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M4 Module4

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M4 Module4

NOTES

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Gayathri S R
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. © cole Again B can draw a ticket in °C, = [—— = 84 ways. ‘The number of ways in which B gets all blanks :. the number of ways of getting a prize = 84 — 20 = 64. Thus the probability of B's success = 64/84 = 16/21. Hence A’s probability of success : B's probability of success = ze PROBABILITY AND SET NOTATIONS (1) Random experiment. Experiments which are performed essentially under the same conditions and whose results cannot be predicted are known as random experiments. e.g., Tossing a coin or rolling a die are random experiments. (2) Sample space. The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called sample space for that experiment and is denoted by S. The elements of the sample space S are called the sample points. e.g., On tossing a coin, the possible outcomes are the head (#) and the tail (7). Thus S = (H, 7). (8) Event, The outcome of a random experiment is called an event. Thus every subset of a sample space S is an event. The null set 6 is also an event and is called an impossible event. Probability of an impossible event is zero ie, P(g)=0. (4) Axioms (@ The numerical value of probability lies between 0 and 1 ie., for any event A of 8, 0S P(A) $1 (i) The sum of probabilities of all sample events is unity ie., P(S (iti) Probability of an event made of two or more sample events is the sum of their probabilities. (5) Notations i) Probability of happening of events A or B is written as P(A + B) or P(A UB). (ii) Probability of happening of both the events A and B is written as P (AB) or P(A .B). (iii) ‘Event A implies (=) event B’ is expressed as Ac B. (iv) Boents A and B are mutually exclusive’ is expressed as A 0 B= 6. (6) For any two events A and B, P (ANB) =P(A)-P (ANB) Proof. From Fig. 26.1, AnB)UAnB)= PUIAOB) UA NB) = or P(AMB)+ P(AMB)=P(A) or PAB) =P(A)-P(ANB) Similarly, P(A’ 9 B) = P(B)- P(A B) 862 ‘Horch Enaincenina MarHewArcs | ADDITION LAW OF PROBABILITY or THEOREM OF TOTAL PROBABILITY (1) If the probability of an event A happening as a result of « trial is P(A) and the probability ofa mutually exclusive event B happening is P(B), then the probability of either of the events happening as a result of the trial is P(A + B) or P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B). Proof. Let n be the total number of equally likely cases and let m, be favourable to the event A and m, be favourable to the event B. Then the number of cases favourable to A or B is m, + m,. Hence the probability of A or B happening as a result of the trial = MAM 7h 4M = PA) + PLB). nna (2) IFA, B, are any two events (not mutually exclusive), then P (A+B) =P (A) +P (B)-P (AB) or P(AUB)=P (A) +P (B)-P ANB) Ifthe events A and B are any two events then, there are some outcomes which favour both A and B. If m, be their number, then these are included in both m, and m,, Hence the total number of outcomes favouring either A or B or both is m, +my—my Thus the probability of occurrence of A or B or both Hence or P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B)— PAN B) Obs. When A and Bure mutually exclusive PAB) or MAB) =0 and we get PA + B) or PA UB) = PA) + PB). . y An general, for a number of mutually exclusive events A,,A,....A,, we have Pye Ags a +A) Or AYU Ag 0. VA.) = PAY) + PA) tt PA (3) IFA, B, C are any three events, then P(A+B+C)=P (A) +P (B) +P (C)-P (AB) - P (BC) - P (CA) + P (ABC). or P(AUBUC)=P (A) +P (B) +P (C)-P (ANB) -P (BAC) -P (COA) +P (ANBNO) Proof. Using the above result for any two events, we have PAUBUC)=PUAUB)UC =P(AUB)+P(C)-P [Av B) nC] = IP (A) + P(B)-P (AB) + P(C)~ PUA NC) BAC) (Distributive Law) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)—P(ANB)—(P(ANC)+P(BNC)-PIANBOO)) ly AnOnBoO)=AnBac] = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)-P(ANB)-P(BNC)-P(COA)+PIANBOC)v ANC=COAL Example 26.11. In a race, the odds in favour of the four horses H,, H., Hy H, are 1:4, 1. 61:7 respectively. Assuming that a dead heat is not possible, find the chance that one of them wins the race Solution. Since it is not possible for all the horses to cover the same distance in the same time (a dead heat), the events are mutually exclusive. If P,, Pos Py» P, be the probabilities of winning of the horses H,, H, Hq, H, respectively, then 2 [+ Odds in favour of H, are 1:4) a, 1 and = 5 9Py= 2 sPa= = P= BoPa= 7 Pam 5 Hence the chance that one of them wins = p, + p, + Py +P 21, 1,1, 1_ 533 1 + “5'6°7'8 840 Prosaatury aio Dierneunons Example 26.12. A bag edntains 8 white and 6 red balls. Find the probability of drawing two baile of te same colour. Solution, Two balls out of 14 can be drawn in “C, ways which is the total number of outeomes. ‘Two white balls out of 8 can be drawn in SC, ways. Thus the probability of drawing 2 white balls 8c, _ 28 Ma, 91 Similarly 2 red balls out of 6 can be drawn in °C, ways. Thus the probability of drawing 2 red balls °C 15 “C, 91 Hence the probability of drawing 2 balls of the same colour (either both white or both red) 28 , 15 _ 43 “or 91 91 Example 26.13, Find the probability of drawing an ace or a spade or both from a deck of cards* * Solution. The probability of drawing an ace from a deck of 52 cards = 4/52. Similarly the probability of drawing a card of spades = 13/52, and the probability of drawing an ace of spades = 1/52. Since the two events (i.e., a card being an ace and a card being of spades) are not mutually exclusive, therefore, the probability of drawing an ace or a spade 418 1 4 “32°62 52 13° (1) INDEPENDENT EVENTS ‘Two events are said to be independent, if happening or failure of one does not affect the happening or failure of the other. Otherwise the events are said to be dependent. For two dependent events A and B, the symbol (BA) denotes the probability of occurrence of B, when A has already occurred. It is known as the conditional probability and is read as a ‘probability of B given A’. (2) Multiplication law of probability or Theorem of compound probability. If the probability of an event A happening as a result of trial is P(A) and after A has happened the probability of an event B happening as a result of another trial (i.., conditional probability of B given A) is P(B/A), then the probability of both the events A and B happening as a result of two trials is P(AB) or P(A 7 B) = P(A) . P(BIA). Proof. Let n be the total number of outcomes in the first trial and m be favourable to the event A so that P(A) = min. Let n, be the total number of outcomes in the second trial of which m, are favourable to the event B so that PIBIA) = mfr, Now each of the n outcomes can be associated with each of the n, outcomes. So the total number of outcomes in the combined trial is n,. Of these mm, are favourable to both the events A and B. Hence POAB) or PA NB) = "7. = P(A). PIBIA). bay! Similarly, the conditional probability of A given B is P(A/B). & PAB) or PUA 9B) = P(B) . PAB) Thus P(A 2 B) = P(A). P(BIA) = P(B) . P(A/B). (3) If the events A and B are independent, i.c., if the happening of B does not depend on whether A has happened or not, then P(B/A) = PUB) and P\A/B) = P(A). Pe P(AB) or P(A 1B) = P(A) . P(B). In general, P(A,A,...A,) or PA, OA, 9... VA,) = PUA,). Play)... PUA,). * Cards : A pack of cards consists of four suits i., Hearts, Diamonds, Spades and Clubs. Each suit has 13 cards : an Aco, 2 King, a Queen, a Jack and nine cards numbered 2, 3, 4, .-, 10. Hearts and Diamonds are red while Spades and Clubs are black. Hoes Ehonsome Meeunes Car. If p,, pz be the probabilities of happening of two independent events, then (# the probability that the first event happens and the second fails is p,(1.~ ps). (ii) the probability that both events fail to happen is (1 - p,) (1 —p,). (ithe probability that at least one ofthe events happens is 1-(1~p,) (1=p,). This is commonly known as their cumulative probability. In general, if Py Pyy Psy » P, be the chances of happening of n independent events, then their cumulative probability (i.e., the chance that at least one of the events will happen) is 1-(1-p) (1 =p,) py) =p, Example 26.14. Two cards are wn in sui ma @ pack o first isa king and the second a Quoc the fs cand i ead pt Solution. (i) The probability of drawing a king= 4 = 1. ee Ire cards elec pack wil aga have ox ea oot pobbl of draw queen 1/18 ‘The two events being independent, the probability of drawing both cards in succession ws w (The probability of drawing a king = Ifthe card is not replaced, the pack will have 61 cards only so that the chance of drawing a queen is 4/51. Hence the probability of drawing both cards 3" 4 «& pe amano A ba Solution. Ina single toss of two dice, the sum 7 ean be obtained as (1,6), (2,5), (8,4), (4,3), 6,2), (6,1) i.e., in 6 ways, so that the probability of getting 7 = 6/36 = 1/6. Also the probability of not getting 7 = 1 ~ 1/6 = 5/6. (a) The probability of getting 7 in the first toss and not getting 7 in the second toss = 1/6 x 5/6 = 5/36. Similarly, the probability of not getting 7 in the first toss and getting 7 in the second toss = 6/6 x 1/6 = 6/36. Since these are mutually exclusive events, addition law of probability applies. 5,55 te 1d probability = 2+ >=? required probability = 35+ 55-75 (b) The probability of not getting 7 in either toss = 66 36 2511 the probability of getting 7 at least once = 1~ 3°= 5° (©) The probability of getting 7 twiee = 2 j x RE ae ae sb ups of objects : one of which consists ‘Witdacth andl hd her tonslets bf Siclence aha & catherines igsek A Bor number 5 Pitleg oobte e etes sl rettan Fok thel ae random frora the sevontl group. Find the probability that an engineering s 21 6 3 Solution. Prob, of turning up 3 or 5 Prob, of selecting an eng, subject from first group = 2 Prob of selecting an engg. subject from first group on turning up 8 or 5 o1,3821 3°8 8 a) ‘Now prob. of not turning 9 or 5 = at 3 Prob. of selecting an engg. subject from second group 3 prob. of selecting an engg. subject from second group on turning up 3 or 5 2,5 38 12 ‘Thus the prob. of selecting an engg. subject: oli) UFrom (@) and (ii)) Solution. The probability of drawing a white ball from box B will depend on whether the transferred ball is black or white. Ifa black ball is transferred, its probability is 4/6. There are now 5 white and 8 black balls in the box B. ‘Then the probability of drawing white ball from box B is 13 ‘Thus the probability of drawing a white ball from urn 8, if the transferred ball is black 24510, 6 13 39 Similarly the probability of drawing a white ball from urn B, if the transferred ball is white Hence required probability te Seopa ee era Solution. (a) Let p be the probability of getting a head and q the probability of getting a tail in a single toss, s0 that p +g = 1. ‘Then probability of getting head on an odd toss = Probability of getting head in the Ist toss + Probability of getting head in the 3rd toss + Probability of getting head in the 5th toss + .. =P +qqp + 9ggqp +. = =p egtegt+.. —__, a-ga+@ “para ira” (b) Probability of getting a head = 1/2. Then A can win in 1st, 3rd, 5th, ... throws. 2 6 the chances of A’s winning =H) 33) (3) ae 2 4/2 1-0/2)? Hence the chance of B’s winning = 1 - 2/3 = 1/8. 2°\2) 2 ca ‘Higtien Encinecnnis ManHewaTios, Bxautple 26.19. Two cards are selected at random from 10 cards numbered 1 to 10. Find the probability that the sui is odd, if (i) the tivo cards aredrawn together. (ii) the two cards are drawn one after the other without replacement. (iii) the two cards ure drawn one after the other with replacement. (NTU. 2003) Solution, (i) Two eards out of 10 can be selected in !°C, = 45 ways. The sum is odd if one number is odd and the other number is even. There being 6 odd numbers (1, 3, 5, +.9) and 5 even numbers (2,4, 6, 8, 10), an odd and an even number is chosen in 5 x 6 = 26 ways. 2 Thus me E5 (di) Two cards out of 10 can be selected one after the other without replacement in 10 x 9 = 90 ways. ‘An odd number is selected in 5 x 6 = 25 ways and an even number in 5 x 5 = 25 ways _ 2542 ~~ 908 (iit) Two cards can be selected one after the other with replacement in 10 x 10 = 100 ways. ‘An odd number in selected in 5 x 5 = 25 ways and an even number in 5 x 5 = 25 ways. = 254251 100 2 5 ‘Thus Thus P Example 26.20. Given P (A) = 1/4, P(B)=1/3.and P(AWB)= 1/2, evaluate P(A/B), PUBJA).P (A OB) and P (A/B)), Solution. (é) Since P(A U B)= P (A) + P(B)~P (AB) aia 1 Fat) pan ByorPanky= + peg tg (PAN BIorPAnB)= 1 P(AnB)_Wi2_1 ‘Thus PAIR) = eG i _ PUAGB)_ 1/121 (ii) PIBIA)= aay Wi) P(ANB)=P)-P(AnB)= +- 1-1 - “ “4 R'6 any pare) = 2408). 6/6 3 PB) 1-P@) 1-1/8 4 Example 26.21. The odds that « book will be revieuled fuvourably by three independent critics are} to2, 4 to 3 and 3 to 4. What is the probability that of the three reviews, « majority will be favourable. (V.D.U., 2003 8) Solution. The probability that the book shall be reviewed favourably by first critic is 5/7, by second 4/7 and by third 3/7. ‘A majority of the three reviews will be favourable when two or three are favourable. prob, that the first two are favourable and the third unfavourable boa ( 8) 80. Zxix(i-S|-22 Tm 7)” 343 Prob. that the first and third are favourable and second unfavourable 5.3, 0 4) 45 »(1-2)- 28 7)" 343 Bia 60 = 2xdxde 777 343 ‘Since they are mutually exclusive events, the required prob. = 80, 45 | 24 | 60 _ 209 343 * 343° a3 943” 943° Finally, prob. that all the three are favourabl Solution. Prob. of A hitting the target = 3/5, prob. of B hitting the target = Prob. of C hitting the target = 8/4. (@ In order that two shots may hit the target, the following cases must be considered : . cncndnace By 2 3)_ 6 'py= Chance that A and B hit and © fais to hit= 23 (1-4) = B(1-8) = 32 4 5) 100 3 B ( 2) 27 viy(s-2)- 27 3)” 100 Since these are mutually exclusive events, the probability that any 2 shots hit 6,12, 27 100 100 100 (ii) Tn order that at least two shots may hit the target, we must also consider the case of all A, B, C hitting the target lin addition to the three cases of ()] for which y= chance that A, B, C all hit = Babak Since all these are mutually exclusive events, the probability of atleast two shots hit ‘Pp = Chance that B and C hit and A fails to hit Pg = Chance that C and A hit and B fails to hit = Py +P2+Pa= 6 12 27 | 18 =P1+Pa*+Ps* Pa® 309 * 300 * 100 * 100 788 100 * 100 * 106 ene Lr ah ar won Solution. The probability that A can solve the problem is 1/2. ‘The probability that A cannot solve the problem is 1— $ Similarly the probabilities that B and C cannot solve the problem are 1~ % and 1 ~ i the probability that A, B and C cannot solve the problem is, (-3)0-3)0-2) Hence the probability that the problem will be solved, i.e., at least one student will solve it Solution. (i) As there are 7 students in the class, the first examined must be a boy. prob, that frst isa bay = 2 ‘Then the prob. that the second is a girl = 3. 2s prob. of the next boy = 2 5 Similarly the prob. that the fourth is a girl = 2 the prob. that the fifth is a boy ‘Thus (di) The first student is a boy and the first student is a girl are two mutually exclusive cases. If the first ‘student is a boy, then the probability p, that the students alternate is 23.82.2124 pa ean Solution. The sum 6 can be obtained as follows : (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3) (4, 2), (5, Die. in 5 ways. ‘The probability of A’s throwing 6 with 2 dice is, a s+ the probability of 4’s not throwing 6 is 31/36. Similarly the probability of B's throwing 7 is 6/36, i +. the probability of B's not throwing 7 is 5/6. Now A can win if he throws 6 in the first, third, fifth, seventh ete, throws. = the chance of 4’s wining jo gle | Heal] L 536x630 36 1-(31/36)x(5/6) 36 |B) n'a single throw with tavo dice, what is tho éhance of throwing rah (a) two aces? (6) 71s this probability the same as that for-gotting 7 in to throws of a single die? - 8. Compare the ehaneos of throwing 4 with one dien, 8 with two iceland 12with throe dice, | 4. Bind the probability that a non-leap year should have 53 Saturdays? ‘(Madres, 2008) [Wheto coi is tebted our tims, find ite probability of keting 4) extctly one hen i) at matt three beads and (i) at Least tyo heads 2” WTAE, 2000 8) '6. Teh coins ate thrown similtancously. Find the probability of getting at least eal heads. y PBB, py { 7. 1fali the letters of word ‘SNGINEES’ ho written at random, what is the probability that all the latters Hare fun: together. A. Aten digit’ number is. formed sin: he'd el ir nine srr all ay ed A probubiliy that the numer ie diisble by 9.| Four cards are drawn from & eran Whatis the chance that - ) ay i (@0.two cards nre-ot equal valyo? (i) each belongs toa different suit 2 | 0, Sipbnne rh are crn at Fide fom « peek of 82 hrs, AM cards areved what i the pbaldy baal of them ure hearts? © (unibuij 2005) ay puke Ha aks 3 ot which are espedaly valuable, 5 are stolen at random by a thief. Whavis the posta it t io fe) nce of the is inelodied ? (6) 2 ofthe $ are included? ¢ r rien i a compuny’of twenty are graduaéen. If nyen are picked out of 20 nt random, what is the probability thot Ga) theyideo all gradvates ? Whablesst ane ie wradiate? AE pet nip nsf Lata cede Oh Rome BAT Bea ai sama ie “maltipte 14h meas In ab cng oie ot 4 black bolls. Whal-is the chance that 4 wl te nae 2 black halls aredrawn? 15. ‘The probability, Leese fem oet Pip Pixs Pie Find the probability that atleast one of thé events Will happen. Lse t ool pel oes (Chose shot hs ahcom ot 4a v/ * 16, Find the probabili OR te omit balls without Teplacement froma bag containing 1 red, 4 black and 6 white! 17. A boss cians 10 arhite and 15 black balls: Ta balle'ar@ even in secession. Whats bi istgeptt enh 4 ‘them is black and the other white ? ‘¥) 38, A purse omtalnts 2 silker‘and a. éoins tnd a Second purse contains 4’ silver and4 pie coins If) * selected at Fandom from one of the two purses, what is the probability chat itis silver cain’? (Oem 19. A box contains 5 white balls and 6 black balls. Avother bos Tl contains 6 white bolls and 4 bladk balls. A box is selected ut random sind then a ball is drawn from if) what is the probability that the ball drawn. will be white ? (id Given thot the ball drawn ig white, whats the probability thal iteame from'box Mumbai, 2000) eats random af aroun table; find the probity that two seine persons do BLA 75th cases, snd B i 80% of the eines. 19 what percentage bi ca thy ily tot tit) raat bea pate oS percentage bf cases, tradict wi fou 22, The probobility that Sushil will problems und te probability that Ram will solve itis Fe eee Tape Pecdeicertton tne ‘ill be solved Tey fnc foone * Feta Wd aM tal eek ene oa PBA in Ras BP and in Sos 28, pai pea RPC aN rte ra we ‘hal he qualifies? i oe od The probabil Se eons A cae ani te Wyabiily that a4 yee okd ‘ba alive at 8b is0.47. Whats ae iy bance ue 25 fonanavran Re gi ae a ean ruaterdity Hospital oo dae when 20 births occur 2 Giana inal B ire a tai anand have a probabi + target. Fine! the probity that the tunes destroy [20 haul @ Bertani ‘VACA wad of Gieh/The,cane who throws 2 See vi. Sh that the niin a Hickien Enoinesrins MATHENAniCS | BAYE’S THEOREM An event A corresponds to a number of exhaustive events B,, By. P(B)) P(ATB,) EPR PAB) Proof. By the multiplication law of probability, PIAB,) = P(A) P(B/A) = PCB) PLA/B,) oD) PUB) PAIB,) 9) PIA) Since the event A corresponds to B,, B,,...,B,, we have by the addition law of probability, PiA) = P(AB,) + PUAB,) + ... + P(AB,) = ZP(AB,) = EP(B,) PAB,) [By P(B,) PLAIB,) EP(B) P(ATB,) which is known as the theorem of inverse probability, Obs, The probabilities PB), i = 1, 2, ... are called apriori probabilities because these exist before we get any information from the experiment. The probabilities MA/B)), i= 1,2, mont results arc known. 5» IFPCB)) and PIA/B,)are given, then PIB,/A)= P(B,JA)= Hence from (2), we have P(B,/A) = .n are called posterior’ probabilities, because these are found after the experi- Example 26.26. Three machines M,, M, and M, produce idenitical items. Of their respéétive ailiput 5%) 4% and 3% of items are faulty. On a certain day, M, has produced 25% of the total output, M, has produced 30% and M, the remainder. An item selected at random is found to be faulty, What are the chances that it was produced by the machine with the highest output? Solution, Let the event of drawing a faulty item from any of the machines be A, and the event that an item drawn at random was produced by M, be B,. We have to find P(B,/A) for which we proceed as follows : My My Ms ‘Remarks 7B) 0.25 0.30 045 sum = PA/B) 0.05 04 0.03) PB) PAB) 0.0125 0.012 0.0185 sum = 0.38 PBA) oe One SERS by Bayes theorem ‘The highest output being from M,, the required probabilit Example 26.27. There are three bags : first containing 1 white, 2 red, 3 green balls ; second 2 white, 3 red, 1 green balls and third 3 white, Lred, 2 green balls. Two balls are drawn from a bag chosen at random. These are found to be one white and one red. Find the probability that the balls so drawn came from the second bag. C.NTU,, 2003) Solution. Let B,, B,, B, pertain to the first, second, third bags chosen and A : the two balls are white and red. Now P(B,)= PIB) = P (B, P(AIB,)=P (a white and a red ball are drawn from first bag) =0C, «2C,)6C, = 2 0.0135/0.038 = 0.355. 16 Similarly P(AIB,) = (°C, x°C,\°C, = 2, Pialn)= CC, x Cyr i ; . P(B,) PA/B,) : By Baye'stheorem, P(BYA)= 575. p(a7B,)+ PUB) P (A/B,) +P (B,) PATB,) 12 1, - 3 12,1 31513 [Proeasury anb Distrieunons 871 Eanes | 1, In a certain college, 4% of the boys and 1% of girls are taller than 1,8 m. Further more 600 of the students are girls, Ifa student is selected at random and is found to be taller than 1.8 m,, what is the probabilitythat the student is girl? In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture 25%, 35% and 40% of the total-Of their output b%, 4% and 24% are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random (rom the product and is found to be defective. What are the probabilities that itwas manufactured by machines A,B orC? —(V.T.U., 2006 ; Rohtak, 2005 ; Madras, 26008) 8, In'a bolt factory, there are four machines A, B, C, D manufacturing 20%, 15%, 25% nnd 40% of the total eutpat respectively. Of their outputs 5% 4%,.0% and 2% in'the same order are defective bolts. A bolt is chosen at raindony from the factory's production and is found defective. What is the probability that the belt-was manufaetsrd by machine A or machine D ? (Hiesar, 2007 : J.NT.0 2008) 4. Thecontents of three urns are 1 white, 2 red, 8 green balls {2 white, L red, 1greon balls and 4 white, 6 eed, green bulls. Two balls are dravn from an urn ehosen at random, These are found to be one white and gnegreén, Find the probability that the balls eo drawn came from the third urn. Kurulrshetra, 2007) 2. RANDOM VARIABLE Ifareal variable X be associated with the outcome of a random experiment, then since the values which X takes depend on chance, it is called a random variable or a stochastic variable or simply a variate. For instance, ifa random experiment £ consists of tossing a pair of dice, the sum X of the two numbers which turn up have the value 2, 3,4,..., 12 depending on chance. Then X is the random variable. It is a function whose values are real numbers and depend on chance. If'in a random experiment, the event corresponding to a number u occurs, then the corresponding random variable X is said to assume the value a and the probability of the event is denoted by P(X = a). Similarly the probability of the event X assuming any value in the interval d There are 6 x 6 = 36 equally likely outcomes and therefore, each has gy, the probability 1/36. We have X = 2 for one outcome, ie. (1, 1) ; X= 8 for two ‘outeomes (1, 2) and (2, 1); X = 4 for three outcomes (1, 3), (2, 2) and (3, 1) and so on] (2) Distribution function. The distribution function F (x) of the discrete variate X is defined by Fe.) * Pe) F(x)=P(Xsx)= > plx,) whores is any integer. The graph of Fix) will be ai mm mF stair step form (Fig. 26.2). The distribution function is also sometimes called Fig. 262 cumulative distribution function. 872 ‘Hicwer Eniveening MarHEwanics Example 26.28. A die is tossed thrice. A success is ‘getting 1 or 6! on a toss, 5 jibe of the number ofsuecesses. 2011S; foneh Solution. Probability of a success = ++ prob, of no success Now mean variance Example 26.29. The probability density function ofa variate Xis Me 0 4 2 3 4 5 6 POO: kb ‘3k 5h 7h ok uk ak UP (i) Find PX <4), POX 25), P< X <6), f (V-T.U., 2010) Ui) What will be the minimum value of k so that PIX <2) > 3. Solution. (i) If X is a random variable, then : Snape tis & hy Bk + 5k + Th + 9h + Lk + 18k =1 or k = 49. + Bk + Bk + Th = 16k = 16/49, Lk + 13k = 24h = 24/49. PS 0.3 or k> 30 ‘Thus minimum value of & = 1/30. Example 26.30. A random variable X has the followings probability function : Bass 2001 i ¢ 2 4 eh EX ie z pe: 0 k 2h 2k ak we BR Tht a ke (@) Find the value of the'k (ii) Evaluate P(X <6), PIX 26) (i) PO b, curve and the x-axis is unity which corresponds to the requirements that the total probability of happening of an event is unity). (2) Distribution function If F (x)= PX Sx) = ti f(x) dx, then F (x) is defined as the cumulative distribution function or simply the distribution function of the continuous variate X. It is the probability that the value of the variate X will be 0, so that F (x) is a non-decreasing function. - iii) F (co) = 1 f(a) de = f Fix) de =F (b)- Fa). Solution. i) f (x) is clearly > 0 for every x in (1, 2) and [i ferde=f’ odes [et dent

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