DESIGN OF A MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

M.sameer tariq(9901) & Nabiha waseem (9801)

Abstract—Microstrip patch antennas being popular

because of light weight, low volume, thin profile configuration
which can be made conformal. This paper presents antenna
designs for ultra wide band applications. UWB is a short
distance radio communication technology that can perform
high speed communications with speeds of more than
100Mbps. Modern communication system requires single
antenna to cover several wireless bands. The UWB systems
have received great attention in indoor and handheld wireless
communication.

Keywords—HFSS (High frequency structured

simulator), MPA (Micro-strip Patch Antenna), ETC.

I. INTRODUCTION
An antenna that is formed by etching out a patch of
conductive material on a dielectric surface is known as
a patch antenna. The dielectric material is mounted Here we have shown the simplest form of patch
on a ground plane, where the ground plane supports antenna where the patch etched on the substrate is
the whole structure. Also, the excitation to the antenna half-wavelength long while the thickness of the same is
is provided using feed lines connected through the extremely less than λ. Also, excitation to the antenna is
patch. provided through feed lines connected to the patch.
As it is formed using a microstrip technique by
fabricating on a printed circuit board thus is also
Here the substrate which is nothing but the dielectric
known as Microstrip antenna or printed antenna.
material is used to separate the strip from the ground
Generally, patch antennas are considered as low
profile antennas and are used for microwave plane.
frequency applications having frequency greater
Basically, the patch or strip and the feed lines are
than 100 MHz.
photo-etched on the surface of the substrate. As we
have already discussed that patches can be formed in
II. METHODOLOGY multiple shapes, however, due to easy
fabrication rectangular, circular or square-shaped
A. CONSTRUCTION: patches are generally used.
The patches can be rectangular, square, circular,
triangular, annular or elliptical in shape.Suppose we B. WORKING PARAMETERS
have a rectangular patch antenna, which is formed by
fabricating a rectangular metallic patch on a dielectric A microstrip or patch antenna operates in a way that
coated ground plane. when current though a feed line reaches the strip of
the antenna, then electromagnetic waves are
generated.

The waves from the patch start getting radiated from

the width side. But as the thickness of the strip is
extremely small thus the waves that are produced
within the substrate get reflected by the edge of the
strip. The continuous structure of the strip along the
length does not permit the emission of radiation.

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 Furthermore, on experiencing a sudden discontinuity o A thick dielectric substrate with dielectric
in the structure of the patch, radiations are again constant within the range of 2.2 to 12 provides
emitted from the second width side of the patch. good antenna performance.
o Arrays of microstrip elements in the antenna
As this discontinuous structure favors reflections, thus configuration provide greater directivity.
the patch antenna radiates only a small fraction of o Microstrip antennas provide high beamwidth.
supplied incident energy. This makes the antenna o A very high-quality factor is offered by a
inefficient, that rather displaying the characteristics of patch antenna. A large Q results in a narrow
a good radiator, it somewhat acts as a cavity. bandwidth and low efficiency. However, this
can be compensated by increasing the
The low radiating ability of microstrip antenna allows it thickness of the substrate. However, the
to cover the only small distances of wave increase in thickness beyond a certain limit will
transmissions like local offices, stores or any indoor cause an unwanted loss of power.
locations. As such inefficient transmission is not
supportable at a centralized location in an extremely
large area. IV. APPLICATIONS OF PATCH ANTENNA
o The low profile structure of microstrip
Generally, hemispherical coverage is provided by a antennas offers its wide use in wireless
patch antenna at an angle of 30⁰ to 180⁰ at width from communications. This is the reason these
the mount. antennas show compatibility towards handheld
devices like pagers and mobile phones.
III. RADIATION PATTERN o Due to the thin structure of these antennas,
The figure below represents the radiation pattern of these are used as communication antennas
the microstrip on missiles.
antenna o Satellite communication and microwave
applications also make use of microstrip
antenna due to its small size.
o GPS i.e., the Global Positioning System is
one of the major advantages of microstrip
antennas. As it offers ease in tracking vehicles
and marines.
o These antennas also find applications
in phased array radars that can handle
bandwidth tolerance up to some percentage.

VI.(I). Width (W) calculation:

The first step in this process is to adjust the antenna

patch width by adjusting the specific height or
compactness of the antenna patch. It calculates the
subsequent mathematical statement:
W = C / 2fr (2 / ( r + 1))
Here, light velocity = c, dielectric surface constant =
r, fr = required resonance frequency.

1) CHARACTERSTICS: A. Effective Dielectric Constant (reff) calculation:

o The patch of the antenna must be a very thin It is predicted by the consecutive mathematical statement:
conductive region, t<<λ0 (: λ0 free space
wavelength).
o The ground plane must have
comparatively very large dimensions than
the patch. Here, h = Crest of the dielectric surface, The dielectric
o Photo-etching is done to fabricate the radiating persistent of the dielectric surface= r, W = Amplitude
element and feed lines on the substrate. of the patch antenna.
 Here, leff = patch effective length, ∆L = patch length
B. Patch Effective Length (Leff) is calculated: extension

The patch effective length is estimated by the following

equation: F. Ground Dimension (Wg, Lg) Calculation:

Ground, width length is considered by the subsequent

mathematical statements, respectively:
Wg = 6h + W, Lg = 6h + L.
Here, Light velocity = C, fr = desired resonance frequency, Here, h = crest or compactness of the dielectric surface, W
reff = constant for effective dielectric. = diameter of the patch, L = patch diameter
Effective Dielectric Constant (reff) calculation:
C. Patch Length Extension (∆L) Computation:
It is predicted by the consecutive mathematical statement:
As an outcome of the edge field effect around the boundary Patch
of the patch, the antenna appears to be electrically more
enormous than its absolute real size. The diameter of the
patch inflation is considered by the subsequent
mathematical statement:
Here, h = Crest of the dielectric surface, The dielectric
persistent of the dielectric surface= r, W = Amplitude
of the patch antenna.

Here, h = peak or compactness of the dielectric surface, W G. Effective Length (Leff) is calculated:
= diameter of the patch antenna, reff = perpetual for the
effective dielectric. The patch effective length is estimated by the following
equation:

E. Patch Real Length (L):

The definite patch diameter is considered by the

mathematical statement: L = Leff - 2∆L Here, Light velocity = C, fr = desired resonance frequency,
reff = constant for effective dielectric.
DESIGH PARAMETERS

II. S(1,1) PLOT:

Parameters Dimension
resonant frequency 5GHz
dielectric constant 0.02
Radius of patch 7.02 mm
feed length 12.2 mm
feed width 1mm
length of plane 30 mm
substrate thickness 3.6 mm The simulated result of S11 scattering parameter (return
width of plane 35mm loss) of single element rectangular microstrip antenna is
presented in Fig.. The measured S(1,1) IS -24 db.

III. VSRW PLOT:

V. RESULTS

ISOTROPIC/ FROM VIDEO PARAMETERS:

I. GAIN PLOT:

The VSWR is an important characteristic of communication

devices. It gives the measurement of how well an antenna is
matched with it feed impedances where the reflection
coefficient will be 0. The simulation result for VSWR is
shown in Fig. The antenna radiates efficiently At 5 GHz the
VSWR value is 1.6.
IV. RADIATION PATTERN:
.
The performance of the antenna is described in terms of
gain. It gives overall performance of the antenna. Gain
refers to the direction of maximum radiation. The Fig.
shows the gain of the designed antenna. The maximum
measured Gain of antenna is 12.50 db
 V. 3D POLAR PLOT:
III. VSRW PLOT:

A. WHEN ARRAY IS MADE :

The VSWR is an important characteristic of communication
devices. It gives the measurement of how well an antenna is
I. GAIN PLOT:
matched with it feed impedances where the reflection
coefficient will be 0. The simulation result for VSWR is
shown in Fig. The antenna radiate efficiently At 5 GHz the
VSWR value is 1.4. of it’s a good meathod.

IV. RADIATION PATERN:

The performance of the antenna is described in terms of

gain. It gives overall performance of the antenna. Gain
refers to the direction of maximum radiation. The Fig.
shows the gain of the designed antenna. On changing the no
of patches the gain is increased to 18 db. so it’s a good
option.

II. S(1,1) PLOT: V. 3D POLAR PLOT:

The simulated result of S11 scattering parameter (return

loss) of single element rectangular microstrip antenna is
presented in Fig.. The measured S(1,1) IS -21 db.
 B. WHEN HEIGHT OF
SUBSTRATE IS DECREASED:

I. S(1,1) PLOT

The gain is decreased to 10db and the s-parameter and vswr

value also increases radition pattern also become non
directional and radiates at 5.7 GHZ making it a non
II. VSRW PLOT: effective method to increase antenna performance.

C. WHAN THE RADIUS OF

PATCH IS INCREASED:
I. S(1,1) PLOT

III, RADIATION PLOT:

II. VSRW PLOT

VI. 3D POLAR PLOT:

III. RADIATION:
 The gain is decreased to 9db and the s-parameter and vswr
value also increases radition pattern also become non
directional making it radiates at 4.8 GHz so it’s a non
effective method to increase antenna performance.

Parameter Isotropic Array patch Substrate height decreased Patch radius increased
Resonant frequency 5 GHz 5 Ghz 5.7 Ghz 4.8 GHz
Gain 12.5db 18db 10db 9db
Return loss 24 db 21 db 1.8 db 2.05 db
VSWR 0.5 db 1.4db 19.42 db 18.5 db
Highly
Directiona Highly
Radation pattern l directional Scatter (non-directional) Scatter(non-directional)

VII. 3D POLAR PLOT:

Observed simulated results show that by
changing the substrate height and the radius of
the patch the parameters like gain , return loss,
VSWR , Directivity decreases and are effect
badly so these method are not good for an
antenna performance is decreased.

By using the array setup increasing the no. of

patches the gain increases very positively so
this is a good ,method for increasing an
antenna performance.