MATHEMATICS

FORMULA
BOOKLET
For
Quantitative
Methods

STAT 270
Vretta Text

Learner and Academic Services

LAST REVISED: May 2022
Chapter 1 Basics of Statistics Variance
𝛴(𝑥−𝜇)2 𝛴(𝑥−𝑥̄ )2
𝑁 𝜎2 = 𝑠2 =
𝑁 𝑛−1
Systematic Sampling: 𝑘 ≈
𝑛
Excel: = 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑃(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Excel: = 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑆(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )
% 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = × 100%
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Standard Deviation
Excel: = 𝑅𝐴𝑁𝐷()
Excel: = 𝑅𝐴𝑁𝐷𝐵𝐸𝑇𝑊𝐸𝐸𝑁(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚, 𝑡𝑜𝑝)
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 𝑠 = √𝑠 2

Excel: = 𝑆𝑇𝐷𝐸𝑉. 𝑃(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )

Chapter 2 Data Organization and Visualization
Excel: = 𝑆𝑇𝐷𝐸𝑉. 𝑆(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )
Determining the Number of Classes: 2𝑘 > 𝑛
Weighted/Grouped Variance
𝛴𝑓(𝑥−𝜇)2 𝛴𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̄ )2
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜎2 = 𝑠2 =
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑁 𝑛−1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Weight/Grouped Variance –Computational
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝛴𝑓⋅𝑥)2 (𝛴𝑓⋅𝑥)2
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝛴𝑓⋅𝑥 2 − 𝛴𝑓⋅𝑥 2 −
2 2
𝜎 = 𝑁 2
𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑁 𝑛−1
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ≈ Coefficient of Variation
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜎
𝐶𝑉𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝜇
Excel: = 𝐹𝑅𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐸𝑁𝐶𝑌(𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎_𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦, 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑠_𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦) 𝑠
𝐶𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = × 100%
𝑥̄
Chapter 3 Numeric Descriptive Measures
Chebyshev’s Theorem
Mean 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝛴𝑥 𝛴𝑥 1
𝜇= 𝑥̄ = 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ≥ 1 − where 𝑘 > 1
𝑁 𝑛 𝑘2

Excel: = 𝐴𝑉𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … ) Location of Percentile

𝑘
𝐿 = (𝑛 + 1)
Median 100
Excel: = 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝐴𝑁(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )
Value of Percentile
Mode Excel: = 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐶𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶(𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦, 𝑘)
Excel: = 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸. 𝑀𝑈𝐿𝑇(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2, … )
Quartile
Weighted/Grouped Mean Excel: = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶(𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦, 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝛴(𝑤⋅𝑥) 𝛴(𝑓⋅𝑥)
𝜇= 𝜇= Interquartile Range
𝛴𝑤 𝑛
𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Box and Whisker Plot
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄1 − 1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄3 + 1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅
Chapter 5 Elementary Probability Theory Excel:
= 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇. 𝑅𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐸(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦_𝑠,
Probability 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟_𝑠, 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟_𝑠2)
𝑛(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛(𝑆) Mean for a Binomial Distribution
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
Complement Rule
𝑃(𝐴̄) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) Variance for a Binomial Distribution
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
General Addition Rule
𝑃(𝐴 or 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) Standard Deviation for a Binomial Distribution
𝑆𝐷(𝑋) = 𝜎 = √𝜎 2
General Multiplication Rule
𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ⋅ 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) Poisson Distribution
𝜆𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝜆
Multiplication Rule for Independent Events 𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥!
𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ⋅ 𝑃(𝐵)
Excel: = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇(𝑥, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Conditional Probability
𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) Mean for a Poisson Distribution
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴) 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 = 𝜆

Chapter 6 Discrete Probability Distributions Variance for a Poisson Distribution

𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 = 𝜆
Mean for a Discrete Distribution
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 = 𝛴 (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑥)) Standard Deviation for a Poisson Distribution
all 𝑥
𝑆𝐷(𝑋) = 𝜎 = √𝜆
Variance for a Discrete Distribution
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 = 𝛴 ((𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑥)) Chapter 7 Continuous Probability Distributions
all 𝑥

Uniform Distribution
Variance for a Discrete Distribution –Computational
𝑑−𝑐
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 = 𝛴 (𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑥)) − 𝜇2 𝑃(𝑐 < 𝑋 < 𝑑) =
all 𝑥 𝑏−𝑎

Standard Deviation for a Discrete Distribution Mean for a Uniform Distribution

𝑆𝐷(𝑋) = 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 𝑎+𝑏
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 =
2
Binomial Probability Formula
Variance for a Uniform Distribution
𝑥 𝑛−𝑥 (𝑏 − 𝑎)2
𝑃(𝑥) =𝑛 𝐶𝑥 ⋅ 𝑝 ⋅ 𝑞 where 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 =
12
Excel:
Standard Deviation for a Uniform Distribution
= 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟_𝑠, 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦_𝑠,
𝑏−𝑎
𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑆𝐷(𝑋) = 𝜎 =
√12
Z-score Formula Chapter 9 Estimation and Confidence Intervals
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎 Margin of Error between μ and 𝑥̄ (σ known)
𝜎
Excel: = 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐷𝐴𝑅𝐷𝐼𝑍𝐸(𝑥, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑_𝑑𝑒𝑣) 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼/2 ⋅ 𝜎𝑥̄ = 𝑧𝛼/2 ⋅
√𝑛
Excel: = 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀. 𝑆. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇(𝑧, 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Excel:
𝑥 =𝜇+𝑧⋅𝜎 = 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹𝐼𝐷𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸. 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀(𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑_𝑑𝑒𝑣, 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)

Excel: = 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀. 𝑆. 𝐼𝑁𝑉(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦) Margin of Error between μ and 𝑥̄ (σ unknown)

𝑠
Chapter 8 Sampling Distributions and the 𝐸 = 𝑡𝛼/2 ⋅ where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
√𝑛
Central Limit Theorem
Excel: = 𝑇. 𝐼𝑁𝑉(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚)
Central Limit Theorem for Sample Mean Excel:
𝜎
𝜇𝑥̄ = 𝜇 𝜎𝑥̄ = = 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹𝐼𝐷𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸. 𝑇(𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑_𝑑𝑒𝑣, 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)
√𝑛

Confidence Interval for μ

Z-score Formula for Sample Means
𝑥̄ − 𝜇𝑥̄ 𝑥̄ − 𝜇 𝑥̄ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̄ + 𝐸
𝑧= = 𝜎
𝜎𝑥̄
√𝑛 Sample Size for μ
𝑧𝛼⁄2 ∙ 𝜎 2
𝜎 𝑛=[ ]
𝐸
𝑥̅ = 𝜇 + 𝑧 ∙
√𝑛
Margin of Error between p and 𝑝̂
Proportions 𝑝̂ ⋅ 𝑞̂
𝑝=
𝑋
𝑝̂ =
𝑥 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼/2 ⋅ 𝜎𝑝̂ ≈ 𝑧𝛼/2 ⋅ √
𝑁 𝑛
𝑛

Central Limit Theorem for Sample Proportions Confidence Interval for p

𝑝⋅𝑞 𝑝̂ − 𝐸 < 𝑝 < 𝑝̂ + 𝐸
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
Sample Size for p
Z-score Formula for Sample Proportions 𝑧𝛼⁄2 2 𝑧𝛼⁄2 2
𝑛 =𝑝⋅𝑞⋅[ ] ≈ 𝑝̂ ⋅ 𝑞̂ ⋅ [ ]
𝑝̂ − 𝜇𝑝̂ 𝑝̂ − 𝑝 𝐸 𝐸
𝑧= =
𝜎𝑝̂ 𝑝⋅𝑞
√
𝑛

𝑝∙𝑞
𝑝̂ = 𝑝 + 𝑧 ∙ √
𝑛
Chapter 10 Hypothesis Testing for One Population Chapter 12 Chi-Square Tests

Test Statistic for μ (σ known) Test Statistic for Goodness-of-Fit Tests

𝑥̄ − 𝜇 (𝑓𝑜 −𝑓𝑒 )2
𝑧= 𝜎 𝜒2 = ∑ where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘 − 1
𝑓𝑒
√𝑛
and 𝑓𝑒 = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑝
Test Statistic for μ (σ unknown)
𝑥̄ −𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠 where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 Excel:
√𝑛 = 𝐶𝐻𝐼𝑆𝑄. 𝐼𝑁𝑉. 𝑅𝑇(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚)
Excel: = 𝐶𝐻𝐼𝑆𝑄. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇. 𝑅𝑇(𝑥, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚)
Excel: = 𝑇. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇(𝑥, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚, 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Excel: = 𝑇. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇. 𝑅𝑇(𝑥, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚) Chapter 4 Linear Correlation and Regression
Excel: = 𝑇. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇. 2𝑇(𝑥, 𝑑𝑒𝑔_𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚)
Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient
Test Statistic for p Excel: = 𝐶𝑂𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐿(𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦1, 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦2)
𝑝̂ − 𝑝
𝑧= Slope of the Least-Squares Regression Line
𝑝⋅𝑞
√ Excel: = 𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑃𝐸(𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑦𝑠, 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑥𝑠)
𝑛

Chapter 11 Inferences for Two Populations y-intercept of the Least-Squares Regression Line
Excel: = 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝐶𝐸𝑃𝑇(𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑦𝑠, 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑥𝑠)
Test Statistic for 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 when 𝜎12 and 𝜎22 are Known
(𝑥̄ 1 − 𝑥̄ 2 ) − (𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ) Linear Regression Equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑧=
𝜎2 𝜎2 Residuals
√ 1 + 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑦 − 𝑦̂

Test Statistic for 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 when 𝜎12 = 𝜎22 but Unknown Coefficient of Determination: 𝑅 2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥̄ 1 −𝑥̄ 2 ) − (𝜇1 −𝜇2 )
𝑡= where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
2( 1 + 1 ) Excel: = 𝑅𝑆𝑄(𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑦𝑠, 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛_𝑥𝑠)
√𝑠𝑝 𝑛 𝑛
1 2
Test Statistic for 𝜌
(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12 + (𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22 𝑟
and 𝑠𝑝2 = 𝑡= where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 2
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 1 − 𝑟2
√
𝑛−2
Test Statistic for Testing 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0
𝑝̂1 −𝑝̂2 Chapter 13 Introduction to Multiple Regression
𝑧=
1 1
√𝑝̄ ⋅𝑞̄ (𝑛 + 𝑛 )
1 2 Multiple Linear Regression Formula with k
Independent Variables
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑛1 𝑝̂1 +𝑛2 𝑝̂2 𝑦̂ = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑥1 + 𝑏2 𝑥2 +. . . + 𝑏𝑘 𝑥𝑘
where 𝑝̄ = =
𝑛1 +𝑛2 𝑛1 +𝑛2
Table of Areas under the Standard Normal Distribution below negative z-scores

z 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
-3.6 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
-3.5 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
-3.4 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
-3.3 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.2 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007
-3.1 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010
-3.0 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013
-2.9 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019
-2.8 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026
-2.7 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035
-2.6 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.004 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047
-2.5 0.0048 0.0049 * 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.006 0.0062
-2.4 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.008 0.0082
-2.3 0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107
-2.2 0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139
-2.1 0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179
-2.0 0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228
-1.9 0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287
-1.8 0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359
-1.7 0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446
-1.6 0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 * 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548
-1.5 0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668
-1.4 0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808
-1.3 0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968
-1.2 0.0985 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1056 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151
-1.1 0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357
-1.0 0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587
-0.9 0.1611 0.1635 0.166 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841
-0.8 0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119
-0.7 0.2148 0.2177 0.2206 0.2236 0.2266 0.2296 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420
-0.6 0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743
-0.5 0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085
-0.4 0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446
-0.3 0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821
-0.2 0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207
-0.1 0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602
0.0 0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000

Note for z ≤ -3.70, use P(Z < z) ≈ 0.0000

*Use these values:
z-score Area
-1.645 0.05
-2.576 0.005
Table of Areas under the Standard Normal Distribution below positive z-scores

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 * 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 * 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
3.6 0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
Note for z ≥ 3.70, use P(Z < z) ≈ 1.0000
*Use these values:
z-score Area
1.645 0.95
2.576 0.995
Student’s t-Distribution Table

80% Confidence 90% Confidence 95% Confidence 98% Confidence 99% Confidence
df 2 tails = 0.20 2 tails = 0.10 2 tails = 0.05 2 tails = 0.02 2 tails = 0.01
1 tail = 0.10 1 tail = 0.05 1 tail = 0.025 1 tail = 0.01 1 tail = 0.005
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
150 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609
200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601
∞ (z) 1.28 1.645 1.96 2.33 2.576
Chi-Square Distribution Table

α
df 0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
1 0.0000393 0.000157 0.000982 0.00393 0.0158 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.6
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.3 12.8
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.06 7.78 9.49 11.1 13.3 14.9
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.15 1.61 9.24 11.1 12.8 15.1 16.7
6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 10.6 12.6 14.4 16.8 18.5
7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 12.0 14.1 16.0 18.5 20.3
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 13.4 15.5 17.5 20.1 22.0
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.7 23.6
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 16.0 18.3 20.5 23.2 25.2
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 17.3 19.7 21.9 24.7 26.8
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 18.5 21.0 23.3 26.2 28.3
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 19.8 22.4 24.7 27.7 29.8
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 21.1 23.7 26.1 29.1 31.3
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 22.3 25.0 27.5 30.6 32.8
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 23.5 26.3 28.8 32.0 34.3
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.1 24.8 27.6 30.2 33.4 35.7
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.9 26.0 28.9 31.5 34.8 37.2
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.1 11.7 27.2 30.1 32.9 36.2 38.6
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.9 12.4 28.4 31.4 34.2 37.6 40.0
21 8.03 8.90 10.3 11.6 13.2 29.6 32.7 35.5 38.9 41.4
22 8.64 9.54 11.0 12.3 14.0 30.8 33.9 36.8 40.3 42.8
23 9.26 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.8 32.0 35.2 38.1 41.6 44.2
24 9.89 10.9 12.4 13.8 15.7 33.2 36.4 39.4 43.0 45.6
25 10.5 11.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 34.4 37.7 40.6 44.3 46.9
26 11.2 12.2 13.8 15.4 17.3 35.6 38.9 41.9 45.6 48.3
27 11.8 12.9 14.6 16.2 18.1 36.7 40.1 43.2 47.0 49.6
28 12.5 13.6 15.3 16.9 18.9 37.9 41.3 44.5 48.3 51.0
29 13.1 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.8 39.1 42.6 45.7 49.6 52.3
30 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 40.3 43.8 47.0 50.9 53.7
40 20.7 22.2 24.4 26.5 29.1 51.8 55.8 59.3 63.7 66.8
50 28.0 29.7 32.4 34.8 37.7 63.2 67.5 71.4 76.2 79.5
60 35.5 37.5 40.5 43.2 46.5 74.4 79.1 83.3 88.4 92.0
70 43.3 45.4 48.8 51.7 55.3 85.5 90.5 95.0 100 104
80 51.2 53.5 57.2 60.4 64.3 96.6 102 107 112 116
90 59.2 61.8 65.6 69.1 73.3 108 113 118 124 128
100 67.3 70.1 74.2 77.9 82.4 118 124 130 136 140