Reference [10] performed the short axial compression, and the horizontal transverse reinforcement were identi-

column axial load test on a lap- lap splice length of the lap-spliced cal; they differed only by type of cross-
spliced crosstie. The test results crosstie did not meet the requirements ties. The length and width of the
revealed that the lap-spliced crosstie for Class A lap splice length. column section were both 470 mm,
had a more satisfactory confinement and a total of 12-D25(#8) ASTM
Reference [14] completed axial and
effect than that of the conventional Grade 60 longitudinal reinforcements
shear force cyclic testing of four small
crosstie and that the effect was no were arranged (Fig. 1). The longitudi-
RC rectangular columns and the
less satisfactory than that for the cross- nal reinforcement ratio was 2.8%,
column axial force changed propor-
tie with 180° hooks. In addition, which met ACI 318M-11 require-
tionally with the lateral force. The
Refs. [11, 12] completed flexural ments.15 The specimens contained con-
results signified that under the action
testing of eight large RC columns, crete with a nominal compressive
of axial compression, the strength of
and the results were presented as strength ( f ′c ) of 28 MPa. According
the RC columns exhibited a significant
follows: (1) The confinement effect of to the ACI 318M-11 standard,15 the
attenuation phenomenon. Nonethe-
the lap-spliced crosstie was obviously total cross-sectional area (Ash ) of rec-
less, under the action of axial tension,
more favorable than that of the con- tangular closed hoops and crossties
the strength of the RC columns was
ventional crosstie and was comparable shall not be less than the values of
not significantly attenuated. However,
to the 180/180 crosstie, which con- the following two equations:
the specimens were only equipped
firmed the findings of the short
with outer hoops without crossties

column axial load test. (2) Regardless
and their cross-sectional size (square f ′ c Ag
of whether the column axial force Ash = 0.3sbc −1 (1)
column with side lengths of 38 mm × fyt Ach
was 0, 0.3Ag f ′c or 0.5Ag f ′c , the confine-
51 mm) was considered small, causing
ment effect of the lap-spliced crosstie
the test results to lack f ′c
was comparable to that of the 180/180 Ash = 0.09sbc (2)
representativeness. fyt
crosstie. (3) As long as the lap splice
length of the lap-spliced crosstie With the support of Taiwan’s Architec-
exceeded the length required for ture and Building Research Institute, where Ash = the total cross-sectional
tension lap splicing, the expected func- this study completed cyclic loading area of transverse reinforcement
tion of lap-spliced crosstie can be tests on four large RC columns to (including crossties) perpendicular
achieved. (4) Regardless of whether explore the effect of horizontally lap- to the bc direction in the s interval;
the specimen used a lap-spliced cross- spliced crossties on confining column s = the center-to-center distance of
tie or a crosstie with 180° hooks, its core concrete under cyclic axial force. the transverse reinforcement parallel
seismic performance was greatly atte- Research results are expected to be to the longitudinal reinforcement;
nuated as the axial force ratio helpful in the improvement of seismic bc = the column center size when
increased. However, these studies did performance and engineering technol- calculating Ach (i.e. the outer edge dis-
not discuss how an overturning ogy of RC buildings. tance of the transverse reinforcement);
moment can cause the axial force of f ′c = the specified compressive
the RC column to change proportion- strength of concrete; fyt = the specified
ally with lateral force to become a Test Plan yield strength of transverse reinforce-
tensile force under the action of the ment; Ag = the total cross-sectional
seismic force of a high-rise building, Specimen Design and Production area of RC; and Ach = the confinement
which negatively affects the confining area of the transverse reinforcement.
This study produced four large RC
effect of lap-spliced crossties. Because specimens, including columns and When the ASTM Grade 60 trans-
the lap-spliced crosstie relies on rebar foundations. In the specimens, the con- verse reinforcement was used and
lapping to combine two J-shaped figurations of cross-section size, length, the spacing was set to 80 mm, the
rebars, when the column is subjected longitudinal reinforcement, and required total cross-sectional area
to repeated axial compression and
tension loads, the J-shaped rebars
may loosen and the lap effect wea-
kened. Under such circumstances, the
confining concrete effect of lap-
spliced crossties should be tested.
Moreover, Ref. [13] completed cyclic
lateral load tests on six large-size RC
columns to explore the effect of a hori-
zontally lap-spliced crosstie on confin-
ing the core concrete of the RC
column. The results indicated that the
hysteretic behavior of the specimen
with lap-spliced crossties demon-
strated that the confinement effect
was comparable to the crosstie with
180° hooks and the conventional cross-
tie with 90° to 135° hooks, when the
column axial force was 0.3Ag f ′c fixed
Fig. 1: Column section of the specimens

Structural Engineering International Nr. 1/2024 Scientific Paper 129