Senior High School EARTH SCIENCE Quarter 2 - Module 1 Weathering This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and orluniversities. WWe encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph We value your feedback and recommendations. DefEDIntroductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the EARTH SCIENCE Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Weathering! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners mect the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: E> @ ey Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Describe How Rocks Undergo Weathering! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:‘The following are some reminders in using this module: 1, Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What J Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/ {facilitator once you are through with it, If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! &) What I Need to Know Most Essential Learning Competency: Describe how rocks undergo weathering This lesson discusses the key concepts about weathering and how it is related to soil production. It also tackles the agents of weathering that are responsible for the breaking of rocks. ‘This learning material targets students to acquire competency. Specifically, it directs students to explain how weathering occurs through differentiating physical weathering from chemical weathering. Lessons are bounded on the performance and content standard, learning competencies and level of the learners. After going through this lesson, you are expected to: explain how rocks undergo weathering; identify the different agents of weathering: describe physical, chemical, and biological weathering; and identify the different types of physical, chemical, and biological weathering. Sone What’s New Activity: Rock Breaking Challenge Materials: rock sample, hammer, and a concrete surfaceProcedure: 1. Get a sample of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. 2. Put the rock samples on the concrete surface. 3. Using hammer, hit each rock sample. (Wear eye protection in doing this activity.) 4, Observe what happened to the rock sample after series of hitting. Record your data in the table. No. of Hits ‘Sample 2 4 6 8 10 ii 12 pects | pees peers | piece | peer pecs | peer 1 2 3 Guide Questio 1. What happen to the rock after a series of hitting? 2. How will you describe the particles from the broken rocks? 3. What can you infer in the process of breaking down rocks? (4) What I Know Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Encircle the letter that best answers each question. 1, Which of the following best describes weathering? a.‘The process by which rocks are exposed to severe weather b.The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure c. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down d.The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure 2. How does gravity contribute to weathering? a. by abrasion of the rocks c. by dissolving rocks’ particles, b. by expansion of rocks d. by creating holes in rocks 3. Which of the following is NOT an example of physical weathering? a, Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing sand onto a rock c. Plant that grows on the cracks of the rocks d. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers 4, What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river? a, They get smaller and rounder c. smaller and more jagged b. much larger and rounder d. gets larger and more jagged 5. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely combines with the minerals of the rock? a. cements them together b. converts the mineral into another kind c. transports the rock into a lower altitude d. weakens the molecular binding of the minerals6. What are the two things that affect the rate of weathering? a, time and date ¢. rain and ice b. type of rock and climate d. size of rock and time of the year 7. Which of the following best describes chemical weathering? a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical forces b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical means c. The process by which rocks are broken down by anthropogenic activities d. all of the above 8. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the growing roots of lichens ‘These acids react with some minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. How will you classify this process? a, Physical weathering b. Chemical weathering c. Biological weathering through physical means d_ Biological weathering through chemical compounds 9. Which of the following conditions will speed up chemical weathering? a. fracturing c. high amount of rainfall b. thick soil d, cold temperatures 10. Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly through hydrolysis process? a, Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that are impermeable. b. Rocks that contain quartz, d, Rocks that contain feldspar. 11, Which is an example of oxidation? a. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time. b. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water. ©. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution. d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases. 12, Which of these statements is NOT true about mechanical weathering? a. breaks rock material into smaller pieces b. changes the chemical composition of rocks c. strong winds carrying sand blows on the rocks d. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening thus creating fracture on the rock 13. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of chemical weathering through acidification? 1, The production of SO2 and NO in the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acid 2. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain into weak acid. 3. The disintegration of rocks during construction and mining 4. The growth of the plant roots on the rock crack. a. Lonly b. 2 only c. land 2 d.2and 3 14. Which is not included in the group? a. carbonation —_b. abrasion ©. acidification d. hydration 15. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid? a. coldand dry b.coldand humid c. hot and dry d. hot and humidI. Weathering The Earth is constantly changing or altered physically as we have observed. The changes driven by different forces of nature create new land forms. One of these forces is weathering. This process includes degradation or breaking down of rocks into smaller segments known as sediments. It occurs when mechanical force is applied on rocks or through chemical reactions happening on the surface or within the rocks In this lesson, you are going to describe how rocks undergo weathering and the different agents that cause weathering on rocks. /=— ( Le What’s In en Rocks are naturally occurring mass of different kinds of minerals. It can be classified into different kinds such as igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. These rocks are classified based on their composition and the process of its formation. Igneous are formed from volcanic materials, sedimentary rocks are result of the cementation of different sediments to form a new rock and metamorphic rocks are produced through exposure of parent rock which can be an igneous, sedimentary or another metamorphic rock to intense temperature and pressure. This scenario proves that rocks are made up of components that can be broken down overtime. Continuous exposure to external environmental forces can separate these components. Notes to the Teacher Physical and chemical changes are strongly related to two types of weathering. Weathering just focuses on the breaking of rocks into its basic composition through physical and chemical means.What is It WEATHERING Weathering is the process of breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals. gravity and changing temperatures. There are three types of weathering: physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering. A. Physical Weathering Physical weathering is caused by the effects of changing temperatures on rocks, causing the rock to break apart. The process is sometimes assisted by water. It happens especially in places where there is little soil and few plants grow, such as in mountain regions and hot deserts. It occurs either through repeated melting and freezing of water (mountains and tundra) or through expansion and contraction of the surface layer of rocks that are baked by the sun (hot deserts). There Kopupuavantocctomnatonatounostiao Nene are two main types of physical weathering: 1. Abrasion. It occurs when rocks surface is frequently exposed to water, wind and gravity. 2, Freeze-thaw. It occurs when water continually sceps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. It occurs in mountainous regions like the Alps or Snowdonia. It occurs through the following process: Rainwater or snow melt collects in cracks in the rocks at night the temperature drops and the water freezes and expands— the increases in volume of the ice exerts pressure on the cracks in the rock, causing them to split further open during the day the ice melts and the water seeps deeper into the cracks — at night, the water freezes again, 3. Exfoliation. It can happen as cracks develop parallel to the land surface as a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion. It occurs typically in upland areas where there are exposures of uniform coarsely crystalline igneous rocks. The following are the process of exfoliation. The rock mass at depth is under high pressure from underlying rocks. It tends to be uniform and lack fractures. + As progressive erosion occurs, the rock mass is subjected to progressively lower pressure of overlying rocks which leads to tension in directions at right angles to the land surface — this tension is relieved by formation of cracks which follow the land surface. They are relatively flat on plateaus but can be steep on the flanks of mountains which are called exjoliation domes + once the crack is developed; water enters and causes chemical weathering leading to the formation of new low. density minerals. This enhances the cracks and encourages slabs of rock to detach from the surface.B. Chemical weathering Chemical weathering is caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts. These reactions occur particularly when the water is slightly acidic. These chemical processes need water, and occur more rapidly at higher temperature, so warm, damp climates are best. Chemical weathering (especially hydrolysis and oxidation) is the first stage in the production of soils. apupurwan tox fomation urge aco Nee There are different types of chemical weathering, the most important are: 1, Carbonation - Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and becomes weakly acidic. This weak “carbonic acid” can dissolve limestone as it seeps into cracks and cavities. Over many years, solution of the rock can form spectacular cave systems. 2. Acidification - Polluting gases, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide dissolve in rainwater to make stronger acids. When this rainwater falls, we get acid rain. This acid attacks many rock types, both by solution and hydrolysis, seriously damaging buildings and monuments. 3. Hydrolysis - the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in solution. ‘The only common rock-forming mineral that is not affected is quartz, which is a chemically resistant mineral. Therefore, quartz and clay are the two of the most common minerals in sedimentary rocks. 4, Hydration ~ A type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its chemical structure. Example: H20 (water) is added to CaSO (calcium sulfate) to create CaSO; + 2H0 (calcium sulfate dihydrate). It changes from anhydrite to gypsum. 5. Oxidation - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron- rich rocks a rusty-colored weathered surface. €. Biological weathering it} Biological weathering of rocks occurs when rocks are weakened by different biological agents like plants and animals. When plant roots grow through rocks, it creates fracture and cracks that result eventually to rock breakage. It can be classified into: POs Bete tree Ficus sp.) grows in & commercial building Lemery Batangas.1. Biological Weathering by Physical Means. Burrowing animals like shrews, moles and earthworms create holes on the ground by excavation and move the rock fragments te the surface. These fragments become more exposed to other environmental factors that can further enhance their weathering, Furthermore, humans also indirectly contribute to biological weathering by different activities that cause rocks to break 2. Biological Weathering by Chemical Compounds. Some plants and animals also produced acidic substances that react with the rock and cause its slow disintegration. e) What’s More A. Direction: Write C if the statement is correct and 1 if the statement is incorrect. Write on the space provide before each number. 1. Gravity is one of the agents of weathering. 2. Exfoliation occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rock apart. 3. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide dissolved in water makes acid and reacts with rocks. 4. Burrowing animals cannot contribute on weathering of rocks. 5. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in solution, 6. Animals produce acidic compounds that can cause rock disintegration. 7. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when mix with water produces basic substance that can break down rocks’ components. 8, Humans indirectly contribute on weathering, 9. Water alters chemical components of rocks that cause weathering. 10. Earthworms are physical weathering agent. B, Direction: Write P if the given is a physical weathering, € if chemical weathering and B if it is biological weathering. 1. Balete tree grows at the wall of the building. Construction workers use power tools to break the rocks. Insects secrete acidic substance on rocks. Glaciers carve its pathways. Rainwater combined with iron on rocks produces rusts. Carbon dioxide mix with water produces carbonic acid that reacts with rocks. 7. Water freezes in a large crack of a rock. 8. Strong winds blow small particles of the rocks. 9. Rocks form bubbles after the heavy pour of acid rain. 10. Rocks fall down from the mountain and break. 2H awNeen What I Have Learned Directions: Complete the sentences below. 1 is the process of breaking down of rocks. 2Water, ice, wind, gravity and changing temperature are agents of 3. ____ occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rocks apart. 4. happens when rocks surfaces are frequently exposed with water, wind and gravity. 5.Carbonation occurs when dissolves to rainwater producing 6. happened when S02 and NO combined with rainwater and produce that reacts with rocks. 7 is a process of breaking down of rocks by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. 8 is a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its . 9. animals create holes on the ground and move rock fragments to the surface exposing them to environmental factors of weathering. 10. and produce acidic substances that slowly disintegrate rocks, From the concepts you have learned in this module, write a tagline about weathering. (It could also be a hugot line or a Pick up line) 10Assessment Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Encircle the letter that best answers each question. 1, Which of these statements are true about mechanical weathering? 1. breaks rock material into smaller pieces 2. changes the chemical composition of rocks 3. moss growing on the wall fence creates crack on the walls 4. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening thus creating fracture onthe rock a. land2 b. land 3 c.land4 d.2and3 2. Which of the following activitics has resulted in an increased rate of chemical weathering through acidification? a. The production of $O2 and NO in the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids. b. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain into weak acid. c. The disintegration of rocks during construction and mining d. The growth of plant roots on the rock crack. 3. Which is not included in the group? a. abrasion b. acidification. carbonation _—_d.. hydration 4. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid? a hot and dry b. cold and dry ¢. hot and humid. cold and humid 5. Which of the following do not describe weathering? 1. The process by which rocks are broken during severe weather Il. The process by which rocks arc formed by heat and pressure IIL. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down IV, The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure a. I, Hand Il b. I, Hand IV c.1, Mand IV 11, Mand WV 6. How does gravity contribute to weathering? a. by expansion of rocks c. by creating holes in rocks b. by abrasion of the rocks d. by splitting rocks particles 7. Which of the following is an example of biological weathering? a, Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing sand onto a rock c. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers d. Plant that grows on the cracks of the rocks 8. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river? a. smaller and more jagged c. much larger and rounder b. gets larger and more jagged d. they get smaller and rounder9. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely combines with the minerals of the rock? a. cements mincrals of the rock together b. converts the mineral into another kind c. transports the rock into a lower altitude d. breaks down the molecular binding of the minerals 10. Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly through the hydrolysis process? a, Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that contain feldspar. b. Rocks that contain quartz, d. Rocks that are impermeable. 11, Which is an example of oxidation? a, Some of the minerals get dissolved in water. b. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time. c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution. d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases. 12. What are the two things that affect the rate of weathering? a. rain and ice c. type of rock and climate b. time and date d. size of rock and time of the year 13. Which of the following best describes chemical weathering? a, The process by which rocks are broken down by physical forces b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical means c. The process by which rocks are broken down by anthropogenic activities d. all of these 14. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the growing root of lichens. ‘These acids react with some minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. How will you classify this process? a. Physical weathering b. Chemical weathering c. Biological weathering through physical means d. Biological weathering through chemical compounds 15. Which of the following conditions promotes slow chemical weathering? a. fracturing c. high amount of rainfall b. thick soil d. cold temperatures Additional Activities Directions: Create a photo gallery of places showing the examples of weathering in your locality. Upload this on social media and put a #weathering # the type of weathering. Write a short discussion on the pictures. Tag it with your teachers and classmates 12SS Answer Key dol a6 ast ds abt di Spore wer oO" pue slueid’( qzt os Supmorma 6 vt ae uonerpsy 'g aot ae stsAompAH “2, 5 °6 az pioe Buons a8 aia = woreamnpIoy “9 qu ekels pre seam 45 a ~ aprxorp wore “¢ a3 38 worswiqy “f v4 TL meuyp-azaald “€ 5 39 Suyoyrwam ve See eoisdug °% 31 I+ Surayweom “T wouy 1 EA ° g Pourvoy oaeH 13M ol WV aro §,9°TA ost avi aver ool air oor a6 a's qu qo as att ve v@ romas quowssossy 13