CRIMINOLOGICAL

RESEARCH AND
STATISTICS
It is the illustration of the relationship of
research variables that will give idea on
research method.
A.Related Literature
B.Paradigm of the study
C.Statement of the problem
D.Research methods
B
Ms. Rech Er is conducting a research on the
behavioral response of inmates. She grouped them
into two. One group is receiving 3 meals and 2 snacks
a day while the other group is only given the normal
meal which is 3 meals. What research method is
used?
A. Descriptive
B. Historical
C. Experimental
D. None of these
C
What sampling techniques is by far the most
biases sampling procedure as it is not random?

A. Purposive sampling
B. Convenience sampling
C. Snowball sampling
D. Simple random
B
The following are measures of central
tendencies, except?

A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. Chi-square
D
In hypothesis testing, what type of hypothesis
states that there is no relationship of the variables
under study?

A. Alternate
B. Null
C. Positive
D. Negative
B
Which of the following is a
characteristics of qualitative research

A. Control over the context

B. Inductive process
C. Deductive process
D. Fixed research design
B
Deductive reasoning is applied
in
A. Action research’
B. Qualitative research
C. Quantitative research
D. Applied research
C
A hypothesis is

A.A statement which serves as the basis for

further investigation
B.B. A statement of the aims of investigation
C.C. The methodical evaluation of research
evidence
D.D. All of these
A
What is the name of a variable which wholly
or partially accounts for the relationship
between two other variable
A. Confounded variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Congruent variable
D. Consistent variable
A
Content analysis uses which of the
below method

A. Recording
B. Counting
C. Classifying
D. All of these
B
When would you write an abstract ?

A. Before the introduction and after the

title
B. After the main body of the report has
been drafted
C. Once you are aware of the result
D. After the introduction and selection
methods are selected
B
In what tense, is suggested that
the introduction should be
written
A. Present
B. Past
C. future
D. None of these
B
Which among the following best
describes Research
A. Searching again and again
B. Finding solution to any problem
C. Working in a scientific way to
search for truth of any problem
D. All of the above
c
In the process of conducting
research “ formulation of Hypothesis
is followed by
A. Statement of Objectives
B. Analysis of data
C. Selection of research tools
D. Collection of data
C
Which if the following is the first step in
starting the research process?

A. Searching sources of information to

locate problem
B. Survey of related literature
C. Identification of problem
D. Searching for solutions to the problem
c
A reasoning where we start with particular
statements and concluded with a universal
statement is called

A. Deductive reasoning

B. Inductive reasoning
C. Abnormal reasoning
D. Transcendental reasoning
B
The first variable is ___________
variable
A. Abstract
B. Independent
C. Dependent
D. Separate
B
What is a research design ?
A. A WAY of conducting research that is not
grounded with theory
B. THE choice between using quantitative or
qualitative method
C. THE STYLE IN WHICH YOU present your
research findings
D. A framework of every stage of the
collection and analysis of data
D
Of all the steps in the research process, the one
that typically takes the most time is

A. DATA collection

B. Selecting a research method
C. Formulating the problem
D. Developing hypothesis
E. Evaluation of the results
C
The concepts in hypothesis
are stated as ____________
A. Indices
B. Variables
C. Theories
D. Populations
B
 RESEARCH
Systematic and refined technique of
thinking ( Zulueta and Costales )
Human activity based on intellectual
investigation and aimed at discovering
and interpreting rising human
knowledge on different aspects of the
world. ( Microsoft Encarta ,2010 )
Scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis.
And interpretation
.(Calmorin,1995)
-An attempt to gain solution to
problems
A purposive , systematic and scientific
process of gathering, analyzing, classifying,
organizing, and interpreting data for the
solution of problem.

A careful, critical, disciplined inquiry varying

in technique and method according to the
nature and conditions of the problem
directed toward the clarification of
resolution of the problem.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
Study of knowledge
in the field of Criminal
Justice
MAIN PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

“TO SERVE MAN “

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Exploration- answers
questions like what, why
and how
Description- answers
what where, when and how
but not why questions
Explanation- focuses on
the aspects of the study
in detailed manner
Application- used to
find solution to everyday
problems
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Research is Systematic = it allows
and orderly and sequential procedure
that leads to the discovery of truth

2. Research is controlled= all

variables except those that are tested
upon being experimented
 Research is empirical = all the
 . 3.

procedures and data gathered

and employed are perceived

4. Research is analytical =

critical analysis
5.Research is objective
,unbiased and logical

6.Research employs hypothesis

= used to guide the
investigation process
7. research employs
quantitative or statistical data =
data are transformed into
numerical means to determine
their usefulness
8. Research is original work
9. Research is done by an
expert
10 Research is accurate,
investigation and observation and
description = every research activity
must be done accurately

11. Research is inpatient and

unhurried activity = this is to ensure
accuracy
12. Research requires
an effort – making
capacity

13. Research requires

courage
 APPLICATION OF RESEARCH
In psychology
In sociology
In Politics
In economy
In education
In Biology
In forensic science
Others
 4 CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH
(SCHUTT)
1 . DESCRIPTIVE – attempts to define
and describe the social phenomenon
under investigation(population,
situation, phenomena )
2. EXPLORATORY – seeks to identify
the underlying meaning behind actions
and individual behaviour( not previously
been studied,no past data)
3. EXPLANATORY – seeks to identify
the cause and effect(s) of social
phenomena( to generate new
knowledge,. to understand why
something happen )
4. EVALUATIVE – seeks to determine
the effects on an intervention on
individual behaviour ( assessment
or appraisal of an object,a ctivity,
program )
 TWO MAJOR RESEARCH PARADIGMS
A. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
– a systematic investigation of
phenomena by gathering quantifiable
data and performing statistical ,
mathematical or computational
techniques.
concerned with measuring criminological
or criminal justice reality.
Variables – refers to a person,
place, thing or phenomenon that
you are trying to measure in some
way.
studies to examine patterns of
relation, covariation and cause
and effect
DEPENDENT VARIABLES – commonly
referred to as the outcome variable; this is
2 TYPES OF VARIABLE
what the researcher is attempting to detect
and measure in the experiment and what is
affected during the experiment. It responds
to the independent variable. You cannot
have a dependent variable without an
independent variable .
Effect
Depends on other factors that are
measured.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – commonly
referred to as the predictor variable,
and it is the variable that causes,
determines, or precedes in time the
dependent variable (Hagan )
Variable which is presumed to affect or
determined a dependent variable.
Cause
Ex. In a study to determine how
long a student sleeps affects test
scores, the independent variable
is the length of time sleeping and
the dependent variable is the test
score.
 THREE CRITERIA NEEDED TO ESTABLISH
CAUSALITY
A. ASSOCIATION – the dependent and
independent variable must be related to one
another
B. TIME ORDER – the independent variable must
precede the dependent variables in time
C. NON SPURIOUSNESS – if the relationship
between the independent variable is not due to
variation in some unobserved third variable
 RESEARCH DESIGN
The plan or blue print for a
study that includes the 5
W’s and 1 H . (Hagan )
The overall strategy utilized to
carry out the research.
Framework of research methods
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
. SURVEY RESEARCH – involve the collection of
 1
information from a sample of individuals through
their responses to questions ( Schutt ) . Survey
Contains :
A. OPEN ENDED QUESTION ask the respondent to
provide an answer to particular question.
Ex. What are the main reasons of choosing CBRC
as your review center ?
What had the biggest influence on you to choose
CBRC ?
Close ended QUESTION – ask the
respondent to select an answer
from a list of choices provided .
Surveys are versatile,
inexpensive and generalizable.
2. EXPERIMENTAL AND QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH – A Study that adheres to a scientific
research design
the best type of research to asses cause and effect
(Sheirman and Weisburd) True experiments must have at
least three features (!) two comparison group (2)
Variation in the independent variable and variable
before assessment of changes in the dependent
variable (3) random assignment in the two or more
comparison groups . Many experiment contain :
( two variables )
A. Pre test – Test measures the dependent
variable prior to the experimental intervention
B. Post Test – Test measures the outcome
variable after the experimental group has
received the treatment
C. Randomization – What makes the
comparison group is a true experiment a
powerful approach for identifying the effects of
the treatment 9Schutt) , to ensure the
systematic bias does not affect

Example :
In order to test the effects of a new drug
intended to treat a certain medical
condition like Corona Virus, if a sample of
three groups of person children, adult and
elders ,will received the same shots of
vaccine and afterwards compare and
observe it.
3. CROSS SECTIONAL RESEARCH –
involves studies of one group at
one time , they offer a quick
glimpse or snap shot of the
phenomena being studied.
Collecting data from many
different people at a single point
in time .( measures the outcome
and exposure )
4. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH – has
used two designs , the panel and
cohort studies : concerned with
assessing within and between group
change
Requires a researcher to revisit
participants of the study at proper
intervals ( involves repeated
observations of the same variables
overshort or long period of time )
A. PANEL STUDIES – follow the same
group or sample over time, as they
change over time, and typically studies
and interview the same set of people at
two or more periods of time .
B. COHORT STUDIES – follow individuals
or specific cohort / more specific
populations as they change over time
5. TIME SERIES DESIGN – involve variations of
multiple observation of the same group , (
person, city, area ) over time at successive
points in time. They analyse a single variable at
successive time periods, an are especially useful
for studies of the impact of new laws or social
programs.
Involve single subjects or research units that are
measured repeatedly at regular intervals over
time ( large series of observation with thime
series analysin )
6. META ANALYSIS – the quantitative
analysis of findings from multiple
studies. Involves research putting
together the results of several studies
and making summary, empirical
statements about some cause and
effect relationship. ( assess the result of
previous research to derive conclusions
about the body of research
B. QUALITTATIVE RESEARCH METHODS –
designed to capture life as participant
experienced in it, involves exploratory
research, inductive reasoning,
orientation to social context and human
subjectivity and the meanings attached
by the participants to events and to
their lives .
The data generally non numerical
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

1. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION –

involves a variety of strategies in data
gathering in which the researcher
observes a group by participating , to
a varying degrees, in the activities of
the group.
4 DIFFERENT POSITIONS
A. COMPLETE PARTICIPANT – takes place
when the researcher joins in and actually
begins to manipulate the direction of group
activity
B. PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER – the researcher
usually makes himself known and tries to
objectively observe the activities of the group
C. OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANT – A one-
visit interview, where the interviewees
re also short-term participant observers
The participants know the goal of the
researcher
D. COMPLETE OBSERVER – relies on sole
observation absent participation from
the researcher
2. INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING or In
depth interview – consist of open-
ended, relatively unstructured questioning
in which the interviewer seeks in depth
formation on the interviewees feelings,
experience, or perceptions and does not
require systematic observation of
respondents in their natural setting.
3. FOCUS GROUPS – are groups of unrelated
individuals that are formed by a researcher and
then led in group discussion of a topic. The
researcher ask specific questions and guides the
discussion to ensure the group members address
these questions.

4. CASE STUDIES AND LIFE HISTORIES – are in-

depth qualitative studies , of one or few
illustrative cases
 RESEARCH DESIGN ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. PREDICTIVE OR PROGNOSTIC –
determines the future operation of the
variable being investigated
2.DIRECTIVE – determines what should be
done based on the findings
 3. ILLUMINATIVE – concerned with the
interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated
 RESEARCH DESIGN ACCORDING TO GOAL
 1. BASIC OR PURE – done for the
development of theories and principles
A systematic study directed towards a
greater knowledge or understanding of the
fundamental aspects of phenomena and of
observable facts without application. (
improving scientific theories qand prediction
of other phenomena )
 2APPLIED – application of the
.
results of pure research
A research methodology that
creates practical solutions for
specific problems. (solve
practical problems )
Example of basic research :
A study looking at how caffeine will affect the brain
A study assessing whether men or women are more
likely to be diagnosed with depression

Example of applied research

Investigating treatment and management options
for anxiety and panic attacks
Researching what strategies work best to top the
board examination.
According to time
. 1.HISTORICAL RESEARCH – described what
was
2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH – described what
is
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – describes
what will be
4. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH –
research based on belief
According to the levels of Investigation

1. Exploratory Research = the

researches studies the variables
based on a pertinent situation
A research used to investigate a
problem which is not clearly
defined.
2. Descriptive Research = the
researcher studies the relationship of
the variables.
Answers what question

3.Experimental Research = the

experiment studies the effect of the
variables on each other
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
S- Specific
M- Measurable
A-attainable
R-Realistic
T-Time Frame
 According to the ANALYSIS OF THE
PROBLEM
1. ANALYTICAL APPROACH –
Isolate the component of
research(differentaspects )
2. HOLLISTIC APPROACH –
means thinking about the big
picture,( overall assessment )
According to scope
ACTION RESEARCH = Done on a very
limited scope to solve particular position
which is not big
An educational research involving
collecting of information regarding current
educational programs and outcomes .
Problem solving actions.(evaluate,
investigate and analyze )
According to choice of answers to
problem
1. Evaluation Research = all possible
courses of action are specified and
identified
Method used for assessing specific
problem to ensure usability and grounds in
wants, needs and desires of real people.
2. Developmental research = the
focus is gathered in developing more
suitable instruments
The systematic study of designing,
developing, and evaluating
instructional programs, processes and
products that must meet criteria of
internal consistency and effectiveness.
According to statistical content
1. Quantitative Research = one in
which with inferential statistics

2. Qualitative Research = research

which the use of numbers is
practically not
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN T –TEST AND CHI
SQUARE
T- TEST – Allows you to answer the
question, are these two groups
statistically different from each other ?
When you reject the null hypothesis with
the use of T-TEST – you are saying that
the means are statistically different. The
Difference is meaningful
Chi SQUARE – allows you to test
whether there is a relationship between
two variables. , but does bot tell you
the direction of the relationship.
When you reject the null hypothesis
with a Chi square you are saying that
there are relationship between the two
variables
 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH
1. Developing or recognizing the
problem
2. Forming a Hypothesis
3. Doing the library works
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments in
collecting data
6. Collecting Data
7. Analysing the data
8. Determining implications and
conclusion from the findings
9. Making recommendations for
further research
 PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. RIGID CONTROL = refers to the
manipulation of the research
variables
2. OBJECTIVITY = means that
there should be no bias in
treating the results of the inquiry
3. SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION = refers
to the proper and accurate tabulation
of the data
4. RIGOROUS STANDARDS = means
the setting up of standards or principles
which serves as basis for evaluating the
findings of the study
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Implies that the investigation, inquiry , or study
is to be conducted , or that the problem is
ready for investigation, inquiry or study
The specific issue , difficulty, contradiction
or gap in knowledge that you will aim to
address in your research.
Drives the study .
“ heart of research study “
 ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation
2. The subject matter or topic to be investigated
3. The place or locale where the research is to be
conducted
4. the period of time of the study during which the
data are to be gathered
5. Population or universe from whom it will be
collected
 ASSUMPTIONS
IS a self evident truth which is based
upon a known fact or phenomenon.
If there is no assumption , expressed or
implicit , there can be no specific
question.
Something that is accepted as true or as
certain to happen without proof
 HYPOTHESIS
“wise guess “
A tentative conclusion or
answer to a specific question
raised at the beginning of
the investigation.
 FORM OF HYPOTHESIS
1. OPERATIONAL FORM = is stated in
the affirmative which states that
there is a difference between two
phenomena.
Ex. There is significantly relationship
between Covid 19 and Sars.
2. NULL FORM it states that there is no
=
difference between the two phenomena
which means it expresses equality between
two phenomena

Example:
There is no significant difference between
the factors contributing to the spread of
corona virus to the numbers of infected.
STANDARD FORMAT OF THESIS WRITING
1. THE PROBLEM AND THE SETTING
2. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
3. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES
4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 RELATED LITERATURE
Composed of facts ,
discussions and principles to
which the present study is
related
Detailed review of existing
literature related to the topic.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK = the
foundation of the study
The structure that can hold or support
a theory of a research study.
It explains why the research problem
under study exists.
General representation of
relationships between things
CONCEPTUL FRAMEWORK = an
illustration of how research problems
are generated from the theoretical
framework
Defines the relevant variables and
maps out how they relate to each
other.
Embodies specific direction
 RELATED STUDIES
Are studies, inquiries , or
investigation already
conducted to which the
present proposed study is
related or has some bearing
or similarity
 CLASSIFICATION OF RELATED STUDIES

LOCAL = if the inquiry was

conducted in the Philippines
Usually unpublished
materials
FOREIGN = if conducted in
foreign islands
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH
The origin of the word History means the search
of knowledge and the truth, a searching to find
out,
HISTORY is any integrated, narrative, of past
events or facts written in a spirit of critical
inquiry for the whole truth
The meaning of past events in an attempt to
interpret and explain the cause of events and
their effect in the present events
 FOUR MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
A. Choosing and defining the problem

B. Collecting the Data

C. Critically analysing the data

D. Writing the research report

 TWO KINDS OF CRITISICM IN CRITICAL
ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
. EXTERNAL CRITISICM = used
1 to
determine the authenticity or
genuineness of historical document

Process used in analysing data

 INTRODUCING RESEARCH PAPER FORMAT
A. PRELIMINARY PAGES
Title page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
 CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
 THEORITICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

CHAPTER II : METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY
 DATA GATHERING TOOL
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF QUESTIONNAIRES
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
 CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
 DRAWING OUT IMPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
 CORROBORATIONM FROM RELATED SOURCES OF INFORMATION

 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
 CONCLUSIONS
 RECOMMENDTAIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 B
 REFERENCES
 FORMS/TOOLS
 CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PRELIMINARY PAGES
TITLE PAGE - title or subtitle of the thesis
- first name and surname of the author
- whether it is bachelors or masters thesis
- faculty and department
- place and daqte of completion

APPROVAL SHEET
- This is to prove that the authors have passed the
requirements needed for the research
- signed by the thesis adviser, panel and the Dean
- also states the grade obtained by the authors
 ABSTRACT
 - PRESENTS BRIEF Sumamry of the thesis
 - briefly provide the reader with the most important information from
the entire text
 -never contains new information
 - summary is no longer than 2 pages of 4 A

 acknowledgement
 - focused on expre4ssing ghratitude to the organization or certain
people whoin one way or another have aided the researcher in
finishing the thesis

 DEDICATION - dedicating the thesis for certain peope who inspired the
researchers while doing the thesis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-TOPIc outline of the thesis
-compiled by listing the headings in the thesis down to
whichever level you choose

LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES
- include list of illustrations and list of tables if you have one
or more items in this categories
-use a separate page for each list
- list the number, caption, and page number of every figure
CHAPTER I INTRODUCVTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- The first chapter of your thesis is introduction
-provide to an introduction of your thesis. you give the
context in terms of content of the research project.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- ELABORATES THE RESEARCH PROBLEM IN RELATION TO
RELEVANMT LITERATURE. SUMMarize the major variables
- key ideas or constructs in your approach
- identify and discuss the variables
- conceptualized relationship bet. variables
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- The problem must be reflected to your title
-musty be answerable by yes or no and
musyt be arranged in the flow of your
documentation or study

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

- COVERAGE OF YOUR STUDY AND
DELIMITATIONM IS THE LIMITATION OF YOUR
STUDY OR TOPIC
CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN
 - Tjhe appropriate research design should be specified and
described

POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY

 - described the population of interest and the ssampling of
subjects used in the study

DATA GATHeRING TOOL

 - describe tHe instrument and what it will emasure
 - state qualifications of informants if usede in the study
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
- Specify the level of reliability ( probability )

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

- daescribe how instrument will be adminestered

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

- describe the processing and treatment of data
 CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PRESENTATION OF DATA
- present the findings of the study in the order of specific
problem as stated in the statement of problem . TABULAR-
TEXTUAL- GRAPHICAL
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
- establish interconnection and amomng data
- checked indicators whether hypothesis is/are not
supported by the findings
- link the present findings with the previous literature
- use parallel observations
 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
 CONCLUSIONS
 - brief, generalized statements, in answer to thew general and each of
the specific sub problems -
 - flexibility is considered in makling conclusions .
 - generalization from micro to macro level

 RECOMMENDATIONS
 - They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study
 - maybe specific or general
 -in non technical language
 - they should be feasible, workable, doable and adatable
APA FORMAT is the official style of the AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, and is commonly
used to cite in psychology, education and social
sciences.

. sans serif fonts such as 11 point calibri, 11 point arial or

10 point lucida sans unicode
Serif font such as 12 point times new roman, 11 point
georgia, or normal 10 point computer modern
USE OF AUXILIARY SCIENCES
A. EPIGRAPHY = the study of inscriptions and
the art of deciphering them

B. DIPLOMATICS = the science of charters and

diplomas.

C. PALEOGRAPHY = the study of old writing

D. PHILIOLOGY = greatest used in
determining date and authenticity

E. ARCHEOLOGY = the science of

remains

F. Chemistry and the paper maker’s art

 . INTERNAL CRITISICM = the process of
 2

determining the true meaning and

value of statements contained in the
document. Internal criticism is positive if
efforts are made to discover the true
meaning of a document, negative if
efforts are exerted in finding reasons for
disbelieving the contents of the document
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIBE WHAT IS, IT INVOLVES THE
DESCRIPTION, RECORDING, ANALYSIS
AND Interpretation of the present nature,
composition n or processes of
phenomena.

A fact finding with adequate

interpretation.
Describes and interprets what is.
It is concerned with the
conditions or relationships,
practices that prevail, beliefs,
processes that are going on ,
effects or trends that are
developing
 TYPES OF SURVEY TECHNIQUE OR
APPROACH
TOTAL POPULATION SURVEY = the
entire population is involved in the
survey.
Ex.census of population
SAMPLE SURVEY = Portion of the
population is involved in the survey
SCHOOL SURVEY = used to gather data
and about schools and to assess
Education achievement
Ex. Services, school performance, culture

SOCIAL SURVEY – attitudes and

behaviour of different people
PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY = Gauge the
people reactions to certain issues

POLL SURVEY = used during voting

/election

MARKET SURVEY = finding out what kind

of people purchase products/ goods
EVALUATION SURVEY = the
researcher looks back to see what
has been accomplished

COMPARATIVE SURVEY = results

from two different groups are
compared
SHORT TERM SURVEY = period should be less
than five years

LONG TERM SURVEY = more than five years

LONGITUDINAL SURVEY = comparing data

collected at present with data that were
collected sometimes in the past
CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY = Several
groups in various stages of involvement
are studied simultaneously,

JOB ANALYSIS SURVEY = provides

information on the general duties and
responsibilities of workers
COMMUNITY SURVEY = this survey
provides information on the various
aspects of the community

CORRELATION STUDY = study that

shows the relationship between two
variables
CASE STUDY = a comprehensive,
complete, detailed and in depth study and
analysis of an individual , institution group or
community

CASE WORK = especially to the

developmental , adjustment, remedial or
corrective procedures that follow diagnosis,
of the causes of maladjustment
development
CASE HISTORY = biography obtained
by interview and other means,
sometimes collected over the years

CLINICAL METHOD = process by

which we collect all available
evidence to help us understand an
individual child
 CONTENT ANALYSIS
Research technique used to make
replicable and valid inferences by
interpreting and coding textual material.
Research technique deals with
documentary materials that are already
existing and available .
1. IT IS OBJECTIVE
2. IT IS SYSTEMATIC
3. IT IS QUANTITATIVE
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Defined as a method or procedure
involving the control or manipulation
of conditions for the purpose of
studying the relative effects of various
treatment applied to a members of
sample of the same treatment
applied to different samples
 THE QUESTIONNAIRE
A list of plan, written questions related to a
particular topic with space provided for
indicating the response to each question,
intended for submission to some person for
reply, commonly used in normative survey
studies and in the measurement of attitudes
and opinions
Main instrument for collecting data in survey
research.
 STEPS IN THE PREPARATION OF
QUESTIONNAIRE
Doing library search
Talking to knowledgeable people
Mastering the guidelines
Writing the questionnaire
Editing the questionnaire
Rewriting the questionnaire
Pretesting the questionnaire
Writing the questionnaire in its final form
 INTERVIEW
A purposeful face to face relationship
between two person , one of whom
called the interviewer who ask the
questions and the other called the
interviewee or respondent who
supplies the information asked for
TYPES OR CLASSES OF INTERVIEW

STANDARDIZED INTERVIEW(structured interview) =

the interviewer is not allowed to change the
specific wordings of the questions in the interview
schedule .

SEMI STANDARDIZED INTERVIEW = the

interviewer is required to ask a number of specific
question and beyond these he is free to probe as
he chooses.
NON STANDARDIZED INTERVIEW
= the interviewer has the
complete freedom to develop
each interview in the most
appropriate manner for each
situation.
FOCUSED INTERVIEW = the researcher asked
several questions based on his previous
understanding and insight of the situation.
Specific attention is given to specific ideas.

NON DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW = the interviewee is

allowed and even encouraged to express
feelings without fear or disapproval.
 GENERAL TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING = the sample is
proportion of the population and such sample
is selected from the population by means of
some systematic way

2. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING = the sample

is not proportion of the population and there
is no system in selecting the sample. The
selection depends upon the situation
 TYPES OF NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING = there is no system of
selection but only those whom the researcher meet by
chance are included

2. QOUTA SAMPLING = specified numbers of persons of

certain types included in the sample. Many sector of
the population are represented

3. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING = Process of picking out

people the most convenient AND FASTEST WAY to
immediately Get their reactions to a certain hot and
controversial issue
 TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. PURE RANDOM SAMPLING = one in
which everyone in the population of inquiry
has an equal chance of being selected to
be include in the sample

2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING = every name in

the sample may be selected to be included
in a sample.
 3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING = the process
of selecting randomly from the different strata of
the population used in the study .

4. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING = determining the

target population those to be involved in the
study

5. CLUSTER SAMPLING = used when the

population is so big
 PARTS OF RESEARCH/THESIS
ABSTRACT – contains the brief description of
the background and objectives of the problem,
statement of the problem, research design,
findings, conclusion and recommendation
TITLE PAGE – composed of the title research, full
name of the researcher, subject for which the
research is presented. Includes the dept. or
institution month and year and which the
research is submitted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - mention
the people who guided in the
completion of the research
TABLE OF CONTENTS – List the
chapter, headings, chapter number,
caption of titles and pages in the
research where the title is located
LIST OF TABLES – demonstrate the
presentation of the captions of the tables
with the number of tables, caption of
titles and pages in the research where
the table is located

LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS –

includes graphs, chart and the
illustrations used in the research.
INTRODUCTION – background of the study,
statement of the problem, hypothesis,
theoretical and conceptual framework,
definition of terms, importance of the study,
and scope and delimitation.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – presents

what has and ahs not been researched on
the problem by explaining the basis of the
theoretical framework
METHODOLOGY – presents the procedures in data
gathering such as the design of the study, variables and
measures, source of data, instrumentation, procedure
and treatment of research and data

PRESENTATION ,ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS – Summarizes the findings to
answer the research questions.
-
VALIDITY
refers to the accuracy of
measurement whether the
instrument is in fact
measuring what is suppose
to measure
PLAGIRIASM = AN act of
incorporating into one’s work the
work of another without indicating
the source
The unacknowledged used of
somebody else’s ideas or words
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
GOODLUCK TO YOUR
BOARD
EXAMINATION
GOD BLESS !!!!