CEA 223

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 STIRLING ENGINE COGENERATION

 Stirling engine – it is a closed-cycle,
MODULE 4: piston-driven, external heat engine
EMERGING SUSTAINABLE with a gaseous working fluid that
TECHNOLOGIES under cooling, compression, heating,
and expansion drives a piston. The
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS working fluid is permanently sealed
 Sustainability – it is our ability to within the engine’s system so that no
meet current needs without harming gas enters or leaves the engine.
the environmental, economic, and
societal systems on which future FUEL CELL COGENERATION
generations will rely for meeting their  Fuel cell – it is an electrochemical
needs. conversion device that converts a
 Sustainable building, also known fuel into directly electrical energy. A
as a green building – is a healthier hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell consumes
and more resource-efficient structure hydrogen and oxygen and produces
that is designed, built, operated, water as the principal by-product.
renovated, reused, and
eventually dismantled/demolished in
a sustainable manner. It is designed
to meet specific goals such as
protecting occupant health;
improving employee productivity;
using energy, water, and other
resources efficiently; and reducing
the overall impact to the
environment.
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
(COGENERATION) SYSTEMS
 Cogeneration, also known as
combined heat and power (CHP) –
it is the use of a heat engine (or
other means) to simultaneously
generate both electricity and heat. Its
principal purpose is to produce
electricity but, as a by-product, the
heat produced is used for heating
water, space heating, or industrial
process heating.

CONVENTIONAL COGENERATION
The basic elements of conventional
cogeneration system are:
1. Prime mover (engine)
2. Generator
3. Heat recovery system, BUILDING CHP SYSTEMS
4. Exhaust system  Building cogeneration or CHP
5. Controls systems – produce electrical power
6. Acoustic enclosure for local buildings, and use the
heat from that production to also
provide heat to the buildings (often
through underground steam
or hot water piping systems).
 The fundamental components of a
geothermal heat pump system includes the
following:
 Ground loop – it is a system of fluid-
filled plastic pipes buried in the
ground, or submersed in a body of
water, near the building.
 Heat pump – it is a device that
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS removes heat from the fluid in the
 Geothermal energy – it is thermal pipes, concentrates it, and transfers
energy generated and stored in the it to the building as heat. For
Earth. Earth's geothermal energy cooling, this process is reversed: heat
originates from the original is transferred from the building; it is
formation of the planet, from carried in the fluid to the pipes,
radioactive decay of minerals, from where it is transferred into the earth.
volcanic activity, and from solar  Air delivery system – it is
energy absorbed at the surface. conventional ductwork attached to
 Geothermal power is cost effective, the heat pump and used to
reliable, sustainable, and distribute heated or cooled air
environmentally friendly, but has throughout the building.
historically been limited to areas
near tectonic plate boundaries. Nut TYPES OF GHP GROUND LOOPS
only a very small fraction may be
profitably exploited. Drilling and
exploration for deep resources is very
expensive.

Direct Use of Geothermal Energy

 One method used to extract thermal
energy from the earth is referred to
as hydrothermal. Hydrothermal
energy is manifested in as hot
springs and geysers or through dry
steam.

Geothermal Heat Pump Systems

 A geothermal heat pump (GHP), also
known as a ground source heat
pump (GSHP), earth-coupled heat
pump, or geoexchange system, is an
electrically powered heat pump BIOMASS
system that consists of pipes buried  Biomass – is the term used for all
in the shallow ground near the organic material originating from
building, a heat pump, and ductwork plants (including algae), trees and
in the building. crops and is essentially the collection
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP and storage of the sun’s energy
through photosynthesis.
 Biomass energy – is the conversion
of biomass into useful forms of
energy such as heat, electricity and
liquid fuels.

DIAGRAM OF BIOENERGY CONVERSION

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO
BIOENERGY TYPES OF BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
 Direct combustion process – makes
use of a furnace or boiler to convert
biomass fuel into hot air, hot water,
steam, and electricity for commercial
or industrial uses.
 Anaerobic digestion – is a
biochemical process in which groups
of bacteria, working symbiotically,
break down complex organic wastes
in animal manure and food
processing residue to produce
biogas, mainly a methane and
carbon dioxide mix.
 Biomass gasification – is a
thermochemical process that
SOURCES OF BIOMASS converts biomass into a combustible
 Harvested timber from local forests gas called producer gas that contains
 Wood wastes from timber thinning carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water
(i.e., wood collected in forest fire vapor, carbon dioxide, tar vapor, and
mitigation efforts) ash particles.
 Residue from paper mills, TYPES OF BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
woodworking shops, and forest  Pyrolysis process – very small, low-
operations (e.g., sawdust, shavings, moisture particles of biomass fuel
wood chips, and recycled untreated are rapidly heated to temperatures in
wood) the range of 450° to 550°C in the
 Agricultural and animal wastes (e.g., absence of oxygen, resulting in liquid
manure and litter) pyrolysis oil, which can be used as a
 Food processing (e.g., nutshells, olive synthetic fuel oil.
pits)  Fermentation – is the biochemical
 Garbage from paper, plant, or animal process that converts. Sugars
products (e.g., food scraps, lawn (predominantly from corn) into
clippings, leaves, wood-based ethanol.
construction debris), but not made  Biodiesel production – is a
out of glass, plastic, and metals chemical conversion process that
 Intentionally grown energy crops converts oilseed crops into biodiesel
(e.g., fast-growing native trees and fuel.
grasses) and agricultural crops
TYPES OF BIOMASS FUELS
 Solid Fuels – include timber (logs)
and manufactured logs, wood pellets,
briquettes, and corn.
 Liquid Fuels – ethanol (alcohol that
is made from any biomass high in
carbohydrates typically corn,
through a fermenting process similar
to brewing beer), biodiesel
(combination of methanol with
vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled
cooking greases).
 Gaseous Fuels – methane gas
(combustible gas produced by the
anaerobic, or oxygen-free, digestion
of vegetable and/or animal wastes.)
BIOGAS ELECTRICITY

PHOTOVOLTAIC (SOLAR ELECTRICITY)

POWER
 Solar cell (also called a
photovoltaic cell) – is an
 electrical device that converts the yearMeasures that can be taken to
energy of light directly into electricity reduce electricity use and increase
by the photovoltaic effect. It is a the efficiency
form of photoelectric cell, defined as
a device whose electrical
characteristics, e.g. current, voltage, WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
or resistance – vary when exposed to  Winds – are caused by the uneven
light. heating of the atmosphere by the
sun, the irregularities of the earth's
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SOLAR surface, and rotation of the earth.
(PV) CELLS Wind flow patterns are modified by
the earth's terrain, bodies of water,
and vegetative cover. This wind flow,
or motion energy, when "harvested"
by modern wind turbines, can be
used to generate electricity.
 Wind power – it is the conversion of
wind energy into a useful form of
energy, such as using wind turbines
to make electricity, wind mills for
mechanical power, wind pumps for
pumping water or drainage, or sails
to propel ships.
WIND TURBINES
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Two Types of Wind Turbines:
 Photovoltaic (PV) system – collects 1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
solar energy and converts it to – have the main rotor shaft and electrical
electricity. generator at the top of a tower, and must be
 Components of a basic PV System: pointed into the wind.
o An array of solar cells that 2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) –
converts sunlight into DC have the main rotor shaft arranged
electricity vertically. Vertical-axis wind machines
o An inverter that changes make up just five percent of the wind
DC electricity into AC machines used today. The typical vertical
electricity wind machine stands 100 feet tall and 50
o A connection to the utility grid feet wide.
for additional power or a bank
of batteries to store collected
electricity HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS:
1. Off-Grid PV Systems or autonomous
PV systems – they produce power
independently of the utility grid. In
-
2. Grid-Connected PV System – they
interface with the utility grid.

Stand-Alone Off-Grid Grid-Connected PV

System PV Systems
VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

LOAD ANALYSIS
The first step in the process of
investigating a PV system for a home or
small business is to calculate the power
load. A thorough examination of electricity WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS
needs of the building helps determine:
 The size of the system needed
 How energy needs fluctuate
throughout the day and over the
TYPICAL RATING OF WIND ENERGY RUN-OF-THE-RIVER
CONVERSION SYSTEMS HYDROPOWERSYSTEMS

HYDROPOWERSYSTEMS
 Hydroelectricity – is the term
referring to electricity generated by
hydropower; the production of RAINWATER HARVESTING
electrical power through the use of  Rainwater can provide clean, safe,
the gravitational force of falling or and reliable water so long as the
flowing water. collection system is properly
 Hydro-power or water power – is constructed and maintained, and the
power derived from the energy of water is treated appropriately for its
falling water and running water, intended use.
which may be harnessed for useful  Rainwater collection/harvesting
purposes. systems – intercept and collect
 Small-scale hydropower systems – storm water runoff and detain or
generate up to 30MW retain it for later use. Harvested
 Micro hydropower systems – water can be used for toilet flushing,
generate up to 100 Kw car washing, indoor plant watering,
 Pico hydropower systems – pet and livestock watering or
generate up to 5 kW washing, and lawn/garden irrigation.

IMPOUNDMENT HYDROPOWERSYSTEM RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

DESIGN OF A RAINWATER HARVESTING

PUMPED STORAGE SYSTEM
HYDROPOWERSYSTEM Factors to be considered:
1. Water Consumption Rate – how much
water is needed and when
2. Amount of Rainfall
3. Rainwater Collected
4. Required CatchmentArea
5. Cistern Size
Cistern – it is a waterproof receptacle
for holding liquids, usually water.
Cisterns are often built to catch and
store rainwater
6. Gutter/Downspout Size

GUTTER/DOWNSPOUT SIZE
 Rainwater captured in the
catchment area can be conveyed to
the cistern through gutters and
downspouts. Most gutters come in
several sizes and shapes called
profiles. These include a U-shaped
trough (a half-round channel shape)
and a K- or ogee-shaped
configuration (a front that looks like
the letter K).