Calculus 1

MAT060

NORMALAH S. ABDULCARIM,PhD
Mathematics Department
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Mindanao State University-Marawi
normalah.abdulcarim@msumain.edu.ph

March 27, 2024

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Chapter 3 Integration and Some Applications

Definition 3.1.1
Let F and f be two real-valued functions defined on [a, b]. The
function F is an antiderivative or indefinite integral of f on
[a, b] if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ [a, b].

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Example 3.1.2
Let f (x) = 3x2 for all x ∈ [−1, 1]. Then the functions defined by

F1 (x) = x3 , F2 (x) = x3 + 2, and F3 (x) = x3 − 4

for all x ∈ [−1, 1] are antiderivatives of f since,

F10 (x) = 3x2 = F20 (x) = F30 (x).

In fact, if C is any constant, then the function F defined by

F (x) = x3 + C is an antiderivative of f (x) = 3x2 .

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Example 3.1.3
Let f (x) = 12x2 + 2x. Then the functions defined by

F1 (x) = 4x3 + x2 + 2, and F2 (x) = 4x3 + x2 − 7

are antiderivatives of f since F10 (x) = 12x2 + 2x = F20 (x).

In fact, if C is any constant, then the function F defined by
F (x) = 4x3 + x2 + C is an antiderivative of f (x) = 12x2 + 2x.

Formula
n xn+1
If f (x) = x , then the antiderivative F (x) = + C where C
n+1
is any constant.

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Remark 3.1.4
The antiderivative of a function is not unique.

The following Theorems below simply describe that any two

anderivatives of a function differ only by a constant.
Theorem 3.1.5
If F and G are antiderivatives of a function f on [a, b], then there
exists a constant k such that F − G = k.

Theorem 3.1.6
Let F be an antiderivative of a function f on [a, b]. If G is also an
antiderivative of f on [a, b], then G = F + C for some constant C.

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Antidifferentiation or integration is the process of finding the
Z function. The process
set of all antiderivatives of a given Z is
usually denoted by the symbol “ ”. The symbol f (x)dx
denotes the set of all antiderivatives
Z or indefinite integrals of f (x).
Here we call the symbol as the integral sign and f (x) as the
integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , then
Z
f (x)dx = {F (x) + C : C ∈ R}.

But for convenience, we abuse the notation and write F (x) + C

instead of {F (x) + C : C ∈ R}, that is,
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C.

With this notation, we call the constant C as the constant of

integration.
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Illustration 3.1.7
R
1 From the previous example, it follows that 3x2 dx = x3 + C.
RSince the derivative of F (x) = sin x is f (x) = cos x, we have
2

cos xdx = sin x + C.

dx
3 Since d(arcsin x) = √ , by Antidifferentiation we have,
1 − x2
Z Z
dx
√ = d(arcsin x) = arcsin x + C.
1 − x2
In the differentiation formulas, take the antiderivatives both
sides of the equation then the integration and differentiation
done at the same time simultaneously done will cancel both
operations, just like in Examples 3 and 4.

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Illustration 3.1.7
4. Note that d(tan u) = sec2 udu. Taking the integrals both
sides, Z Z
d(tan u) = sec2 u du.
R
The
R operations integration and differentiation d in
d(tan u) yield tan u. That is,
Z
d(tan u) = tan u.
R
Hence, sec2 u du = tan u + C.

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3.2 Basic Formulas for Differentiation

Theorem 3.2.1
un+1
Z
For any rational number n 6= 1, un du = + C.
n+1

Theorem 3.2.2
Z Z
For any a ∈ R, af (x)dx = a f (x)dx.

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Theorem 3.2.3
If f and g are real-valued functions on [a, b], then
Z Z Z
[f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx.

Theorem 3.2.4
If f1 , f2 , · · · , fn are real-valued functions on [a, b] and a1 , a2 , · · · an
are real numbers, then
Z Z Z Z
[a1 f1 (x) + a2 f2 (x) + · · · an fn (x)]dx = a1 f1 (x)dx + a2 f2 (x)dx + · · · + an fn (x)dx.

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Example 3.2.5
Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.
Z
1 x7 dx
Z
2 (2x6 − 3x4 + 9x2 − 12x + 1)dx
2s5 − 7
Z
3
3 ds
Z  s 4

1 3
4 − dy
y5 y2
Z √  
4 2 5
5 t t − √ dt
t

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Exercise
Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals:
Z
1
1 (8x3 + 4x 3 )dx
Z  
5 3 7
2 − + dx
x6 x2 x8
√
Z
3 (4x3 − 6x2 + 8x − 12 x + 3)dx
√
Z
4 (4x3 − 6x2 + 8x − 12 x + 3)dx
 
√
Z
3
5 3
y y−√ dy
y
Z √ √
2 t−33t
6 √
4
dt
t

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Techniques of Integration
1 By Substitution
Z Z
1 du = u + C 11 csc2 u du = − cot u + C
Z Z
2 adu = au + C where a is 12 sec u tan u du = sec u + C
any constant Z
Z 13 csc u cot u du = − csc u + C
3 [f (u) + g(u)]du =
Z Z Z
f (u)du + g(u)du 14 tan u du = ln | sec u| + C
Z
un+1
Z
4 un du = + C , n 6= −1
15 cot u du = − ln | csc u| + C
n+1 Z
Z
du 16 sec u du =
5 = ln |u| + C
u
Z ln | sec u + tan u| + C
u u
Z
6 e du = e + C 17 csc u du =
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Example 3.3.1
Evaluate the following integrals
Z Z
x
1 dx 10 x csc x2 cot x2 dx
x2 + 1
Z
e−3 log2 x
Z
(4x − 5) csc2 2x2 − 5x dx


2 dx 11
x Z
Z
1 1
3 dx 12 cos(ln x)dx
x log3 x x
sec2 (e−x )
Z Z
dx 13 dx
4
x2 cos( x1 ) ex
Z
1
2x
Z
14 dx
5 dx 1 + 4x2
cot(2x ) Z
1
√ dx
Z 15
6 ecos x sin xdx e2x − 1
Z
1
2x sin(x2 ) 16
Z
7 dx 16 + 9x2
cos(x2 ) Z
sin xdx
Z 17 √
8 sec x(sec x + tan x) dx 1 − cos2 x
Z
x
Z 18 √ dx
9 sin(3 − 2x)dx 5 − 4x2

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2 By Parts
The formula for the differential of a product is

d(uv) = udv + vdu.

By integrating both sides, we obtain

Z Z
uv = udv + vdu.

Then, the following is the formula for integration by parts,

Z Z
udv = uv − vdu.

Thus, Integration by Parts is the process which involves

R
splitting the integrand into two parts, u and dv where vdu is
hoped to be a simpler integral.
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Example 3.3.2
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
1 ln xdx
Z
2
2 x3 ex dx
Z
3 ex cos xdx
Z
4 x arcsec xdx

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Exercise
Determine the following integrals:
Z
1 x sec2 xdx
Z
2 csc3 (2x) dx
Z
3 arctan xdx
Z
4 e−x ln x dx
Z
5 x3 e2x dx
Z
6 3w2 arccos(2w) dw
Z
7 sin(2x) cos(3x) dx

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3 Integration of Trigonometric Expressions
In this section another techniques of integration will be discussed.
The students are encouraged to solve the exercises given at the
last page.

The Three Types of Trigonometric Expressions:

Z
Type A: sinm u cosn udu
Z
Type B: tanm u secn udu
Z
Type C: cotm u cscn udu

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 Z
Type A: sinm u cosn udu

Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,

Factor out sin udu and express the remaining sines in terms
of cosines using

sin2 u = 1 − cos2 u.

Case 2: When n is an odd positive integer,

Factor out cos u du and express the remaining cosines in
terms of sines using

cos2 u = 1 − sin2 u.

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Case 3: When m and n are both even positive integers,
Reduce the degree of the expression by using the following
formulas:
half angle:
1 − cos 2u
sin2 u = ,
2
1 + cos 2u
cos2 u =
2
and / or double angle formulas:

sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u.

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 Z
Type B: tanm u secn u du
Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,
Factor out sec u tan u du and express the remaining
tangents in terms of secants.

Use the identity

tan2 u = sec2 u − 1
Case 2: When n is an even positive integer,
Factor out sec2 u du and express the remaining secants in
terms of tangents.

Use the identity

sec2 u = tan2 u + 1

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 Z
Type C: cotm u cscn u du

Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,

Factor out csc u cot u du and express the remaining
cotangents in terms of cosecants.
Use the identity
cot2 u = csc2 u − 1
Case 2: When n is an even positive integer,
Factor out csc2 u du and express the remaining cosecants in
terms of cotangents
using the identity

csc2 u = cot2 u + 1

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Example 3.3.3
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
1 sin3 x cos2 xdx
cos5 3x
Z
2 √ dx
Z sin 3x
3 tan3 (5x) sec4 (5x)dx
cot3 x
Z
4 √3
dx
csc2 x

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Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals:
Z
1 sin5 (4 − 3x) cos4 (4 − 3x) dx
Z
2 sin4 (2y + 5) cos3 (2y + 5) dy
Z
3 sec−2 (3t) csc−2 (3t) dt
Z    
1 2 1 −2 1
4
2
sin cos dx
x x x
csc−4 (ln x)
Z
5 dxs
x
Z √
6 x tan x2 sec4 x2 dx
√ √
tan3 3x sec6 3x
Z
7 √ dx
x
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