u(x ,y) = (Ax+B) (Cy+D)
1. A square plate is bounded by the lines x  0 , x  l , y  0 a n d y  l , its faces are insulated. The temperature
along upper horizontal edge is given by u  x ( l  x ) w h e n 0  x  l . while the other three edges are kept at
0 C . Find steady state solution in the plate.
Solution:
The 2-D heat equation is
 u  u
2 2

  0
x
2
y
2 y
The Boundary conditions are
i ) u (0 , y )  0 y=l
ii ) u ( l , y )  0
iii ) u ( x , 0 )  0
0C x=l
iv ) u (x , l )  f ( x )  x ( l  x ), 0 x l
x=0
Here the non zero temperature is parallel to x axis then the 0C
Correct solution is
 A cos p x  B s in p x   C e  y=0 0C x
 py
u ( x, y)   De      (1)
py

Apply condn (i) in (1)

 A cos 0  B s in 0   C e 
 py
u (0, y )   De
py

0  A Ce 
 py
 De
py

 py
 De  0  A  0
py
Here C e
Sub A in (1)
 B s in px  C e 
 py
u ( x, y )   De      (2)
py

Apply condn (ii) in (2)

 B s in pl  C e 
 py
u (l , y )   De
py

 B s in pl  C e 
 py
0   De
py

 py
 De  0 , B  0  s in p l  0
py
Here C e
n
s in p l  s in n   p l  n   p 
l
Sub p in (2)
n y n y
 n x    
u ( x , y )   B s in Ce
l
 De l
      (3 )
 l  
Apply condn (iii) in (3)
 n x 
 Ce  De 
0
u ( x , 0 )   B s in
0

 l 
 n x 
0   B s in  C  D 
 l 
n x
Here s in  0, B  0,  C  D  0  D  C
l
Sub D   C in (3)
n y n y
 n x    
u ( x , y )   B s in Ce
l
 Ce l

 l  
n y n y
n x   
u ( x , y )  B C s in e
l
e l

l  
 
n x  n y  e e
u ( x , y )  B C s in  2 s in h   s in h 
l  l  2
n x n y
u ( x , y )  b1 s in s in h le t 2 B C  b1
l l
The most general Solution is

n x n y
u (x, y)   b n s in
l
s in h
l
     (4)
n 1

Apply condn (iv) in (4)


n x
u ( x, l)   b n s in
l
s in h n 
n 1


n x
f (x)   B n s in
l
le t B n  b n s in h n 
n 1

This is Fourier sine series in(0,l)

l
2 nx
Bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

l
2 nx

l
 x (l  x ) s in
l
dx
0
 l
 nx  nx   nx 
 
2
   cos    s in   cos 
  lx  x 2   
n
l
  l  2 x  l
  2 
l

l    
2 2 3 3
   n   n
    
 l   l
2
  l
3

 0

l
2  2l nx 
3

  3 3 cos 
l n  l 
0

4l
3

 cos n  cos 0 
ln 
3 3

4l
2

b n s in h n    (  1)  1 
n
 
n 
3 3

4l
2

bn   (  1)  1 
n
 
n  s in h n 
3 3

0 if n is e v e n

bn   8l
2

 3 3 if n is o d d
 n  s in h n 

Sub bn in (4)

n x n y
2
8l
u ( x, y)   n 
3 3
s in h n 
s in
l
s in h
l
n  1,3 ,5 ...


n x n y
2
8l 1
u ( x, y ) 

3  n s in h n 
3
s in
l
s in h
l
n  1,3 ,5 ...

2. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20cm wide and so long compared to its width that it may be
considered infinite in length without introducing appreciable error. The temperature at short edge x  0 is
1 0 y , 0  y  10
given by u   and the two long edges as well as the other short edges are kept at
 1 0 ( 2 0  y ), 1 0  y  2 0

0 C . Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
Solution:
The 2-D heat equation is
 u
2
 u
2
y
  0
x y
2 2

The Boundary conditions are y=20 0C

i) u ( x, 0)  0
ii ) u ( x , 2 0 )  0
iii ) u (  , y )  0 x=∞
x=0
20 y, 0  y  10 0C
iv ) u ( 0 , y )  
 2 0 ( 2 0  y ), 10  y  20
y=0
The correct solution is 0C x

u ( x, y )   Ae px
 Be
 px
  C cos py  D s in p y       (1)

Apply condn (i) in (1)

u ( x, 0)   Ae px
 Be
 px
  C cos 0  D s in 0 
0   Ae px
 Be
 px
C
Here  Ae px
 Be
 px
  0, C  0

Sub C in (1)
u ( x, y )   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in py       (2)

Apply condn (ii) in (2)

u ( x, 20)   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in 2 0 p 
0   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in 2 0 p 
Here  Ae px
 Be
 px
  0, D  0

n
 s in 2 0 p  0  s in 2 0 p  s in n   2 0 p  n  p 
20
Sub p in (2)
n x n x
   n y 
(2)  u ( x, y )   A e 20
 Be 20
  D s in       (3 )
  20 
Apply codn (iii) in (3)
 n y 
u ( , y )   Ae 
 Be

  D s in 
 20 

 n y 
0   Ae  
 D s in 
 20 

 n y
temperature e  0 , D  0 , s in  0,  A  0
20
sub A in (3)
n x
   n y 
(3 )  u ( x , y )   B e 20
  D s in 
  20 
 n x
n y 
u (x, y)   b n s in
20
e 10
        (4)
n 1

Apply condn (iv) in (4)


n y

0
u (0, y )  b n s in e
n 1 20

n y
f ( y)   b n s in
20
n 1

This is half range sine series in (0,20)

l
2 n y
bn 
l
 f ( y ) s s in
l
dy
0

20
2 n y

20
 f ( y ) s in
20
dy
0

1  
10 20
n y n y
   1 0 y s in dy   10(20  y ) s in dy 
10  0 20 10
20 

10  
10 20
n y n y
   y s in dy   (20  y ) s in dy 
10  0 20 10
20 
 10 20
  n y   n y    n y   n y 
   cos    s in     cos    s in 
20 20 20 20
 ( y)    (1)    (20  y )    (  1)  
 n   n 
2 2
  n   n 
2 2

   
     
  20   400 0   20   400   10

10 20
 20 n y 400 n y   20 n y 400 n y 
  ( y ) cos  2 2 s in   (20  y ) cos  2 2 s in
   
 n 20 n  20 0  n 20 n  2 0  10

 20 n 400 n     20 n 400 n  
   (1 0 ) c o s  2 2 s in   (0 )   (0 )    (1 0 ) c o s  2 2 s in 
  n 2 n  2     n 2 n  2 

200 n 400 n 200 n 400 n

  cos  s in  cos  s in
n n  n n 
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

800 n
bn  s in
n 
2 2
2

Sub bn in (4)
 n x  n x
800 n n y  800 1 n n y 
u (x, y)   n 
2 2
s in
2
s in
20
e 10
u ( x, y)  2  2
s in s in e 10

n 1 n n 1 n 2 20

3. An infinitely long rectangular plate is of width 10cm. The temperature along the short edge y=0 is given by
20 x, 0  x  5
u   . If all the other edges are kept at zero temperature. Find the steady state
 2 0 (1 0  x ), 5  x  1 0
temperature at any point on it.
Solution: y 0C
The 2-D heat equation is y=∞
 u  u
2 2

  0
x y
2 2

The Boundary conditions are 0C

i) u (0, y )  0 x=10
ii ) u (1 0 , y )  0 x=0
0 C
iii ) u ( x ,  )  0 y=0
20 x, 0  x  5 x
iv ) u ( x , 0 )  
 2 0 (1 0  x ) , 5  x  10

Here the non zero boundary condition is parallel to x axis then

The correct solution is
u ( x , y )   A c o s p x  B s in p x   C e  D e       (1)
py  py

Apply condn (i) in (1)

u ( 0 , y )   A c o s 0  B s in 0   C e 
 py
 De
py

0  A Ce  py
 De
 py

Here Ce py
 De
 py
  0,  A  0

Sub C in (1)
u ( x , y )   B s in px  C e  py
 De
 py
      (2)
Apply condn (ii) in (2)
u (1 0 , y )   B s in 1 0 p   C e 
 py
 De
py
0   B s in 1 0 p  C e  py
 De
 py

Here B  0, C e  py
 De
 py
0  s in 1 0 p  0

n
 s in 1 0 p  0  s in 1 0 p  s in n   1 0 p  n  p 
10
Sub p in (2)
n y n y
 n x    
u ( x , y )   B s in Ce
10
 De 10
      (3 )
 10   
Apply codn (iii) in (3)
 n x 
u ( x ,  )   B s in

 Ce  De

 
 1 0 
 n x 
0   B s in

 Ce  De

 
 1 0 
 n x
Here B  0,e  0 , s in  0 C  0
10
sub C in (3)
n y
 n x    
u ( x , y )   B s in  De
10

 10   
 n y
n x 
u (x, y)   b n s in
10
e 10
     (4)
n 1

Apply condn (iv) in (4)


n x
b
0
u ( x, 0)  n
s in e
n 1 10

n x
f (x)   b n s in
10
n 1

This is half range sine series in (0,10)

l
2 n x
bn 
l
 f ( x ) s in
l
dx
0

10
2 n x

10
 f ( x ) s in
10
dx
0

1  
5 10
n x n x
   2 0 x s in dx   2 0 (1 0  x ) s in dx 
10  0 20 5
20 

20  
5 10
n x n x
   x s in dx   (1 0  x ) s in dx 
10  0 10 5
10 
 
5 10

 n x   n x    n x   n x 
  cos   s in 
       cos    s in  
10 10 10 10
 2  (x)    (1)      (1 0  x )    (  1)   
n  n 
2 2
n  n 
2 2
          
   
   10   100 0 
  10   100 5 
 

  1 0 
5 10
n x 100 n x   10 n x 100 n x 
 2  ( x ) cos  2 2 s in   (1 0  x ) c o s  2 2 s in 
   
  n  10 n  1 0  0  n 10 n  10 5 
   10
 n 100 n     10 n 100 
n   
 2    (5 ) c o s  2 2 s in   (0 )   (0 )    (5 ) c o s  2 2 s in 
   n
 2 n  2     n 2 n  2  

 50 n 100 n 50 n 100 n 
 2  cos  2 2 s in  cos  2 2 s in
 
 n 2 n  2 n 2 n  2 

400 n
bn  s in
n 
2 2
2

Sub bn in (4)
 n y  n y
400 n n x  400 1 n n x 
u (x, y)   n 
s in s in e 10
 u ( x, y)   s in s in e 10


2 2 2 2
n 1 2 10 n 1 n 2 10

4. An infinite long rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 10 cm wide. The two long edges and one short
20 y, 0  y  5
edge are kept at 0C, while the other short edge x = 0 is kept at temperature u   .
 2 0 (1 0  y ) , 5  y  10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
Solution:
The 2-D heat equation is
 u  u
2 2

  0
x y
2 2

The Boundary conditions are

i) u ( x, 0)  0
ii ) u ( x , 1 0 )  0
iii ) u (  , y )  0

20 y, 0  y  5
iv ) u ( 0 , y )  
 2 0 (1 0  y ) , 5  y  10
The correct solution is
u ( x, y )   Ae px
 Be
 px
  C cos py  D s in p y       (1)

Apply condn (i) in (1)

u ( x, 0)   Ae px
 Be
 px
  C cos 0  D s in 0 

0   Ae px
 Be
 px
C
Here  Ae px
 Be
 px
  0, C  0

Sub C in (1)
u ( x, y )   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in py       (2)

Apply condn (ii) in (2)

u ( x,10)   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in 1 0 p 
0   Ae px
 Be
 px
  D s in 1 0 p 
Here  Ae px
 Be
 px
  0, D  0

n
 s in 1 0 p  0  s in 1 0 p  0 s in n   1 0 p  n  p 
10
Sub p in (2)
n x n x
   n y 
(2)  u ( x, y )   Ae 10
 Be 10
  D s in       (3 )

  10 

Apply codn (iii) in (3)

  n y 
u ( , y )   Ae 
 Be

  D s in 
 10 

 n y 
0   A e   D s in


 10 

 n y
temperature e  0 , D  0 , s in  0,  A  0
10
sub A in (3)
n x
   n y 
(3 )  u ( x , y )   B e 10
  D s in 

  10 
 n x
n y 
u (x, y)   b n s in
10
e 10
        (4)
n 1

Apply condn (iv) in (4)


n y

0
u (0, y )  b n s in e
n 1 10

n y
f ( y)   b n s in
10
n 1

Which is half range sine series in (0,10)

l
2 n y
bn 
l
 f ( y ) s s in
10
dy
0

10
2 n y
bn 
10
 f ( y ) s s in
10
dy
0

2  
5 10
n y n y
bn    2 0 y s in dy   2 0 (1 0  y ) s in dy 
10  0 10 5
10 

40  
5 10
n y n y
bn    y s in dy   (1 0  y ) s in dy 
10  0 10 5
10 
 
5 10

 n y   n y    n y   n y 
 
20    cos    s in     cos    s in 
 y 10 10
    (1 0  x ) 
10 10
 
   (1)    (  1) 
5   n       
2 2 2 2
  n  n   n
          
 10    0  10    5
   
100 100

 50 n 100 n 50 n 100 n 

bn  4 cos  2 2 s in  cos  2 2 s in
 
 n 2 n  2 n 2 n  2 

800 n
bn  s in
n 
2 2
2

Sub bn in (4)
 n x
800 n n y 
u (x, y)   s in s in e 10

n 
2 2
n 1 2 10

 n x
800 1 n n y 
u (x, y)   s in s in e 10


2 2
n 1 n 2 10