activity_main.

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:padding="16dp"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<EditText
android:id="@+id/num1EditText"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="48dp"
android:layout_marginTop="44dp"
android:hint="Enter number 1"
android:inputType="numberDecimal"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/num2EditText"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="48dp"
android:layout_marginTop="12dp"
android:hint="Enter number 2"
android:inputType="numberDecimal"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.47"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/num1EditText" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/addButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:text="+"
android:textSize="16sp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/num2EditText" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/subtractButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:text="-"
android:textSize="16sp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/multiplyButton"
app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/addButton"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/num2EditText" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/multiplyButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:text="x"
android:textSize="16sp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/num2EditText" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/divideButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:text="/"
android:textSize="16sp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/addButton" />
 <Button
android:id="@+id/sqrtButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="140dp"
android:text="Sqrt"
android:textSize="16sp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/subtractButton" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/resultTextView"
android:layout_width="84dp"
android:layout_height="41dp"
android:layout_marginStart="4dp"
android:layout_marginTop="40dp"
android:text="Result: "
android:textSize="18sp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/divideButton" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

MainActivity.java

package com.example.simplecalculator;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import com.example.simplecalculator.R;

import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

// Declare variables to hold references to UI elements

private EditText num1EditText, num2EditText;
private TextView resultTextView;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

// Initialize UI elements from the layout

num1EditText = findViewById(R.id.num1EditText);
num2EditText = findViewById(R.id.num2EditText);
resultTextView = findViewById(R.id.resultTextView);

// Set click listeners for arithmetic operation buttons

Button addButton = findViewById(R.id.addButton);

addButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
performCalculation('+');
 }
});

Button subtractButton = findViewById(R.id.subtractButton);

subtractButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
performCalculation('-');
}
});

Button multiplyButton = findViewById(R.id.multiplyButton);

multiplyButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
performCalculation('*');
}
});

Button divideButton = findViewById(R.id.divideButton);

divideButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
performCalculation('/');
}
});

Button sqrtButton = findViewById(R.id.sqrtButton);

sqrtButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
calculateSquareRoot();
}
});
}

private void performCalculation(char operator) {

// Get the values entered in the input fields
String num1Str = num1EditText.getText().toString();
String num2Str = num2EditText.getText().toString();

// Check if either input field is empty

if (num1Str.isEmpty() || num2Str.isEmpty()) {
Toast.makeText(this, "Please enter both numbers", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return; // Exit the method to prevent calculations with empty inputs
}

// Convert the input values to numeric format

double num1 = Double.parseDouble(num1Str);
double num2 = Double.parseDouble(num2Str);
double result = 0;

// Perform the selected calculation based on the operator

switch (operator) {
case '+':
result = num1 + num2;
break;
case '-':
result = num1 - num2;
break;
case '*':
result = num1 * num2;
break;
case '/':
if (num2 != 0) {
result = num1 / num2;
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "Cannot divide by zero", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return; // Exit the method if division by zero is attempted
}
break;
}

// Format and display the calculation result

DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.##");
resultTextView.setText("Result: " + df.format(result));
 }

private void calculateSquareRoot() {

String num1Str = num1EditText.getText().toString();
// Check if the input field is empty
if (num1Str.isEmpty()) {
Toast.makeText(this, "Please enter a number", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return; // Exit the method to prevent calculations with empty inputs
}

double num = Double.parseDouble(num1Str);

double sqrtResult = Math.sqrt(num);
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.##");
resultTextView.setText("Square Root: " + df.format(sqrtResult));
}
}