Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Related Geological Hazards Part 1

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction - Grade 11/12 - Quarter 2

Alternative Delivery Mode
Second Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bohol

Schools Division Superintendent: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Education Program Supervisor: Felix C. Galacio, Jr. PhD

Development Team of the Module

Author(s) : Module 1 – Marvin P. Plaza

Module 2 – Marvin P. Plaza
Module 3 – Miriam A. Actub
Module 4 – Miriam A. Actub
Module 5 – Stella G. Baja PhD
Module 6 – Devorah Mae G. Pabutoy
Module 7 – Teresa A. Limocon
Module 8 – Teresa A. Limocon
Reviewer(s) : Leonida P. Casingcasing PhD
Jefford S. Cañas PhD
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Chairperson : Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons : Faustino N. Toradio PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
: Danilo G. Gudelosao PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
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Felix C. Galacio, Jr. PhD, EPS-Science/Math
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 What I Need to Know

This module focuses on the discussion of other related geological hazards, such as rainfall-induced
landslides and sinkholes. It will also discuss geological hazards that may be encountered in daily life because
of hazards discussed in the previous modules.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Rainfall-Induced Landslides

● Lesson 2 – Sinkholes

● Lesson 3 – Impending Signs of Landslides and Sinkholes

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the different geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-27);
2. analyze the causes of geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-28); and
3. recognize signs of impending geological hazard (DRR11/12-IIa-b-29).
 Lesson
Rainfall-Induced Landslides
1

What’s New
Article Reading 1: 2018 Itogon, Benguet Landslides (Bueza 2018)

Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut), so far,

the strongest tropical cyclone in 2018,
brought heavy rains and strong winds in
northern Luzon. Most of the fatalities were
recorded in
landslides that occurred at a mining town
in Itogon, Benguet on September 15, 2018.
As of September 21, at least 58
people have been reported dead, 31 of whom
lived in Barangay Ucab where the biggest
landslide happened.
Despite the risks in the landslide-
prone area, however, residents said they
would rather stay put than lose their only
source of livelihood. Fig. 1.1. Police and rescue teams continue the search for bodies
buried by the landslide in Ucab, Itogon in Benguet, on September
The Department of Environment and 17, 2018 (Photo Credits: Jire Carreon/Rappler)
Natural Resources (DENR) said the Itogon
landslide was not caused by mining activities but mainly due to the texture of the soil and the mountain's steep
slope. The DENR later clarified that the deaths "were still a matter of mining" as it is the livelihood of many
residents there.

Guide Questions:
1. Based on the above article, what could possibly triggered landslides in Itogon, Benguet?
2. What causes this type of geological hazard?

What is It

A landslide can be defined Fig. 1.2.

as the downslope movement of Parts of
materials such as soil and rocks a
under the effects of gravity and
also the landform that results
from such movement.

Types of Landslide:
Schematic model of typical deep-seated landslide
(Cruden and Varnes 1996; Highland and Bobrowsky
1. Fall: materials descend by falling, bouncing, or rolling 2008)
2. Topple: a block of material is detached from a steep slope and moves forward and downward around a
point of axis
3. Slide: detached mass of materials moves along a downward sloping surface
4. Flow: materials from (usually) gentle slopes are detached and flow like a viscous liquid along a surface
5. Spread: when the mass of soil or rocks extends or spread laterally

Factors that Influence Landslide Development

 ● Geological factors- properties of rock and soil that render them weak or sensitive to movement
● Morphological factors
o shape of land and its slope
o tectonic and volcanic activities
o erosion and deposition
o water
o amount of vegetation on rock or soil surface
o boundaries of the land mass involved
● Human activities that modify the geological and morphological factors of the land including the
following:
o mining
o excavation
o building of roads and dams
o irrigation
o deforestation

Causes of Rainfall-Induced Landslides

● Rainfall plays an essential role in the development of landslides.

● Slope saturation of water is one of the leading causes of landslides in the world.
● Torrential rain loosens soil particles and lessens the friction of the soil.
● Building structures along the slopes, and its corresponding changes can make slopes vulnerable to
landslides.

What’s More

Direction: Identify what type of landslide is being depicted in the illustrations below.

1. 3. 5.
________________ ________________ ________________

2. 4.
________________ ________________

What I Have Learned

Direction: Complete the sentences below by filling the appropriate word/s related to the topic.

Saturation of (1)_______________ in slopes is one of the leading causes of (2)_______________in the

world. When (3)________________ hit the sloping areas, it loosens (4)_______________ and lessens the

(5)________________ of the soil.

Lesson
Sinkholes
2

What’s New
 Article Reading 2: Sinkhole ‘swallows’ house, 4 dead (ABS-CBN News 2013)
Four people died as a sinkhole "swallowed" a house in Brgy. Ubojan, Antequera, Bohol.
Sinkholes appeared in different parts of the province after the 7.2-magnitude earthquake that hit the
Visayas last October 15, 2013.
The house belonged to the Barace family.
Two members of the family survived the incident. Saturnino Barace Jr., one of the survivors, waited for
six hours before he was rescued. Half of his body was trapped in the rubble left behind by the sinkhole.
Relatives of the family started unearthing the victims' bodies.
Authorities have reportedly put the area under surveillance as there are other cracks found near the
area of the sinkhole.
Despite what happened, the remaining members of the Barace family are planning to return to the area.
Fig. 2.1. A family of four died in
Guide Questions: this sinkhole in Antequera,
1. Based on the above article, what could possibly triggered sinkholes Bohol (Photo Credits: Paula
in that area? Cacho)
2. What causes this type of geological hazard?
Sinkholes are depressions or openings in the ground surface. They are generally formed as a result of
a collapse in the ceiling of an underground cavity or cavern. Sinkholes typically develop slowly, but can also
form suddenly when a collapse occurs.

Sinkholes are most common in what geologists’ call, “karst terrain.” Karst terrain is a type of
topography that is formed by dissolution of bedrock in areas underlain by limestone, dolostone or, as in some
western states, gypsum. Such terrain has underground drainage systems that are reflected on the surface as
sinkholes, springs, disappearing streams or even caves.
There are different types of sinkholes depending on how or where they are formed.
1. Dissolution sinkholes occur where there is little soil or vegetation over the soluble rock. Aggressive
dissolution occurs where flow is focused in pre-existing openings in the rock, such as along joints,
fractures, and bedding planes, or in the zone of water – table fluctuations where the ground water is in
contact with the atmosphere. They typically develop gradually.
2. Cover-subsidence sinkholes tend to develop gradually where the covering sediments are permeable
and contain sand.
3. Cover-collapse sinkholes tend to develop abruptly and cause catastrophic damages. They occur
where the covering sediments contain significant amounts of clay.

Fig. 2.2. Different types of sinkholes (Photo credits: Save Our Suwannee, Inc. 2006)

What’s More
Instruction: Identify what type of sinkhole is being illustrated in the photos.

1. 2. _____________ 3.
________________
What I Have Learned _______________
1. What are sinkholes? Try paraphrasing in your own words.

2. In what type of geologic conditions do sinkholes occur?

3. What are the different types of sinkholes and what are the major differences regarding the rate they can occur?

4. What do you think are some of the man-made causes of sinkholes?

Lesson
Impending Signs of Landslides and Sinkholes
3

What’s New
Direction: Based on the figure below, identify the 11 warning signs on an impending landslide
or sinkhole. Write the letter of your answer.
 D
C
H

B
G A

F K
I E

Fig. 3.1. Signs of an impending landslide or sinkhole (Photo credits: DRRR TG)
 ______1. Fences, retaining walls, utility posts or trees tilt or move.
______2. Doors and windows become stuck or jammed for the first time.
______3. Water pipes break.
______4. Slowly widening cracks appear on the ground or on paved areas such as paved streets,
driveways
______5. Land movements and debris downslope.
______6. Bulging ground appearing at the base (toe) of a slope or retaining wall.
______7. Outside walls, walks or stairs being pulling away from the building.
______8. Water appear at the base of the slope.
______9. Water breaks through the ground surface in new location.
______10. Cracks appear on the ground or in the foundation of houses, buildings and other structures.
______11. Cracks appear on slope.

What is It

1. As the landslide mass slowly moves down, it pushes the ground at the bottom or toe of the slope and
causes it to bulge.
2. Water seeping down a slope is one of the most common sources of landslides, and is manifested by
water collecting or emerging at the bottom or toe of the slope.
3. Tilted vertical objects like trees, post, and fences is evidence that a slope is moving. A forward tilt into
the prone position (as shown in Figure 3.1) indicates that the landslide is shallow and translational. A
back tilt into the recumbent/reclining position indicates that the landslide is rotational and relatively deep
seated.
4. Downward movement of the materials near the surface of the slope results in the formation of tension
cracks on the slope surface.

The following signs are normally caused by ground surface movements which can result either from
geological hazards such as landslides and formation of sinkholes.
1. Ground movements cause underground pipes to break
2. Ground movements causes the foundation of buildings and other structures made from concrete to
break.
3. Ground movements result in tilting and differential settlements in structures. These cause hinges to be
misaligned and make doors difficult to open. These can also cause auxiliary structures, such as exterior
stairways, to separate from the main structure.

What’s More

Direction: Identify whether the given situation is (A) unique to landslides, (B) unique to sinkholes, (C)
identical signs in both landslides and sinkholes, or (D) similar signs in both landslides and sinkholes
with noted differences. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
______1. Cracks in interior joints areas, windows, and doors
______2. Cracks in exterior masonry walls and plaster finishing
______3. Windows and doors become harder to close properly
______4. Deep cracks and separation of paved concrete walks and drives
______5. Outside walls, walks or stairs being pulling away from the building
______6. Water pipes break.
______7. Titled trees, posts and signs.
______8. Circular patches of wilted plants
______9. Neighbors have had or confirmed possible sinkhole or landslide
______10. Observation of an actual cavity beginning to open
______11. Land movements and small landslides
______12. Water appearing at base of slope or in depression in the ground
______13. Sediments/minerals in water
______14. Tension cracks form in slope
______15. Bulging at the base/toe of a slope
 What I Have Learned

1. Enumerate three (3) warning signs that are common and identical to both landslides and sinkholes.
2. How can we determine what kind of hazard is present in an area?

What I Can Do

Critically evaluate your surroundings and have a list of any signs of landslides or sinkholes present in
your area.

References
● ABS-CBN News. “Sinkhole 'Swallows' House, 4 Dead.” ABS. ABS-CBN News, October 27, 2013.
https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/10/27/13/sinkhole-swallows-house-4-dead.
● Bueza, Michael. “LIST: Deadly Landslides in the Philippines.” Rappler. Rappler, September 22,
2018. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/list-deadly-landslides-philippines.
● Commission on Higher Education. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Disaster
Readiness and Risk Reduction.
● Cruden, D. M., and D. J. Varnes. "Landslides: investigation and mitigation. Vol. 247." (1996): 36-75.

● Highland, Lynn, and Peter T. Bobrowsky. The landslide handbook: a guide to understanding
landslides. Reston: US Geological Survey, 2008.
● Staff, PHIVOLCS. “Introduction to Landslide.” Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/introduction-to-
landslide.