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Basic Principles of Microbial Control

The document discusses various methods for microbial control, including both physical and chemical approaches. It describes sterilization, disinfection and other key terms. It also outlines different microbial control methods such as heat, radiation, filtration and various disinfecting agents.

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156 views53 pages

Basic Principles of Microbial Control

The document discusses various methods for microbial control, including both physical and chemical approaches. It describes sterilization, disinfection and other key terms. It also outlines different microbial control methods such as heat, radiation, filtration and various disinfecting agents.

Uploaded by

Venice De los Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microbial Control

Topic Outline
1. Basic Principles of Microbial
Control
2. The Selections of Microbial
Control Methods
3. Physical Methods of Microbial
Control
4. Chemical Methods of Microbial
Control
Microbial Control
Protocol

Control of microorganisms
is essential in order to
prevent the transmission of
diseases and infection, stop
decomposition and
spoilage, and prevent
unwanted microbial
contamination.
Physical and
Chemical Agents

• Physical Agent
– Methods of control
as high or low
temperatures
– Desiccation
– Osmotic pressure
– Radiation
– Filtration
Physical and
Chemical Agents

• Chemical Agent
– Use of
disinfectants
– Use of antiseptics
– Use of antibiotics
– Use of
chemotherapeutic
antimicrobial
chemicals
1. Terminology of Microbial Control
Basic Principles
of Microbial • Sterilization – The removal or destruction of all
Control microbes, including viruses and bacterial endospores,
in or on an object or habitat.
• Aseptic – An
environment or
procedure that is free of
contamination by
pathogens.
• Disinfection – The killing, inhibition, or
removal of microorganisms that may
cause disease. The primary goal is to
destroy potential pathogens.
• Degerming – The removal of
microbes from a surface by
scrubbing.
• Sanitization – The process of disinfecting places and
utensils used by the public to reduce the number of
pathogenic microbes to meet accepted public health
standards.
• Pasteurization – The use of
heat to kill pathogens and
reduce the number of
spoilage microorganisms in
food and beverages.
2. Microbial
Death
Rates
The permanent loss
of reproductive ability
under ideal
environmental
conditions.
• Technique for
evaluating the
efficacy of an
antimicrobial
agent.
3. Action of
Antimicrobial
Agents
Modes of action fall into two
basic categories.
1. Alteration of cell walls
(fungi).
Give damage to a
membrane’s proteins or
phospholipids and therefore
allows the cellular contents to
leak out and causes death.
The Selection of Microbial Control
Methods
1. Factors Affecting the Efficacy of
Antimicrobial Methods Site to be treated
- Harsh chemicals
and extreme heat
cannot be used
on human,
animals and
fragile objects.
- To sterilized the
utensils to be
used on the body
to prevent
infections.
a. High-level kill all pathogens, including
endospores.
b. Intermediate-level kill fungal spores,
protozoan cysts, viruses and
pathogenic bacteria.
c. Low-level kill vegetative bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and some viruses.
Relative Susceptibility of
Microorganisms
- Often to select a method to kill
the hardiest microorganisms
present, assuming that method
will kill more fragile microbes as
well.
- Germicides can be classified as
high, intermediate or low
depending on their effectiveness
on inactivating or destroying
microorganisms.
Environmental Conditions
- Temperature: warm
disinfectants work better than
cool ones.
- pH: some disinfectants more
effective at low pH.
- To clean objects before
sterilization.
2. Methods for Evaluating
Disinfectants and
Antiseptics

Phenol Coefficient
- The first method used.
- If >1.0 ; the agent is more
effective than phenol.
- The larger the ratio, the
greater the effectiveness.
Use-Dilution Test or Disk-
diffusion method

- The current standard test


- The most effective agent
is the one that entirely
prevents microbial growth
at the highest dilution.
In-use test
- A more realistic method.
- Swabs are taken from actual objects before and
after application of disinfectant.
- More accurate determination of a given
disinfection agent for each specific situation.
PHYSICAL METHODS OF
MIROBIAL CONTROL

1. Heat Related Methods

- High temperatures denature


proteins, interfere with the
integrity of cytoplasmic
membranes and cell walls
and disrupt the function and
structure of nucleic acids.
How to calculate D?
• For Clostridium botulinum for
example, D value is 0.204
minute.
• The actual time required to
reduce 1012 endospores to
1(100) endospore is 0.204 x
12 = 2.5 minutes.
• 12 is refer to 12-fold
reduction.
Thermal death point: lowest
temperature that kills all cells
in a broth in 10 minutes.
Thermal death time: the time it
takes to completely sterilize a
particular volume of liquid at a set
temperature.
Decimal Reduction Time (D):
time required to destroy 90% of
the microbes in a sample.
Moist Heat

- To disinfect, sanitize, sterilize and pasteurize by denaturing proteins and


destroying cytoplasmic membranes.
- More effective than dry heat because water is better conductor of heat
than air.
- Methods: Boiling, Autoclaving, Pasteurization and Ultrahigh-
Temperature Sterilization.
Dry Heat
- Denatures proteins and
fosters the oxidation of
metabolic and structural
chemicals.
- For substances cannot be
sterilized by boiling or
steam or materials can be
damaged by repeated
exposure to steam.
2. Refrigeration and
Freezing
- Tempt. is between 0oC
and 7oC for refrigeration
and below 0oC for
freezing.
- Will decrease microbial
metabolism, growth and
reproduction.
- Because slow in chemical
reactions and unavailable
of liquid.
3. Desiccation And Lyophilization
- Dessication or drying inhibits microbial
growth because the absence of water.
- Lyophilization- technique combining freezing
and drying to preserve microbes and cells.
4. Filtration
- The passage of a fluid (liquid
or gas) through a sieve to
trap and separate particles
(cells or viruses) from the
fluid.
- To sterilize heat-sensitive
materials (antibiotics,
vaccines, enzymes etc.).
5. Osmotic Pressure
- Cells in hypertonic
solution
(concentrated salt or
sugar) will lose
water and therefore
inhibits cellular
metabolism.
.
Ionizing Radiation
- Wavelengths shorter than 1 nm.
- Electron beams, gamma rays, and X rays.
Nonionizing Radiation
- Wavelength greater than 1 nm.
- UV light, visible light, infrared radiation and
radio waves.
6. Radiation
- Particulate radiation :
consists high-speed
subatomic particles that
have been freed from their
atoms.
- Electromagnetic radiation:
energy without mass
traveling in waves in the
speed of lights.
CHEMICAL METHODS
OF MICROBIAL
CONTROL

Phenol and Phenolics


- Phenolics: compounds
derived from phenol
molecules that have been
chemically modified by the
addition of halogens or
organic functional groups.
- Commonly used in health
care settings, laboratories
and households.
Advantages: effective even in
the presence of contaminating
organic material such as vomit,
pus, saliva and feces. They
remain active on surfaces for a
prolonged time.

Disadvantage: disagreeable
odor and possible side effect
(skin irritation, brain damage in
infants).
Alcohols
- Commonly used are isopropanol and ethanol.
- Denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic
membranes.
- -ve: not effective against fungal spores or bacteria
endospores.
- Pure alcohol is not an effective as 70% and 90%
because no water.
Halogens Used both alone and combined with
other elements in organic and inorganic
compounds
- Iodine: well-known antiseptic for water.
- -ve: cannot destroy protozoan cysts.

- Iodophor (iodine-containing organic compound): used


in medical institution.
- Chlorine: treat drinking
water, swimming pools
and waste water.
- -ve: by-products are
trihalomethanes (THMs),
increased risk of cancer.
Oxidizing Agents
- peroxides, ozone and peracetic
acid.
- +ve: effective against anaerobic
microorganisms contaminating
deep wounds.
- Used by health care workers to
kill anaerobes in deep puncture
wounds.
- -ve: ozone is expensive.
Surfactants (soaps, detergents)
- To reduce the surface tension
of solvents (water) by
decreasing the attraction
among molecules that the
solvent becomes more
effective at dissolving solute
molecules (exp. oils) and any
bacteria they harbor – are
more easily wash away.
- -ve: not effective against non-
enveloped viruses,
mycobacteria and endospores.
Aldehydes
- Compounds containing
terminal –CHO groups.
- Usually used by hospital
personnel for disinfecting
medical and dental
equipment.
- -ve: formadehyde irritates
mucous membranes and
is carcinogenic.
He avy Metals
- Such as arsenic, zinc, mercury, silver and copper.
- Can combine with sulfur atoms in molecules of cysteine, an amino acid.
- Low-level bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents.
- -ve: mercury is a metabolic poison, silver nitrate is irritating.
Gaseous Agents
- Suitable for large or bulky
items.
- Gases such as ethylene
oxide, propylene oxide,
and beta-propiolactone.
- -ve: can be extremely
hazardous (explosive and
poisonous) to the people
using them.
Antimicrobials Drugs
- antibiotics, semisynthetic and synthetics.
-Typically used for treatment of disease.

- Antibiotics: chemicals produced naturally


by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
- Semisynthetic: antibiotic undergo
modification.
Characteristics of an ideal
Solubility in body fluids
to be transported in the
body and reach the
infectious organisms.
• Selective toxicity: they
must be more toxic to
microorganisms than to
host cells.

• Toxicity is not easily


altered: should have a
standard toxicity and not
be made more or less
toxic by interactions with
foods or other drugs.
Nonallergenic: should not cause
an allergic reaction.
• Stability: maintenance of a constant, therapeutic
concentration in blood and tissue fluids – should have the
same therapeutic activity over many hours.
Resistance by microorganisms not easily acquired.
Long shelf-life

Reasonable cost
Thank you for
listening

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