LITERATURE

BOOKLET
IGCSE 2

Name:
Shift:
 1
Words, Sentences,
and Paragraphs

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you outgoing or shy?
When you meet people, do you A talk about your goals and interests? B ask about them?
When you are in a group, do you A talk the most? B talk the least?
In essays about yourself, do you A have a lot to say? B feel uncomfortable writing
about yourself?
Mostly As: outgoing. Mostly Bs: shy.

A. Skill Presentation
Letters make words. Most words use small letters.
teacher, family, good, write
Some words use capital letters and small letters together.
Professor Garcia, State University
A sentence always begins with a capital letter. A sentence also has one space between two words.
Finally, a sentence usually ends with a period.
my essay is about me. ✗ My essay is about me. ✓
Myessayisaboutme. ✗ My essay is about me. ✓
My essay is about me ✗ My essay is about me. ✓
Sentences make paragraphs. It is important to write paragraphs correctly. A paragraph is about one
idea.
In the paragraph below, the sentences My teacher liked it and Maybe I will get a good grade are about
the same idea. The sentence I like shopping is not about the same idea as the other sentences. It
shouldn’t be used.
I wrote my essay. My teacher liked it. I like shopping. Maybe I will get a good grade.
The first line of a paragraph is indented. To indent, type about five spaces before the first word.
A paragraph is not a list of sentences. At the end of a sentence, type a space. Then begin the next
sentence.
I wrote my essay. I wrote my essay. My teacher liked
My teacher liked it. it. Maybe I will get a good grade. ✓
Maybe I will get a good grade. ✗

2 3
B. Over to You
1 Read the three paragraphs. Check (✓) the correct paragraph.
1 Today was our first class. We met our instructor. She told us about herself.
2 Today was our first class.We met our instructor. She told us about herself.
3 Today was our first class. We met our
instructor. She told us about herself.

2 Correct the sentences and paragraphs.

1 goodessaysareinteresting

2 doctor Goodrich teaches at harvard university

3 My sister read my essay

4 I got a good grade today.

The teacher liked my essay.
I wrote it very carefully.

5 I want to be a doctor I am taking science and math courses I hope to get good grades.

6 My English teacher helped me a lot. She worked with me after class.

She helped me apply to college.

CHECK!
1 Sentences are groups of . Sentences begin with a capital
letter and end with a . There is one between
the words.
2 are groups of sentences about idea.
Remember to paragraphs.

1 Words, Sentences, and Paragraphs 3 4

 C. Practice
1 Read each sentence and paragraph in the chart. Decide if they are correct or
incorrect. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
CORRECT CORRECT NOT
SENTENCE PARAGRAPH CORRECT

1. Today was our first class. We met our instructor. She

told us about herself.
2. That is my instructor.
3. I like this essay. I think it is very good. It is very
original.
4. I planned my essay carefully.
I wrote down a lot of ideas.
I chose the best ideas.
Then I started writing.
5. The nursing program is very good
6. malena wrote her personal essay. it took three hours.
she needed more time.
7. I play tennis everySaturday.
8. I was very busy in high school I played basketball I
got very good grades I also worked after school every
day

2 Match each paragraph (A–D) with the correct description (1–4).

1 No mistakes 3 Not a paragraph
2 Mistakes with spaces 4 Mistakes with capital letters
A Iaminterestedinhistory. Iliketoreadbooksaboutimportantpeopleandeventsfromthepast.
Ialsowatchhistoricalmovies. SometimesIgotolectures. IwanttolearnasmuchasIcan.
B I am interested in history. I like to read books about important people and events from
the past. I also watch historical movies. Sometimes I go to lectures. I want to learn as
much as I can.
C I am interested in history. I like to read books about important people and events from
the past.
I also watch historical movies.
Sometimes I go to lectures.
I want to learn as much as I can.
D I am interested in history. i like to read books about important people and events from
the past. i also watch historical movies. sometimes i go to lectures. i want to learn as
much as I can.

4 Skills for Effective Writing 1 5

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A sentence has 7 I buy lots of technology. I have two cell

a. words and spaces. phones. I have a laptop. I also have an iPad.
b. indentations and periods. My friends say I don’t need anything else.
c. only capital letters. This paragraph
a. needs to be indented.
2 A sentence has b. is correct.
a. a period. c. needs spaces between sentences.
b. a capital letter.
c. a period and a capital letter. 8 my favorite subject is math. i enjoy my
classes. the math classes are difficult. my
3 A paragraph teacher helps me.
This paragraph needs
a. is a list.
b. has an indentation. a. more ideas.
c. has one or two words. b. more spaces between words.
c. sentences that start with
4 A paragraph is capital letters.
a. about one idea.
9 I am interested in sports and health.I am
b. about many ideas.
good at working with people.I hope to get a
c. the same thing as a sentence.
job doing both.I would like to be a physical
therapist.
5 my bedroom is very messy
This paragraph needs
This sentence needs
a. a list of sentences.
a. a period.
b. more capital letters.
b. a capital letter.
c. one space between each sentence.
c. a period and a capital letter.
10 I amwriting anessay. The teacher gave
6 Myteacherisbusy.
me some examples. I have some goodideas
This sentence needs
towriteabout. Myessay willbe interesting.
a. a period. This paragraph needs
b. a capital letter.
a. all capital letters.
c. spaces between words.
b. spaces between words.
c. all capital letters and spaces
between words.

1 Words, Sentences, and Paragraphs 5 6

 2
Question Mark, and the Comma
Punctuation 1: The Period, the

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
CONNECTING TO BTHE
A before 12 p.m.
THEME
after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
Are you organized?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feelI always get to class
in the morning?
A early.
A Ready for the day! B on time.
B Ready for C late.
coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl
Do you make a plan of what you have to do?
A always B sometimes C never
Can you always find your books, keys, and
cell phone when you need them?
A yes B usually C no
Mostly Cs: disorganized.
Mostly As: organized. Mostly Bs: sometimes organized.

A. Skill Presentation
A statement is a sentence that gives information. A statement always ends with a period.
My next class is at noon.
If the sentence asks for information, it is a question. Many questions use a question word.
Some question words are who, what, where, when, why, how, do, and did. A question ends with a
question mark.
When is your next class?
There are other words that can begin questions, like are, is, was, and were. If you use one of these
words at the beginning of a sentence, put a question mark at the end.
There is also punctuation used in the middle of sentences, called commas. Use a comma when you
write dates. The comma goes between the day and the year.
School starts on September 1, 2013.
Use commas when you write lists that have three or more items. Put a comma after each item except
for the last item. Remember to put a comma before the word and.
Ivan is taking math, science, and history classes.

6 7
B. Over to You
1 Read the sentences. Check (✓) Statement or Question. Add a period or question mark at
the end of each sentence.
Statement Question
1 When are you leaving for class
2 There are 15 people in my class
3 Do you have a math test today
4 How many classes are you taking
5 The English class is in Hudson Hall
6 The next meeting is on Tuesday
7 Are you sure the class starts at 10:00 a.m.
8 I have an unusual schedule this week
9 What are you doing after class
10 At 3:30 p.m. my class is over

2 Read the sentences and add commas where necessary. If no comma is needed,
leave it blank.
1 Most students take English math and science.
2 I started school on June 25 2012.
3 I go to the library on Monday Tuesday and Wednesday nights.
4 School was over on April 7 2012.
5 I studied English with Dr. Lee Ms. Bunting and Mr. Johns.
6 The language lab has computers printers and copy machines.
7 We meet for breakfast coffee and dessert.
8 Fall classes began on September 15 2013.
9 Juan went to school in Missouri Colorado and California.
10 My favorite subjects are English health and history.

CHECK!
1 A is a sentence that gives . Use a
to end a statement.
2 A is a sentence that for information. Use a
to end a question.
3 Commas go in the of sentences. Use a comma with
and in lists with or more items.

2 Punc tuation 1The Period, the Question Mark, and the Comma 7 8
 C. Practice
1 Read each sentence in the chart. Decide if the punctuation (period, question mark,
commas) in each sentence is correct. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
CORRECT INCORRECT
PUNCTUATION PUNCTUATION

1. I am taking four classes.

2. Are you taking a reading class.

3. My favorite class is history?

4. Who is your favorite teacher?

5. My friend finished school on May 15, 2013.

6. The computer lab opens on October, 3 2013.

7. The lab is open on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.

8. There are no classes in June, July, and August.

9. What are you doing at noon.

10. Registration begins next October?
11. Are you taking three classes?
12. The math class is difficult.

2 Read the statements or questions. Add the correct punctuation (period, question
mark, commas). If no punctuation is needed, leave it blank.
1 Who is your teacher
2 My vacation starts on June 10 2013
3 Do you like your English class
4 My favorite classes are English math and music
5 My science class is difficult
6 I am taking math
7 The computer labs are in Building A Building C and Building D
8 Where is your next class
9 My next class is on Monday
10 School ended on May 31 2013

8 Skills for Effective Writing 1 9

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A sentence that asks for information ends 7 She is my favorite teacher because she is fun
with a interesting, and smart.
a. comma. This sentence is incorrect because
b. period. a. there should be a comma after and.
c. question mark. b. there should be a comma after fun.
c. there should not be a comma after
2 A sentence that gives information ends interesting.
with a
a. comma. 8 Which sentence is correct?
b. period. a. Do you like that class.
c. question mark. b. It is my favorite class?
c. When did you go to that class?
3 A sentence that gives a day and year always
uses a 9 Choose the correct punctuation to end this
a. comma. sentence: Who are you meeting
b. period. a. ,
c. question mark. b. .
c. ?
4 Use a comma when you list
a. one item. 10 Choose the correct punctuation to end this
b. two items. sentence: I am taking three classes
c. three or more items. a. ,
b. .
5 Which list has commas in the correct c. ?
place?
a. Monday Wednesday and Friday
b. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
c. Monday, Wednesday, and, Friday

6 The exam is from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.

on September 27, 2010?
This sentence is incorrect because
a. there should not be a comma
after 27.
b. there should be a period at
the end.
c. there should be a comma before to.

2 Punc tuation 1The Period, the Question Mark, and the Comma 9 10
3

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
Capitalization Rules 1

What time do you go to bed?

A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feel in the morning?
A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Do you use gadgets to help you study?
I look up words
A in a dictionary. B on my cell phone. C on an electronic dictionary.
I take notes
A in a notebook. B on my laptop. C on my tablet with a digital pen.
I check my e-mail
A at a computer lab. B on my laptop. C on my cell phone.
hooked on owning gadgets.
Mostly As: you do not buy many gadgets. Mostly Bs: you like to own some gadgets. Mostly Cs: you are

A. Skill Presentation
To capitalize a letter is to make it a capital. Capital letters are usually bigger than lowercase letters.
When you write, always capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.
They bought new cameras.
She bought a new laptop.
There are some words you always capitalize. Always capitalize the pronoun I.
John says that I should buy the basic model of the cell phone.
Also, always capitalize the days of the week: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
and Saturday.
My friend and I go to the computer lab every Saturday.

10 11
B. Over to You
1 Read the three sentences. Check (✓) the correct sentence.
1 today i am going to buy a new cell phone.
2 today I am going to buy a new cell phone.
3 Today I am going to buy a new cell phone.

2 Read each sentence in the chart. If the sentence is not correct, which rule does it break?
Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
CAPITALIZE THE
CAPITALIZE CAPITALIZE THE
FIRST LETTER OF THE SENTENCE
THE PRONOUN DAYS OF THE
THE FIRST WORD IN IS CORRECT.
I. WEEK.
A SENTENCE.

1. he is going to buy an
electronic dictionary.
2. She and i bought a new
wireless printer on Tuesday.
3. I only buy electronics online.
4. My friend said i should buy
a used cell phone.
5. they want cell phones with
cameras.
6. The computer lab is closed.
7. She sent me an e-mail on
Sunday night.
8. my friends like to send text
messages.
9. My sister and i both have
new laptops.
10. I think I will buy a cell
phone on saturday.

CHECK!
1 Always capitalize the letter of the first word in a
.
2 Always the pronoun .
3 Always capitalize the of the week.

3 Capitalization Rules 1 11 12
 C. Practice
1 Read the paragraphs. How many mistakes with capitalization are there in each
paragraph? Circle them and check (✓) the correct answer.
1 Julio and i are at the computer store. We are comparing new and used computers.
the new computers are very high quality. They work very well. They have many great
features, too. Most of the new computers have built-in webcams. the used computers are
lower quality. i think Julio should buy a new computer. he agrees.
a. There are two mistakes with capitalization.
b. There are five mistakes with capitalization.
c. There are seven mistakes with capitalization.
2 My math professor and i are meeting on tuesday. we are going to discuss my grades in
the course. he wants to talk to me over webcam, but i like to meet in person.
a. There are five mistakes with capitalization.
b. There are six mistakes with capitalization.
c. There are seven mistakes with capitalization.
3 i use my new cell phone for everything. For example, i e-mail my friends and family.
i take pictures of my friends on it, too. i also look up words in an online dictionary.
sometimes, i even video call my family on saturdays using it.
a. There are six mistakes with capitalization.
b. There are seven mistakes with capitalization.
c. There are eight mistakes with capitalization.

2 Circle the letters that should be capital.

1 the new model of this cell phone is expensive. it does a lot of things.
2 i check my e-mail on my cell phone.
3 i listen to music on my cell phone when i’m on the train.
4 i bought a used laptop on monday. the new ones were too expensive.
5 my sister has a tablet.
6 people use their cellphones to send text messages.
7 sometimes sending a text message is easier than talking.
8 my dad is buying me a new tablet for my birthday.
9 mom and i are in a cell-phone store.
10 avery uses the camera on his cellphone to take pictures of his friends.

12 Skills for Effective Writing 1 13

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 Capital letters 7 Choose the sentence with the correct

a. are usually smaller than capitalization.
lowercase letters. a. Chen sent Li a text message to
b. are usually the same size as make plans.
lowercase letters. b. chen sent Li a text message to
c. are often bigger than make plans.
lowercase letters. c. Chen sent Li a Text Message to
make plans.
2 The first letter in a sentence is always
a. a pronoun. 8 Choose the sentence with the correct
b. capitalized. capitalization.
c. important. a. The new model of the cell phone is
available in orange.
3 Always capitalize b. the new model of the cell phone is
a. the pronoun I. available in orange.
b. the word and. c. The new model of the cell phone Is
c. every word in a sentence. available In orange.

4 Choose the sentence with the correct 9 my teacher says it is important to bring our
capitalization. laptops to class.
a. Julietta and i are going to the mall. a. The letter m in my needs to
b. Julietta and I are going to the mall. be capitalized in this sentence.
c. julietta and I are going to the mall. b. The letter i in it needs to
be capitalized in this sentence.
5 Choose the sentence with the correct c. This sentence is correct.
capitalization.
10 Maria and i are comparing new and used
a. i use my laptop when i
cell phones.
give presentations.
b. I use my laptop when i a. The m in Maria does not need to
give presentations. be capitalized in this sentence.
c. I use my laptop when I b. The pronoun i needs to
give presentations. be capitalized in this sentence.
c. This sentence is correct.
6 Choose the sentence with the correct
capitalization.
a. He is going to a used electronics
store on Wednesday.
b. He is going to a used electronics
store on wednesday.
c. he is going To a used electronics
store on Wednesday.

3 Capitalization Rules 1 13 14
6

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.

CONNECTING TOHow
THE THEME
do you feel in the morning?
A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…
The Sentence

Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

Are you a homebody?
I live
A in a dorm. B in an apartment with classmates. C with my family.
I eat in the school cafeteria
A every day. B occasionally. C rarely.
I like to spend my free time with
A my classmates. B friends. C my family.
My priority is
A my studies. B success in general. C my family.
friends. Mostly Cs: you are a homebody who loves being at home.
Mostly As: you prefer to be somewhere other than home. Mostly Bs: you like to be with both family and

A. Skill Presentation
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea. In writing, a sentence begins with a
capital letter. Sentences usually end with a period.
We need two bedrooms.
A sentence has two basic parts: a subject and a verb. The subject is the person or thing that does the
action. The verb describes the action, or what the subject does. In statements, the subject comes
before the verb.
We need two bedrooms.
My parents moved yesterday.
In this second example, the subject is My parents. They did the action. The verb is moved. Moved is the
action that my parents did. This sentence expresses a complete idea. It also starts with a capital letter
and ends with a period.

22 15
B. Over to You
1 Read each sentence in the chart. Are the words in bold the subject or the verb?
Check (✓) the box in the correct column.

SUBJECT VERB

1. I visited my aunt yesterday.

2. She moved last month.

3. Her new apartment is in Springfield.

4. It is near the train station.

5. She walks to the supermarket.

6. The kitchen has a new stove and refrigerator.

7. The apartment was very messy.

8. My aunt cleaned for three days.

9. She painted the kitchen.

10. Now it looks beautiful.

2 Read the sentences. Write the subject and verb.

Subject Verb
1 The Johnsons visited a new house yesterday.
2 The house has three bedrooms.
3 They looked at the kitchen first.
4 The counters are old and broken.
5 The refrigerator is broken, too.
6 The front door opens very slowly.
7 The Johnsons walked into every room.
8 They talked about the house.

CHECK!
1 A sentence expresses a complete idea. Every sentence has a
and a verb.
2 The subject is a person or . The subject does the
. The verb says what the subject does.
3 In statements, the subject comes the verb.

6 The Sentence 23 16
 C. Practice
1 Make sentences. Put the subject or verb in parentheses in the correct form. Don’t
forget to capitalize.
1 we in a nice apartment. (live)

2 have a problem, though. (we)

3 is always dirty. (the kitchen)

4 looks very messy. (your room)

5 I to the supermarket every week. (go)

6 the food bad. (goes)

7 I a clean apartment. (like)

8 we some rules. (need)

2 Match each paragraph (A–D) with the correct description (1–4).

1 No mistakes 3 Mistakes with periods
2 Mistakes with capital letters 4 Subject and verb in the wrong order
A My family moved to a new apartment on 15th Street The building is on a beautiful
block with lots of trees There is a supermarket nearby, so buying food is easy The train
station is close. I can walk there in four minutes
B my family moved to a new apartment on 15th Street. the building is on a beautiful
block with lots of trees. there is a supermarket nearby, so buying food is easy. the train
station is close. I can walk there in four minutes.
C My family moved to a new apartment on 15th Street. The building is on a beautiful
block with lots of trees. There is a supermarket nearby, so buying food is easy. The train
station is close. I can walk there in four minutes.
D My moved family to a new apartment on 15th Street. The building on a beautiful block
is with lots of trees. There a supermarket is nearby, so buying food is easy. The is train
station close. Can I walk there in four minutes.

24 Skills for Effective Writing 1 17

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 have a subject and a verb. 6 The building is not very nice.

a. Long sentences What is the subject in this sentence?
b. Some sentences a. not very nice
c. All sentences b. The building
c. is
2 The subject of a sentence is
a. the action that the person or 7 The closets are small.
thing does. What is the verb in this sentence?
b. the person or thing that does a. The closets
the action. b. are
c. a complete idea. c. small

3 A verb is 8 The kitchen a new oven.

a. the action that a person or This sentence does not have
thing does. a. a subject.
b. a person or thing that does b. a verb.
the action. c. a subject or a verb.
c. a complete idea.
9 At five o’clock.
4 In a statement, This sentence does not have
a. the subject comes first. a. a subject.
b. the verb comes first. b. a verb.
c. the period comes first. c. a subject or a verb.

5 The apartment looks very messy. 10 Lives in Springfield.

What is the subject in this sentence? This sentence does not have
a. very messy a. a subject.
b. looks b. a verb.
c. The apartment c. a subject or a verb.

6 The Sentence 25 18
7
Capitalization Rules 2

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

What type of vacations do you enjoy?
When you visit somewhere for the first time, do you like to
A visit museums and historical sites? B shop, eat, and relax?
Who would you prefer to travel with?
A Dr. Ramirez, a history professor B John Anderson, a popular neighbor
Imagine you went to Sweden. Would you
A learn some words in Swedish? B only speak English?
Mostly As: you enjoy educational vacations. Mostly Bs: you enjoy relaxing vacations.

A. Skill Presentation
When you write, it is important to capitalize certain words. To capitalize a letter is to make it a capital.
Proper nouns are always capitalized in English.
Follow three rules to make sure you capitalize proper nouns:
The first rule is to capitalize the first letter of people’s names and titles.
NAMES: Ana Garcia, Jorge Luis, Ursula Dietrich
Titles are introductions to a name such as mister, missus, doctor, and professor.
TITLES: Mister John Howard, Missus Lara Sinclair
Doctor Mariana Ariella, Professor Drake
The second rule is to capitalize the first letter of the names of countries, states, and provinces.
Virginia, California, Ontario, Sweden
The third rule is to capitalize the first letter of the names of languages and nationalities. A person’s
nationality tells the country they are from.
For example, Mexican is the nationality of a person from Mexico. Spanish is a language someone from
Mexico might speak.
American, Arabic, Japanese, Italian

26 19
B. Over to You
1 Read each sentence in the chart. Why is the word in bold in each sentence capitalized?
Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
A PERSON’S A COUNTRY OR A A LANGUAGE OR
TITLE STATE A NATIONALITY

1. The Romano family is Italian.

2. Ms. Haley wants to take the tour with us.

3. In Georgia, Centennial Olympic Park is a
popular attraction.
4. I speak Spanish very well.

5. Greta is planning to drive to Michigan.

6. There are historical attractions in Virginia.

7. My history teacher is Professor Campbell.

8. Dr. Cromwell is moving to Colorado.

9. Lara Sinclair’s best friend is Russian.

10. The next country I want to visit is Iceland.

2 Read the paragraph. How many proper nouns do not have correct capitalization?
Circle them and check (✓) the correct answer.
My friend kyoung Mun is from South korea. She is going to move to San Diego, california
next month. Her sister, Baye, is helping her move. They looked at a map and saw that San
Diego is about 30 miles from mexico. They both want to learn more about San Diego. Baye
asked her geography teacher, mr. Harris, about the city. He said many people there speak
spanish, but there are also a lot of koreans. Baye and Kyoung are excited because they speak
both korean and Spanish.
a. There are four nouns with incorrect capitalization.
b. There are six nouns with incorrect capitalization.
c. There are eight nouns with incorrect capitalization.

CHECK!
1 When you write, remember to capitalize proper .
2 Capitalize the first letter of people’s and titles.
3 Capitalize the first letter of , states, and .
4 Capitalize the first letter of and people’s .

7 Capitalization Rules 2 27 20
 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the answer that has correct capitalization
1 My name is , and I am your tour 5 visiting Pike’s Peak.
guide. a. Professor Morris was
a. Mr. Evans in colorado
b. mr. evans b. professor Morris was
c. mr. Evans in Colorado
c. Professor Morris was
2 The information about the tour is
in Colorado
available in .
a. Spanish and Korean 6 In Belgium, people speak .
b. spanish and Korean a. French and Flemish
c. Spanish and korean b. french and Flemish
c. French and flemish
3 I hope you enjoy your move from
. 7 I need to make an appointment with
a. Texas to Illinois .
b. texas to Illinois a. Dr. Dewan
c. texas to illinois b. dr. dewan
c. dr. Dewan
4 They went to .
a. Vietnam to learn vietnamese 8 My friend is .
b. Vietnam to learn Vietnamese a. Brazilian but lives in the
c. vietnam to learn Vietnamese United States
b. brazilian but lives in the
united states
c. brazilian but lives in the
United States

2 Correct the sentences.

1 in santa fe, new mexico, there is a large plaza in the middle of the city.

2 the first spanish settlers arrived there around 1608.

3 many tourists visit santa fe every year, especially americans. they always want to see
the old part of the city.

4 my neighbors, professor and mrs. johnson, stopped by the visitor’s center for
information about the city.

5 the city is historical because it is the oldest capital city in the united states.

6 one of my favorite attractions there is the georgia O’keeffe Museum. it has thousands
of visitors every year.

28 Skills for Effective Writing 1 21

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A proper noun names 7 Choose the sentence with the correct

a. a specific person, place, or thing. capitalization.
b. an important place or thing. a. Josefina loves Croatia, Scotland,
c. a respected person. and Greece.
b. Josefina loves Croatia, scotland,
2 Always capitalize and greece.
a. adjectives and prepositions. c. josefina loves Croatia, Scotland,
b. languages and nationalities. and Greece.
c. important words.
8 Choose the sentence with the correct
3 Always capitalize capitalization.
a. names and titles. a. Charlotte is going to visit south
b. subjects and verbs. korea with her friend sela.
c. the last word in a sentence. b. Charlotte is going to visit South
Korea with her friend sela.
4 Choose the sentence with the correct c. Charlotte is going to visit South
capitalization. Korea with her friend Sela.
a. Mr. Santamaria learned to
9 Choose the sentence with the correct
speak chinese.
capitalization.
b. Mr. santamaria learned to
speak Chinese. a. Most Australians speak only
c. Mr. Santamaria learned to English, but Martin also speaks
speak Chinese. German.
b. Most australians speak only
5 Choose the sentence with the correct English, but Martin also speaks
capitalization. German.
c. Most Australians speak only
a. mrs. Abayas visited Spain, but she
english, but Martin also speaks
does not speak much spanish.
german.
b. Mrs. Abayas visited Spain, but she
does not speak much spanish.
10 Choose the sentence with the correct
c. Mrs. Abayas visited Spain, but she
capitalization.
does not speak much Spanish.
a. Mr. Monroe is raising money to
6 Choose the sentence with the correct take students in his portuguese
capitalization. class to brazil.
b. Mr. monroe is raising money to
a. My cousin martina owns a farm
take students in his portuguese
in Illinois.
class to Brazil.
b. My cousin Martina owns a farm
c. Mr. Monroe is raising money to
in Illinois.
take students in his Portuguese
c. My cousin Martina owns a farm
class to Brazil.
in illinois.

7 Capitalization Rules 2 29 22
11

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
Paragraph Formatting

What time do you go to bed?

A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feel in the morning?
A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Do you manage your time well? Read each sentence. Is it always, sometimes, or
never true for you?
A always B sometimes C never
1
I have many projects. 2I have trouble prioritizing them or choosing the most
important ones. 3I start projects late, and then I don’t finish them. 4I don’t like to
work in groups because I delay the project for the other group members.
efficiently. Mostly Cs: your time management is excellent.
Mostly As: you are not managing your time well. Mostly Bs: your time could be managed more

A. Skill Presentation
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one idea. A good paragraph is easy to read. It has correct
formatting. This means that it looks a certain way and makes your writing easier to understand.
A paragraph is indented. To indent means to add space before the first sentence. Remember to only
indent the first sentence in a paragraph.
Time management is important. It helps you succeed. There are several helpful ways to
manage your time. First, decide which tasks are most important. Second, make a to-do list
of all the tasks. Third, put each task on your calendar. Finally, finish each task on time. With
good time management, you will succeed.
A paragraph is a group of sentences, but it is NOT a list. Sentences in a paragraph continue on the
same line, one after the other. Do not start each new sentence on a new line.

42 23
B. Over to You
1 Look at the paragraph. Read the questions and check (✓) the box in the correct column.
Time management is a good skill to learn. The first step is to write down every activity you do.
My friends went to a movie last night. You should even write small things like drinking a cup
of coffee. Then, write a number next to each activity. Activities with a 1 are very important.
They should be done first. My brother writes lists in a small notebook. If you always follow
your list, your time management skills will improve.
YES NO

1. Are all the sentences about one topic?

2. Is the first sentence indented?

3. Do the sentences come one after the other?

2 Check (✓) the paragraph in each pair that has correct formatting.
1 A Different people use different strategies for remembering tasks. My friends write
reminders in notebooks. I use an electronic calendar. I use it for my homework and
my job. My friend writes reminders on his hand. It is messy, but it works for him. It
does not matter what strategy you use. It is only important that it works.
B Different people use different strategies for remembering tasks. My friends write
reminders in notebooks. I use an electronic calendar. I use it for my homework and
my job. My friend writes reminders on his hand. It is messy, but it works for him. It
does not matter what strategy you use. It is only important that it works.
2 A Professor Marshall thinks deciding what is important is the best way to succeed in
college. He asks his students to write down assignments. He tells them to think about
how difficult each assignment is. He suggests starting with the most difficult
assignment. Students should do easier assignments later. He thinks students who do
this will succeed in school.
B Professor Marshall thinks deciding what is important is the best way to succeed in
college. He asks his students to write down assignments. He tells them to think about
how difficult each assignment is. He suggests starting with the most difficult
assignment.
Students should do easier assignments later. He thinks students who do this will
succeed in school.

CHECK!
1 A paragraph is a of sentences about idea.
2 A good paragraph is to read. It has
formatting.
3 In a paragraph with correct formatting, the first sentence is .
The sentences in the paragraph come one after the other, on the same
.

11 Paragraph Formatting 43 24
 C. Practice
1 Circle the correct words.
1 The sentences in a paragraph are about one idea | many ideas | bad ideas.
2 A good paragraph is difficult | easy | hard to read because it has correct formatting.
3 Sentences in a paragraph never | sometimes | always start on a new line.
4 The first sentence in a paragraph is indented | about a different topic | on a new line.
5 Type about two | five | fifteen spaces to indent a paragraph.
6 A list of sentences is a good paragraph | correct formatting | not a paragraph.

2 Check (✓) the paragraph that has correct formatting.

A Mr. Huang always prioritizes tasks to help him reach his goals at work.
For example, every morning he writes down the things he wants to do that day.
Then, he decides which tasks he must finish by the end of the day.
After that, he decides which tasks can wait.
He prioritizes well, so he knows he will always finish the most important things early.
He can do the tasks that are not very important the next day.
Mr. Huang gets a lot done at work because he does important tasks first.
B Mr. Huang always prioritizes tasks to help him reach his goals at work. For
example, every morning he writes down the things he wants to do that day. Then, he
decides which tasks he must finish by the end of the day. After that, he decides which
tasks can wait. He prioritizes well, so he knows he will always finish the most
important things early. He can do the tasks that are not very important the next day.
Mr. Huang gets a lot done at work because he does important tasks first.
C Mr. Huang always prioritizes tasks to help him reach his goals at work. For
example, every morning he writes down the things he wants to do that day.
Then, he decides which tasks he must finish by the end of the day. After that, he
decides which tasks can wait.
He prioritizes well, so he knows he will always finish the most important things early.
He can do the tasks that are not very important the next day.
Mr. Huang gets a lot done at work because he does important tasks first.
D Mr. Huang always prioritizes tasks to help him reach his goals at work. For
example, every morning he writes down the things he wants to do that day. Then, he
decides which tasks he must finish by the end of the day. After that, he decides which
tasks can wait. He prioritizes well, so he knows he will always finish the most
important things early. He can do the tasks that are not very important the next day.
Mr. Huang gets a lot done at work because he does important tasks first.

44 Skills for Effective Writing 1 25

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 What is a paragraph? 6 In a paragraph, it is a mistake to include

a. a group of letters that make a word a. sentences about different ideas.
b. a group of words that make b. sentences about one idea.
a sentence c. sentences about good ideas.
c. a group of sentences about
one idea 7 Look at the paragraph below. Which
sentence is about a different topic?
2 To indent, add space a. There are only 24 hours in a day.
a. before the second word. b. Prioritizing can help.
b. before the first sentence. c. There is a list of classes in the
c. before the last letter. main office.

3 In a paragraph, indent 8 Look at the paragraph below. Is the first

a. only the first sentence. sentence indented correctly?
b. all the sentences. a. Yes. There are enough spaces.
c. only the last sentence. b. No. There are not enough spaces.
c. No. There are too many spaces.
4 In a paragraph, each sentence begins
a. in a separate list. 9 Look at the paragraph below. The writer
b. on a new line. used some correct formatting. What did
c. after the previous sentence. the writer do correctly?
a. All the sentences are in a list.
5 In a paragraph, how can a writer make b. All the sentences come one right
sure sentences are about the same idea? after the other.
a. by giving some examples about c. All the sentences are on a new line.
each topic
b. by including sentences about many 10 Look at the paragraph below. Why is it
different topics easy to read?
c. by removing sentences about a. Because it is interesting.
different topics b. Because it has a title.
c. Because it is formatted correctly.

Improving Time Management

There are only 24 hours in a day. Therefore, students need to manage their time well.
Prioritizing can help. If students manage their time, they can do leisure activities, too.
There are a few rules to follow. First, make a to-do list. There is a list of classes in the
main office. Second, prioritize the to-do list by putting important things near the top.
Third, start working. Do not waste time. Some waste can harm the environment. Use
your time wisely, and you will succeed.

11 Paragraph Formatting 45 26
12

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Topic Sentences

Which matches your idea of success?

A Having a lot of money proves I am successful. I am the owner of
a successful financial company, and I work 60–70 hours a week.
My work is the most important part of my life.
B Learning is the key to anything you want to do in life. I am a well-
known professor at a local college, and I help young people from
poor areas achieve academic success.
C Money cannot make you happy. I don’t mind what work I do – I
work just enough to feed my family but not more. Spending time
with my family is the most important thing to me.
A: money is success. B: knowledge is success. C: happiness is success.

A. Skill Presentation
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic. The topic sentence tells us the main idea of the
paragraph. The topic sentence often comes at the beginning of a paragraph.
Look at these examples:
TSChris Gardner is famous for his life story. He used to be poor and homeless. Now he is a
successful businessman, writer, and speaker.
TSMany people face challenges in life. Some people have a hard time finding a job. Other
people do not always have much money.
TSThe music executive heard the band play. He helped them become very famous.
TSThe music store manager lost his job. His store was not making enough money.

46 27
B. Over to You
1 Match each paragraph (1–4) with the best topic sentence (a–d).
a Chris had a young son.
b Chris likes to speak about his hard times and how he didn’t give up.
c It was not easy being homeless.
d Chris wrote a book about his experiences.

1 There was not enough money. Chris had to find different places to sleep at night.
Sometimes he and his son slept in a train station. Chris had to find free food to eat. He often
felt discouraged.
2 His name is Chris, too. He was very young when he and his father were homeless. He
does not remember much about the experience. His strongest memory is that he and his
father moved around a lot.
3 It is the story of how he lived when he was homeless. The book shows that Chris never
gave up. It describes how he became very successful.
4 He has a talent for public speaking. Groups often invite him to talk about his life. They
want to learn from his life story. Chris wants people to know that they can be successful, too.

2 The sentences from these paragraphs are in the wrong order. Find and check (✓) the
topic sentences.
1 a. Chris did not know his father.
b. He lived with his mother and stepfather.
c. His mother spent time in prison.
d. Chris Gardner did not have an easy childhood.
e. The family was poor.
2 a. The book was on the best-seller list for more than four months.
b. It was translated into 14 languages.
c. In 2006, Chris Gardner wrote a very popular book about his life.
d. The book was later made into a movie.
3 a. He is a famous American actor and musician.
b. His young son, Jaden Smith, was also in the movie.
c. Will enjoyed playing the part of Gardner.
d. Will Smith played the part of Chris Gardner in a movie about Gardner’s life.

CHECK!
1 Every paragraph needs a sentence.
2 The topic sentence tells us the idea of the paragraph. It is
often the sentence in a paragraph.

12 Topic Sentences 47 28
 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the best topic sentence for each paragraph.
1 Often their jobs are low-paying. There is not enough money for housing. They
may have to decide between having a place to live or having food to eat. Some people
think that homeless people do not want to work. This is not true.
a. Most homeless people only work when they have to.
b. Many homeless people have jobs, but they cannot afford a place to live.
c. Having a house is more important than food.
2 Lopez is a writer for a Los Angeles newspaper. One day, he heard Ayers playing
music on the street. Ayers had a lot of talent. However, he was homeless and had some
problems. The movie tells how Lopez helped Ayers find help.
a. The Soloist is a movie about a newspaper writer, Steve Lopez, and a homeless
musician, Nathaniel Ayers.
b. Nathaniel Ayers was born in 1951.
c. Steve Lopez went to San Jose State University.
3 They have more than 200 food banks. They provide food for people in all 50 states.
Feeding America gives food to more than 37 million people each year. Many of these are
children and elderly people. Feeding America is an important charity.
a. There are many hungry people in South America.
b. Feeding America helps people all over the world find places to live.
c. Feeding America gives food to hungry people in the United States.

2 Match each topic sentence (1–5) with two correct supporting sentences (a–j).
1 Chris Gardner has many talents.
2 Professor Kate Ortiz is very successful.
3 The fashion magazine described some new styles.
4 My brother is an actor.
5 Alexander Graham Bell was an important inventor.

a The color yellow is not fashionable this year.

b He got the part.
c He is a successful businessman.
d He also experimented with hearing devices.
e She has won awards for her medical research.
f He is most famous for inventing the telephone.
g He is an excellent public speaker, too.
h None of the top designers are using heavy fabrics.
i Yesterday, he went to an audition for a new movie.
j She also teaches a popular biology course.

48 Skills for Effective Writing 1 29

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A paragraph is a group of sentences about 7 Choose the best topic sentence for a
a. many topics. paragraph about graduating from college.
b. one topic. a. Students who had good grades
c. two topics. often have better jobs now.
b. Students at my college can choose
2 The topic sentence tells the of a from more than 20 majors.
paragraph. c. Students usually feel successful
a. main idea when they get a college degree.
b. conclusion
c. title 8 Choose the best topic sentence for a
paragraph about Jaden Smith.
3 The topic sentence often comes a. Jaden Smith has a younger sister
a. at the end of a paragraph. named Willow.
b. in the middle of a paragraph. b. Jaden Smith’s first movie role was
c. at the beginning of a paragraph. in a film about Chris Gardner’s life.
c. Jaden Smith has starred in several
4 Choose the best topic sentence for a popular movies.
paragraph about people in San Francisco.
9 Choose the best topic sentence for a
a. There are several reasons why
paragraph about Nathaniel Ayers.
many people live in San Francisco.
b. San Francisco is a wonderful place. a. Nathaniel Ayers was a talented
c. Some of the best restaurants in the musician who became homeless.
United States are in San Francisco. b. Nathaniel Ayers met a reporter.
c. There are many things to do in
5 Choose the best topic sentence for a Los Angeles.
paragraph about starting a new business.
10 Read the best topic sentence for this
a. Many people say you should never
paragraph:
give up.
Mrs. Zheng grew up in Guangzhou,
b. It is important to have a plan China. She always wanted to live in the
before you create a new business. United States. When she was 20, she learned
c. Money is necessary, and you to cook. Then, when she was 25, she moved
should learn how to use it. to Maryland. She opened a small Chinese
restaurant. Now her restaurant is very
6 Choose the best topic sentence for a popular. Ying Zheng’s business is a success.
paragraph about the talents of Chris a. Ying Zheng moved to the United
Gardner. States to open her own restaurant.
a. Chris Gardner used to be b. Ying Zheng traveled to Italy last
homeless, but now he is successful. year to learn how to cook Italian
b. Chris Gardner wrote a popular food.
book. c. Ying Zheng had kind and caring
c. Chris Gardner is an excellent parents.
businessman, writer, and public
speaker.

12 Topic Sentences 49 30
13

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

How well prepared are you for business?
I want to start my own business.
Supporting Sentences

A I have an idea I am sure will work.

B I am not 100% sure my idea will work.
Taking risks is a necessary part of life.
A I believe you should take chances.
B I find risk very stressful.
Coping with setbacks can be difficult.
A I see them as challenges to overcome.
B I take setbacks personally.
Making decisions is not always easy.
A I make sure I have all the information I need first.
B I prefer to leave it to others.
working for yourself.
Mostly Bs: look for another job working for someone else instead of
Mostly As: you would probably succeed with your own business.

A. Skill Presentation
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic. The topic sentence tells the main idea of the
paragraph. It usually comes first. Supporting sentences give more information about the topic
sentence. They usually follow it. They are directly related to the main idea.
TSViola Vaughn is a social entrepreneur1. SSShe started a school for girls in Africa.
The paragraph is about Viola Vaughn as a businesswoman. The supporting sentence is directly
related to the main idea. It gives more information about one of Viola Vaughn’s businesses – she
started a school for girls in Africa. The other sentences in this paragraph will also relate to Viola’s
businesses. They will give more information about them.

1
entrepreneur: someone who starts their own business, especially when it involves seeing a new opportunity

50 31
B. Over to You
1 Match each topic sentence (1–5) with the correct supporting sentence (a–e).
1 Viola Vaughn is a social entrepreneur.
2 The schools distribute free school supplies.
3 Each school has an after-school program.
4 Viola’s business grew quickly.
5 Dr. Vaughn has a traveling library that goes to small towns once a month.

a They give away notebooks, paper, and pens.

b There are over 2,500 girls now.
c She gives education to girls living in poverty.
d Every afternoon, teachers tutor the girls.
e Local children can check out books for free.

2 Read the topic sentence and the first supporting sentence. Then read each sentence
in the chart, and decide if it is related to the main idea or not. Check (✓) the box in the
correct column.
Topic Sentence: Jack Weil started a Western-style clothing business in 1946.
First Supporting Sentence: He became one of the oldest businessmen in the United States.

RELATED NOT RELATED

1. Weil named the company Rockmount Ranch Wear.

2. People in big cities do not wear Western-style clothing.

3. The store’s most popular product was a cowboy-style shirt with snaps.

4. Weil’s granddaughter had a dog named Rocky.

5. Rockmount Ranch Wear distributed the shirts all over the world.

6. Many cowboys live in Colorado.

7. Weil worked at the store every day until he was 107 years old.

8. People over 80 should not work.

CHECK!
1 A is a group of sentences about one topic.
2 sentences in a paragraph give more about the
topic sentence. They are directly related to the main .

13 Supporting Sentences 51 32
 C. Practice
1 Read each topic sentence. Check (✓) the best supporting sentence.
1 Jack Weil named his company Rockmount Ranch Wear.
a. He chose the name because he loved the Rocky Mountains.
b. He lived in Colorado.
2 Weil was one of the oldest businessmen in America.
a. Famous actors wore his shirts.
b. He worked until he was 107 years old.
3 Jack Weil enjoyed talking to customers.
a. For example, he liked to talk about his granddaughter’s dog, Rocky.
b. People bought many shirts.
4 Rockmount Ranch Wear sold Western-style clothing.
a. The most popular product was the cowboy-style shirt with snaps.
b. Not many businessmen wear Western-style shirts.
5 Fred DeLuca had a new concept when he opened the first Subway restaurant.
a. He was born in 1948.
b. He wanted to use very fresh foods.
6 The Subway restaurant company is very successful.
a. There are over 33,000 locations in 92 countries.
b. They make bread every day.

2 Match each topic sentence (1–5) with two correct supporting sentences (a–j).
1 My friend has a great business idea.
2 Students donate used books at our college bookstore.
3 Many children living in poverty don’t get new clothes very often.
4 My group is working on a report about children in Africa.
5 After two years, the store had no more money.

a They sometimes don’t have food, too.

b The store gives the books to students in need.
c They did not make a profit.
d She wants to sell coffee in our local park.
e We will also make suggestions about how we can help them.
f Their families have very little money.
g So they had to shut down.
h Maybe she’ll even sell cakes and cookies, too.
i They also supply pens and pencils.
j We are going to write about all the facts we find.

52 Skills for Effective Writing 1 33

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A paragraph is a group of sentences 7 Choose the best supporting sentence for

a. about several topics. this topic sentence: A traveling library goes
b. about supporting sentences. to small towns once a month.
c. about one topic. a. The local children can get books
to read.
2 A topic sentence b. The people in the towns cannot
a. is one kind of supporting sentence. read.
b. tells the main idea of a paragraph. c. Books are not important in small
c. tells you the paragraph is over. towns.

3 Supporting sentences in a paragraph 8 Choose the best supporting sentence for

this topic sentence: A group of girls in the
a. are directly related to the main
United States donated money to girls in
idea.
Africa.
b. do not give information about the
main idea. a. They learned about Asia and
c. are about different topics. Europe, too.
b. They wanted to help the girls
4 Supporting sentences can in need.
c. They had to write a report about
a. give more information about the
African schools.
main idea.
b. start a new paragraph.
9 Choose the best supporting sentence for
c. repeat the topic sentence.
this topic sentence: Viola Vaughn taught
the girls about business.
5 Choose the best supporting sentence for
this topic sentence: The businessman is a a. She taught them how to sell
social entrepreneur. products.
b. She gave them free school supplies.
a. He is a happy and friendly person.
c. She expanded her schools to five
b. He wants to help people in need.
locations.
c. He likes to go to parties with
friends.
10 Choose the best supporting sentence for
this topic sentence: Jack Weil was one of
6 Choose the best supporting sentence for
the oldest businessmen in the United States.
this topic sentence: Many of the girls live
in poverty. a. He lived in Colorado.
b. He was a social entrepreneur.
a. They live in towns with their
c. He worked when he was 107
families.
years old.
b. They bake bread and make dolls
to sell.
c. They do not have enough money.

13 Supporting Sentences 53 34
14

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
Concluding Sentences

What time do you get up?

A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feel in the morning?
CONNECTING TO THE THEME A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

Which would you like your life story to be like?

A Daniel moved from Greece to the United States and became a successful businessman. He sells
yogurt and olive oil from his village in Greece. These healthy and delicious foods became very
popular with the American people. He left Greece and found financial success with a business in
the United States.
B Emily studied hard at school and achieved academic success. She is now a doctor and
researcher. She works hard and hopes to find a cure for cancer. She wants her research to help
all of humanity. Her commitment helped her find great success.
C Mr. Hislop helps all students in his community get the best education they can. He teaches
students at the local high school. He also teaches students at home who cannot get to school
because they are disabled. At night, he teaches classes for students who have jobs during the
day. He works hard to help everyone get a good education.
A: you are interested in financial success. B: you would like to give a gift to humanity. C: you would like to help your community.

A. Skill Presentation
All paragraphs have a topic sentence. The topic sentence tells the main idea of the paragraph. All
paragraphs end with a concluding sentence. The concluding sentence is usually the last sentence in
a paragraph. A concluding sentence can repeat the main idea of the paragraph using different words.
Look at this topic sentence from a paragraph about Julia Child.
TSJulia Child was well known for French cooking.
Now look at the concluding sentence from the same paragraph.
CSJulia Child was famous for making French food.

54 35
B. Over to You
1 Match each topic sentence (1–5) with the correct concluding sentence (a–e).
1 Julia Child had a good time going places with her mother and father.
2 Julia Child had a TV show called Baking with Julia.
3 Julia Child wrote a cookbook about dinner parties.
4 Julia Child and her husband were happily married for almost 50 years.
5 Julia Child’s kitchen is on display at a museum in Washington, D.C.

a Today, visitors can see where the French chef cooked and worked.
b The Childs had a long and happy marriage.
c She gave a lot of baking ideas on this TV program.
d Her book had many ideas about meals to make for friends.
e Julia enjoyed traveling with her parents.

2 Read each paragraph. Check (✓) the correct concluding sentence.

1 Steve Jobs was always interested in technology. He studied technology in high school.
After class, he often visited the Hewlett-Packard company. People at the company gave
speeches about technology. These speeches inspired him. Many years later, the company
gave him a job. Jobs learned a lot about computers at Hewlett-Packard. He eventually helped
start a famous computer company.
a. He met his future business partner at Hewlett-Packard.
b. Technology was always a big part of Jobs’s life.
c. He got married in 1991 and had four children.
2 Peter Buffett had loving parents and a normal childhood. He was not spoiled by his
wealthy father. Peter’s father is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world. Peter
lived with his family in Omaha, Nebraska. They did not have a big house or expensive
things. His parents taught him to respect other people and to do work that he loved.
a. When he was young, Peter Buffet’s life was similar to many other children’s.
b. When he got older, Peter became a musician and an author.
c. Peter’s father still lives in the family house in Omaha.

CHECK!
1 The concluding sentence is usually the sentence in
a paragraph.
2 The concluding sentence can the main idea of the paragraph
using words.

14 Concluding Sentences 55 36
 C. Practice
1 The sentences from these paragraphs are in the wrong order. Read each topic
sentence, then find and check (✓) the correct concluding sentence.
1 As a child, my cousin spent six hours on the computer every day.
a. He was always watching movies online and sending e-mails.
b. He did not get enough exercise.
c. My cousin spent too much time at the computer when he was young.
d. He even ate at the computer.
2 Ms. Lopez’s daughter enjoyed learning with computers.
a. She often played math games online.
b. She thought online learning was fun.
c. She did many reading and spelling activities, too.
d. She did online activities to learn history, science, and even business.
3 Bill Gates does not allow his daughter to spend much time on the computer.
a. Gates thinks it is important to limit his children’s computer time.
b. When she was 10, she could spend 45 minutes a day playing on the computer.
c. Gates only let her visit certain websites.
d. She was also allowed to use the computer to do homework.

2 Choose the correct concluding sentence for each topic sentence. Write a or b.
1 Julia Child’s first TV show was very popular.
a. Julia Child was on several shows.
b. Many people enjoyed Julia Child’s first show.
2 Children should be active.
a. Young people need to play and run.
b. Even teens need exercise.
3 Our community benefits from having two schools.
a. One is for older students, and one is for younger students.
b. The advantage to the community is having more than one school.
4 Our company sells office supplies.
a. They can provide for all your office needs.
b. It is a big business with many stores.
5 Some wealthy people do not have to work.
a. Rich people have enough money to live without working.
b. The solution would be to have a lot of money and not go to work.
6 The students do volunteer work on weekends.
a. Many students help clean up the trash from beaches.
b. They enjoy helping others in their free time.

56 Skills for Effective Writing 1 37

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A good paragraph has one topic sentence, 7 Choose the concluding sentence that
supporting sentences, and goes with this topic sentence: Julia Child
a. several main ideas. enjoyed traveling as a child and as an adult.
b. extra information. a. She ate at many French restaurants.
c. one concluding sentence. b. Julia eventually started a cooking
school in France.
2 A concluding sentence is usually c. Julia had a lifelong interest
a. the first sentence in a paragraph. in travel.
b. the second sentence in
a paragraph. 8 Choose the concluding sentence that goes
c. the last sentence in a paragraph. with this topic sentence: Julia and Paul
Child had a long and successful marriage.
3 The concluding sentence often repeats a. Paul Child was ten years older
a. the supporting sentences in than Julia.
the paragraph. b. They were happily married for
b. all the sentences in the paragraph. almost 50 years.
c. the main idea in the paragraph. c. Julia learned to cook because
of Paul.
4 A concluding sentence can use
9 Choose the concluding sentence that goes
a. the same words as the topic
with this topic sentence: Too much time at
sentence.
the computer is bad for children’s health.
b. different words from the topic
sentence. a. Children who spend a lot of time
c. words about a new main idea. at the computer may become
unhealthy.
5 Choose the concluding sentence that goes b. Parents should volunteer at the
with this topic sentence: Steve Jobs is best school computer lab.
known for starting a computer company. c. Some children can learn to read on
the computer.
a. Today, many families have
computers at home.
10 Choose the concluding sentence that goes
b. Today, Jobs is famous for starting
with this topic sentence: Some computer
this company.
games can make learning fun for children.
c. Today, computers cost less than
they did ten years ago. a. Teachers worry about children
who cannot read.
6 Choose the concluding sentence that goes b. Too many computers in one house
with this topic sentence: Peter Buffett had a can be a problem.
very happy childhood. c. Many children enjoy computer
activities with spelling and
a. Buffett enjoyed his time as a child.
math games.
b. Warren Buffett is very rich and is
Peter’s father.
c. Peter Buffett grew up to be
a musician.

14 Concluding Sentences 57 38
21
Review: Topic, Supporting, and

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Concluding Sentences

Are you a night owl or an early bird?

What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?

CHow TO THE THEME

A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
ONNECTING
do you feel in the morning?
HowAdoReady for the with
you connect day!other people? B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl
t instant messenger services t social networking site
t personal blog t e-mails
t video calls t telephone calls
t video-sharing website t online games
t text messages t photo-sharing website
communicate more with people face-to-face.
connect with people in many different ways. 7–10 items: you should try to
1–3 items: you prefer to connect with people face-to-face. 4–6 items: you

A. Skill Presentation
A paragraph has several parts. The topic sentence tells the main idea of a paragraph. There is only
one topic sentence in a paragraph.
Supporting sentences give more information about the topic sentence. There are several supporting
sentences in a paragraph.
The concluding sentence can repeat the main idea of the paragraph using different words. It is
usually the last sentence in a paragraph. There is only one concluding sentence in a paragraph.
TIlike keeping in touch with my friends online. SMy online phone service is easy to use. SIt
does not cost a lot of money. CI really enjoy communicating with friends over the Internet.
This paragraph gives us more information about why the writer likes to keep in touch with friends
online.

82 39
B. Over to You
1 Read the paragraphs. Write the sentence numbers in the correct columns in the chart.
1
1 Video-sharing websites are very popular. 2Anyone can post videos online. 3People all over
the world can see them. 4Many people use these websites to share videos with others.
5
2 Staying connected is important to many students. 6They use their cell phones to call
and text. 7Social networking sites help these students stay in touch with friends. 8These
connections are a big part of their lives.

TOPIC SENTENCE SUPPORTING SENTENCES CONCLUDING SENTENCE

2 Read the paragraphs. The sentence in bold is not in the correct place. Decide if it should
be the topic sentence, a supporting sentence, or the concluding sentence. Check (✓) the
box in the correct column.
Paragraph 1
People can simply type a message and click “send.” Texting is a popular way for people to
communicate. They can keep in touch with many people this way. Sending messages like this is
one way for people to stay in touch.
Paragraph 2
We can log on to review assignments. Our professor keeps a helpful blog for our class. We
can also read summaries of class lectures. This blog makes it easy to know what is happening
in class.

TOPIC SENTENCE SUPPORTING SENTENCE CONCLUDING SENTENCE

1
2

CHECK!
1 In a paragraph, the sentence tells the idea of
the paragraph.
2 sentences give more information about the main idea.
3 The sentence the main idea of the paragraph
using words.

21 Rev Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences 83 40

 C. Practice
1 Read the paragraphs and check (✓) the correct answers.
1 Now you can share a book with a child far away. There is a website with online
children’s books. You can connect with a child by video call and read a book together.
Choose the correct concluding sentence for this paragraph.
a. Grandparents can read to their grandchildren on a website.
b. Now you can enjoy story time with a child from anywhere in the world.
c. Sharing books with your friends is an enjoyable thing to do.

2 He puts the pictures on a social networking site. He writes comments under each
photo. It is fun for Paul to post his travel experiences online.
Choose the correct topic sentence for this paragraph.
a. Paul likes sharing his vacation photographs with friends.
b. Paul got a new computer last year.
c. Paul was not able to take a vacation this year.

2 Match each topic sentence (1–5) with two correct supporting sentences (a–h).
1 Internet communication companies let people communicate in
different ways.
2 The critic’s comments about the movie were helpful.
3 The band has a blog about what they are doing.
4 These days, not many people communicate by writing letters.
5 We can order pizza online.

a People read it to find out where they are playing.

b We just have to enter some information and click the button that says “Order now.”
c You can text or make voice calls.
d You can also make video calls.
e They e-mail or call instead.
f You can also buy tickets for their concerts.
g They also send text messages.
h He said the actors were good, but the story was not.
i It even tells you what time it will be delivered.
j He also said the special effects were excellent.

84 Skills for Effective Writing 1 41

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓)the correct answer for each item.

1 The three main parts of a paragraph are 6 Which is a good topic sentence for a
a. a topic sentence, supporting paragraph about how to send a text?
sentences, and a concluding a. Please do not text in class.
sentence. b. To send a text, just type and click.
b. two supporting sentences and a c. Calling is easier than sending
concluding sentence. a text.
c. a topic sentence and two
supporting sentences. 7 Choose the correct supporting sentence
for this topic sentence: Online phone
2 A topic sentence services let people communicate in two
a. gives examples related to the main ways.
idea of a paragraph. a. One way is to make a video call.
b. tells the main idea of a paragraph. b. The service is not expensive.
c. repeats the main idea of a c. Regular phones are still popular.
paragraph using different words.
8 Choose the correct supporting sentence
3 Supporting sentences for this topic sentence: Video calls let you
a. repeat the main idea of see the person you are calling.
a paragraph. a. Texting is a good way to stay
b. give more information about the in touch.
topic sentence. b. An image appears on your
c. always come at the end of the computer screen.
paragraph. c. Some online games are easy to use.

4 A concluding sentence 9 Choose the correct supporting sentence

a. can repeat the topic sentence for this topic sentence: Many people enjoy
exactly. sharing pictures on the computer.
b. can introduce the main idea for a. Sending photos online is fun for a
the first time. lot of people.
c. can repeat the topic sentence using b. Many websites offer free e-mail.
different words. c. Some people spend too much time
online.
5 Which is a good topic sentence for a
paragraph about the many uses of cell 10 Choose the correct supporting sentence
phones? for this topic sentence: There is a popular
a. Cell phones can be expensive. website where people post messages.
b. Some people still prefer to use a a. The messages are about everyday
regular camera. news.
c. There are a lot of things that cell b. Messages on this website have to
phones can do. be short.
c. This website allows many people to
share comments online.

21 Rev Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences 85 42

22
Recognizing Irrelevant Sentences

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
C
A before 8 a.m. ONNECTING THE 8Ta.m.
TOB after HEME
How do you feel in the morning?
A Ready for theWhat
day! are some benefits of going
B Ready for to college?
coffee…
t getting qualifications to get a good job
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

t developing leadership skills

t meeting advisers who give you good
advice about classes and careers
t gaining a clearer idea of career goals
t meeting more people from other cultures
t gaining confidence and independence
t improving communication skills
All the items are likely benefits of going to college.

A. Skill Presentation
Remember that supporting sentences in a paragraph are directly related to the main idea in the
topic sentence. Irrelevant sentences are sentences in a paragraph that do not relate to the main
idea. Do not include them in your writing. They may confuse your reader. Look at this example.
TSYou may need help with financial problems in college. For financial issues, contact the
financial aid office. Someone in the office can answer financial questions.
Both of the supporting sentences above relate to the main idea.
Now look at this example.
TSYou may need help with financial problems in college. Tutors can help you study. Visit a
university before you decide to go there. ✗
These sentences are not good supporting sentences because they do not relate to the main idea.
They are not about financial problems in college – they are irrelevant. Do not include irrelevant
sentences in your writing.

86 43
B. Over to You
1 Read the topic sentence. Then read each sentence in the chart and decide if it is related
to the main idea or not. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
Topic Sentence: Teaching assistants (TAs) do many things to help college professors and
students.
RELATES DOES NOT RELATE

1. Professors earn money for their work.

2. TAs meet with students to discuss issues with homework.

3. TAs often prepare materials for class.

4. My TA is extremely well educated.

5. Some TAs teach courses for the professor.

6. Some students receive help from family members.

2 Read each topic sentence. Check (✓) the supporting sentence that most closely relates
to the main idea.
1 You should have several goals when you are in college.
a. Set short-term and long-term goals for the year.
b. Ask your friends what their plans are for the weekend.
2 The Department of Languages has several new majors.
a. The Department of Science offers biology and chemistry classes.
b. They are now offering majors in Chinese and Korean.
3 There are some typical problems that many students have.
a. Students can have personal difficulties that affect their academic work.
b. Advisers often give students information about new courses.
4 There are many things you should do before choosing a school.
a. Start paying back your student loans.
b. Research colleges online, and talk to people you know about the colleges.

CHECK!
1 When you write a , be sure all of the sentences
to your main idea.
2 sentences do not relate to the main idea. Do not
them in your writing.

22 Recognizing Irrelevant Sentences 87 44

 C. Practice
1 Read each topic sentence. Check (✓) the supporting sentence that does not relate to
the main idea.
1 A financial adviser can answer questions about money.
a. A financial adviser can help you find ways to pay for your classes.
b. If you don’t know where to get money, a financial adviser can help.
c. Some counselors offer help for personal problems.
2 Ms. Lynch suggested I get a tutor to help me with my pronunciation.
a. Her idea is that I watch more movies on TV.
b. She thinks working with one person will help me a lot.
c. We can focus on where I really have problems.
3 Most of my classes are in the English department.
a. My professors’ offices are there, too.
b. A lot of my friends are in this department.
c. So is the financial adviser.
4 I am dealing with a difficult issue right now.
a. My roommate always wants to watch TV when I need to study.
b. She turns the volume up really high.
c. We both enjoy the same programs, though.
5 I think it will help if I discuss the problem with someone.
a. We always have dinner together in the evening.
b. I will talk to my parents about it tonight.
c. They always have good advice.
6 I talked to my adviser about some problems I was having in my classes.
a. Her suggestions about how to get better grades were helpful.
b. She told me how to get financial aid or even a scholarship.
c. She also gave me some good advice about how to study.

2 Read the paragraph. How many irrelevant sentences are there? Check (✓) the
correct answer.
1
An academic adviser is a person who can help with decisions about school. 2There are
many ways your adviser can help. 3It is a good idea to get your adviser’s advice before you
choose a major. 4Talk to your adviser about the classes that interest you. 5Be sure to tell your
adviser about your favorite social activities. 6Your adviser can also help you if you are having
trouble in a course. 7Many students’ parents care about their children’s personal problems.
8
Your adviser may also show you websites with tips about how to succeed in school. 9You
may be able to find out personal information about your teachers online, too. 10An adviser
can also help you with questions like “How many classes should I take each semester?” 11It is
important to speak with your adviser about any academic issues you have.
a. There are three irrelevant sentences. Sentences:
b. There are four irrelevant sentences. Sentences:
c. There are six irrelevant sentences. Sentences:

88 Skills for Effective Writing 1 45

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A good supporting sentence 7 Which sentence is irrelevant in a

a. is irrelevant. paragraph about time management?
b. relates to the main idea. a. Making a to-do list can help you
c. does not belong in a paragraph. manage your time.
b. It can take several weeks or
2 An irrelevant sentence months to find a job.
a. supports the topic sentence. c. Limit time on the Internet that is
b. relates to the main idea. not for work or school.
c. does not relate to the main idea.
8 Which sentence is irrelevant in a
3 Do not include irrelevant sentences in paragraph about a tutoring service?
your writing because a. The tutors help people with many
a. they may confuse your reader. different subjects.
b. they are not grammatically correct. b. Tutors spend several hours with
c. they will probably make your each student every month.
paragraph too short. c. Some schools offer more financial
aid than others.
4 Which kind of information is irrelevant in
a paragraph about financial aid? 9 Which question is irrelevant in a
paragraph about reaching goals?
a. organizations that help with
financial aid a. Where does the word reach come
b. how many hours teachers work from originally?
c. how much it costs to go to b. How long will it take to accomplish
a college my goal?
c. How many goals should I set at
5 Which kind of information is irrelevant in one time?
a paragraph about majors at a college?
10 Which question is irrelevant in a
a. how popular different majors are
paragraph about a college?
b. what classes to take in high school
c. descriptions of the majors offered a. Where can I find a better job?
b. How many academic departments
6 Which sentence is irrelevant in a are there?
paragraph about sleeping habits? c. How much does each class cost?
a. There are often sales for beds
online.
b. Most people need about eight
hours of sleep.
c. College students often sleep less
than they should.

22 Recognizing Irrelevant Sentences 89 46

26
Avoiding Run-On Sentences

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
What time do you get up?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feel in the morning?
CONNECTING TO THEATReady
HEMEfor the day! B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl
How do you prepare to choose your career?
t I develop my interests, and I look for new hobbies.
t I make a list of my favorite classes, but I also think about my least favorite classes.
t I often research new fields, so I know which careers are open to me.
t I try to improve on my weaknesses. I try to get better at things I don’t do well.
t I think about where I want to be in five years’ time, so I can plan how to get there.
but not all of them. 1–2 items: you need to do a lot more thinking about what you really want to do.
4–5 items: you’ve given it a lot of thought and done your research. 3 items: you’ve considered some factors,

A. Skill Presentation
A sentence can have one or more independent clauses. Independent clauses are connected with a
comma and the conjunctions and, but, or so.
Scott played baseball, and he started a sports agency.
A run-on sentence has two or more independent clauses that are combined with no comma or no
conjunction. Run-on sentences are grammatically incorrect in English.
Scott liked baseball he played in college. ✗
There are two ways to avoid run-on sentences. The first way is to make two sentences by adding a
period after the first independent clause. Begin the second clause with a capital letter.
Scott liked baseball. He played in college.
The second way to avoid run-on sentences is to add a conjunction between the independent
clauses. For example, you can add and, but, or so. Remember to use a comma, too.
Scott liked baseball, and he played in college.

102 47
B. Over to You
1 Read each item in the chart. Decide if it is correct or if it is a run-on sentence.
Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
CORRECT RUN-ON
SENTENCE SENTENCE

1. I want to be an engineer, but I hate math.

2. Mr. Larmore loves to travel he became a travel agent.

3. My brother is a good soccer player, so he wants to play soccer
in college.
4. We like animals, but we do not want a pet.

5. My father is a successful writer he has written three books.

6. I enjoy collecting books and I would like to be a librarian.

7. Frank studied music in college, and he has a job as a drummer.

8. Jan’s hobby is painting she will paint a picture for the art show.

2 Check (✓) the option that is not a run-on sentence for each item.
1 a. I love watching movies, so I decided to study acting.
b. I love watching movies so I decided to study acting.
c. I love watching movies I decided to study acting.
2 a. Sonny likes rules and he is a good police officer.
b. Sonny likes rules, and he is a good police officer.
c. Sonny likes rules he is a good police officer.
3 a. Michael is good at fixing cars. He is a mechanic.
b. Michael is good at fixing cars he is a mechanic.
c. Michael is good at fixing cars and he is a mechanic.
4 a. Lee studied law but he did not become a lawyer.
b. Lee studied law he did not become a lawyer.
c. Lee studied law, but he did not become a lawyer.
5 a. I wanted to work with children I became a teacher.
b. I wanted to work with children. I became a teacher.
c. I wanted to work with children so I became a teacher.

CHECK!
1 A sentence has two or more independent clauses combined
with no comma or no .
2 Avoid run-on sentences when you write. Make sentences, or
use a with a conjunction.

26 Avoiding Run-On Sentences 103 48

 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the correct answer to fix each run-on sentence.
1 Carrie liked to sing when she was 4 John hates works in a bookstore.
is in the music program now. a. reading, but he
a. a child she b. reading but he
b. a child, she c. reading, he
c. a child. She
5 Carson loves will study it more in
2 I want to go to work for a good college.
company. a. history he
a. college I want to b. history so he
b. college, and I want to c. history. He
c. college, I want to
6 Donna wants to be a does not
3 My hobbies are painting and want to work hard.
working in an art museum is fun. a. doctor, but she
a. drawing so I think b. doctor she
b. drawing, so I think c. doctor but she
c. drawing I think

2 Match each paragraph (A–D) with the correct description (1–4).

1 Correct paragraph 3 Incorrect use of conjunctions
2 Includes run-on sentences 4 Mistakes with commas
A Baseball is Scott Boras’s career. He played baseball in college, but after college, he
became a professional. Baseball became his job, so later, Boras developed a knee problem.
He had to stop playing. However, his interest in baseball did not end. He became a sports
agent, but he started a business. It was successful, and his company helps baseball players
make more money. Now, Boras works with many famous baseball players. Baseball is his
life.
B Baseball is Scott Boras’s career. He played baseball in college. After college, he became
a professional and baseball became his job. Later, Boras developed a knee problem so he
had to stop playing. However, his interest in baseball did not end so he became a sports
agent. He started a business. It was successful. His company helps baseball players make
more money. Now, Boras works with many famous baseball players. Baseball is his life.
C Baseball is Scott Boras’s career. He played baseball in college, and after college,
he became a professional. Baseball became his job, but later Boras developed a knee
problem. He had to stop playing. However, his interest in baseball did not end. He
became a sports agent. He started a business. It was successful. His company helps
baseball players make more money, so now Boras works with many famous baseball
players. Baseball is his life.
D Baseball is Scott Boras’s career he played baseball in college. After college, he became
a professional. Baseball became his job. Later, Boras developed a knee problem. He had
to stop playing. However, his interest in baseball did not end. He became a sports agent
he started a business. It was successful. His company helps baseball players make more
money. Now, Boras works with many famous baseball players baseball is his life.

104 Skills for Effective Writing 1 49

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 A run-on sentence has at least 7 Choose the run-on sentence.

a. one independent clause. a. Luis likes baseball. His brother
b. two independent clauses. does not like sports.
c. three independent clauses. b. Luis likes baseball but his brother
does not like sports.
2 When you combine two independent c. Luis likes baseball, but his brother
clauses, use does not like sports.
a. a prepositional phrase.
b. a comma and a conjunction. 8 Choose the answer that fixes this run-
c. a period and a dependent clause. on sentence: My hobby is trying new
restaurants I go to a new one every Friday.
3 When you write, it is important to a. My hobby is trying new
a. avoid run-on sentences. restaurants and I go to a new one
b. use many run-on sentences. every Friday.
c. include a lot of long sentences. b. My hobby is trying new
restaurants, I go to a new one
4 To fix a run-on sentence, you can every Friday.
c. My hobby is trying new
a. add another independent clause.
restaurants. I go to a new one
b. add a period to make two
every Friday.
sentences.
c. remove the comma and the
9 Choose the answer that fixes this run-on
conjunction.
sentence: William wants to start a new
company he does not have enough money.
5 Choose the run-on sentence.
a. William wants to start a new
a. I love science, so I am going to be
company, but he does not have
a doctor.
enough money.
b. I love science. I am going to be
b. William wants to start a new
a doctor.
company, he does not have
c. I love science so I am going to be
enough money.
a doctor.
c. William wants to start a new
company but he does not have
6 Choose the run-on sentence.
enough money.
a. Michele loves cooking and she
makes us dinner every Friday. 10 Choose the answer that fixes this run-on
b. Michele loves cooking, and she sentence: Darren ran for student council
makes us dinner every Friday. and he won the election.
c. Michele loves cooking. She makes
a. Darren ran for student council,
us dinner every Friday.
and he won the election.
b. Darren ran for student council,
he won the election.
c. Darren ran for student council so
he won the election.

26 Avoiding Run-On Sentences 105 50

27
Review: Simple, Compound,
and Complex Sentences

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

How good are your work skills?
Yes No I am able to lead a team.
Yes No C
I can work as part of a team and helpONNECTING TO
my colleagues. THE THEME
Yes No I am organized, so I can find information
Are youquickly.
a night owl or an early bird?
Yes No I am sociable, but I don’t distract others.
What time do you go to bed?
Yes No I am able to ask for help when I needAassistance.
before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.
these skills to improve your chances in the workplace.
What time do you get up?
Mostly Yes: you’ll do well in the workplace. Mostly No: you should work on some of
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
How do you feel in the morning?
A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

A. Skill Presentation
A simple sentence has one subject–verb group, and it expresses a complete idea. A simple sentence
always has one independent clause.
Good employees ask questions.
Vera found information and wrote reports.
A compound sentence has at least two subject–verb groups. It expresses at least two complete
ideas. A compound sentence also has at least two independent clauses, which are joined by a
conjunction. Some conjunctions for compound sentences are and, but, and so. Remember to add a
comma before these conjunctions.
Nina and I have degrees, but Stewart has experience.
Judith learns quickly, so she is successful.
A complex sentence has at least two subject–verb groups and expresses one complete idea. A
complex sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause. A dependent clause has a
subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete idea. A dependent clause always begins with
a conjunction. You can use the conjunctions because, if, and when with dependent clauses. Do not
write a comma before these conjunctions.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Kim learned computer skills when she worked for the phone company.
You should take that office job if you can learn new skills.

106 51
B. Over to You
1 Read the letter. How many complex sentences are there? Check (✓) the correct answer.
Dear Ruben,
1
Welcome to the Career Center! 2I am sending this letter because you are going to graduate
next month. 3You should meet with one of our job counselors. 4They will help you write a
resume when you are ready to look for a job. 5They will show you online job sites. 6They can
give you useful information if you are interested in a particular field. 7The Career Center has a
big computer lab. 8You can work on our computers before you meet with your job counselor.
9
We hope to see you soon.
Good luck,
Dean Shaley
a. There are three complex sentences. Sentences:
b. There are four complex sentences. Sentences:
c. There are six complex sentences. Sentences:

2 Read each sentence in the chart. Decide if it is a simple, compound, or complex

sentence. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.
SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX
SENTENCE SENTENCE SENTENCE

1. John will get experience when he works in the

hospital.
2. Angelo started a training program, and Sonia is
taking classes.
3. Brianna became a nurse because she likes helping
people.
4. Abdul goes to the career center twice a week.

5. You will certainly find a job if you keep trying.

6. Paul and Grace work in the medical field.

7. Matt needed help with his resume, so he went to
the career center
8. Vivian is polite to her co-workers.

CHECK!
1 A sentence has one subject–verb group, and it expresses
one complete idea.
2 A sentence has at least two independent clauses joined by a
, such as and, but, or so.
3 A sentence has an independent clause joined to a
clause by a conjunction, such as because, if, or when.

27 Review: Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences 107 52

 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.
1 Choose the simple sentence.
a. Gabriela is training to become a nurse.
b. Gabriela wants to be a nurse, so she studies nursing.
c. Gabriela will become a nurse in two years.
2 Choose the compound sentence.
a. Neela will study law if she gets into law school.
b. Neela is a student, but Pooja is a teacher.
c. Pooja and Neela live in the same town.
3 Choose the complex sentence.
a. Jeremiah learns new job skills.
b. Jeremiah is friendly and polite to his boss.
c. Jeremiah is successful because he has good job skills.
4 Choose the simple sentence.
a. Marcelo learned to use an e-mail program last year.
b. Marcelo is learning to type faster, and Joaquin is helping him.
c. Joaquin learned to type fast, so he gets his work done quickly.
5 Choose the compound sentence.
a. Steven is learning new skills because he started a new job.
b. Steven and Aaron started new jobs at the same company.
c. Steven wanted to work in a new field, so he studied marketing.
6 Choose the complex sentence.
a. James wants to work for a big company, so he is studying business.
b. James will become a businessman when he finishes school.
c. James is learning good research skills in school.

2 Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

1
Your job can help you learn important work skills, so they will help you in future jobs.
2
In almost every job, you need to use computers, and familiarity with common programs
like Microsoft Word is extremely valuable. 3Another important skill is finding information
you need. 4Good employees ask questions, but they are able to learn quickly. 5Probably the
most important skill is working well with others. 6Good employees get along well with their
co-workers when they are friendly and polite. 7Work on these skills in every job, because
you will almost certainly have a more successful career.
1 How many simple sentences does the text have? Sentences:
2 How many compound sentences does the text have? Sentences:
3 How many complex sentences does the text have? Sentences:
4 What conjunctions are used?

108 Skills for Effective Writing 1 53

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 An independent clause 7 Choose the simple sentence.

a. has a subject and a verb but is not a. Ronaldo gets good grades, but he
a complete idea. does not have work experience.
b. has two subjects, two verbs, and b. Ronaldo will get work experience
expresses two complete ideas. when he graduates.
c. has a subject and a verb and c. Ronaldo joined the engineering
expresses a complete idea. program last month.

2 A dependent clause 8 Choose the compound sentence.

a. has a subject and a verb but is not a. Paolina looked for a new job, and
a complete idea. Kara visited the career center.
b. has two subjects, two verbs, and b. Paolina and Kara will visit the
expresses two complete ideas. career center together.
c. has a subject and a verb and c. Paolina will visit the career center
expresses one complete idea. if Kara comes with her.

3 A simple sentence 9 Choose the compound sentence.

a. has exactly one independent a. Kyouka works at the hospital
clause. because she is a nurse.
b. has a dependent clause. b. Kyouka lives nearby, so she works
c. has two independent clauses. at the local hospital.
c. Kyouka will work at a different
4 A compound sentence hospital when she moves next
a. has exactly one independent month.
clause.
b. has a dependent clause. 10 Choose the complex sentence.
c. has two independent clauses. a. Amani studied marketing, so she
will search for a job in that field.
5 A complex sentence b. Amani will get a job in marketing
a. has two dependent clauses. when she finishes her program.
b. has a dependent clause. c. Amani hopes to find a job in the
c. has two independent clauses. marketing field.

6 Choose the simple sentence.

a. Tran studied engineering, so
Anton gave him a job.
b. Tran wants to get a new job soon.
c. Tran learned new skills when he
started his job.

27 Rew: Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences 109 54

29
Organizing Ideas Before

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

CONNECTING Are
TO you THEMEwhen you study?
THEorganized
Before
Are you a night owl or an Iearly
study, I…
bird?
What time do yout go
gettoeverything
bed? I need.
t turn off the TV. B after 12 p.m.
A before 12 p.m.
What time do yout get
makeup?a to-do list.
You Write

A before 8 a.m.t prioritize my tasks,Bor

after 8 a.m.
decide on the most
How do you feel in important tasks.
the morning?
A Ready for thet day! B Ready for coffee…
eat a healthy snack.
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl
t make any necessary phone calls first.
t turn off my cell phone.
4–7 items: you are organized and study effectively.
0–3 items: you could be more organized when you study.

A. Skill Presentation
When you write a paragraph, it is important that your ideas are organized. This helps your reader
understand the ideas in the paragraph. Organize your ideas before you write. Start by choosing
a main idea. Next, think about ideas that support your main idea. These ideas may give more
information or examples about the main idea. To help organize your supporting ideas, write them
down. Use words or phrases to list your ideas. Do not write complete sentences.
Next, look at your supporting ideas. Cross out any ideas that do not support your main idea. Here are
some ideas for a paragraph about the benefits of a to-do list.
r
IFMQT
ZPV
CF
PSHBOJ[FE
r
goals are realistic The writer crossed these ideas out
r
IFMQT
ZPV
BDDPNQMJTI
HPBMT because they do not give information
r
a calendar can also help or examples about the main idea.
r
IFMQT
ZPV
DPODFOUSBUF
PO
JNQPSUBOU
UBTLT
Once you know which ideas you want to include, organize them clearly. There are many ways to
organize your ideas. You can organize them by time, space, or importance. The ideas below for a
paragraph about making a to-do list are organized by time.
r
GJSTU
XSJUF
UIF
UPEP
MJTU
PO
QBQFS
r
OFYU
QVU
JU
TPNFXIFSF
WJTJCMF
r
UIFO
MPPL
BU
ZPVS
MJTU
r
MBTU
DIFDL
PGG
JUFNT
PO
UIF
MJTU

114 59
B. Over to You
1 Match each main idea (1–6) with the correct list of supporting ideas (a–f).
1 Studying in a Library a regular study schedule, tutor, advice from teacher
2 Studying at Home b set goals together, don’t get distracted, help each other
3 Studying with Friends c concentrate on small pieces of information, repeat
small groups of information, group similar ideas
4 Improving Pronunciation
together
5 Improving Memorization
d practice with a native speaker, listen to English on TV
6 Improving Test Scores or the radio, practice difficult sounds
e take materials you need, find out the hours, be quiet
f find space away from your family, don’t answer the
phone, don’t stop for personal tasks like washing
dishes

2 Read each main idea. Check (✓) the six supporting ideas that go with it.
1 Prioritizing To-do Lists 2 Taking Notes in Class
a. decide which tasks are most a. listen to the teacher carefully
important b. don’t leave class early
b. eat a healthy meal before work c. don’t write down everything
c. write down tasks d. write down the most important
d. rate items 1, 2, or 3 for information
importance e. make sure your desk is
e. buy a notebook for the to-do comfortable
list f. underline or circle important
f. put 1s first on the to-do list notes
g. show the to-do list to friends g. write new words and facts
h. put 2s second on the list h. work with a partner when you
i. put 3s third on the list study
i. write neatly so you can read it
later

CHECK!
1 It is important to organize your ideas you write. Choose a
main idea, and write down ideas that your main idea.
2 Use words and , not sentences, to list ideas. Then
any ideas that do not support your main idea.
3 Organize your ideas clearly. Put them in of time, space, or
.

29 Organizing Ideas Before You Write 115 60

 C. Practice
1 Read each main idea and supporting ideas for a paragraph. Number them in time
order.
1 Setting Goals
check off the goals as you finish them
think about goals to reach
cross out the goals that are not realistic
write down all goals

2 Preparing for Exams

study notes, the book, and handouts
take good notes in class
eat a good meal right before an exam
find a quiet place to study

3 Studying with a Friend

then your friend asks you questions
choose a place together
ask your friend questions about the material
meet at the place on time

2 Read the sentences about a to-do list. Number them in the correct order to form a
logical paragraph.
A to-do list can help you organize your work.
Check off the tasks when you finish them.
First, write down everything you need to do.
This is called prioritizing.
If you have many different tasks to do, make a list every day.
Keep the list with you, and look at it often.
Prioritizing helps you concentrate on the most important tasks first.
Number your list with the most important tasks first.
A to-do list can help you keep track of your tasks and reach your goals.

116 Skills for Effective Writing 1 61

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 When is the best time to organize your 7 Choose the group of ideas that supports
ideas for a paragraph? the topic: Being on Time.
a. before you write a. ask questions, make eye contact,
b. while you write do not interrupt
c. after you write b. dress professionally, smile often,
shake hands when you meet
2 When organizing your ideas for a c. wear a watch, leave a few minutes
paragraph, what do you do first? early, set an alarm
a. Choose a conclusion.
b. Choose a main idea. 8 Choose the group of ideas that supports
c. Think about supporting sentences. the topic: Good Time Management.
a. study rarely, not reaching goals,
3 What is the best way to list ideas for a unrealistic goals
paragraph? b. make a schedule, make to-do lists,
a. by writing words and phrases do not waste time
b. by writing complete sentences c. comfortable chair, enough light,
c. by writing a complete paragraph quiet area

4 On a list of ideas for a paragraph, cross out 9 For a paragraph about reaching goals,
which ideas are organized clearly?
a. ideas that explain the main idea.
b. ideas that do not support the a. check off goals, write the goals
main idea. down, set goals
c. ideas that give examples about the b. set goals, write them down, check
main idea. the goals off
c. write down goals, check the goals
5 After you make a list of ideas that support off, set goals
your main idea,
10 For a paragraph about memorizing facts,
a. write several paragraphs.
which ideas are organized clearly?
b. write a new topic sentence.
c. organize your ideas clearly. a. write the facts down, read the facts
out loud, study them often
6 Choose the idea that does not support the b. study facts often, write the facts
main idea: Benefits of To-Do Lists. down, read the facts out loud
c. read the facts out loud, study the
a. help you memorize facts
facts often, write the facts down
b. help you reach goals
c. help you be organized

29 Organizing Ideas Before You Write 117 62

30

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.

C before 8 a.m.TO THE THEME B after 8 a.m.

What time do you get up?
AONNECTING
How much
How do you
dofeel
youinknow
the morning?
about applying to college?
Adding Detail

A Ready for the day! B Ready for coffee…

How many colleges have an online application form?
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl
A all B most C none
A letter of recommendation says that a student is good for a
school. Who should students ask to write a positive letter of
recommendation?
A a trusted teacher B a close friend C a family member
A transcript is an official, written copy of someone’s grades
at school. Do most colleges want a complete transcript?
A yes B some might C no
Mostly Cs: you should do some research.
Mostly As: you’re very knowledgeable. Mostly Bs: you know a fair amount.

A. Skill Presentation
Adding details to your writing can make your writing clearer. It can also make your writing more
interesting.
It is easy to open an account.
We can add detail to this sentence to make it clearer.
It is easy to open a savings account.
Adding adjectives gives more detail about the nouns in your sentences.
an account a banker a cup of coffee
a new account a tall banker a hot cup of coffee
When I opened an account, a banker gave me a cup of coffee.
When I opened a new account, a tall banker gave me a hot cup of coffee.
Sentences with adjectives give the reader a clearer and more interesting description.

118 63
B. Over to You
1 Read each pair of sentences in the chart. Decide which sentence has more detail and
which one has less detail. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.

MORE DETAIL LESS DETAIL

1. a. Jennifer is a student in my English class.

b. Jennifer is a student in my class.

2. a. There is an old bank on Main Street.

b. There is a bank on Main Street.

3. a. I opened an account at a bank.

b. I opened a checking account at a bank.

4. a. I have a big deadline on Friday.

b. I have a deadline on Friday.

2 Check (✓) the paragraph in each pair that has more detail.
1 A John applied to a small college in May. He researched several colleges online first.
He filled out a long application for one college. Then he asked his English teacher to
write a letter of recommendation. He sent his official transcript to the college. He
asked for help with applying for student loans. There were some difficult sections,
but he completed them on time.
B John applied to college in May. He researched colleges online first. He filled out an
application for one college. Then he asked a teacher to write a letter of
recommendation. He sent his transcript to the college. He asked for information
about loans. John had questions while he worked on the application, but he
completed it on time.
2 A Lorena wants to buy a car. She went to a bank. She talked to a banker about an
auto loan. The banker said she could apply. She filled out the application and was
approved. She hopes to buy a car next week.
B Lorena wants to buy a new car. She went to a large bank. She talked to a
knowledgeable banker about an auto loan. The banker said she could apply for a
large loan. She filled out the application and was approved. She hopes to buy a car
next week.

CHECK!
1 Adding details can make your writing . It can also make your
writing more .
2 Using is one way to add details about the in
your sentences.

30 Adding Detail 119 64

 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the two words that add detail in each sentence.
1 The official deadline for the large 6 Tim sent his outstanding transcript
scholarship is May 12. to his helpful counselor.
a. official, scholarship a. transcript, counselor
b. official, large b. Tim, sent
c. deadline, May c. outstanding, helpful
2 Jenny filled out the long application 7 They served black coffee at the
with a black pen. international conference.
a. Jenny, pen a. served, coffee
b. filled, application b. They, conference
c. long, black c. black, international
3 The organization made hot coffee for 8 We opened a new account with a
the informational meeting. global bank.
a. made, meeting a. new, global
b. hot, informational b. opened, with
c. organization, coffee c. We, account
4 The short keywords helped me with 9 Daniela ate cold pizza with spicy
my difficult search. cheese for lunch.
a. short, difficult a. cold, spicy
b. the, my b. pizza, cheese
c. keywords, search c. with, for
5 Marcos might get a huge scholarship 10 The knowledgeable banker helped
and a small loan. me open a new account.
a. Marcos, loan a. helped, open
b. might, get b. knowledgeable, new
c. huge, small c. banker, account

2 Circle one word in each sentence that adds detail.

1 Marcos applied to an impressive college.
2 He completed a detailed application.
3 His teachers wrote positive letters of recommendation.
4 Marcos sent a complete transcript of his grades.
5 He was an excellent student.
6 He hopes for a large scholarship.
7 He visited the financial aid office to learn about tuition fees.
8 Marcos got helpful advice from an adviser.
9 He made a careful plan for his money.
10 Marcos plans to be an active student on campus.

120 Skills for Effective Writing 1 65

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 What is one way to make your writing 7 Choose the sentence that uses an adjective
more interesting? to add detail.
a. Use a subject. a. Jake completed the long
b. Add details. application yesterday.
c. Include a verb. b. Jake completed the application.
c. Jake completed the application at
2 What is one benefit of adding details to 9:00 a.m.
your writing?
a. It can make your ideas clearer. 8 Choose the sentence that uses an adjective
b. It can help you think of new ideas. to add detail.
c. It helps you organize your ideas. a. The bank keeps money in a room
in the back.
3 To add details to nouns, use b. The bank keeps money in a room
a. adjectives. called a vault.
b. conjunctions. c. The bank keeps money in a special
c. verbs. room.

4 Choose the adjective that adds detail in 9 Choose the sentence that uses an adjective
this sentence: The banker gave me a hot to add detail.
cup of coffee. a. Jill is spending her money on a
a. coffee good education.
b. banker b. Jill is spending her money on
c. hot education.
c. Jill is spending her money on an
5 Choose the adjective that adds detail in education at State College.
this sentence: The helpful banker opened
my account. 10 Choose the sentence that uses an adjective
to add detail.
a. helpful
b. banker a. Don opened an account on
c. account Tuesday.
b. Don opened a new account on
6 Choose the adjectives that add detail in Tuesday.
this sentence: The difficult application for c. Don and Sarah opened an account
an important scholarship is due on Monday. on Tuesday.
a. application, scholarship
b. difficult, important
c. due, Monday

30 Adding Detail 121 66

31
Sentence Order in Paragraphs

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

Are you a night owl or an early bird?
What time do you go to bed?
A before 12 p.m. B after 12 p.m.

CONNECTING TO THE THEME

What time do you get up?
A before 8 a.m. B after 8 a.m.
Do you make a good first impression?
How do you feel in the morning?
A Ready
Before an interview, you usually think for the day!
to yourself: B Ready for coffee…
A They’ll love me! B Don’t talk too much! C Be yourself.
Mostly As = early bird; Mostly Bs: night owl

How much do you talk in interviews?

A A lot B I ask a lot of questions. C I try to give and take.
How much do you touch a person you just met?
A A couple of pats on the back. B Not at all. C Just a handshake.
improved. Mostly Cs: People remember you for all the right reasons.
Mostly As: you make an impression, but for the wrong reasons. Mostly Bs: you make an impression, but it could be

A. Skill Presentation
When you write paragraphs, put the sentences in the correct order. Start with a topic sentence. Next,
write supporting sentences that relate to your main idea. End with a concluding sentence.
It is also important for your supporting sentences to be in a clear order. Put sentences with related
ideas near each other. This helps your reader understand your ideas.
Look at the examples of supporting sentences below. In the first example, the related ideas about
materials are not together. In the second example, the ideas about being calm are next to each
other, and the ideas about materials are next to each other. This will make the ideas in the finished
paragraph clearer.
Make sure you have all the materials you need. It is important to be calm when you speak in
front of people. Speak slowly and try not to be too nervous. Remember to bring your notes,
handouts, and a bottle of water. ✗
It is important to be calm when you speak in front of people. Speak slowly and try not to be
too nervous. Make sure you have all the materials you need. Remember to bring your notes,
any handouts, and a bottle of water. ✓

122 67
B. Over to You
1 Read each item in the chart. Decide if the sentences are related or not related to each
other. Check (✓) the box in the correct column.

RELATED NOT RELATED

1. It is important to dress well for work. For example, wear a suit

or a nice top and pants.
2. Wear a good suit for interviews. It is important to practice with
friends.
3. You can impress your boss with what you wear. A professional
suit makes a good first impression.
4. Before you start an interview, shake hands firmly. Eye contact
is important during a presentation.
5. Be careful if you wear jewelry during a presentation. Dirty hair
makes a bad impression.
6. Wear comfortable shoes if you give a speech. You might have
to stand for a long time.
7. Don’t wear a hat when you give a speech. Some people think it
is impolite.
8. After you finish your speech, you can relax. You might be
nervous for your first interview.

2 Read the sentences about casual Fridays. Number them in the correct order so the
related ideas are next to each other.
Paul’s office has casual Fridays.
For example, baseball caps are not allowed.
Everyone in Paul’s office wears casual clothes on Fridays.
However, employees cannot wear hats.
Many people wear sneakers.
The employees can wear casual shirts and pants.
Most people wear T-shirts and jeans.
They are also allowed to wear more comfortable shoes.

CHECK!
1 It is important for the sentences in your paragraph to be in the correct
.
2 Put sentences with ideas near each other. This helps your
reader your ideas.

31 Sentence Order in Paragraphs 123 68

 C. Practice
1 Check (✓) the paragraph in each pair where the bold sentence is next to a related
sentence.
1 A Many companies allow “business casual” clothes. This means employees do
not have to wear dress clothes every day. The clothes should be neat and clean.
They do not wear suits five days a week. One example of a business casual
outfit for women is a sweater and comfortable pants. Business casual makes
working comfortable. Remember that there are still appropriate ways to dress.
B Many companies allow “business casual” clothes. This means employees
do not have to wear dress clothes every day. They do not wear suits five days a
week. One example of a business casual outfit for women is a sweater and
comfortable pants. The sweater and pants should be neat and clean. Business
casual makes working comfortable. Remember that there are still appropriate
ways to dress.
2 A When you give a speech, look at your audience. It is important to smile during
your speech. Smiling lets your audience know you enjoy what you are talking
about. Speak in a clear voice so your audience can understand you. Speaking
slowly will also help them understand what you are saying, and you will seem
confident. If you seem confident, you will probably give a better speech.
B When you give a speech, look at your audience. It is important to smile during
your speech. Speak in a clear voice so your audience can understand you.
Speaking slowly will also help them understand what you are saying, and you
will seem confident. Smiling lets your audience know you enjoy what you are
talking about. If you seem confident, you will probably give a better speech.

2 Read the paragraph and insert the sentences (a–h) in the correct places.
Do you know the expression, “Practice makes perfect?” It’s true! 1 If you have to give
a presentation at school or work, ask your friends or co-workers to listen to it first. They
can give you useful feedback about your presentation. 2 Ask your friends for advice
about what to change. 3 Make sure you have everything you need. 4 It is important
to be calm when you speak in front of people. Take a few deep breaths before you start a
presentation. 5 Speak clearly, and don’t speak too softly. 6 People will listen if you
sound as if know what you are talking about. 7 By following these tips, your presentation
will be successful. 8
a Try to appear confident.
b They can tell you what you did well and what you could do better.
c For example, if you have notes to refer to, you will feel more comfortable.
d You may even get an A!
e Doing something many times helps you do it better.
f You want your audience to understand what you are saying.
g They might be able to share some good ideas.
h That will help you if you feel nervous.

124 Skills for Effective Writing 1 69

D. Skill Quiz
Check (✓) the correct answer for each item.

1 What is the correct order for sentences in 7 Keep your work area neat and clean.
a paragraph? Which sentence is related to this sentence?
a. topic sentence, concluding a. A neat hairstyle makes a good
sentence, supporting sentences impression.
b. concluding sentence, supporting b. A messy office can make a bad
sentences, topic sentence impression.
c. topic sentence, supporting c. It takes practice to give a good
sentences, concluding sentence speech.

2 What is a good way to put supporting 8 Stand up straight when you give a
sentences in a clear order? presentation.
a. Put words in alphabetical order. Which sentence is related to this sentence?
b. Put related ideas together. a. Your chair should be near your
c. Put unrelated ideas together. desk.
b. It makes you look confident.
3 Putting related sentences together c. Speak with a clear voice on the
a. helps make your ideas clear. phone.
b. may confuse your reader.
c. gives a conclusion. 9 Choose the sentences that are in a clear
order.
4 You cannot wear jeans or shorts to work. a. Your bag makes an impression
Which sentence is related to this sentence? during an interview. Your briefcase
a. You should wear a suit for an or purse should be clean. Your
interview. shoes should also be clean.
b. You cannot wear hats either. b. Your bag makes an impression
c. It is important to have a nice during an interview. Your shoes
haircut. should also be clean. Your
briefcase or purse should be clean.
5 It is important to be confident at work.
Which sentence is related to this sentence? 10 Choose the sentences that are in a clear
a. For example, try not to be nervous order.
when you speak during meetings. a. Speak slowly during your speech.
b. It is a good idea to wear a dark suit. You need to speak clearly, too.
c. You should make eye contact with Make eye contact with your
your teacher. audience. If you look at people,
they will think you are confident.
6 First impressions are important. b. You need to speak clearly, too.
Which sentence is related to this sentence? If you look at people, they will
a. An organized office helps you stay think you are confident. Speak
organized. slowly during your speech. Make
b. Bonnie’s office has casual Fridays. eye contact with your audience.
c. It is always good to dress neatly.

31 Sentence Order in Paragraphs 125 70

 POETIC DEVICES
ALLITERATION
Repeating the same first consonant sounds in a series of words
Alliteration occurs when two or more words are linked that
share the same first consonant sound, such as “fish fry.”
Example:
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

ASSONANCE
Repeating vowel sounds in a series of words
Assonance is the repetitive use of vowel sounds within a single line of
text. Assonance typically utilizes recurring vowel sounds in the middle
of consecutive words. These words have to be close together in a line
of text so that the repetition of the vowel sound is more noticeable.
Example
"Hear the mellow wedding bells" — Edgar Allen Poe

CONSONANCE
Repeating consonant sounds at the end or middle of words
Consonance refers to the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text.
The focus, in the use of consonance, is on the sound made by consonants and not
necessarily the letters themselves. In addition, alike consonant sounds can appear
at the beginning, middle, or end of words, and consonance is created when these
words appear in quick succession.

Her finger hungered for the ring.

The satin mittens were ancient.
 PERSONIFICATION
When the speaker gives human characteristics to objects
Personification is a literary device that gives human characteristics to
nonhuman things or inanimate objects. The nonhuman things can be animals,
objects, or even a concept. The human characteristics given to these things
can be emotions, behaviors, or actions that bring nonhuman things to life.
“The sun smiled down on us.”
‘The story jumped off the page.”
“The light danced on the surface of the water.”

HYPERBOLE
When the writer exaggerates for emphasis or effect
Hyperbole is a literary device used to draw emphasis through extreme
exaggeration. Hyperbole is not meant to be taken literally, but rather
understood as a means of communicating something specific. Those who
hear or read the hyperbole should understand that it is an exaggeration.
“I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse,”
“I’ve seen this movie a hundred times,”
“It cost an arm and a leg.”

UNDERSTATEMENT
When the speaker expresses an idea with much less force than is expected
Understatement can be understood as the opposite of hyperbole. In
hyperbole, the statement goes too far; whereas in understatement, the
statement does not go far enough. Understatements are often used to
downplay something negative. They can also be humorous.
Jeffrey Dahmer wasn't exactly a good neighbor.
Maybe the middle of the street is not the best place for your child to play.

RHYME
Grouping words that share the same ending sound
Rhyme is a literary device in which identical or similar concluding syllables in
different words are repeated. Rhyme most often occurs at the ends of poetic
lines. In addition, rhyme is principally a function of sound rather than spelling.
Example:
and still they rock and rock and rock
beside a cold indifferent clock.
 IMAGERY
Descriptions that use the senses
Imagery is a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses
vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in
their head. Through language, imagery does not only paint a picture, but aims
to portray the sensational and emotional experience within text. Imagery can
improve a reader’s experience of the text by immersing them more deeply by
appealing to their senses. Imagery in writing can aim at a reader’s sense of
taste, smell, touch, hearing, or sight through vivid descriptions. Imagery can be
created using other literary devices like similes, metaphors, or onomatopoeia.

Visual: appeals to our sense of sight

The crimson apple glistened in her hand.
Auditory: appeals to our sense of sound
The roaring thunder frightened the little boy.
Olfactory: appeals to our sense of smell
The athlete’s sweaty gym clothes left a musty odor in the laundry room.
Gustatory: appeals to our sense of taste
The warm, salty broth soothed her sore throat as she ate the soup.
Tactile: appeals to our sense of touch
Prickly cactus posed as an obstacle to the men as hiked.

SIMILE
Comparisons between two unlike things using the word like or as
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities
between two different things using the words “like” or “as.”
Example:
"He looks like right after the maul hits the steer and it no longer alive and
don’t yet know that it is dead."
 REPETITION
Using a group of words more than once for effect
Repetition is a literary device in which a word or phrase is used multiple
times. Repetition can be found throughout literature. Most commonly, it is
found in poetry and speeches to create rhythm or emphasize a word or
phrase.

“You don’t understand! I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I

could’ve been somebody, instead of a bum, which is what I am.” - On the
Waterfront (1954)

METAPHOR
When the writer paints a picture by saying that something is something else
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase denoting one
kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or
an analogy between them. Metaphors are closely related to analogies
and similes.

He’s drowning in money.

Laughter is the best medicine.

ONOMATOPEIA
When a word's pronunciation imitates its sound
Onomatopoeia is a literary device that uses the letter sounds of a word
to imitate the natural sound emitted from an object or action. It can be
found throughout language to assign certain words to the sound of an
object or action.

Knock-knock. All of their heads turned toward the front door.

He ducked but was too late. Whack! The branch knocked him off his
bike.
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