Cambridge International AS & A Level

* 9 7 4 2 9 9 8 7 9 6 *

CHEMISTRY 9701/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions October/November 2023

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.
● Important values, constants and standards are printed in the question paper.

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LK/CB) 311842/5
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1 Propanone, CH3COCH3 , reacts with iodine, I2 , in the presence of an acid catalyst.

CH3COCH3 + I2 CH3COCH2I + H+ + I–

The rate equation for this reaction is shown.

rate = k[CH3COCH3][H+]

(a) Complete Table 1.1 to describe the order of the reaction.

Table 1.1

order of the reaction with respect to [CH3COCH3 ]

order of the reaction with respect to [I2]
order of the reaction with respect to [H+]
overall order of the reaction
[2]

(b) An experiment is performed using a large excess of CH3COCH3 and a large excess of H+(aq).
The initial concentration of I2 is 1.00 × 10–5 mol dm–3. The initial rate of decrease in the I2
concentration is 2.27 × 10–7 mol dm–3 s–1.

(i) Use the axes to draw a graph of [I2 ] against time for the first 10 seconds of the reaction.

1.00 × 10–5

0.90 × 10–5

0.80 × 10–5

0.70 × 10–5

0.60 × 10–5

[I2] / mol dm–3 0.50 × 10–5

0.40 × 10–5

0.30 × 10–5

0.20 × 10–5

0.10 × 10–5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / s
[1]

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(ii) State whether it is possible to calculate the numerical value of the rate constant, k, for
this reaction from your graph. Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The experiment is repeated at a different temperature. The initial concentrations of H+ ions, I2
and CH3COCH3 are all 0.200 mol dm–3.

The value of k at this temperature is 2.31 × 10–5 mol–1 dm3 s–1.

Calculate the initial rate of this reaction.

rate = ..................................... mol dm–3 s–1 [1]

(d) The experiment is repeated using an excess of H+(aq). The new rate equation is shown.

rate = k1[CH3COCH3]

(i) The value of k1 is 1.1 × 10–3 s–1. Calculate the value of the half-life, t1 .
2

t1 = ...................................................... s [1]
2

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to draw a graph of [CH3COCH3] against time for this reaction. The
initial value of [CH3COCH3 ] on your graph should be 0.200 mol dm–3. The final value of
[CH3COCH3 ] on your graph should be 0.0250 mol dm–3.

0.200 X

0.175

0.150

0.125
[CH3COCH3]
0.100
/ mol dm–3
0.075

0.050

0.025

time / s

[1]

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(e) A four-step mechanism is suggested for the overall reaction.

CH3COCH3 + I2 CH3COCH2I + H+ + I– rate = k [CH3COCH3][H+ ]

Part of this mechanism is shown.

step 1: CH3COCH3 + H+ CH3C+(OH)CH3

step 2: CH3C+(OH)CH3 CH3C(OH)=CH2 + H+

step 3:

step 4: CH3C+(OH)CH2I CH3COCH2I + H+

(i) Write an equation for step 3.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest the slowest step of the mechanism. Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Identify one conjugate acid-conjugate base pair in the mechanism.

conjugate acid .......................................... conjugate base .......................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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2 Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a weak acid. The Ka of benzoic acid is 6.31 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 298 K.

A 1.00 dm3 buffer solution is made at 298 K containing 1.00 g of C6H5COOH and a slightly greater
mass of sodium benzoate, C6H5COO–Na+.

This buffer solution has a pH of 4.15.

(a) Define buffer solution.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Write equations to show how this solution acts as a buffer solution when the named
substances are added to it:

(i) dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) dilute aqueous nitric acid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the H+ concentration and the C6H5COOH concentration in the buffer solution
described. Use the expression for the Ka of C6H5COOH to calculate the concentration of
C6H5COO–Na+ in the buffer solution.

Show your working and give each answer to a minimum of three significant figures.

[H+] = .............................. mol dm–3

[C6H5COOH] = .............................. mol dm–3

[C6H5COO–Na+] = .............................. mol dm–3

[3]

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(d) A 10.0 cm3 sample of the buffer solution is mixed with 10.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 KOH. Both
solutions are at 298 K. A reaction is allowed to occur without stirring.

Two observations are recorded:

● the temperature, after the reaction is complete, is fractionally above 298 K

● the pH, after the reaction, is greater than 13.

Explain these two observations.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Magnesium benzoate, Mg(C6H5COO)2, has a solubility in water of less than 1.00 g dm–3
at 298 K.

Ksp = [Mg2+][C6H5COO–]2 = 1.76 × 10–7 at 298 K

(i) Calculate the solubility of Mg(C6H5COO)2 in water at 298 K. Give your answer in g dm–3.

Show your working.

[Mr: Mg(C6H5COO)2 , 266.3]

solubility = .............................. g dm–3 [2]

(ii) An excess of Mg(C6H5COO)2 is added to a sample of 0.50 mol dm–3 MgSO4 at 298 K.

State whether the equilibrium concentration of Mg(C6H5COO)2 is higher than, the same
as, or lower than your answer to (i). Explain your answer.

The concentration is ..................................................................... the concentration in (i).

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 11]

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3 Some electrode potentials are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

electrode reaction E o– / V
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20

V3+ + e– V2+ –0.26

VO2+ + 2H+ + e– V3+ + H2O +0.34

VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00

Fe2+ + 2e– Fe –0.44

Fe3+ + 3e– Fe –0.04

Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ +0.77

2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00

Cl O– + H2O + 2e– Cl – + 2OH– +0.89

(a) (i) Complete the diagram to show a standard hydrogen electrode.

Label your diagram. Identify all substances. You do not need to state standard conditions.

[1]

(ii) An electrochemical cell is set up using an Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode and a standard hydrogen
electrode.

Identify the positive electrode in the electrochemical cell and the direction of electron
flow in the external circuit.

positive electrode ..............................................................................................................

Electrons flow from the .............................. electrode to the .............................. electrode.

[1]

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(b) The vanadium-containing species in the electrode reactions given in Table 3.1 are V, V2+,
V3+, VO2+ and VO2+.

(i) Identify one vanadium-containing species that does not react with Fe2+ ions under
standard conditions.

Use data from Table 3.1 to explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify all the vanadium-containing species that will react with Fe2+ ions under standard
conditions.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Write an equation for one of the possible reactions identified in (ii).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Another electrochemical cell is set up using an Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode and an alkaline Cl O– / Cl –
electrode.

The concentration of Fe3+ is 1000 times greater than the concentration of Fe2+ in the
Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode. All other conditions are standard.

(i) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the E value of the Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode.

Show your working.

E = .............................. V [2]

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell, under these conditions.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Another electrochemical cell is set up using an Fe2+ / Fe electrode and an alkaline Cl O– / Cl –
electrode under standard conditions.

Calculate the value of ΔG o– for the cell.

ΔGo– = .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

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(e) A solution of iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4(aq) is electrolysed with iron electrodes. Under the
conditions used, no gas is evolved at the cathode.

A current of 0.640 A is passed for 17.0 minutes. The mass of the cathode increases by 0.185 g.

Use these results to calculate an experimental value for the Avogadro constant, L.

Show your working.

L = .............................. mol–1 [3]

(f) Iron(II) chloride, FeCl2, is oxidised by chlorine to form iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3, under
standard conditions.

2FeCl 2(s) + Cl 2(g) 2FeCl 3(s) ΔH o– = –128 kJ mol–1

Table 3.2

species S o– / J K–1 mol–1

Cl 2(g) 223
FeCl 2(s) 120
FeCl 3(s) 142

(i) Use Table 3.2 and other data to calculate the Gibbs free energy change, ΔG o–, for this
reaction.

Show your working.

ΔG o– = .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

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(ii) Predict whether this reaction becomes more or less feasible at a higher temperature.

Explain your answer.

The reaction becomes .............................. feasible.

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 18]

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4 The structure of the polydentate ligand, EDTA4–, is shown in Fig. 4.1.

O O
O CCH2 CH2C O
NCH2CH2N
O CCH2 CH2C O
O O

Fig. 4.1

The stability constants, at 298 K, of five octahedral complexes are given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

complex Kstab
[Cu(EDTA)]2– 6.31 × 1019
[Cr(EDTA)]2– 1.00 × 1013
[Cr(EDTA)]– 1.00 × 1024
[Fe(EDTA)]2– 2.00 × 1014
[Fe(EDTA)]– 1.26 × 1025

(a) Define stability constant.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Calculate the oxidation states of Cu in [Cu(EDTA)]2– and Cr in [Cr(EDTA)]–.

Cu ..............................

Cr ..............................
[1]

(c) Deduce the number of lone pairs donated by each EDTA4– ligand in a single [Fe(EDTA)]2–
complex ion.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Identify the most stable complex in Table 4.1. Explain your choice.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(e) In a solution at equilibrium at 298 K, [[Cu(H2O)6]2+] = 3.00 × 10–10 mol dm–3 and
[EDTA4–] = 5.00 × 10–12 mol dm–3.

Use the expression for Kstab to calculate the concentration of [Cu(EDTA)]2– in this solution.

Show your working.

[[Cu(EDTA)]2–] = .............................. mol dm–3 [2]

(f) A solution of [Cu(EDTA)]2– ions is pale blue while a solution of [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ ions is
deep blue.

Explain this difference in colour.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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5 Some of the ionic compounds of Group 2 elements undergo thermal decomposition.

Thermal decomposition of solid anhydrous magnesium ethanedioate, MgC2O4 , occurs above

650 °C. The products are magnesium oxide and a mixture of two different gases, one of which
gives a white precipitate with saturated calcium hydroxide solution.

(a) Complete the equation for the thermal decomposition of MgC2O4.

MgC2O4 [1]

(b) Suggest which of MgC2O4 or CaC2O4 undergoes thermal decomposition at a lower

temperature. Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The ethanedioate ion is oxidised by acidified KMnO4.

5C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

An experiment is performed to find the solubility of MgC2O4 in water.

A 40.0 cm3 sample of saturated aqueous MgC2O4 requires 27.05 cm3 of 0.00200 mol dm–3
acidified KMnO4 to oxidise all the C2O42– ions.

Calculate the solubility, in mol dm–3, of MgC2O4 in water. Show your working.

solubility = .............................. mol dm–3 [3]

[Total: 6]

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6 (a) Phosphine, :PH3, and carbon monoxide, :CO, are monodentate ligands found in some
transition element complexes.

(i) Define monodentate ligand.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Define transition element complex.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why transition elements form complexes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The formulae of six complexes are given in Table 6.1.

The abbreviation en is used for 1,2-diaminoethane.

The abbreviation dien is used for the tridentate ligand H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2.

The dien ligand forms three bonds to the gold ion in [Au(dien)(H2O)2Cl ]2+ and Au(dien)Cl3.

These three bonds all lie in the same plane.

The CO ligand coordinates through the carbon atom in [Rh(CO)2Cl 2]+.

Table 6.1

formula isomerism shown geometry

[Rh(en)2Cl 2]+ yes

[Rh(CO)2Cl 2]+ yes

[Au(dien)(H2O)2Cl ]2+

Au(dien)Cl 3 no octahedral

Ni(PH3)2Cl 2 no

[Ni(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ yes

(i) Complete Table 6.1 to state the geometry of the first three complexes. Each complex is
either square planar, tetrahedral or octahedral. [1]

(ii) Use complexes [Au(dien)(H2O)2Cl ]2+ and Au(dien)Cl 3 to write an equation showing
ligand exchange.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(iii) Draw the three-dimensional structure of Au(dien)Cl 3 in the box. The dien ligand can be
drawn as N .
N N

Au

[1]

(iv) Draw the three-dimensional structure of Ni(PH3)2Cl 2 in the box.

Ni

[1]

(v) One of the complexes, [Rh(en)2Cl 2]+ or [Rh(CO)2Cl 2]+, can exist in three isomeric forms.

Identify this complex and the types of isomerism shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(vi) Draw the three-dimensional structures of the two isomers of [Ni(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ in the
boxes and identify the type of isomerism shown.

Ni Ni

type of isomerism shown ..............................

[2]

[Total: 10]

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7 Benzene can be used to make benzoic acid in the two-step process shown in Fig. 7.1.

benzene methylbenzene benzoic acid

step 1 step 2

CH3 COOH

Fig. 7.1

(a) Give the reagents and conditions for step 1 and step 2.

step 1 ........................................................................................................................................

step 2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Methylbenzene and benzoic acid each have five different peaks in the carbon (13C) NMR
spectrum.

Table 7.1

hybridisation environment of carbon example chemical

of the carbon atom shift range
atom / ppm
sp3 alkyl CH3–, –CH2–, –CH<, >C< 0–50
sp3 next to alkene/arene –C–C=C, –C–Ar 25–50
sp3 next to carbonyl/carboxyl C–COR, C–O2R 30–65
sp3 next to halogen C–X 30–60
sp3 next to oxygen C–O 50–70
c c
sp2 alkene or arene >C=C<, c c 110–160
c c
sp2 carboxyl R–COOH, R–COOR 160–185
sp2 carbonyl R–CHO, R–CO–R 190–220
sp nitrile R–C≡N 100–125

Use Table 7.1 to complete the two sentences to suggest descriptions of these two spectra.

The carbon (13C) NMR spectrum of methylbenzene:

● has ................. peak(s) in the chemical shift range of ..................... and

● has ................. peak(s) in the chemical shift range of ..................... .

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The carbon (13C) NMR spectrum of benzoic acid:

● has ................. peak(s) in the chemical shift range of ..................... and

● has ................. peak(s) in the chemical shift range of ..................... .

[2]

(c) (i) When treated with Cl 2 under suitable conditions, methylbenzene forms compound J.

When treated with Cl 2 under different conditions with different reagents, methylbenzene
forms compound K.

Suggest and draw structures of compounds J and K in the boxes. The molecular formula
of each compound is given.

methylbenzene
J C7H7Cl K C7H7Cl

CH3

State the reagents and conditions required to form each product.

to form compound J ..........................................................................................................

to form compound K ..........................................................................................................

[4]

(ii) When treated with a chlorine-containing reagent under suitable conditions, benzoic acid
forms compound L.

When treated with a different chlorine-containing reagent under different conditions,

benzoic acid forms compound M.

Suggest and draw structures of compounds L and M in the boxes. The molecular formula
of each product is given.

benzoic acid
L C7H5Cl O2 M C7H5Cl O

COOH

State the reagents and conditions to form compound M from benzoic acid.

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]
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8 Lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH, is the only monomer needed to form the polymer polylactic acid,
PLA.

(a) (i) Draw a short length of the PLA polymer chain, including a minimum of two monomer
residues. The methyl groups may be written as –CH3 but all other bonds should be
shown fully displayed.

Label one repeat unit of polylactic acid on your diagram.

[2]

(ii) Give the name of the type of polymerisation involved in the formation of PLA and the
name of the functional group that forms between the monomers.

type of polymerisation .......................................................................................................

functional group .................................................................................................................

[1]

(iii) Predict whether PLA is readily biodegradable. Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The proton (1H) NMR spectrum of CH3CH(OH)COOH in CDCl 3 is shown in Fig. 8.1. The
proton NMR chemical shift ranges are shown in Table 8.1.

Lactic acid

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
δ / ppm

Fig. 8.1

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Table 8.1

environment of proton example chemical

shift range
δ / ppm
alkane –CH3, –CH2–, >CH– 0.9–1.7
alkyl next to C=O CH3–C=O, –CH2–C=O, >CH–C=O 2.2–3.0
alkyl next to aromatic ring CH3–Ar, –CH2–Ar, >CH–Ar 2.3–3.0
alkyl next to electronegative atom CH3–O, –CH2–O, –CH2–Cl 3.2–4.0
attached to alkene =CHR 4.5–6.0
attached to aromatic ring H–Ar 6.0–9.0
aldehyde HCOR 9.3–10.5
alcohol ROH 0.5–6.0
phenol Ar–OH 4.5–7.0
carboxylic acid RCOOH 9.0–13.0

(i) Use Fig. 8.1 and Table 8.1 to complete Table 8.2.

Table 8.2

proton environment chemical shift (δ) name of splitting pattern

–COOH
CH

–OH

–CH3
[3]

(ii) Name the substance responsible for the peak at δ = 0.0.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why CDCl 3 is a better solvent than CHCl 3 for use in proton NMR.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) An impure sample of CH3CH(OH)COOH contains pentan-3-one as the only contaminant. The
mixture is analysed using gas/liquid chromatography. The pentan-3-one is found to have a
longer retention time than the lactic acid.

(i) Explain what is meant by retention time.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest suitable substances, or types of substances, that could be used as the mobile
and stationary phases.

mobile phase .....................................................................................................................

stationary phase ................................................................................................................

[1]

(iii) Describe how the percentage composition of the mixture can be determined from the
gas / liquid chromatogram.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]

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9 (a) State the reactants and conditions for two different types of reactions that both produce
diethylamine, CH3CH2NHCH2CH3.

reaction one ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

reaction two ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Describe the relative basicities of diethylamine, phenylamine and ammonia in aqueous
solution.

Explain your answer in terms of structure.

............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

least basic most basic

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Phenylamine reacts with HNO2(aq) at 4° C to form compound P. Compound P reacts with
phenol under alkaline conditions at 4° C. The product of this reaction is acidified, forming azo
compound Q.

Draw the structure of compound Q.

Circle the azo group on your structure.

State one use of an azo compound such as Q.

compound Q:

An azo compound can be used .............................................................................................. .

[2]

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(d) CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 reacts with ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl, to give the amide
N,N-diethylethanamide, CH3CON(C2H5)2.

An incomplete description of the mechanism of this reaction is shown in Fig. 9.1.

box one box two box three

Cl O
Cl
H 3C C O H 3C C N C 2H 5
H 3C C O
C2H 5
N C 2H5
N C 2H5 H
H C 2H 5
C2H 5

and .........................

reactants intermediate products

Fig. 9.1

(i) Complete the mechanism in Fig. 9.1. You should include:

● all relevant dipoles (δ+ and δ–) and full electric charges (+ and –) on the species in
box one and in box two
● all relevant lone pairs on the species in box one and in box two
● all relevant curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs in box one and in
box two
● the formula of the second product in box three.
[4]

(ii) Name this mechanism.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 14]

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Important values, constants and standards

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1
Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p. (101 kPa and 273 K)
Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions
ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 (at 298 K (25 °C))
specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 (4.18 J g–1 K–1)

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© UCLES 2023
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
28

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

9701/42/O/N/23
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –

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