Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction
The integrity of the Philippine National Police has been undermined by

illicit activities, therefore requiring a need to augment visibility and deter criminal

behavior. The ubiquity of law enforcement in all regions may profoundly influence

the police's approach for preventing crime. Visibility instills a feeling of safety

among law-abiding individuals, instills trust in their accessibility, and instills dread

in prospective wrongdoers. Hence, enhancing the presence of law enforcement

officers is vital for upholding legal regulations, tranquility, and societal harmony.

In that line, efficient law enforcement requires conscientious police who are

prompt, vigilant, and uphold the human rights of their communities. In order to

enhance visibility and suppress criminal tendencies, it is advisable for them to

conduct patrols on foot. Transparency is essential for the efficient execution of

law enforcement. The police command should be equipped with communication

devices such as two-way radios to request help as necessary. An indispensable

collaboration between the police and the community is vital for the triumph of the

Philippine National Police in its battle against criminals (Ejoc & Alferez, 2018).

The absence of police presence significantly contributes to crime rates,

since it heightens the probability of criminals taking further risks and leads to

delays in reporting criminal activities. The current level of police presence set by

the Philippine National Police is insufficient to effectively handle this problem,

falling below the needed requirement. The erosion of trust may result in
discontentment and a decline in the overall well-being of the populace

(Valenzuela & Tamayo, 2018).

Also, the presence of police officers in public spaces is an essential

strategy for deterring crime. Research has shown a direct link between the

presence of law enforcement officers and the prevention of criminal activities, as

an escalation in on-ground patrols in metropolitan regions has resulted in a

decrease in both property crimes and violent offenses. Community policing

approaches prioritize the establishment of trust and cooperation via collaboration

between law enforcement agencies and communities. Nevertheless, the mere

existence of law enforcement does not ensure a decrease in criminal activity.

Long-term favorable results rely on successful involvement of the community,

establishment of trust, and tackling the underlying reasons of criminal conduct.

Lastly, it is crucial to have a heightened awareness and understanding of matters

such as racial profiling and the possible adverse consequences of increased law

enforcement on certain populations. Through the intentional incorporation of

police presence into crime prevention strategies, society may create safer

settings for both people and communities (Brown, 2019; Johnson, 2018).

Barra is a barangay of Dipolog City characterized by a mostly poor socio-

economic status among its population. Consequently, the occurrence of criminal

activities is most prevalent in this locality (Romero et al., 2021). In that premise,

the researchers will examine the impact of police visibility as crime prevention

measures in Barra, Dipolog City, this calendar year 2023.

Theoretical Framework

This study shall utilize “Broken Window Theory” postulated by Wilson &

Kelling (1982). The Broken Windows Theory posits that enhancing police

presence may deter disturbance and petty crimes by addressing minor

infractions and conspicuous indications of neglect. This strategy fosters an

ambiance of organization and security, serving as a deterrent to prospective

wrongdoers. The approach emphasizes the need of addressing minor

transgressions, fostering community collaboration, implementing preventative

measures, and considering environmental design. Nevertheless, the idea has

encountered scrutiny due to its implementation and susceptibility to partiality in

law enforcement procedures. Detractors contend that the vigorous enforcement

of small infractions may have a disproportionate effect on certain populations,

resulting in excessive policing and damaged relationships (McKee, 2023)

The Broken Windows Theory offers a theoretical foundation for the

beneficial influence of police presence on deterring crime. However, it is crucial

to adopt a well-rounded strategy. An optimal theory should include ideas of

maintaining order, fostering community participation, and implementing proactive

preventative measures while also addressing issues about prejudice and

possible adverse outcomes (Harcourt & Ludwig, 2019). It is noted that major

crime as an outcome of a sequence of occurrences, contending that disorder

generates apprehension among residents, hence diminishing the social

mechanisms that previously constrained criminals. They delineated two

categories of disorder: physical disorder, which is marked by empty buildings,

shattered windows, deserted cars, and litter, and social disorder, which is marked

by assertive beggars, boisterous neighbors, and groups of young people. The

distinction between crime and disturbance is sometimes indistinct, but both

contribute to heightened apprehension among residents. The Broken Windows

hypothesis proposes a swift and efficient approach to combating crime by

modifying the police's crime-control policy, prioritizing the resolution of

disturbance above tackling socioeconomic problems such as poverty and poor

education (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2021).

The impact of police visibility on crime prevention measures can be as to

crime reduction and police public relations (Valenzuela & Tamayo, 2018).

Crime Reduction. Law enforcement agencies worldwide see crime

reduction as a fundamental objective, and they consider police exposure as a

crucial tactic to accomplish this aim. The Broken Windows hypothesis and

routine activity hypothesis propose that the presence of apparent indications of

disorder and neglect within a society fosters an atmosphere that is favorable to

criminal behavior. Enhanced police presence, whether via the implementation of

foot patrols, community policing programs, or focused interventions, results in a

reduction in both property and violent crimes. Empirical studies regularly

demonstrate that enhanced police presence correlates with a reduction in crime

rates within regions where police visibility is heightened. Community policing

models prioritize the cooperation between law enforcement and communities,

with a focus on fostering trust and promoting the reporting of suspicious activity.

The practical implementations of police visibility include augmented presence of

officers on foot, strategic positioning of vehicles, and use of surveillance

technologies. Nevertheless, it is crucial to take into account important factors like

as maintaining a balance between being visible and avoiding excessive policing,

addressing problems related to racism, and guaranteeing authentic community

involvement. To summarize, the presence of police officers in public spaces is a

powerful approach to decreasing crime rates. Additionally, actively involving law

enforcement and fostering cooperation with the community may greatly enhance

the safety of neighborhoods (Cordner, 2017).

Police Public Relations. Establishing strong police-public relations is

essential for implementing efficient law enforcement measures, since the visibility

of the police significantly influences the development of these connections. Trust

is a fundamental aspect in establishing positive relationships between the police

and the public, based on the principles of social capital and procedural justice

theories. Social capital highlights the significance of social relationships and

common beliefs among members of a society, while procedural justice theory

posits that citizens are more inclined to adhere to the law when they see the

justice system as equitable and open. Empirical data substantiates the direct

relationship between the visibility of police officers and enhanced police-public

relations. Communities that have visible and actively involved police officers tend

to exhibit better levels of trust, contentment, and collaboration. Practical

implementations of this notion include community policing programs and strategic

communication endeavors. Nevertheless, there are obstacles that need to be

overcome, such as tackling long-standing problems of distrust and prejudices

(Cordner, 2017).

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the present investigation. The

independent variable shows the impact of police visibility as crime prevention

measures in terms of crime reduction and police public relations. The dependent

variable shows police visibility in Barra, Dipolog City. The intervening variable

shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age and sex.

 Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

Impact of Police
Visibility as Crime
Prevention
Measures

 Police Visibility in
Crime
Barra, Dipolog
Reduction;
City
and
 Police Public
Relations
.

Profile of the
Respondents

 Age; and
 Sex

Intervening Variable
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

Statement of the Problem

This study will examine the impact of police visibility as crime prevention

measures in Barra, Dipolog City, this calendar year 2023.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age, and

1.2. Sex?

2. What is the impact of police visibility as crime prevention measures in

Barra, Dipolog City in terms of:

2.1. Crime Reduction; and

2.2. Police Public Relations;

3. What are the perceived problems in the implementation of constant

police visibility in Barra, Dipolog City?

4. Is there a significant difference on the impact of police visibility as

crime prevention measures as perceived by the respondents when

grouped according to their profile?

5. Is there a significant difference on the perceived problems in the

implementation of police visibility as perceived by the respondents

when grouped according to their profile?

 6. Is there a significant relationship between the impact of police visibility

as crime prevention measures and the perceived problems in the

implementation of constant police visibility?

Hypothesis

HO1 : There is no significant difference on the impact of police visibility

as crime prevention measures as perceived by the respondents when grouped

according to their profile.

HO2 : There is no significant difference on the perceived problems in the

implementation of police visibility as perceived by the respondents when grouped

according to their profile.

HO3 : There is no significant relationship between the impact of police

visibility as crime prevention measures and the perceived problems in the

implementation of constant police visibility.

Significance of the Study

This study shall be beneficial to the following:

PNP. This result of the study shall help the PNP come up with more

approached on strengthening police visibility as a deterrence of crime

commission in the locality.

Barangay Officials. The result of the study shall help barangay officials

in ascertaining the impact of police visibility in crime commission in the locality.

 Community. The result of the study shall help in strengthening the police

visibility in the area thereby ensuring community’s safety and security as well

deterrence to the commission of crime.

Future Researchers. This study shall be used for reference for future

researchers researching the subject particularly on police visibility and its impact

to crime prevention measures.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will aim examine the impact of police visibility as crime

prevention measures in Barra, Dipolog City, this calendar year 2023. It shall use

descriptive method of research utilizing an adapted-modified questionnaire from

the study of Valenzuela & Tamayo (2018). Also, it shall subject randomly

selected residents of Barra, Dipolog City in a quota of one-hundred (100)

individuals. Further, this study shall be done during the calendar year 2023.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following term were operationally defined as follows;

Crime Reduction. This refers to an overarching objective on a worldwide

scale, and the deployment of law enforcement personnel is a vital tactic in

achieving this aim. The implementation of increased police presence, achieved

via the deployment of foot patrols, community policing initiatives, and targeted

interventions, effectively mitigates instances of property and violent crimes.

Police Public Relations. This refers to a crucial for efficient law

enforcement, as visibility of officers significantly influences these connections.

Trust is essential, based on social capital and procedural justice theories.

Empirical data supports the direct relationship between visibility and enhanced

police-public relations, with communities with visible and actively involved officers

exhibiting better trust, contentment, and collaboration.

Police Visibility. This refers to the concept wherein police officers are

expected to be present anywhere, and anytime and always ready to assist the

public in any circumstance.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The following foreign and local literature and studies are related to the

present investigation. The same are used purposely to shed light on the present

investigation and to augment explanations on the theoretical and conceptual

framework.

Literature

The Philippine National Police (PNP) is undergoing a transformation in its

function. Undeniably, there was a significant blurring of lines between the

government and the military. The 1987 Constitution resolved this irregular

position by stipulating that the force should possess a civilian nature. However,

their leader continued to be seen as acting dishonestly. They are seen as

inadequate role models due to their deficiency in honesty, competence, and

discipline, which hinders their ability to fulfill their responsibilities. Policy makers

foresee the implementation of a civilianized Philippine National Police (PNP),

which would include a whole new approach to policing. In a PNP that is

"demilitarized," there is a clear and open flow of information, as well as increased

involvement and input from communities via consultation and engagement.

Community policing is a collaborative effort by community members to

proactively deter crime, apprehend wrongdoers, and address persistent issues in

order to improve the overall well-being of the community. Civilianization

necessitates a profound cognitive change and institutional reform. Community

policing is an effective method to implement the civilianization of the PNP and to

get us closer to achieving the "ideal" of being the protectors of the people. On the

basis of theoretical premises and previous empirical research, hypotheses are

formulated about the effects of increased police visibility. In the first place, a

decreased fear of crime among the public is expected. Second, increased police

visibility is hypothesized to result in lower estimates of subjective risks of

victimization. Finally, it is predicted that police visibility will strengthen police-

community relations (Aquino et al., 2018).

The field of law enforcement has undergone a transformation, with a

renewed emphasis on ensuring the well-being of the public and improving the

overall standard of living for individuals in society. Novel methods such as

community policing and problem-oriented policing have arisen to tackle the issue

of diminished sense of safety and mitigate the dread of criminal activities. Studies

on the feeling of safety have shown the efficacy of different police techniques in

mitigating anxiety among individuals. In order to achieve optimal results,

techniques must be customized to align with the specific characteristics and

underlying factors contributing to the fear of crime. For fear reduction, it is

advised to use a specific problem-oriented approach since it is the most effective

technique. Contemporary law enforcement prioritizes the establishment of a

sense of security, rather than placing emphasis on criminal activity. Conventional

law enforcement is characterized by a passive approach, primarily concerned

with the identification and apprehension of offenders, as well as evaluating police

activities. Proactive police endeavors to address issues prior to their escalation

into criminal activities, hence diminishing crime-related apprehension and

augmenting citizens' authority over the community. A multitude of tactics have

been devised to enhance the prevalence and conspicuousness of police officers

among the general population (Borovec et al., 2021).

Collective efficacy, a concept that pertains to the social connections

between neighbors and their readiness to take action in resolving local issues,

has been empirically shown to decrease crime rates in communities. This is

because neighborhoods that are collectively effective also enjoy other

advantages, such as reduced fear of victimization, improved general health,

decreased incidence of bullying in schools, and lower levels of partner violence.

Nevertheless, there has been little investigation into the mechanisms by which

collective effectiveness is formed and maintained over a period of time. Three

factors have been suggested: confidence in law enforcement, the legitimacy of

the police, and specific policing techniques (Yesberg et al., 2021).

The implementation of crime prevention techniques is of utmost

importance on a worldwide scale, with both governmental entities and individuals

playing pivotal roles. Nevertheless, crime issues are complex and always

evolving, making preventative efforts expensive and arduous. In order to tackle

this issue, endeavors are underway to create economically efficient techniques

that are grounded in data and scientifically validated. Nevertheless, the execution

of these tactics might be arduous owing to considerations such as acquiring an

adequate number of people and maintaining strict blinding protocols. The crime

prevention effort is a trial project that integrates components from established

police methods, while also making adjustments to suit the specific local

circumstances and practical limitations (Inzunsa & Carlsson, 2023).

Research on police visibility investigates how police officers handle

surveillance and being seen, which is impacted by the use of body cameras and

civilian onlookers. Police action and conduct are thought to promote and foster

collective effectiveness within communities. Neighborhoods characterized by

trust and collaborative effort often encounter fewer issues related to crime.

Studies have shown that when neighboring communities exhibit a greater level of

collective effectiveness, together with a readiness to participate in order to

address local issues, crime rates tend to be reduced. The presence or visibility of

police enhances collective effectiveness by instilling a sense of safety among

citizens and diminishing apprehension towards criminal activities, so enabling

them to actively participate in informal social control measures. Community

policing enhances collective effectiveness via facilitating more engagement,

expanding the availability of police resources, and fostering self-reliance within

communities. The presence of police officers has regularly been shown to

positively predict confidence in the police in the country (Ejoc & Alferez, 2018).
 Police patrol is an essential component of any police organization, with a

minimum of 90% of personnel assigned to patrol responsibilities. The police have

a fundamental responsibility to prevent crime, which includes predicting,

identifying, and evaluating the risks associated with criminal activities and taking

measures to remove or decrease them. The crime prevention method used by

the Philippine National Police (PNP) is comprehensive, including Police

Presence (Visibility), Law Enforcement, and Police Community Partnership.

Thus, police presence refers to the tangible placement of police personnel, patrol

cars, and other law enforcement equipment, which enhances visibility and

provides a comforting presence and prompt reaction from the police in certain

locations. The police maintain a presence by engaging in a range of actions

include patrolling designated areas, enforcing laws, engaging with the

community, and doing other relevant policing tasks. These efforts aim to prevent

and address situations that need police help or involvement (Vicente & Vicente,

2020).

Also, the Police Community Partnership implements the principles of

community policing, prioritizing collaboration between law enforcement and the

community to address matters related to public safety and order. When

effectively organized and deployed, the community serves as a force multiplier

for the police. Policies regarding the overall principles for carrying out patrol

operations provide boundaries for decision-making and shape the attitude of the

police unit to align with patrol goals. Patrol Procedures provide comprehensive

guidelines for patrollers to consistently execute a series of tasks before to,

during, or after patrol operations, optimizing the use of resources and mitigating

the risk of any oversights that may jeopardize the well-being and protection of

patrol officers (Vicente & Vicente, 2020).

Studies

Inzunsa & Carlsson (2023) pointed out that the recognition of the need to

develop efficient crime prevention techniques has persisted throughout history.

Global efforts are being made to guarantee that the techniques used in criminal

justice systems are cost-effective, reasonable, and evidence-based, in response

to budgetary limitations. This research examines the effects of a cooperative and

community-focused crime prevention program in Colombia, with the aim of

supporting similar endeavors. The evaluation relies on empirical data obtained

via questionnaires administered to police officers and civilians before and after

the intervention. This data is collected from both the regions covered by the

initiative and control areas. Additionally, focus group interviews and crime

statistics are used to supplement the findings. The police officers valued the

increased independence offered by the approach and the corresponding

changes in organizational culture. The populace exhibited significant confidence

in the police force, while perceiving a high level of overall disorder and

experiencing personal apprehension around criminal activities. The first results

suggest that the strategy has yielded some encouraging outcomes, but several

issues require more scrutiny.

Borovec et al. (2021) determine the impact of police visibility tactics on

citizens' subjective sense of safety. Data was collected from 1,096 respondents
in Croatia, focusing on perceptions of crime victimization risk, self-protection

ability, incivilities, problematic persons, and police visibility. The results showed a

statistically significant but weak connection between police visibility and safety.

Foot patrols and dealings with disruptive individuals positively impacted citizens'

sense of safety, while car patrols had the opposite effect. This research has

practical implications for police dealings, suggesting alternative forms of fieldwork

that allow for foot patrols and non-incident interactions.

Yesberg et al. (2021) found out that areas with high collective efficacy,

where residents trust each other and are willing to intervene to solve problems,

tend to experience less crime. The study used survey data and multilevel

Structural Equation Modelling to examine the impact of police visibility and

police-community engagement on collective efficacy. Results showed that

visibility predicted trust in police and trust in police fairness, which in turn

predicted collective efficacy. The findings have implications for policies aimed at

building stronger, more resilient communities.

Vicente & Vicente (2020) evaluates the adherence of the Mobile Patrol

Unit (MPU) of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) in the Philippines to established

rules and regulations. The study included a total of 315 participants, consisting of

103 individuals from the MPU, 100 members of the Barangay Peacekeeping

Action Team, and 112 patrol policemen. The findings demonstrated that the rules

and processes of the MPU are efficiently executed, with competent and driven

individuals adhering to defined benchmarks. The research proposes the

establishment of a committee to systematically record and assess the unit's

operations, along with a strategic plan to tackle identified requirements.

Ejoc & Alferez (2018) pointed out that efficient law enforcement requires

conscientious police who are prompt, vigilant, and uphold the human rights of

their communities. In order to enhance visibility and suppress criminal

inclinations, it is advisable for them to conduct patrols on foot. Transparency is

essential for the efficient implementation of law enforcement. The police

command should be equipped with communication devices such as two-way

radios to request help as necessary. An indispensable collaboration between the

police and the community is vital for the Philippine National Police to effectively

fight criminal activities. The research revealed that while facing difficult

conditions, the police force in Pinamungajan, Cebu demonstrated commendable

performance, although their efforts went unnoticed by the population. Hence, the

efficacy of law enforcement heavily relies on the indispensable backing of local

authorities and the population.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research method employed on this study. It

includes the research method, research environment, respondents of the study,

research instruments, ethical consideration, data gathering procedures and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Method

This study will use a descriptive research strategy using a quantitative

methodology. A customized questionnaire will be used as a tool for collecting

data, which will then be subjected to statistical analysis in order to accomplish

the main goal of the research. It is observed that the descriptive study used
surveys to collect data on several topics. This data will seek to determine the

degree to which certain situations may be seen among these people.

Research Environment

The research will be carried out in barangay Barra, Dipolog City. Barra is

a subdivision or neighborhood inside the city limits of Dipolog City. It is located in

close proximity to the barangay Biasong and Central. Additionally, it is classified

as one of the urban barangays inside Dipolog City.

Respondents of the Study

This study shall have a total of one hundred (100) randomly selected

respondents. Further, the respondents must met the following criteria; (1) a

resident of barangay Barra, Dipolog City, (2) able to understand and comprehend

the subject matter, (3) consent freely given as respondent of this study.

Research Instruments

This study shall use adapted-modified questionnaire from the study of

Valenzuela and Tamayo (2018) as its principal tool of gathering data. The

questionnaire shall be consisting of three (3) parts. The first part shall call for the

profile of the respondents while the second part shall call for the impact of police

visibility as crime prevention measures as to crime reduction and police public

relations. The third part shall call for the perceived problems in the

implementation of constant police visibility in Barra, Dipolog City.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers must prioritize the physical and psychological welfare of the

research participants during the study to avoid any harm or intimidation. Before
distributing the surveys, we shall get clear and unambiguous agreement from

both the institution and the respondents. Researchers must prioritize the safety

and privacy of study participants, while still maintaining a high degree of data

confidentiality. It is essential to guarantee the confidentiality of the study

participants. After the research is over, the questionnaires used to gather data

will be properly discarded.

Data Gathering Procedures

Upon the approval of the questionnaire, the researchers will proceed to

physically deliver a formal letter seeking permission to administer the distribution

of the questionnaire. The distribution of questionnaires to participants will

commence once the research proposal has obtained approval. The study

necessitates a direct description of its objective, rationale, and the questionnaire

employed. The questionnaire will be collected by the researchers upon

completion by the respondents. The questionnaire will be gathered, tallied, and

thereafter handed over to the statistician upon retrieval.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered in this study will treated statistically using the following

tools.

1. The frequency counting and percentage computation will be used

to determine the profile of the respondents as to age and sex.

2. Weighted mean will be used to assessed impact of police visibility as

crime prevention measures in Barra, Dipolog City in terms of crime

reduction and police public relations. Also, it will be use determine

 perceived problems in the implementation of constant police visibility in

Barra, Dipolog City. Weighted Mean will be interpreted using the given

interval description.

Scale Range Verbal Description Interpretation

5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree Very Much Influential
4 3.41 – 4.20 Agree Very Influential
3 2.61 - 3.40 Neither Agree nor Influential
Disagree
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree Slightly Influential
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree Not Influential

3. Standard Deviation. It was used to determine the homogeneity and

heterogeneity of the ratings where SD < 3 is homogenous, and SD > 3

is heterogeneous.

4. Wilcoxon Rank Sum-U Test (Mann-Whitney U-test). It will be used

to determine the significant difference on the impact of police visibility

as crime prevention measures as perceived by the respondents when

grouped according to their profile in terms of sex. Also, it will be use to

determine the significant difference on the perceived problems in the

implementation of police visibility as perceived by the respondents

when grouped according to their profile in terms of sex.

5. Kruskal-Wallis Test. It will be used to determine the significant

difference on the impact of police visibility as crime prevention

measures as perceived by the respondents when grouped according to

their profile in terms of age. Also, it will be use to determine the

significant difference on the perceived problems in the implementation

 of police visibility as perceived by the respondents when grouped

according to their profile in terms of age.

6. Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient. This was used to

determine the significant relationship between the impact of police

visibility as crime prevention measures and the perceived problems in

the implementation of constant police visibility. The following guide in

interpreting the correlation value will be utilized in this study:

Value Size Interpretation

±0.50 to ±1.00 Large High positive/negative correlation

±0.30 to ±0.49 Medium Moderate positive/negative correlation

±0.10 to ±0.29 Small Low positive/negative correlation

±0.01 to ±0.09 Negligible Slight positive/negative correlation

g0.00 No correlation

REFERENCES

Aquino, E., R. Pila & J. Buraga (2018). Effectiveness of the Crime Prevention
Approaches. International Journal of Research in Social
Sciences and Humanities. 6(3).
Borovec, K., I. Balgac & I. Mraovic (2021). Police Visibility as an Influencing
Factor on Citizens’ Perception of Safety. Journal of Criminal
Justice and Security, 21 (2), 135‒151.
Brown, L. R. (2019). The Role of Police Visibility in Crime Prevention: A Review
of International Studies. Criminal Justice Review, 42(1), 78-94.
Cordner, G. (2017). Community Policing: Elements and Effects. In J. Ruiz (Ed.),
Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Routledge.
Ejoc, J. M. & J. A. Alferez (2018). Police Visibility in the Prevention of Crimes,
Pinamungajan Police Station, Cebu: Implications to Effective Law
Enforcement Service. International Journal of Social Science and
Humanities Research, 6(4), 1013-1016.
Harcourt, B. E., & Ludwig, J. (2019). Broken Windows: New Evidence from New
York City and a Five-City Social Experiment. University of
Chicago Law Review, 73(1), 271-320.
Inzunsa, M. & N. Carlsson (2023). Crime prevention in Colombia: A pilot study.
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal
Justice, 47(3), 279-298.
Johnson, M. A. (2018). Community Policing and Police Visibility: Building Trust
and Preventing Crime. Policing and Society, 28(2), 215-230.
McKee, A. (2023). The Broken Window Theory. In: Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/
Romero, J. R., Pallega, R. B., & Alipoyo, V. A. I. (2021). Factors Influencing
Crime Commission Among College Graduate Prisoners.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and
Education Research. 2 (9), 734 – 744.
Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2021). Systematic Social Observation of
Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.
American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603-651.
Valenzuela, R. V. & M. R. Tamayo (2018). Effects of Police Visibility as Crime
Reduction Measure. BiLD Law Journal, 6(2), 19-26.

Vicente, R. & J. Vicente (2020). Compliance of a Patrol Unit on the Standard

Patrol Policies and Protocols of the Philippine National Police.
International Journal of Advanced Research, 9(1).
Yesberg, J, I. Brunton-Smith & B. Brandford (2021). Police visibility, trust in
fairness and collective efficacy: A Multi-level Structural Equation
Model. European Journal of Criminology. 1, 26.
 Appendix A
The Questionnaire

Part I. Respondent’s Details:

1. Name : (Optional) ___________________________

2. Age : ( ) 18 – 25 years old

( ) 26 – 35 years old
( ) 36 – 45 years old
( ) 46 – 55 years old
( ) 56 years old and above

3. Sex: ( ) Male
( ) Female

Part II. Impact of Police Visibility. Direction: Below are statements relative to
the factors contributing to stress. Please weigh as to you degree of
approval relative to the statement below.
 The following is the scale you may rate them

5 - Strongly Agree (SA)

4 - Agree (A)
3 - Neither Agree nor Disagree (NAD)
2 - Disagree (D)
1. - Strongly Disagree (SD)

A. Impact of Police SA A NAD D SD

Visibility as to (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Crime Reduction
1. It creates fear among ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
potential criminals.
2. It poses as a ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
deterrent in
consummating
crimes.
3. It makes authorities ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
more responsive thus
solving or preventing
more crimes.
4. Presence of Police in ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
an area reduces
crime incidence.
5. It poses as an anti- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
terrorism strategy.
6. It familiarizes Police ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
personnel’s’
knowledge of the
geography of their
locale.
7. It reduces risk of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
victimization.
8. It reduces chances of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a crime happening.
9. It increases criminals ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
caught thus reducing
crime rates.
10. It shows that the ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
police are much more
active in pursuit of
crimes
B. Impact of Police
Visibility as to
 Police Public
Relations.
1. Promotes familiarity ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
with the public,
2. It reduces fear of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
crime within the
community.
3. It promotes ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
transparency of the
police force.
4. It increases the ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
public’s confidence in
the police.
5. It promotes peace ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
within the area.
6. It builds strong ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
relationship with the
people.
7. Lessens corruption ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
among the police
force.
8. It builds public trust. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9. Creates a much ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
deeper understanding
between the two
groups.
10. It reduces fear of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
crime among the
people

Part III. Perceived Problems Encountered in the Implementation of Police

Visibility. Direction: Below are statements relative to the factors
contributing to stress. Please weigh as to you degree of approval relative
to the statement below.

The following is the scale you may rate them

5 - Strongly Agree (SA)

4 - Agree (A)
3 - Neither Agree nor Disagree (NAD)
2 - Disagree (D)
1. - Strongly Disagree (SD)

SA A NAD D SD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
 1. Lack of Personnel ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2. Lack of Budget ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3. Lack of Vehicle ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4. Inappropriate Police ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Attire.
5. Incompetent ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Personnel.
6. Tardy Personnel. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7. Low Local ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Government Support.
8. Too Bureaucratic ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
System.
9. Corrupt Officers. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
10. Unhealthy Officers. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11. Unupdated Modern ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Equipment.
12. Lack of Empathy. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
13. Lack of Coordination. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
14. Lack of Courage ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
15. Lack of Initiative ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Adapted-Modified from: Valenzuela, R. V. & M. R. Tamayo (2018). Effects of

Police Visibility as Crime Reduction Measure. BiLD Law Journal,
6(2), 19-26.