CONVERSION OF ANALOG SIGNAL TO DISCRETE TIME

SIGNAL
A report on Project based learning for DSP LAB
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
B. SRIDEVI -22335A0402
B. CHANDRIKA -22335A0403
B. GANESH REDDY -22335A0404
Under the guidance of
Dr. G. Vimala Kumari
M.Tech., Ph.D
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

ECE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Maharaj

Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Engineering(A)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada.
Re-Accredited by NBA and NAAC ‘A ’grade, listed u/s 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act
1956 Vijayaram Nagar Campus, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535005.
2023-2024

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 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO
ABSTRACT 3
INTRODUCTION 4
METHODOLOGY 4
SOURCE CODE 5
REULTS 6
PLOTS 6
RESULT ANALYSIS 7
APPLICATIONS 7
ADVANTAGES 7
DISADVANTAGES 8
CONCLUSION 9
REFERENCES 9

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ABSTRACT:

This project is about Conversion of analog signal to discrete time signal. Discrete-
time signals are used in digital systems. Discrete signals are most often obtained
by discretizing analog signals, and the estimation risk can also be computed on
the input analog signal. Analog to Digital conversion (ADC) is a process that has
very important applications in the modern world. Since most modern devices are
digital, all analog signals must be converted to digital signals. When dealing with
continuous-time signals (analog signals), we often need to process them in digital
systems. The process of converting an analog signal to a discrete-time signal is
called sampling. The process of analog-to-digital signal conversion consists of
converting a continuous time and amplitude signal into discrete time and
amplitude values. Sampling and quantization constitute the steps needed to
achieve analog-to-digital signal conversion. To minimize any loss of information
that may occur because of this conversion, it is important to understand sampling
and quantization. Real-world applications of analog-to-digital conversion are
presented, applications, such as digital communications, medical imaging, audio
& video systems, consumer electronics, robotics, remote sensing, ranging from
audio recording and medical imaging to industrial control systems and
telecommunications.

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INTRODUCTION:

Analog-to-digital conversion is a fundamental process in signal processing where

continuous-time analog signals are converted into discrete-time digital signals.
This conversion is essential for various applications, such as digital
communication, audio processing, and control systems. Let's break down the
introduction to analog-to-discrete time signal conversion.
Conversion of analog signal to discrete time signal. Discrete-time signals are used
in digital systems. Discrete signals are most often obtained by discretizing analog
signals, and the estimation risk can also be computed on the input analog signal.
Analog to Digital conversion (ADC) is a process that has very important
applications in the modern world. Since most modern devices are digital, all
analog signals must be converted to digital signals. When dealing with
continuous-time signals (analog signals), we often need to process them in digital
systems. The process of converting an analog signal to a discrete-time signal is
called sampling. The process of analog-to-digital signal conversion consists of
converting a continuous time and amplitude signal into discrete time and
amplitude values. Sampling and quantization constitute the steps needed to
achieve analog-to-digital signal conversion. To minimize any loss of information
that may occur because of this conversion, it is important to understand sampling
and quantization.

METHODOLOGY:
The process of converting an analog signal to a discrete-time signal through
interpolation involves several key steps. Initially, the analog signal is sampled at
regular intervals in accordance with the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem to
prevent aliasing. Subsequently, an interpolation technique is selected based on the
specific requirements and characteristics of the signal. Common interpolation
methods include linear interpolation, polynomial interpolation, and spline
interpolation. The chosen interpolation algorithm is then implemented to estimate
signal values at points between the sampled values. For instance, in linear
interpolation, values between two adjacent samples are calculated using a formula
that takes into account the times and signal values of the neighbouring samples.
Other methods, such as polynomial interpolation or spline interpolation, may
involve determining coefficients for interpolating polynomials or splines. The
implementation of the interpolation algorithm is carried out in a programming
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language or using a dedicated signal processing tool, with a focus on efficiency,
especially in real-time applications. The performance of the interpolation method
is evaluated by comparing the reconstructed signal with the original analog
signal, and adjustments are made as needed. Additionally, considerations like the
use of anti-aliasing filters before sampling may be addressed to remove high-
frequency components. Finally, thorough documentation of the chosen
methodology, interpolation technique, and implementation details is essential for
future reference and troubleshooting.

SOURCE CODE:
% User-defined parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
t = 0:T:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second
% Get user input for the analog signal
disp('Enter the expression for the analog signal in terms of time variable t:');
disp('For example, sin(2*pi*50*t) + 0.5*sin(2*pi*120*t)');
expression = input('Analog Signal Expression: ', 's');
% Evaluate the user-defined expression to get the analog signal
AnalogSignal = eval(expression);
% Plot the analog signal
figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(t, AnalogSignal);
title('Analog Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Convert to discrete-time signal

Fs_new = 200; % New sampling frequency (Hz)
T_new = 1/Fs_new; % New sampling period
t_new = 0:T_new:1; % New time vector

% Sample the analog signal at the new time points

DiscreteTimeSignal = interp1(t, AnalogSignal, t_new, 'linear');
% Plot the discrete-time signal
subplot(2, 1, 2);
stem(t_new, DiscreteTimeSignal);
title('Discrete-Time Signal');

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xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Display the original and sampled frequencies
fprintf('Original Sampling Frequency: %d Hz\n', Fs);
fprintf('New Sampling Frequency: %d Hz\n', Fs_new);

RESULTS:

Enter the expression for the analog signal in terms of time variable t:
For example, sin(2*pi*50*t) + 0.5*sin(2*pi*120*t)
Analog Signal Expression: sin (0.5*pi*20*t)
Original Sampling Frequency: 1000 Hz
New Sampling Frequency: 200 Hz

PLOTS:

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Result Analysis:

Converting an analog signal (continuous voltage variations) to a digital

representation (discrete sequence of 0s and 1s) involves taking measurements
(sampling) at specific times, assigning these values to discrete levels
(quantization), and converting them to a code (typically binary). This process
introduces some information loss if the sampling rate isn't high enough (aliasing)
and quantization error. By analysing the Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio
(SQNR) and resolution based on the number of coding bits, we can assess the
accuracy and efficiency of the conversion.

Applications:
sensors often output analog voltage signals. ADCs convert these analog signals
into digital data that control systems can understand and use for feedback,
automation, and decision-making. 1.Audio and Video: Microphones and cameras
capture analog sound and light waves, respectively. ADCs convert these
continuous signals into digital streams of data that computers can process,
manipulate (like applying filters or effects), store efficiently, and transmit
seamlessly.
2.Image Processing: Digital cameras and medical imaging equipment rely on
ADCs to convert captured light information into digital images.
3.Telephony and Internet: The voices we hear during phone calls and the data
packets that travel across the internet all begin as analog signals. Microphones
convert our voice into electrical signals, and ADCs transform these into digital
representations for transmission over digital communication channels.
4.Wireless Communication: Cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth all use
ADCs to convert analog radio frequency (RF) signals carrying information into
digital data streams for processing and transmission.
5.Sensor Data Acquisition: Many control systems utilize sensors that measure
physical quantities like temperature, pressure, or position. These

Advantages:

• Digital Processing: Digital signals are much easier to process and

manipulate compared to analog signals. Digital circuits can perform
complex operations like filtering, amplification, and signal conditioning
with higher precision and reliability.
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 • Noise Immunity: Digital signals are less susceptible to noise interference
compared to analog signals. Noise can easily corrupt analog signals during
transmission or storage, but digital signals are more robust.
• Transmission Efficiency: Digital signals can be efficiently transmitted over
long distances or stored in digital storage devices. Compression techniques
can further reduce the amount of data required for transmission or storage
compared to analog formats.
• Signal Integrity: Once digitized, a signal can be perfectly replicated and
transmitted without degradation. Unlike analog signals that weaken with
distance, digital signals can be regenerated at various points along a
transmission path, ensuring the integrity of the information.

Disadvantages:

• Information Loss: A key disadvantage is the potential for information loss

during the conversion process. This happens primarily due to two factors:
o Insufficient Sampling: If the sampling frequency (how often the
signal is measured) is too low compared to the signal's highest
frequency component, information can be lost. This results in a
phenomenon called aliasing, where high-frequency details appear
distorted in the digital representation.
o Quantization Error: Quantization is the process of assigning a
discrete value from a finite set of levels to each sampled amplitude.
This introduces an unavoidable error, as the original analog value
might not perfectly match any available discrete level. The number
of bits used for coding determines the resolution and the degree of
this quantization error.
• Increased Complexity: Digital systems that process discrete-time signals
can be more complex than their analog counterparts. This complexity arises
from the need for additional hardware (like ADCs) and software algorithms
for processing the digital data.
• Bandwidth Requirements: For some applications, digital transmission of
a converted signal might require a higher bandwidth compared to analog
transmission of the original signal. This is because digital signals need to
transmit not only the information itself but also information about the
sampling process (e.g., clock signal) to ensure proper reconstruction at the
receiving end.
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Conclusion:
In conclusion, converting an analog signal to a discrete-time signal offers the
advantage of processing continuous information using digital systems. However,
it's crucial to manage the trade-off between accuracy and efficiency.
Here's a summary of key points:
• The conversion process involves sampling, quantization, and coding.
• A high enough sampling frequency is essential to avoid aliasing, where
high-frequency information disguises itself as lower frequencies.
• Quantization error introduces noise, and the number of coding bits
determines the resolution and Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR).
By carefully selecting the sampling frequency, number of quantization levels, and
coding scheme, we can achieve a balance between capturing the essential details
of the original signal and maintaining efficiency in the digital domain.

REFERENCES:

1. https://www.scribd.com/document/420812130/To-convert-continuous-
time-signal-to-discrete-time-signal-using-sampling
2. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19740021458/downloads/19740021458.
pdf

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