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Phys Sol Ch02

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views82 pages

Phys Sol Ch02

Uploaded by

resinid530
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pearson Physics Level 20

Unit I Kinematics: Chapter 2


Solutions
Student Book page 71

Skills Practice
Students’ answers will vary but may consist of:
(a) scale 1 cm : 1 m; vector will be 5 cm long
(b) scale 1 cm : 5 m; vector will be 4 cm long
(c) scale 1 cm : 10 km; vector will be 3 cm long
(d) scale 1 cm : 50 km; vector will be 3 cm long

Student Book page 73

Example 2.1 Practice Problems


1. (a) Δd total = 5.0 m + 10 m + 10 m + 10 m + 20 m + 10 m + 40 m + 10 m
= 115 m
(b) Consider forward to be positive.
G
Δd = +5.0 m + (–10 m) + (+10 m) + (–10 m) + (+20 m) + (–10 m) + (+40 m) +
(–10 m)
= +35 m
= 35 m [forward]

Student Book page 74

Example 2.2 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
d1 = 40.0 m [N]
G
d 2 = 20.0 m [N]
G
d3 = 100.0 m [N]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
JG
Δ d = 40.0 m [N] + 20.0 m [N] + 100.0 m [N]
= 160.0 m [N]
Paraphrase
Sprinter’s displacement is 160.0 m [N].
2. Given
G
d1 = 0.750 m [right]
G
d 2 = 3.50 m [left]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 1 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis
JG
and Solution
Δ d = 0.750 m [right] + 3.50 m [left]
= −0.750 m [left] + 3.50 m [left]
= 2.75 m [left]
Paraphrase
Player’s displacement is 2.75 m [left].
3. Given
G
d1 = 0.85 m [back]
G
d 2 = −0.85 m [forth]
Required
distance ( Δd )
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
The bricklayer’s hand moves 1.70 m back and forth four times, so Δ d = 4(d1 + d 2 ) .
Δd = 4(0.85 m + 0.85 m)
= 6.80 m
Since the player starts and finishes in the same spot, displacement is zero.
G
Δd = 0 m
Paraphrase
Total distance is 6.80 m. Total displacement is zero.

Student Book page 75

2.1 Check and Reflect


Knowledge
1. The vectors have the same magnitude (equal length) but opposite directions.
2. The vector 5 m [N] should be half the length of, and point in the opposite direction to,
the vector 10 m [S].
5.0 m [S] 20 m [S]
3. =
6.0 cm x
6.0 cm × 20 m [S]
x=
5.0 m [S]
= 24 cm
5.0 cm 1.0 cm
4. =
100 km x
100 km × 1.0 cm
x=
5.0 cm
= 20 km
scale = 1.0 cm : 20 km

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 2 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Applications
5. Given
scale = 1.0 cm : 520 km
map distance = 4.0 cm
Required
Separation in kilometres (x)
Analysis and Solution
Use equal scale ratios.
x 520 km
=
4.0 cm 1.0 cm
520 km
x = 4.0 cm ×
1.0 cm
= 4.0 × 520 km
= 2080 km
Paraphrase and Verify
2080 km 520 km
The separation is 2080 km. Check: =
4.0 cm 1.0 cm
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
6. (a) Δd = d1 + (−d1 ) + d 2 + (−d 2 ) + d3 + (−d3 ) + d 4 + (−d 4 ) + d5 + (−d5 ) + d6 + (−d6 ) + d7 + (−d7 )
G G G G G
+ d8 + (−d8 ) + d9 + (−d9 ) + d10
G
(b) Δd = (+10) + (–10) + (+20) + (–20) + (+30) + (–30) + (+40) + (–40) + (+50) +
(–50) + (+60) + (–60) + (+70) + (–70) + (+80) + (–80) + (+90) + (–90) + 100
= 100 yards
(c) Δd = 2(10) + 2(20) + 2(30) + 2(40) + 2(50) + 2(60) + 2(70) + 2(80) + 2(90) + 100
= 1000 yards
7. Let x represent each displacement south. Since the car’s final position is 50 km [N], its
total distance travelled south is 450 km.
x + (50 + x) + (100 + x) = 450 km
3x + 150 = 450 km
3x = 300 km
x = 100 km
Therefore, the car’s three displacements are 100 km [S], 150 km [S], and 200 km [S].
8. Vectors A and B are equal. They have the same magnitude and point in the same
direction.
9. (1) The distance the ball travels is
Δd = 10.0 m + 8.0 m + 8.0 m + 4.0 m + 4.0 m + 2.0 m
= 36.0 m
(2) If down
G G
is negative,
G
the ball’s displacement from its drop point is
Δd = d f − di
= 2.0 m − 10.0 m
= −8.0 m
= 8.0 m [down]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 78

Skills Practice
1. (a) Cartesian

(b) Cartesian

(c) Cartesian

(d) navigator

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 4 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
(e) Cartesian

(f) navigator

2. (a) 3 m [E]

(b) 17 m/s
[65° S of
W]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
(c) 7 m
[65° N of E]

(d) 8 m/s [125°]

(e) 2 m
[8° W of N]

(f) 12 m/s
[330°]

Student Book page 79

Concept Check
[60° S of W] may also be written [30° W of S].

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 82

Example 2.3 Practice Problems


1.

G G G G
d1 + d3 + d 2 = Δd R = 1.30 km [67° E of S]

G G G G
d 2 + d3 + d1 = Δd R = 1.30 km [23° S of E] = 1.30 km [67° E of S]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2.

The student’s position relative to her starting point is 272 m [60° S of E].

Skills Practice
Distance Final Displacement
G
Δd (m) position Δd (m)
G
d (m) [direction]
[direction]
reference
point
AB 56 m 44 m [W] 44 m [W]
BC 63 m 23 m [N] 50 m
[27° N of E]
CD 60 m 83 m [N] 60 m [N]
AC 28 m 23 m [N] 23 m [N]
AD 88 m 83 m [N] 83 m [N]

Student Book page 84

Example 2.4 Practice Problems


G
1. Δd = 15 km [40° E of N]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 8 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The angle is given with respect to the y-axis (E of N), so use the cosine function to
calculate the north component:
Δd y = (15 km)(cos 40°)
= 11 km [N]
G
2. v = 10 m/s [245°]

vx = (10 m/s)(cos 245°)


= –4.2 m/s
vy = (10 m/s)(sin 245°)
= –9.1 m/s
G
3. Δd = 65 km [37° E of S]

Δd x = (65 km)(sin 37°) = 39 km [E]

Concept Check
If up and right are designated as positive directions, then Rx in the first quadrant can be
negative if it is pointing left and Ry can be negative if it is pointing down. Similarly, Rx
and Ry in the other three quadrants can be positive if they point in the positive directions.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 9 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 85

Skills Practice
G
1. (a) R = 15 km/h [45° N of W]
Rx = (15 km/h)(cos 45°)
= 11 km/h
Ry = (15 km/h)(sin 45°)
= 11 km/h
G
(b) R = 200 km/h [25° E of S]
Rx = (200 km/h)(sin 25°)
= 85 km/h
Ry = (200 km/h)(cos 25°)
= 181 km/h
G
(c) R = 10 km/h [N]
Rx = 0
Ry = 10 km/h
2. (a) Rx = 12 m, Ry = 7 m

( Rx )2 + ( Ry )
2
R=

= (12 m )2 + ( 7 m )2
= 14 m
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
7m
=
12 m
= 0.583
θ = tan −1 (0.583)
G = 30°
R = 14 m [30°]
(b) Rx = 40 km/h, Ry = 55 km/h

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
( )
2
( Rx )
2
R= + Ry

( 40 km/h ) + ( 55 km/h )
2 2
=
= 68 km/h
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
55 km/h
=
40 km/h
= 1.375
θ = tan −1 (1.375)
G = 54°
R = 68 km/h [54°]
(c) Rx = 30 cm, Ry = 10 cm

( )
2
( Rx )
2
R= + Ry

( 30 cm ) + (10 cm )
2 2
=
= 32 cm
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
10 cm
=
30 cm
= 0.333
θ = tan −1 (0.333)
G = 18°
R = 32 cm [18°]

Student Book page 88

Example 2.5 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
d1 = 80.0 m [0°]
G
d 2 = 60.0 m [335°]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve both vectors in their components and then perform vector addition.
Determine the resultant displacement using the Pythagorean theorem.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 11 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
d1x = 80.0 m
d1y = 0
d 2 x = d 2 cos θ
= (60.0 m)(cos 25°)
= 54.38 m
d 2 y = d 2 sin θ
= −(60.0 m)(sin 25°)
= −25.36 m
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
Δd x = 80.0 m + 54.38 m
= 134.4 m
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
Δd y = 0 + (−25.36 m)
= −25.36 m

2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2

2
= (134.4 m) + (−25.36 m)2
= 136.8 m
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
25.36 m
=
134.4 m
= 0.1887
θ = tan−1 (0.1887)
= 10.69°

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 12 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Since the angle is with respect to the positive x-axis in the negative direction,
the angle with respect to the positive x-axis in the positive direction is
360° − 10.69° = 349° .
Paraphrase
The farmer’s displacement was 137 m [349o].
2. Given
G
d1 = 15 m [15o N of E]
G
d 2 = 13 m [5o W of N]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve each position vector into its x and y components and then find the resultant
using trigonometry.

d1x = d1 cos θ
= (15 m)(cos15°)
= 14.49 m
d1y = d1 sin θ
= (15 m)(sin15°)
= 3.88 m
d 2 x = −d 2 sin θ (since in second quadrant)
= −(13 m)(sin 5°)
= −1.13 m
d2y = d 2 cos θ
= (13 m)(cos 5°)
= 12.95 m
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
Δd x = 14.49 m + (−1.13 m )
= 13.36 m
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
= 3.88 m + 12.95 m
= 16.83 m

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 13 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2

2
= (13.36 m) + (16.83 m)2
= 21.49 m
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
16.83 m
=
13.36 m
= 1.260
θ = tan−1 (1.260)
= 52°
Paraphrase
The soccer player’s displacement was 21 m [52o N of E].
3. Given
G
d1 = 300 m [S]
G
d 2 = 550 m [75o N of E]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve each position vector into its x and y components and then add them using
trigonometry.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 14 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
d1x = 0
d1y = −300 m
d 2 x = d 2 cos θ
= (550 m)(cos 75°)
= 142.4 m
d2y = d 2 sin θ
= (550 m)(sin 75°)
= 531.3 m
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
Δd x = 0 + 142.4 m
= 142.4 m
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
Δd y = −300 m + 531.3 m
= 231.3 m

2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2

2
= (142.4 m) + (231.3 m) 2
= 2.7 ×102 m

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 15 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
231.3 m
=
142.4 m
= 1.624
θ = tan−1 (1.624)
= 58°
Paraphrase
The wildlife biologist’s displacement is 2.7 ×102 m [58o N of E].

Student Book page 90

2.2 Check and Reflect


Knowledge
1. The cosine function, Rx = R cos θ , is used if the angle is with respect to the x-axis.
The sine function, Rx = R sin θ , is used if the angle is with respect to the y-axis.
2. (a) False. The order in which vectors are added is not important because vectors are
drawn to scale, and the magnitude and direction of a resultant should be the same
regardless of how the vectors are added.
(b) False. Displacement is not always equal to distance because displacement is the
straight-line distance between two points, whereas distance is the path travelled
between the starting point and the endpoint.
3. The navigator method is used when the compass directions, north, south, east and
west, are involved.
Applications
4. The components of this vector are
dy = (55 cm)(cos 30°)
= 48 cm
dx = (55 cm)(sin 30°)
= 28 cm
5. (a) Given
G
d1 = 750 m [90o ]
G
d 2 = 2.20 km [270o ] or 2200 m [270o ]
Required
distance ( Δd )
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
To determine distance, add the magnitudes of the position vectors. For
displacement, add the position vectors once the units and angles are the same.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 16 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd = 750 m + 2.20 km
= 0.75 km + 2.20 km
= 2.95 km
JG
Δ d = 750 m [90°] + 2.20 km [270°]
= −0.75 km [270°] + 2.20 km [270°]
= 1.45 km [270°]
Paraphrase
The distance traveled is 2.95 km and the displacement is 1.45 m [270o].
(b) Given
G
d1 = 5.0 km [W]
G
d 2 = 3.0 km [N]
G
d3 = 2.0 km [E]
G
d 4 = 1.5 km [S]
Required
distance ( Δd )
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
For distance, add the magnitudes of the four vectors. For displacement, add the
collinear vectors and then use the Pythagorean theorem and the tangent function.
Δd = 5.0 km + 3.0 km + 2.0 km + 1.5 km
= 11.5 km

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 17 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd = 5.0 km [W] + 3.0 km [N] + 2.0 km [E] + 1.5 km [S]
= 5.0 km [W] + (−2.0 km [W]) + 3.0 km [N] + (−1.5 km [N])
= 3.0 km [W] + 1.5 km [N]
2 2
R = (3.0 km) + (1.5 km)
= 3.4 km
⎛ 1.5 km ⎞⎟
θ = tan−1 ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3.0 km ⎠⎟
= 27°
JG
Δ d = 3.4 km [27° N of W]
Paraphrase
The distance is 11.5 km and the displacement is 3.4 km [27o N of W].
(c) Given
d1 = 500 m [N]
l = 150 m [E]
Required
distance ( Δd )
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Attempting to cross the river, the swimmer is moved off course. Her distance is
how far she actually swam in the water.

Δd = ( 500 m )2 + (150 m )2
= 522 m
JG
Δ d = 500 m [N] + 150 m [E]
To find the direction for displacement, use of the tangent function.
⎛150 m ⎟⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 500 m ⎟⎠
= 16.7°
JG
Δd = 522 m [16.7° E of N]
Paraphrase
The swimmer swam a distance of 522 m and her displacement was 522 m
[16.7o E of N].

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 18 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
6. Given
G o
d1 = 5.0 km [45 W of N]
G o
d 2 = 7.0 km [45 S of E]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
The vectors are in opposite directions. So, the magnitude of the displacement of the
boat is 2.0 km. The direction is that of the second, longer, position vector, [45 o S of E].

Paraphrase
The boat’s displacement is 2.0 km [45 o S of E].
7. Given
G
v = 355 m/s [30o ]
Required
vertical velocity component ( v y )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve the vector into its vertical component using v y = v sin θ .

v y = v sin θ
= (355 m/s)(sin 30°)
= 178 m/s
Paraphrase
The magnitude of the vertical component of the pellet’s velocity is 178 m/s.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 19 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
8. Given
G
d1 = 1.20 km [55° N of E]
G
d 2 = 3.15 km [70° S of E]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve each vector into its components and perform vector addition.

d1x = d1 cos θ
= (1.20 km)(cos 55°)
= 0.6883 km
d1y = d1 sin θ
= (1.20 m)(sin 55°)
= 0.9830 km
d 2 x = d 2 sin θ
= (3.15 km)(sin 20°)
= 1.077 km
d2y = −d 2 cos θ
= −(3.15 km)(cos 20°)
= −2.960 km
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
Δd x = 0.6883 km + 1.077 km
= 1.765 km
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
Δd y = 0.9830 km − 2.960 km
= −1.977 km

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 20 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2

2
= (1.765 km) + (−1.977 km)2
= 2.650 km
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
1.977 km
=
1.765 km
= 1.120
θ = tan−1 (1.120)
= 48°
From the diagram, this angle is with respect to the positive x-axis in the clockwise
direction, or S of E.
Paraphrase
The jet ski’s displacement is 2.65 km [48o S of E].
9. Given
G
v1 = 6.0 km/h [25o N of W]
G
v2 = 4.5 km/h [65o E of N]
Δt1 = 35 min
Δt2 = 20 min
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
G
average velocity ( vave )
Analysis and Solution
Using the uniform motion equation, determine the displacement in both directions.
⎛ km ⎞⎛ 1 h ⎞
Δd1 = ⎜ 6.0 [25° N of W] ⎟ ⎜ 35 min × ⎟
⎝ h ⎠⎝ 60 min ⎠
= 3.5 km [25° N of W]
⎛ km ⎞⎛ 1 h ⎞
Δd 2 = ⎜ 4.5 [65° E of N] ⎟ ⎜ 20 min × ⎟
⎝ h ⎠⎝ 60 min ⎠
= 1.5 km [65° E of N]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 21 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Resolve each displacement vector into its x and y components and then perform
vector addition.

Δd1x = −d1 cos θ


= −(3.5 km)(cos 25°)
= −3.17 km
d1y = d1 sin θ
= (3.5 m)(sin 25°)
= 1.48 km
d 2 x = d 2 sin θ
= (1.5 km)(sin 65°)
= 1.36 km
d 2 y = d 2 cos θ
= (1.5 km)(cos 65°)
= 0.634 km
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
= −3.17 km + 1.36 km
= −1.81 km
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
= 1.48 km + 0.634 km
= 2.11 km

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 22 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2

2
= (−1.81 km) + (2.11 km)2
= 2.78 km
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
2.11 km
=
1.81 km
= 1.17
θ = tan−1 (1.17)
= 49°
From the diagram above, this angle is 49o N of W.
G
G Δd
Find average velocity using the equation vave = .
Δt
JG
G Δd
v ave =
Δt
2.78 km [49° N of W] 60 min
= ×
(35 + 20) min 1h
= 3.03 km/h [49° N of W]
Paraphrase
The jogger’s total displacement is 2.8 km [49o N of W]. The jogger’s average
velocity is 3.0 km/h [49o N of W].
10. Given
G
Δd = 38 m [90°]
Required
(a) components of displacement ( d x , d y )
(b) distance to second base ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Since the baseball diamond is square in shape, the two sides of the triangle formed
from home base to first base, and from first base to second base, must be equal. The
angle must be 45o because the triangle is isosceles.

Use the sine and cosine functions to determine the components of the player’s
displacement.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 23 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
(a) d x = d cos θ
= ( 38 m ) (cos 45°)
= 27 m
d y = d sin θ
= ( 38 m ) (sin 45°)
= 27 m
(b) The distance is not 38 m because the player does not run in a straight line but to
first then to second base, or 27 m + 27 m = 54 m .
Paraphrase
(a) The components of the baseball player’s displacement are 27 m in both the x and
y directions.
(b) The player’s distance travelled is 54 m.
11. Given
G
d1 = 45.0 m [310o ]
G
d 2 = 35.0 m [135o ]
Required
G
displacement ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve each vector into its x and y components and then perform vector addition.

d1x = d1 cos θ
= ( 45.0 m ) (cos 50°)
= 28.925 m
d1y = d1 sin θ
= − ( 45.0 m ) (sin 50°)
= −34.47 m
d 2 x = d 2 cos θ
= − ( 35.0 m ) (cos 45°)
= −24.75 m
d 2 y = d 2 cos θ
= ( 35.0 m ) (sin 45°)
= 24.75 m

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 24 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd x = d1x + d 2 x
= 28.925 m + (−24.75 m)
= 4.175 m
Δd y = d1y + d 2 y
Δd y = −34.47 m + 24.75 m
Δd y = −9.72 m

( )
2
( Δd x )
2
Δd = + Δd y

( 4.175 m ) + ( −9.72 m )
2 2
=
= 10.6 m
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
9.72 m
=
4.175 m
= 2.328
θ = tan −1 (2.328)
θ = 66.8°
From the diagram, this angle is with respect to the positive x-axis in the clockwise
direction. Using the Cartesian method, this angle is 360° − 66.8° = 293° .
Paraphrase
The skateboarder’s displacement is 10.6 m [293o].

Student Book page 91

Concept Check
Since the observer on the train has the same velocity as the stationary ball and the train
(25 m/s [forward]), the observer sees the ball move at a velocity of 25 m/s [forward].
The observer on the ground will see the ball moving at the combined velocities of the ball
and train, or 25 m/s [forward] + 25 m/s [forward] = 50 m/s [forward].
If the ball moves 25 m/s [backward], its velocity is the same for an observer on the train.
For an observer on the ground, its velocity is 25 m/s [forward] + 25 m/s [backward]
= 25 m/s [forward] – 25 m/s [forward] = 0 m/s. Therefore, the ball appears stationary.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 25 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 95

Example 2.6 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
vswimmer = 1.8 m/s [N]
Δd = 200 m
G
vcurrent = 1.2 m/s [W]
Required
G
(a) ground velocity (ν ground )
(b) time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
G G G
(a) vground = vswimmer + vcurrent

(ν ground ) 2 = (ν swimmer ) 2 + (ν current ) 2


ν ground = (1.8 m/s) 2 + (1.2 m/s) 2
= 2.2 m/s

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
⎛ 1.2 m/s ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.8 m/s ⎠
= 34°
From the diagram, this angle is W of N.
G
G Δd
(b) Use the equation v = and the swimmer’s speed. Use the scalar form of the
Δt
equation because you are dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
200 m
=
m
1.8
s
= 111 s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 26 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Paraphrase
(a) The swimmer’s ground velocity is 2.2 m/s [34º W of N].
(b) It takes the swimmer 111 s to cross the river.
2. Given
G
vcurrent = 1.2 m/s [W]
vswimmer = 1.8 m/s
direction of ground velocity = N
Required
(a) direction
(b) time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
G G G
vground
(a) = vswimmer + vcurrent

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
⎛ 1.2 m/s ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.8 m/s ⎠
= 42°
From the diagram, this angle
G
is E of N.
G Δd
(b) Use the equation v = . Since displacement and velocity must be in the same
Δt
direction, first find the ground speed.
(vswimmer ) 2 = (vground )2 + (vcurrent ) 2
(vground ) 2 = (vswimmer )2 − (vcurrent ) 2

vground = (1.8 m/s) 2 − (1.2 m/s)2


= 1.34 m/s
Use the scalar form of the equation because you are dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
200 m
=
m
1.34
s
= 149 s
Paraphrase
(a) The swimmer must direct herself at an angle of [ 42° E of N].
(b) It takes the swimmer 149 s to cross the river.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 27 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 97

Example 2.7 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
vwind = 60 km/h [15o E of N]
G
vair = 750 km/h [N]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
Determine the ground velocity of the airplane by resolving each vector into its east
and north components and then using the Pythagorean theorem and the tangent
function. The plane will need to fly W of N to maintain its northerly course.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 28 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vwind x = −vwind sin θ
= − ( 60 km/h ) (sin15°)
= −15.5 km/h
vwind y = vwind cos θ
= ( 60 km/h ) (cos15°)
= 57.96 km/h
vairx = 0
vairy = 750 km/h
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
vground x = vairx + vwind x
= 0 + (−15.5 km/h)
= −15.5 km/h

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 29 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vground y = vairy + vwind y
= 750 km/h + 57.96 km/h
= 808 km/h

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

= ( −15.5 km/h )2 + (808 km/h )2


= 808 km/h
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
15.5 km/h
=
808 km/h
= 0.019
θ = tan −1 (0.019)
= 1.1°
The angle is therefore 1.1o W of N.
Paraphrase
The airplane’s ground velocity must be 808 km/h [1.1° W of N].
2. Given
G
vground = 856 km/h [25.0o W of S]
G
vwind = 65.0 km/h [S]
Required
G
air velocity ( vair )
Analysis and Solution
Perform vector subtraction to determine the components of the air velocity. Using the
Pythagorean theorem, find the magnitude of the air velocity and then use the tangent
function to determine the air velocity direction.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 30 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vground x = −vground sin θ
= − ( 856 km/h ) (sin 25.0°)
= −361.8 km/h
vground y = −vground cos θ
= − ( 856 km/h ) (cos 25.0°)
= −775.8 km/h
vwind x = 0
vwind y = −65.0 km/h
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
G G G
vair = vground − vwind
vairx = vground x − vwind x
= −361.8 km/h − 0
= −361.8 km/h
vairy = vground y − vwind y
= −775.8 km/h − (−65.0 km/h)
= −710.8 km/h

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vair = airx airy

= ( −361.8 km/h )2 + ( −710.8 km/h )2


= 798 km/h

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 31 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
361.8 km/h
=
710.8 km/h
= 0.509
θ = tan −1 (0.509)
= 27.0°
From the diagram, the angle is 27.0o W of S.
Paraphrase
The air velocity of the jetliner is 798 km/h [27.0o W of S].
3. Given
G
vground = 795 km/h [25o W of N]
G
Δd = 100 km [N]
Required
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
Calculate the north component of the ground velocity of the plane.
Δd
Use v = to determine the time.
Δt

vground y = (795 km/h)(cos25°)


= 720.5 km/h
Δd y
vy =
Δt
Δd y
Δt =
vy
100 km
=
km
720.5
h
= 0.139 h
Paraphrase
The plane takes 0.139 h to travel 100 km north.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 32 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 99

Example 2.8 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
vboat = 4.50 m/s [W]
G
vcurrent = 2.0 m/s [20° W of N]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve the boat and current vectors into their west and north components, then
perform vector addition.

vboat x = −4.50 m/s


vboat y = 0
vcurrent x = −vcurrent sin θ
= − ( 2.0 m/s ) (sin 20°)
= −0.684 m/s
vcurrent y = vcurrent cos θ
= ( 2.0 m/s ) (cos 20°)
= 1.88 m/s
G G G
vground = vboat + vcurrent
vground x = vboat x + vcurrent x
= −4.50 m/s + (−0.684 m/s)
= −5.18 m/s
vground y = vboat y + vcurrent y
= 0 + 1.88 m/s
= 1.88 m/s

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

( −5.18 m/s ) + (1.88 m/s )


2 2
=
= 5.51 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 33 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
1.88 m/s
=
5.18 m/s
= 0.363
θ = tan −1 (0.363)
= 20°
From the diagram, the angle is 20o N of W.
Paraphrase
The boat’s ground velocity is 5.5 m/s [20o N of W].
2. Given
G
vboat = 13 m/s [N]
G
v jogger = 3.75 m/s [20° N of E]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
Determine the north and east components of the jogger’s velocity and the ship.
Perform vector addition on each component of the resultant velocity and then
calculate the magnitude of the resultant using the Pythagorean theorem. Use the
tangent function to determine the resultant direction.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 34 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vboat x = 0
vboat y = 13 m/s
v joggerx = v jogger cos θ
= ( 3.75 m/s ) (cos 20°)
= 3.52 m/s
v joggery = v jogger sin θ
= ( 3.75 m/s ) (sin 20°)
= 1.28 m/s
G G G
vground = vboat + v jogger
vground x = vboat x + v joggerx
= 0 + 3.52 m/s
= 3.52 m/s
vground y = vboat y + v joggery
= 13 m/s + 1.28 m/s
= 14.28 m/s

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

= ( 3.52 m/s )2 + (14.28 m/s )2


= 14.71 m/s

opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
14.28 m/s
=
3.52 m/s
= 4.06
θ = tan −1 (4.06)
= 76°

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 35 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
From the diagram, this angle is 76o N of E.
Paraphrase
The resultant velocity of the jogger is 15 m/s [76o N of E].
3. Given
G
Δd = 65.0 km [N]
Δt = 3.0 h
direction = 55o [W of N]
Required
G
velocity of ship ( vship )
Analysis and Solution
Δd
Determine the northern component of the ship’s velocity using the equation v = .
Δt
Use the result to determine the ship’s velocity.

Δd y
vy =
Δt
65.0 km
=
3.0 h
= 21.67 km/h
v y = v cos θ
vy
v=
cos θ
21.67 km/h
=
cos55°
= 38 km/h
Paraphrase
The ship’s velocity is 38 km/h [55o W of N].

Student Book page 100

Example 2.9 Practice Problems


1. Given
G
vcurrent = 3.0 m/s [W]
Δd = 80 m
vboat = 4.0 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 36 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Required
(a) time ( Δt ) if the boat points directly across
(b) time ( Δt ) if the boat moves directly across
Analysis and Solution
(a) Draw a vector diagram.

G
G Δd
Use the equation v = to find the time taken to cross. Since the boat’s velocity is
Δt
parallel to the width of the river, use the boat’s velocity to calculate the time. Use the
scalar form of the equation because you are dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
80 m
=
m
4.0
s
= 20 s
(b) Draw a vector diagram.

Since the ground velocity is parallel to the width of the river, first calculate the
ground velocity.
G G G
vground = vboat + vcurrent

( ) + ( vcurrent )2
2
( vboat )
2
= vground

( vground ) = ( vboat )2 − ( vcurrent )2


2

( vboat ) − ( vcurrent )
2 2
vground =

( 4.0 m/s ) − ( 3.0 m/s )


2 2
=
= 2.65 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 37 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
G
G Δd
Use the equation v = to find the time taken to cross. Use the scalar form of the
Δt
equation because you are dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
80 m
=
m
2.65
s
= 30 s
Paraphrase
(a) The time taken to cross if the boat points directly across the river is 20 s.
(b) The time taken to cross if the boat moves directly across the river is 30 s.

Student Book page 101

2.3 Check and Reflect


Knowledge
1. Wind or current will increase an object’s speed when the wind or current is in the same
direction as the object’s motion. For example, a north wind will increase an object’s
speed if the object is moving in the northerly direction.
2. Wind or current will change an object’s direction only when the components are
perpendicular. For example, a river’s current that is perpendicular to a swimmer’s
motion will not alter a swimmer’s swimming speed in the water but will alter the
swimmer’s direction, pushing the swimmer downstream. The swimmer’s ground
velocity increases, but the time taken to cross the river will remain the same.
3. Zero displacement occurs when the current or wind has the same speed as the moving
object but the opposite direction. For example, in a training pool, the current is set at
the same speed but in the opposite direction to the swimmer’s motion. As a result, the
swimmer remains in the same spot.
4. Perpendicular components of motion are independent of one another. An example is a
hot-air balloon travelling north. An easterly wind will affect the balloon’s direction but
not its speed in still air.
Applications
5. Given
vcurrent = 0.60 m/s
Δd = 106.68 m
vswimmer = 1.35 m/s
Required
(a) time ( Δt )
(b) time ( Δt ), distance ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
(a) Since the current is perpendicular to the swimmer’s motion, the current does not
Δd
affect the time taken to cross. Use the uniform motion equation v = to solve for
Δt
time.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 38 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd
Δt =
v
106.68 m
=
m
1.35
s
= 79.0 s
(b) Δd = vΔt
⎛ m⎞
(
= ⎜ 0.60 ⎟ 79.0 s
s ⎠
)

= 47 m
Paraphrase
(a) It would take the swimmer 79.0 s to cross the river.
(b) The swimmer will be 47 m downstream if he lets the current carry him.
The amount of time to cross the river is the same as in (a).
6. Given
G
vair = 265 km/h [N]
G
vheadwind = 32.0 km [S]
G
vtailwind = 32.0 km [N]
G
vcrosswind = 32.0 km [W]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
(a) A headwind will decrease the Cessna’s velocity. Use vector addition.
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
= 265 km/h [N] + 32.0 km/h [S]
= 265 km/h [N] + (−32.0 km/h [N])
= 265 km/h [N] − 32.0 km/h [N]
= 233 km/h [N]
(b) A tailwind will increase the Cessna’s velocity. Use vector addition.
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
= 265 km/h [N] + 32.0 km/h [N]
= 297 km/h [N]
(c) A crosswind will alter the plane’s direction. Use the Pythagorean theorem.
G G G
vground = vair + vwind

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 39 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2 2
vground = (265 km/h ) + (32.0 km/h )
= 267 km/h
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
32.0 km/h
=
265 km/h
θ = tan−1 (0.121)
= 6.9°
From the diagram, this angle is 6.9° W of N or 83.1o N of W.
Paraphrase
The Cessna’s resultant velocity is
(a) 233 km/h [N]
(b) 297 km/h [N]
(c) 267 km/h [83.1o N of W]
7. Given
Δd upstream = 300 m
Δd downstream = 300 m
vcurrent = 1.0 m/s
vswimmer = 2.0 m/s
Required
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
Calculate the time to go downstream and the time to go upstream using the equation
Δd
v= . Then add the two times. The current will increase the swimmer’s speed going
Δt
downstream and will decrease the swimmer’s speed going upstream.
vdownstream = vswimmer + vcurrent
= 2.0 m/s + 1.0 m/s
= 3.0 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 40 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd
v=
Δt
Δd downstream
Δtdownstream =
vdownstream
300 m
=
m
3.0
s
= 100 s
vupstream = vswimmer − vcurrent
= 2.0 m/s − 1.0 m/s
= 1.0 m/s
Δd upstream
Δtupstream =
vupstream
300 m
=
m
1.0
s
= 300 s
Δt = Δtdownstream + Δtupstream
= 100 s + 300 s
= 400 s
Paraphrase
The swimmer takes 400 s to complete the round trip.
8. Given
G
vair = 800 km/h [E]
G
vwind = 60 km/h [42° E of N]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve the air and wind velocities into their components and then perform vector
addition.

vairx = 800 km/h


vairy = 0
vwind x = vwind sin θ
= ( 60 km/h ) (sin 42°)
= 40.1 km/h

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 41 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vwind y = vwind cos θ
= ( 60 km/h ) (cos 42°)
= 44.6 km/h
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
vground x = vairx + vwind x
= 800 km/h + 40.1 km/h
= 840.1 km/h
vground y = vairy + vwind y
= 0 + 44.6 km/h
= 44.6 km/h

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

(840.1 km/h ) + ( 44.6 km/h )


2 2
=
= 8.4 × 102 km/h
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
44.6 km/h
=
840.1 km/h
= 0.0531
θ = tan −1 (0.0531)
= 3.0°
From the diagram, this angle is 3.0o N of E.
Paraphrase
The ground velocity of the airplane is 8.4 × 102 km/h [3.0o N of E].
9. Given
G
vswimmer = 3.0 m/s [E]
G
Δd = 3.20 km [E] = 3200 m [E]
G
vcurrent = 1.75 m/s [25o W of S]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve the swimmer’s and current’s velocities into their x and y components.
Perform vector addition to determine the swimmer’s ground velocity. Use the ground
Δd
speed and the equation v = to determine the time taken to cross the river.
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 42 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vswimmerx = 3.0 m/s
vswimmery = 0
vcurrent x = −vcurrent sin θ
= − (1.75 m/s ) (sin 25°)
= −0.740 m/s
vcurrent y = −vcurrent cos θ
= − (1.75 m/s ) (cos 25°)
= −1.59 m/s
G G G
vground = vswimmer + vcurrent
vground x = vswimmerx + vcurrent x
= 3.0 m/s + (−0.740 m/s)
= 2.26 m/s
vground y = vswimmery + vcurrent y
= 0 + (−1.59 m/s)
= −1.59 m/s

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

= ( 2.26 m/s )2 + ( −1.59 m/s )2


= 2.76 m/s
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
1.59 m/s
=
2.26 m/s
= 0.704
θ = tan −1 (0.704)
= 35°
From the diagram, this angle is 35o S of E.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 43 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd
v=
Δt
Δd
Δt =
vground
3200 m
=
m
2.76
s
= 1.2 ×103 s
= 19 min
Paraphrase
The swimmer’s ground velocity is 2.8 m/s [35o S of E]. The swimmer would take
19 minutes to cross the river.
10. Given
G
vair = 600 km/h [W]
G o
vwind = 100 km/h [45 W of S]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Analysis and Solution
Resolve the wind velocity into its x and y components. Perform vector addition to
determine the plane’s ground velocity.

vairx = −600 km/h


vairy = 0
vwind x = −vwind sin θ
= − (100 km/h ) (sin 45°)
= −70.7 km/h
vwind y = −vwind cos θ
= − (100 km/h ) (cos 45°)
= −70.7 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 44 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
G G G
vground = vwind + vair
vground x = vwind x + vairx
= −70.7 km/h + (−600 km/h)
= −670.7 km/h
vground y = vwind y + vairy
= −70.7 km/h + 0
= −70.7 km/h

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y

( −670.7 km/h ) + ( −70.7 km/h )


2 2
=
= 674.4 km/h
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
70.7 km/h
=
670.7 km/h
= 0.105
θ = tan −1 (0.105)
= 6.0°
From the diagram, this angle is 6.0 o S of W.
Paraphrase
The plane’s ground velocity is 674 km/h [6.0 o S of W].
11. Given
G
vboat = 4.0 m/s [N]
G
vcurrent = 2.5 m/s [W]
Δd = 0.80 km
Required
G
(a) ground velocity ( vground )
(b) time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
(a) The vectors are perpendicular, so use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the
magnitude of the ground velocity.
G G G
vground = vboat + vcurrent

( vboat ) + ( vcurrent )
2 2
vground =

( 4.0 m/s ) + ( 2.5 m/s )


2 2
=
= 4.7 m/s
Use the tangent function to find the angle.
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
2.5 m/s
=
4.0 m/s
= 0.625
θ = tan −1 (0.625)
= 32°
From the diagram, this angle is 32o W of N.G
G Δd
(b) To find the time, use the equation v = and the magnitude of the boat’s
Δt
velocity because it is parallel to the width of the river. Use the scalar form of the
equation because you are dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
800 m
=
m
4.0
s
= 200 s
= 3.3 min
Paraphrase
(a) The canoe’s ground velocity is 4.7 m/s [32o W of N].
(b) It takes the canoe 3.3 minutes to cross the river.

Student Book page 104

Concept Check
position uniform
Horizontal velocity uniform
acceleration none
position non-uniform
Vertical velocity non-uniform
acceleration uniform

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 46 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book page 105

Concept Check
(a) The factors of air resistance and spin are being neglected.
(b) The projectile finally stops when it hits the ground. Thus, friction in the horizontal
direction brings the object to rest.
(c) The projectile’s path would still be parabolic if its initial velocity had a vertical
component because its motion is still affected by acceleration due to gravity.

Student Book page 107

Example 2.10 Practice Problems


1. Given
vx = 30 cm/s
Δd y = 1.25 m
vi y = 0 m/s
Required
range ( Δd x )
Analysis and Solution
Choose down to be positive. The coin accelerates due to gravity once it leaves the
table. Its initial vertical velocity is zero. Determine the time to fall from a height of
1
1.25 m using the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) .
2

1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay

2(1.25 m )
=
m
9.81 2
s
= 0.505 s
G
G Δd
Then determine the range by using the equation v = .
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 47 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ cm ⎞
= ⎜ 30 ⎟ (0.505 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 15 cm
Paraphrase
The coin lands 15 cm from the base of the table.
2. Given
vx = 25.0 m/s
Δt = 2.50 s
h = 150.0 m
Required
vertical distance ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution
Choose down to be positive. The distance dropped is a measure of vertical
displacement. Since the object is fired horizontally from the top of the cliff, its initial
1
vertical velocity is zero. Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) .
2

1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
1⎛ m⎞
= 0 + ⎜ 9.81 ⎟ (2.50 s ) 2
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
s ⎠
= 30.7 m
Paraphrase
The arrow will fall 30.7 m in 2.50 s.
3. Given
Δd x = 40.0 m
Δd y = 100 m
Required
horizontal speed ( vx )
Analysis and Solution
Choose down to be positive. Determine the amount of time it takes the object to fall
1
100 m using the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi y = 0.
2

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 48 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay
2(100 m)
=
9.81 m/s 2
= 4.515 s
G
G Δd
Calculate the horizontal velocity by using the equation v = .
Δt
Δd
vx = x
Δt
40.0 m
=
4.515 s
= 8.86 m/s
Paraphrase
The horizontal speed of the object is 8.86 m/s.

Student Book page 109

Example 2.11 Practice Problems


1. (a) Given
vi = 10.0 m/s
Δt = 3.0 s
Required
(a) range ( Δd x )
(b) height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution
(a) Since
G
there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, use the equation
G Δd
v= to find the range.
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
= (10.0 m/s)(3.0 s)
= 30 m

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 49 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
1
(b) Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi y = 0 because there is no initial
2

2
vertical velocity component.
1
Δd y = 0 + (9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 3.0 s )
2

2
= 44 m
Paraphrase
(a) The ball travels a horizontal distance of 30 m.
(b) The ball was thrown from a height of 44 m.
2. (a) Given
G o
vi = 20.0 m/s [30 ]
Δt = 3.0 s
Required
(a) range ( Δd x )
(b) height ( Δd y )
(c) maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution
Choose up and forward to be positive.
(a) Find the x component of the ball’s initial velocity.
vi x = vi cos θ
= (20.0 m/s)( cos30°)
= 17.3 m/s G
G Δd
Since there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, use the equation v = to
Δt
find the range.
Δd x = vx Δt
= (17.3 m/s)(3.0 s)
= 52 m
(b) Find the y component of the ball’s initial velocity.
vi y = vi sin θ
= (20.0 m/s)(sin30°)
= 10.0 m/s
1
Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) to find the height from which the ball was
2

2
thrown.
1
Δd y = (10.0 m/s) ( 3.0 s ) + (−9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 3.0 s )
2

2
= −14 m
The negative sign means that the ball was thrown from a height 14 m above a
reference point.
(c) Since the projectile’s final vertical velocity component is zero the instant it reaches
maximum height, use the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd to calculate maximum height.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 50 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − (10.0 m/s)2
=
2( − 9.81 m/s 2 )
= 5.1 m
Paraphrase
(a) The ball travels a horizontal distance of 52 m.
(b) The ball was thrown from a height of 14 m.
(c) The ball’s maximum height above its launch point is 5.1 m.

Student Book page 111

Example 2.12 Practice Problems


1. Given
G o
vi = 17.0 m/s [20 ]
Required
maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution
Choose up and forward to be positive. Calculate the y component of the velocity.

vi y = (17.0 m/s)(sin 20°)


= 5.81 m/s
Since the projectile’s final vertical velocity component is zero the instant it reaches
maximum height, use the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd to calculate maximum height.
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − (5.81 m/s) 2
=
2( − 9.81 m/s 2 )
= 1.72 m
Paraphrase
The projectile reaches a maximum height of 1.72 m.
2. Given
v = 56.0 km/h
Δd x = 198 m
Δt = 30.0 s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 51 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Required
launch angle ( θ )
Analysis and Solution
Determine the horizontal velocity component of the fish using the equation
Δd x
vx = . Then use the cosine function to determine the launch angle.
Δt

km 1000 m 1 h
56.0 × × = 15.56 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Δd
vx = x
Δt
198 m
=
30.0 s
= 6.60 m/s
vx
cos θ =
v
6.60 m/s
=
15.56 m/s
θ = 64.9°
Paraphrase
The launch angle is 64.9o.
3. Given
Δd x = 300 km [forward] = 300 000 m [forward]
Δd y = 100 km [up] = 100 000 m [up]
Required
G
initial velocity ( vi )
Analysis and Solution

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 52 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Choose up and forward to be positive. Determine the amount of time it takes for
1
the rocket to fall from maximum height. Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) ,
2

2
where vi y (at maximum height) equals zero.
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay

2( − 100 000 m )
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 142.8 s
This time is the time taken to fall down from maximum height. The total time of
flight is therefore 2 × 142.8 s = 285.6 s .
G
G Δd
Using the equation v = , divide the range of the rocket by the total time to
Δt
determine the initial horizontal velocity component.
Δd x
vi x =
Δt
300 000 m
=
285.6 s
= 1050 m/s
vf − vi
Find the initial vertical velocity component using the equation a = , since
Δt
vertical motion is uniformly accelerated and the final vertical velocity component
at maximum height is zero.
y direction:
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vi y = vf y − a y Δt
⎛ m ⎞⎟
= 0 − ⎜⎜−9.81 ⎟⎟(142.8 s )
⎜⎝ s 2 ⎟⎠
= 1401 m/s
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the initial velocity.
(vi ) + (vi )
2 2
vi = x y

2 2
= (1050 m/s) + (1401 m/s)
= 1751 m/s
Use the tangent function to determine the direction of the initial velocity.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 53 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
vi y
=
vi x
1401 m/s
=
1050 m/s
θ = tan−1 (1.334)
= 53.1°
Paraphrase
The rocket had an initial velocity of 1.75×103 m/s [ 53.1° ].

Student Book page 112

2.4 Check and Reflect


Knowledge
1. Both athletes have vertical and horizontal components to their dives into the water.
Platform divers must ensure that they do not hit the diving board on the way down but
want to minimize their horizontal movement. Speed swimmers want to get into the
pool as far as possible from the starting block, so they minimize their vertical velocity.
2. Range is a measure of horizontal displacement. The horizontal component of motion is
dependent on the cosine of the angle, θ.
3. (a) The longer the projectile is in the air, the farther it will travel horizontally.
(b) Maximum time is proportional to maximum range since Δd = vΔt .
4. A novice swimmer who jumps straight up risks injury to the spine because he or she
will land on the deck of the pool. Most swim instructors teach students to put their toes
over the edge of the pool and jump out, giving them horizontal uniform motion, so
they land in the water, not on the deck.
Applications
5. Given
vx = 6.20 m/s
vi y = 0 m/s
Δd y = 0.50 m
Required
range ( Δd x )
Analysis and Solution

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 54 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Choose down to be positive. The cup has an initial horizontal velocity component of
6.20 m/s, whereas its initial vertical velocity component is zero. Use the equation
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi y = 0.
2

2
y direction:
Find Δt .
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay

2(0.50 m )
=
m
9.81 2
s
= 0.319 s
The runner must drop the cup in front of the garbage can so that it will land inside the
can and not on the ground. The amount of time taken to fall 0.50 m is equal to the
amount of time the cup has to travel horizontally at a uniform rate of 6.20 m/s.
x direction:
Calculate the range.
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 6.20 ⎟ (0.319 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 2.0 m
Paraphrase
The runner should release his cup when he is 2.0 m from the garbage can.
6. Given
G
vi = 27.0 m/s [35o ]
Required
horizontal velocity component ( vi x )
vertical velocity component ( vi y )
range ( Δd x )
maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive. Use Rx = R cos θ and Ry = R sin θ to determine


horizontal and vertical velocity components.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 55 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vi x = (27.0 m/s)(cos 35°)
= 22.1 m/s
vi y = (27.0 m/s)(sin 35°)
= 15.5 m/s
Calculate the maximum height using the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd , where vf = 0.
y direction:
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − (15.5 m/s )
2
=
(
2 −9.81 m/s 2 )
= 12.2 m
Calculate the time the ball is in the air using the vertical velocity component and the
vf − vi
equation a = . The initial and final vertical velocity components have the same
Δt
magnitude but opposite direction, so
vf − vi
ay =
Δt
v − vi
Δt = f
ay
−15.5 m/s − (15.5 m/s)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−31.0
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 3.16 s
G
G Δd
Then calculate how far the ball will travel using the equation v = .
Δt
x direction:
The ball’s range is therefore
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 22.1 ⎟ (3.16 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 69.8 m
Paraphrase
The initial horizontal velocity component is 22.1 m/s. The initial vertical velocity
component is 15.5 m/s. The ball travels up 12.2 m and out 69.8 m.
7. Given
G
vi = 17.0 m/s [25o ]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 56 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Required
receiver’s speed ( vreceiver )
Analysis and Solution
Choose up and forward to be positive.

Resolve the football’s velocity into its x and y components.


vi x = vi cos θ
= (17.0 m/s)(cos25°)
= 15.41 m/s
vi y = vi sin θ
= (17.0 m/s)(sin25°)
= 7.185 m/s
vf − vi
Calculate the amount of time the ball is in the air using the equation a = .
Δt
Since the football lands at the same height from which it is thrown, the magnitudes of
the initial and final vertical velocity components are equal but their directions are
opposite. So,
vf − vi
a=
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
a
−7.185 m/s − (7.185 m/s)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−14.36
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 1.465 s
G
G Δd
Determine the distance the ball travels using the equation v = .
Δt
The ball is in the air for 1.465 s. During this time, the range of the ball is
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
(
= ⎜15.41 ⎟ 1.465 s
s ⎠
)

= 22.58 m

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 57 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Then subtract the receiver’s initial position from this value to determine how far the
receiver must run. The receiver must run a distance of
Δd run = Δd x − Δd receiver
= 22.58 m − 12.0 m
= 10.58 m
Divide the distance the receiver must run by the time the ball is in flight to determine
her velocity.
Δd run
vreceiver =
Δt
10.58 m
=
1.465 s
= 7.222 m/s
Paraphrase
The receiver must have a speed of 7.22 m/s to catch the ball.
8. Given
θ = 23°
Δd x = 8.59 m
Required
speed ( v )
Analysis and Solution
Choose up and forward to be positive.

vi x = vi cos θ
vi y = vi sin θ
y direction:
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−vi sin 23° − (vi sin 23°)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
−2vi sin 23°
=
−9.81 m/s 2
2v sin 23°
= i
9.81 m/s 2

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 58 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
x direction:
G
G Δd
v=
Δt
Δd
Δt = x
vi x
8.59 m
=
vi cos 23°
Time travelled in the horizontal direction equals time travelled in the vertical direction.
Solve for takeoff speed:
Δt y = Δt x
2vi sin 23° 8.59 m
=
9.81 m/s 2
vi cos 23°
8.59 m 9.81 m/s 2
vi 2 = ×
cos 23° 2sin 23°
vi = 11 m/s
Paraphrase
Phillips’ takeoff speed was 11 m/s.
9. Given
G
vi = 120 m/s [55.0°]
Δd y = 50.0 m
Required
(a) time at maximum height ( Δtmax height )
(b) maximum height ( Δd ymax )
(c) time in the air ( Δt )
(d) range ( Δd x )
(e) final velocity components ( vf x , vf y )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive.


(a) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 59 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vi x = vi cos θ
= (120 m/s)( cos 55.0°)
= 68.83 m/s
vi y = vi sin θ
= (120 m/s)(sin 55.0°)
= 98.30 m/s
vf − vi
At maximum height, vertical velocity is zero. Use the equation a = to find
Δt
time.
vf − vi
a=
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δtup =
ay
⎛ m⎞
0 − ⎜ 98.30 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 10.02 s
(b) Calculate the maximum height using the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd , where vf = 0.
vf 2 − vi 2
Δd =
2a
0 − ( 98.30 m/s )
2
=
(
2 −9.81 m/s 2 )
m2
−9662.9
s2
=
m
−19.62
s2
= 492.5 m
Add the maximum height to the cliff height to determine the vertical displacement.
Δd ymax = 492.5 m + 50.0 m
= 542.5 m
1
(c) To find the time taken to fall down, use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where
2

2
vi y (at maximum height) equals zero and is negative because motion is downward.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 60 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
2Δd y
Δtdown =
ay

=
(
2 −542.5 m )
m
−9.81
s2
= 10.52 s
Total time in the air is the time taken to reach maximum height plus the time taken
to fall down to the ground.
Δt = Δtup + Δtdown
= 10.02 s + 10.52 s
= 20.54 s
(d) The projectile experiences
G
uniform motion in the horizontal direction.
G Δd
Use the equation v = .
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 68.83 ⎟ 20.54 s
s ⎠
( )

= 1414 m
(e) Since motion in the horizontal direction is uniform, the horizontal component of the
final velocity is the same as the horizontal component of the initial velocity. For the
vf − vi
vertical component of final velocity, use the equation a = .
Δt
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y = vi y + a y Δt
m ⎛ m⎞
= 98.30
s ⎝
+ ⎜ −9.81 ⎟ 20.54 s
s2 ⎠
( )
= −103 m/s
Since up and forward are positive, the negative sign indicates that motion is
downward.
Paraphrase
(a) The projectile reaches maximum height in 10.0 s.
(b) Maximum height with respect to the ground is 543 m.
(c) The total time in the air 20.5 s.
(d) The range is 1.41 km.
(e) The horizontal component of the final velocity is 68.8 m/s and the vertical
component is 103 m/s.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 61 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Extension
10.
Angle vi x vi y Δd x Δd y
0 20 0 0 0
5 19.9 1.743 7.07 0.1548
10 19.7 3.472 13.945 0.6144
15 19.3 5.176 20.366 1.365
20 18.79 6.84 26.2 2.384
25 18.126 8.45 31.226 3.639
30 17.32 10 35.31 5.096
35 16.38 11.47 38.303 6.705
40 15.32 12.9 39.978 8.35
45 14.14 14.14 40.762 10.19
50 12.9 15.32 40.291 11.96
55 11.47 16.38 38.303 13.675
60 10 17.32 35.31 15.289
65 8.45 18.126 31.226 16.745
70 6.84 18.79 26.2 17.99
75 5.176 19.3 20.366 18.985
80 3.472 19.7 13.873 19.58
85 1.743 19.9 7.07 20.18
90 0 20 0 20.38

Explanation:

To find vi x and vi y , use vi y = vi sin θ and vi x = vi cos θ, where vi = 20 m/s.


To find Δd x and Δd y , first find the time taken to travel the entire range (Δt) using the
1
equation Δd y = vi y Δt + ay (Δt)2, where Δd y = 0 and ay = 9.81 m/s2. Substitute the
2
value of Δt into the equation Δd x = vi x Δt to solve for the range, Δd x .
To find maximum height, Δd y , divide the time (Δt) in half and substitute this value into
1
the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + ay (Δt)2.
2

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 62 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Student Book pages 114–115

Chapter 2 Review
Knowledge
1.

Final
Distance position Displacement
AB 3.0 km 3.0 km [E] 3.0 km [E]
BC 2.0 km 2.0 km [N] 2.0 km [N]
CD 5.0 km 5.0 km [E] 5.0 km [E]
AC 5.0 km 3.6 km [34o] 3.6 km [34o]
AD 10 km 8.2 km [14o] 8.2 km [14o]
2. Δd x = Δd cos θ
= (55 m)( cos 222°)
= −41 m
Δd y = Δd cos θ
= (55 m)(sin 222°)
= −37 m
3. When a projectile reaches maximum height, its vertical velocity component is zero.
4. As a football rises, the vertical component of its velocity decreases. When the football
reaches maximum height, its vertical velocity component is zero.
5. The vector should be 10.0 cm long and point north.
6. Since a vector’s length represents its magnitude, you can only compare vectors when
they are drawn to scale.
G
7. (a) Δd = 5.0 m [S] + 10.0 m [N]
= 5.0 m [S] + ( −10.0 m [S])
= 5.0 m [S] − 10.0 m [S]
= −5.0 m [S] or 5.0 m [N]
G
(b) Δd = 65.0 cm [E] + 75.0 cm [E]
= 140 cm [E]
G
(c) Δd = 1.0 km [forward] + 3.5 km [backward]
= 1.0 km [forward] + ( − 3.5 km [forward])
= 1.0 km [forward] − 3.5 km [forward]
= −2.5 km [forward] or 2.5 km [backward]
G
(d) Δd = 35.0 km [right] − 45.0 km [left]
= 35.0 km [right] + 45.0 km [right]
= 80.0 km [right]

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 63 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
8. An object thrown vertically upwards has a horizontal velocity component of zero.
Applications
9. Given
v = 250 knots
Δt = 50 min
Required
distance ( Δd )
Analysis and Solution
Convert knots to km/h and min to h. Manipulate the velocity equation:
Δd
v=
Δt
Δd = vΔt
km 1 h
1.853 × 50 min ×
h 60 min
Δd = 250 knots ×
1 knot
= 3.9 ×102 km
Paraphrase
The plane travels 3.9 × 102 km.
10. Given
G
vi = 30.0 m/s [55°]
Required
range ( Δd x )
maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive. Calculate the horizontal and vertical


components of velocity as an expression of the initial velocity.
vi x = (30.0 m/s)(cos55°)
= 17.2 m/s
vi y = (30.0 m/s)(sin55°)
= 24.6 m/s
vf − vi
Determine the amount of time the ball remains in the air using the equation a = .
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 64 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−24.6 m/s − ( 24.6 m/s )
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−49.2
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 5.02 s
G
G Δd
Use the uniform motion equation v = to determine the range.
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
(
= ⎜17.2 ⎟ 5.02 s
s ⎠
)

= 86.3 m
5.02 s
The golf ball reaches maximum height in half the time it is in the air, or = 2.51 s .
2
1
Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) to find maximum height.
2

2
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
⎛ m⎞ 1⎛ m⎞
( ) ( )
2
= ⎜ 24.6 ⎟ 2.51 s + ⎜ −9.81 ⎟ 2.51 s
⎝ s⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ s 2 ⎟⎠
= 30.8 m
Paraphrase
The ball’s range is 86.3 m and its maximum height is 30.8 m.
11. Given
G
vi = 80.0 m/s [10°]
Required
range ( Δd x )
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 65 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the initial velocity.
vi x = (80.0 m/s)(cos10°)
= 78.8 m/s
vi y = (80.0 m/s)(sin10°)
= 13.9 m/s
vf − vi
Determine the time the ball remains airborne using the equation a = .
Δt
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−13.9 m/s − (13.9 m/s)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−27.8
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 2.83 s
G
G Δd
Calculate the range using the uniform motion equation v = .
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 78.8 ⎟ (2.83 s )
⎝ s⎠
= 223 m
Paraphrase
The golf ball travels 223 m horizontally and is in the air for 2.83 s.
12. Given
vboat = 4.0 m/s
Δd = 120 m
G
vcurrent = 5.0 m/s [E]
Required
G
(a) ground velocity ( vground )
(b) time ( Δt )

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 66 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Analysis and Solution

G G G
(a) vground = vboat + vcurrent
Use the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the ground velocity.
( vground ) = ( vboat )2 + ( vcurrent )2
2

= ( 4.0 m/s ) + ( 5.0 m/s )


2 2

vground = 6.4 m/s


Use the tangent function to determine the angle.
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
⎛ 5.0 m/s ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4.0 m/s ⎠
= 51°
From the diagram, this angle is 51° E of N.
(b) To find the time, substitute
G
distance and the canoe’s speed into the uniform
G Δd
motion equation, v = . Use the scalar form of the equation because you are
Δt
dividing by a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
120 m
=
4.0 m/s
= 30 s
Paraphrase
(a) The ground velocity of the canoeist is 6.4 m/s [51° E of N].
(b) It takes the canoeist 30 s to cross the river.
13. Given
vx = 7.50 m/s
Δt = 3.0 s
vi y = 0 m/s
Required
(a) final vertical velocity component ( vf y )
(b) range ( Δd x )

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 67 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
(c) horizontal velocity component at t = 1.50 s ( vx (1.50 s) )
Analysis and Solution

Choose down to be positive.


vf − vi
(a) Use the equation a = , where vi y = 0 .
Δt
vf y = vi y + a y Δt
⎛ m⎞
= 0 + ⎜ 9.81

(
⎟ 3.0 s
s2 ⎠
)
= 29 m/s
G
G Δd
(b) Use the equation v = .
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 7.50 ⎟ (3.0 s )
⎝ s⎠
= 23 m
(c) Because horizontal motion is uniform, the velocity at 1.50 s is the same as the
initial horizontal velocity.
vx (1.50 s) = vx
= 7.50 m/s
Paraphrase
(a) The object’s vertical velocity component when it reaches the ground is 29 m/s.
(b) The object lands 23 m from the base of the cliff.
(c) The object’s horizontal velocity remains constant throughout, at 7.5 m/s.
14. Given
Δd x = 5.0 m
Δd y = 2.0 m
Required
G
initial velocity ( vi )

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 68 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive.


Determine the initial vertical velocity component using the equation
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y , where vf y = 0 (at maximum height).
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y

vi y = vf y 2 − 2a y Δd y

⎛ m⎞
= 0 − 2 ⎜ −9.81 2 ⎟ ( 2.0 m )
⎝ s ⎠
= 6.26 m/s
Then determine the amount of time it takes to travel 2.0 m vertically using the
vf − vi
equation a = .
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−6.26 m/s − ( 6.26 m/s )
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−12.5
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 1.28 s
G
G Δd
Use the uniform motion equation v = to determine the horizontal speed.
Δt
Δd
vx = x
Δt
5.0 m
=
1.28 s
= 3.91 m/s
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the initial velocity.
( vx )
2
vi = + (vi y )2

= (3.91 m/s) 2 + (6.26 m/s) 2


= 7.4 m/s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 69 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Use the tangent function to find the angle.
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
6.26 m/s
=
3.91 m/s
= 1.60
θ = tan −1 (1.60)
= 58°
Paraphrase
The high jumper’s initial velocity is 7.4 m/s [58o].
15. Given
Δd = 500 m
G
vcurrent = 2.0 m/s [E]
valligator = 4.0 m/s
Required
(a) angle ( θ )
G
(b) ground velocity ( vground )
(c) time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution

(a) Use the sine function to find the angle.


opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
2.0 m/s
=
4.0 m/s
= 0.5
θ = sin −1 (0.5)
= 30°
From the diagram, the angle is 30° W of N.
G G G
(b) vground = valligator + vcurrent
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the ground velocity.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 70 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
( valligator ) = ( vground ) + ( vcurrent )2
2 2

( vground ) = ( valligator ) − ( vcurrent )2


2 2

= ( 4.0 m/s ) − ( 2.0 m/s )


2 2

vground = 3.5 m/s


The direction of the velocity is north (given).
(c) Substitute the width of the riverGand the magnitude of the ground velocity into the
G Δd
uniform motion equation, v = , because the ground velocity is parallel to the
Δt
width of the river. Use the scalar form of the equation because you are dividing by
a vector.
Δd
Δt =
v
500 m
=
3.5 m/s
= 1.4 × 102 s
Paraphrase
(a) The alligator must head 30° W of N.
(b) The alligator’s ground velocity is 3.5 m/s [N].
(c) It takes the alligator 1.4 × 102 s to cross the river.
16. Given
vx = 45.0 m/s
Δd x = 27.4 m
Required
vertical distance ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution

Choose down to be positive.


The time it takes for the ball to travel 27.4 m horizontally equals the time taken for
Δdx
the ball to drop vertically. For horizontal motion, use the equation vx = .
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 71 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δdx
Δt =
vx
27.4 m
=
m
45.0
s
= 0.6089 s
1
For vertical motion, use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi y = 0.
2

2
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
1⎛ m⎞
= 0 + ⎜ 9.81 ⎟ (0.6089 s ) 2
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
s ⎠
= 1.82 m
Paraphrase
The ball will drop 1.82 m.
17. Given
v = 7.0 m/s
G
d1 = 750 m [N]
G
d 2 = 350 m [E]
Required
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution
Δd
Determine the time for each trip using the equation v = .
Δt
Δd = d1 + d 2
= 750 m + 350 m
= 1100 m
Δd
Δt =
v
1100 m
=
m
7.0
s
= 157 s
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the diagonal distance.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 72 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
G G G
Δd = d1 + d 2
= 750 m [N] + 350 m [E]
G
Δd = ( d1 ) + ( d 2 )
2 2

= ( 750 m )2 + ( 350 m )2
= 827.6 m
G
Δd
Δt =
v
827.6 m
=
m
7.0
s
= 118 s
Subtract the longer time from the shorter time.
Δt = 157 s − 118 s
= 39 s
Paraphrase
You can save 39 s by travelling diagonally.
18. Given
θ = 25°
Δd x = 50.0 m
Required
time ( Δt )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive.


Both initial vertical and horizontal velocities can be expressed as trigonometric
ratios of the initial velocity. The amount of time travelled in the vertical direction
equals the time taken to travel in the horizontal direction. Horizontal motion is
Δdx
uniform, so vx = .
Δt
x direction:
vx = v cos θ
Δd x
vx =
Δt
50.0 m
v cos 25° =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Vertical motion is accelerated motion, so a y = .
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 73 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
y direction:
v y = v sin θ
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−v sin 25° − (v sin 25°)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
−2v sin 25°
=
−9.81 m/s 2
2v sin 25°
=
9.81 m/s 2
Substitute for v:
2v sin 25°
Δt =
9.81 m/s 2
2sin 25° 50.0 m
= ×
9.81 m/s 2
cos 25°Δt
(2 tan 25°)(50.0 m )
Δt 2 =
m
9.81 2
s
Δt = 2.2 s
Paraphrase
The arrow is in flight for 2.2 s.
19. Given
vair = 100 km/h
G
vwind = 30 km/h [N]
ground direction = W
Required
(a) heading
(b) ground speed (vground)
Analysis and Solution

(a) Use the tangent function to determine the plane’s heading.


opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
⎛ 30 km/h ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 km/h ⎠
= 17°

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 74 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
From the diagram, the plane’s heading is 17° S of W.

(b) Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the ground speed.


( ) + ( vwind )2
2
( vair )
2
= vground

( vground ) = ( vair )2 − ( vwind )2


2

= (100 km/h ) − ( 30 km/h )


2 2

vground = 95 km/h
Paraphrase
(a) The plane’s heading is 17° S of W.
(b) The plane’s ground speed is 95 km/h.
20. Given
vi = 15.7 m/s
Δt = 2.15 s
Δd x = 25.0 m
Required
launch angle ( θ )
Analysis and Solution

Determine the horizontal velocity component and then apply the cosine function.
Δd x
vx =
Δt
25.0 m
=
2.15 s
= 11.63 m/s
vx = vcosθ
⎛ vx ⎞
θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ v ⎠
⎛ 11.63 m/s ⎞
= cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 15.7 m/s ⎠
= 42.2°
Paraphrase
The object was thrown at an angle of 42.2o.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 75 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
21. Given
G
vi = 30 m/s [25.0°]
Δd y = 2.5 m
Required
range ( Δd x )
Analysis and Solution

Choose down to be positive. Find the x and y components of the coin’s velocity.
v y = (30 m/s)(sin 25.0°)
= 12.7 m/s
vx = (30 m/s)(cos 25.0°)
= 27.2 m/s
First calculate the final vertical velocity component using the equation
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd .
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd

vf y = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd

= (12.7 m/s) 2 + 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(2.5 m)


= 14.5 m/s
G G
G vf − vi
Find the time taken to fall using the equation a = .
Δt
vf − vi y
Δt = y
ay
14.5 m/s − 12.7 m/s
=
9.81 m/s 2
= 0.183 s
The time taken to travel vertically equals the time taken to travel horizontally. Since
motionG
in the horizontal direction is uniform, use the uniform motion equation
G Δd
v= to solve for the range.
Δt

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 76 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 27.2 ⎟ (0.183 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 5.0 m
Paraphrase
The coin lands 5.0 m from the base of the bookcase.
22. Total length is 2(3.96 m + 18.29 m) + 16.46 m = 60.96 m
23. Given
G o
vground = 151 km/h [11 S of E]
G o
vwind = 40 km/h [45 S of E]
Required
(a) airspeed (vair)
(b) heading
Analysis and Solution

(a) Resolve the wind and ground velocities into their x and y components.
vground x = (151 km/h)(cos11°)
= 148.2 km/h
vground y = −(151 km/h)(sin11°)
= −28.8 km/h
vwind x = (40 km/h)(cos 45°)
= 28.3 km/h
vwind y = −(40 km/h)(sin 45°)
= −28.3 km/h
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
G G G
vair = vground – vwind
vairx = vground x − vwind x
= 148.2 km/h − 28.3 km/h
= 119.9 km/h
vairy = vground y − vwind y
= −28.8 km/h − (−28.3 km/h)
= −0.5 km/h
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the airspeed.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 77 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
( vair )2 = ( vair ) + (v )
2 2
x airy

(v ) + (v )
2 2
vair = airx airy

= (119.9 km/h )2 + ( −0.5 km/h )2


= 120 km/h
(b)

Use the tangent function to find the plane’s heading.


opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
⎛ 0.5 km/h ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 119.9 km/h ⎠
= 0.2°
To the nearest degree, the angle is zero. From the diagram, this direction is east.
Paraphrase
(a) The plane’s airspeed is 120 km/h.
(b) The plane’s heading is east.
24. Given
G
v = 25.0 m/s [35.0°]
Required
time ( Δt )
range ( Δd x )
maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive. Calculate the components of the initial


velocity using trigonometric ratios.
vi x = (25.0 m/s)(cos 35.0°)
= 20.48 m/s
vi y = (25.0 m/s)(sin 35.0°)
= 14.34 m/s
At maximum height, the vertical velocity component is zero.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 78 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − (14.34 m/s) 2
=
2(−9.81 m/s 2 )
= 10.48 m
Calculate the amount of time it takes the soccer ball to reach maximum height and
multiply it by two to find the time the ball is in the air.
From maximum height, vi y = 0.
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2

2
2Δd
Δtdown =
ay
2(−10.48 m)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
= 1.462 s
Δthangtime = 2 ( Δtdown )
= 2(1.462 s)
= 2.923 s
Since the amount of time the ball is in the air vertically equals the amount of time
the ball travels Ghorizontally, calculate the horizontal distance travelled using the
G Δd
equation v = .
Δt
Δd x = vi x Δt
= (20.48 m/s)(2.923 s)
= 59.9 m
Paraphrase
The soccer ball is in the air for 2.92 s. It travels 59.9 m down the field and its
maximum height is 10.5 m.
25. Given
vx = 4.50 m/s
v y = 3.75 m/s
Required
angle ( θ )
Analysis and Solution
Since you know the components of the velocity, use the tangent function to solve
for the angle.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 79 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
vy
tan θ =
vx
3.75 m/s
=
4.50 m/s
= 0.833
θ = tan −1 (0.833)
= 39.8°
Paraphrase
The launch angle is 39.8o.
Extensions
26. Given
G
vgolf ball = 50 m/s [35°]
G
g Moon = 1.61 m/s 2 [down]
Required
(a) time ( Δt )
(b) range ( Δd x )
Analysis and Solution

Choose up and forward to be positive.


(a) Resolve the velocity vector into its components.
vx = (50 m/s)(cos 35°)
= 40.96 m/s
v y = (50 m/s)(sin 35°)
= 28.68 m/s
Determine the time the golf ball takes to travel up and down using the equation
vf − vi
a= .
Δt
vf − vi y
ay = y
Δt
vf − vi y
Δt = y
ay
−28.68 m/s − (28.68 m/s)
=
−1.61 m/s 2
= 35.63 s

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 80 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
G
G Δd
(b) Use the uniform motion equation v = to determine the horizontal distance
Δt
travelled.
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 40.96 ⎟ (35.63 s )
⎝ s⎠
= 1.5 × 103 m
Paraphrase
(a) The golf ball was in the air for 36 s.
(b) The golf ball’s range was 1.5 km.
27. Given
G
vair = 645 km/h [forward]
G
vwind = −32.2 km/h [forward]
G
v = 3.0 m/s [down]
Δd y = 914.4 m
Δd x = 45.0 km
Required
plane’s range ( Δd xplane )
Analysis and Solution
Choose forward and down to be positive. The amount of time it takes the plane to
descend 914.4 m at a speed of 3.0 m/s is the same amount of time taken to travel
horizontally toward the runway.
Δd y
vy =
Δt
Δd y
Δt =
vy
914.4 m
=
m
3.0
s
1h
= 304.8 s ×
3600 s
= 0.0847 h
Since the plane is travelling against the wind, the plane’s ground velocity will be
less than 645 km/h [forward].
G G G
vground = vplane + vair
= 645 km/h [forward] + ( − 32.2 km/h [forward])
= 645 km/h [forward] − 32.2 km/h [forward]
= 612.8 km/h [forward]
Δd xplane = vx Δt
⎛ km ⎞
= ⎜ 612.8

(
⎟ 0.0847 h
h ⎠
)
= 51.9 km

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 81 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Paraphrase
Since the distance travelled horizontally toward the runway is greater than
45.0 km, the pilot must begin her vertical descent earlier in order to land at the
beginning of the runway.

Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Chapter 2 82 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

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