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Arihant Social Science (All in One)

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Arihant Social Science (All in One)

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Jagdeep Singh
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7b a (COMPLETE STUDY | COMPLETE PRACTICE | COMPLETE ASSESSMENT Social Science Complete NCERT Theory in ier All Types of Questions , NCERT, MO emir herrea) (CHAPTER) "HISTORY. Ol The orbs The Erench revolution is a landmark in the bit bony of Euro a of Europe and ise world. Ie Grech Tey ‘ended the monarchial system in France. The sloganof Erench Revolution Tiber ition liberty, © French Society During the freedom and equality became important ideas of the new era. Late 18h Century (Palfial oe : + The Struggle to Survive French Society During the Late 18th Century ver iar In. 1774, 20 years old Louis XVI of Bourbon family became the king of France. © The Outbreak of the e Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette. Due to long years Revolution of it the place he got an empty + France Becomes a scasury Constituiional Monarchy Louis XVI also helped thirteen American colonies to gain.their independence from 9 France Aboishes Monarchy Britain. The war added more than 1 billion livres to the debt of more than.2 billion ‘and Becomes a Republic s began to charge an. interest of 10 per cent on loans. + The Reign of Terror Tomect the expenses like maintain army court etc the state was forced to increase © Pale of Women in Revolution the taxes. But this measure was not suffici embers of the third estate © The Abolition of Slavery paid taxes. ‘The Revolution and Everyday The three estates of France at that time were: __ Life First Estate (the Clergy) = Clengies were the group of persons in 1 with special functions in the church. < {Inthe Constitution of 1791, the powers were divided ajtiong which tree nstinions? Leas slaniue Exceed ye ads ‘The Declaration inthe Constitution of 1781 establshed whiah rights as natural rights? France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic Rulers of France's neighbouring counsies were swortied hy the developmens in France, They made plans to send troops to put down the events taking place since 1789. Before this could happen, the National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Auseria in April 1792 Thousands of volunteers joined army. Among the patriotic songs sung by them was the Marsellaise ‘composed by the poet Razetde Lisle, It later became the National Anthem of France. [t was sung for the first time by volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into Paris. While menwere_busy_fighting ar the front, women, -badL.to earn-a living and look after their families. ‘A lorge segment of the population was convinced to carry the revolution further, as the Constitution cof 1791 gave political rights only to the richer section. cust government policies and their 11 in political clubs. The most successful club was the club of Jacobins, which got its ame from convent of Se Jacob in Paris. The Jacobin Club “Members of the Jacobins club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. They included shopkeepers, artisans, cooks, shoe-makers, watchmakers, printers, servants and dailyavage workers, Their leadler was Maximilien Robespierte. They dressed dilferently by wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by deck workers Icwas a way of declaring the end of the power holded by the wearers of knee breeches. They came to be known as ‘sansculoties’ meaning ‘those without nee breeches’. Sans.culortes men wore a red ip that symbolised liberty. The Convention “On 10th August, 1792. the Jacobins attacked the Palace of the Tuileries with large number of Parisians. They killed the king's guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours. Later, the assembly voted to imprison the royal family. 4 Ally» one Social Science Class o4, ooo Elections were held in August 1917 and now all men above 21 years of age were allowed to vore. The newly elected assembly, called the Convention. It abolished monarchy on 2ise September, 1792 and France was declared. a “Republic Louis XVI was sentenced co death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21st January, 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde, After some time, the Queen Marie Anroinette was also sentenced to death. The Reign of Terror The period from 1793 co 1794 is referred to as the mee of Terror’ in France. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment Many people were arrested and tried by 3 revolutionary tribunal (court). They included all those people who were considered enemies {including exnobles, clergy and members of political partes) of republic by Robespierre. If the were forced to tran: 1d sell it ar the prices government. The use of expensive white flour was forbidden. People were forced to eat the pain Tegalite (equality bread), a loaf made of whole wheat. Instead of Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all French men and called 0) d C snne (citizen). Churches were shutdown and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices. Robespierre became a virtual dictator of Fran supporters a convicted By 2 court and guillotined i A Directory Rules France Alter the fall of the Jacobins, the wealthier middle slasses seized power. A new. Constitution was introduced which denied the vote to on-propertied society. It provided for two elected Jegishitive councils. These councils appointed Directory, an Executive made up of five members. twas meant as a safeguard against the concentration of power in a one man executive The political instability paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte The ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity temained inspiring ideals that motivated political movements for France and the rest of the Europe. found chem guilty, they were guillotined. a ere forced their grain to the Role of Women in Revolution Women played avery significa role in the French Revolution Most of the women belonging to the third estate worked for. living. Only the daughters of nobles and wealthier members qj the third estate could study at a convent. Besides caring for their families, the French women had to cook, fetch water, stand in queues for bread, look after the children etc. Theig wages were always lower than the men Women in France were disappointed with the Constitution of 1791. Ik reduced them to passive citizens who had no political rights. They demanded political rights, vz. Right t0 Vote, to be elected ro the assembly and to hold Political office. To express their own views and demands, women started their own political clubs and newspapers. Of them, “The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women" was the most famous Laws Passed to Improve Women Lives n-the-early years, laws were passed to improve the lives of women, These changes were * They gained access to education with the introduction of state schools and a system of compulsory education for gil + Women could no longer be forced into marriages ky their fathers; they could marry ac will, * Marriage was now a contract which could be registered under civil aw, * Divorce was made legal, Both men and women could apply for it * Women could train for jobs, become artists or run small business, French Women Got Right to Vote During the Reign.of Terror, the government ordered for the closure of women’s clubs and banned their political activities. Many prominent women were artested and executed. ‘Women’s struggle for voting and equal political rights was carried on through an international suffrage movement during the late 19th and early 20ch century. Finally in 1946, French women wond The Life of a Revolutionary Woman-Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) Olympe de.Gauges was one of the most important cf the poll: oluuonaty France. She protesied agains: the Const, the Declaration oC Rights of Man and Citizen. in 1791, she weote a ‘Declaration ofthe Rights of Wort. and Cuizen. which she addressed the ‘Queen and the members ofthe National Assembly. n 1799. Olympe ce Gouges cthiclsed the Jacabin government for forcibly closing down women's clubs, She was.ed by the Notional Convention, which charged her with treason. Soon alter, she was executed active lon and < w ‘one ba wy The French Revolution ea The Abolition of Slavery The greatest social reform made by the Jecobin government was to abolish slavery in Caribbean tike Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo were important suppliers of - tobacco, indigo, ugar, coffee etc. The French needed workers for plantations in her colonies but the Europeans did not want to work in distant, unknown lands, ‘Thus, a three way trade in slaves started between Europe, Africa and America in the 17th century. This was known as triangular slave trade = =Brench merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeoux.or Nantes to.the African coast, where they bought slaves from local shieftains, Throughout the 16th century, there was litle criticism of slavery in France. After long debates, the National Convention passed a law in 1794. Ir declared slavery illegal and freed all slaves in France's overseas colonies. After ten years, Napoleon reintroduced slavery to please the plantation ‘owners who considered enslaving African blacks as their right. The slaves were known as African Negroes. Finally, slavery was abolished in the French colonies in 1848. The Revolution and Everyday Life After_1789, many changes took place in the lives of women, men and children in France. One important law that came into effect after the storming of the Bastille in the summer of WPvassheabeliion ofcemonbip. \ccording to censorship, all written material a cularalacrivides could be performed or published only after they had been approved -by the censors of the king. With the abolition of censorship and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, freedom of speech and expression became a natural right cof man, This led to the growth of newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures, Freedom of the press gave voice to opinions and counter opinions. Rimsel He saw himself as a modemiser of Europe. He introd Conclusion In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, a famous French General, crown members of his family, Such as the protection of private property and a unio weights and measures provi saw Napoleon as a liberator But soon his army came to Finally, Napoleon was defe his defeat, ideas of Napol wh he viewed everywhere as invader force leon c mperor of France. He conquered neighbouring European ries, clspossed dynasties and created kingdoms where the placed ed many laws system of ided by the decimal system. Many people would bring freedom for the people feated at the Wateiloo in 1815: Even after libert continu in other parts of Eo on ber and modern vs continued es of liber were the most important legacy of the Fi spread all over Europe. This led to abali {reedom of colonised nations, Tipu Sult ate some of the India evolution. icheck Point 02) 1 In context of France, the volunteer ong, when they marched into Par ‘Who were known as Sans-cutotes? Moy. iitafl’ fy hire ‘Who was deteated at Waterloo in 18157 » ‘ Narolean Bar 0, \Wiren was the monarchy abolished bythe cohvertond”, O'S © tench Revolution which 's rom Marseites san Sho ple pon Mrheaus, cake clace | » Terms To Know Livres Units of currency in France a that tae, which was dtcontinved 1794 Feudal A social system that existed durin this system, people were given land and py work and fight for him in return. Tithes Taxes lovied by produce. Taille Tax to be patd ditectly to th roteclion by & inon of feudal systems and ig the midille ages in Europe. in bleman and had to fy and democratic rights 10 Marsellato, a patric is Who composed is song” Erte | ste DiehGod 1 amnicn ‘Section of society composed the Jacobin clus? '** 9: 1992 ¥y tho Churcih, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural Subsistence crisis An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood aro endangored, Old Regime Tho term Old Rogimo is usually used to describe the society and institutlon of France before 1789, Estates Gonoral ‘political body to which the Uuee estates seat their representatives. Manor An estate consisting of the Lord's lands and his mansion Sipend A member of pany at mba poplin ees and mous Chateaux Castle or staiely residence belonging to a king or nobleman, Convent Building belonging to a community devoted \o a toigious life Treason Betrayal of one's country oF government anne! ely used during the {dropped bene ie puis tetas pldes: way wed dg Franch Revolution ‘A dovice for beheading 1 porson by means of n heavy blede thal Nogrocs A torm sod for the indigenous people of Arica living South of the Sahara, It Is a dorogatory term not in common use any longer Allyyane Social Science C\q, Timeline) SUMMARY = Whon Lauls XVE became king of Franca In 1744, the French troy eau empty, Year eset ileal * Ha wos forced to Increaso tha wxos fo moot tho rogular oxponse ¢ 174 Lovie 2M aacanded throne of ‘wrt, maintenanes ofthe ariny and payment offers fr th fans * Dero i thant, ht wh rd ig Sth Muy, 178) Tha kong cated an assembly of estas: tho clergy, the nobility and the rost of tho population An Ney NT) altos Goa ant consid tha ed nat Ont hd xa pala ey, roponels ise Senne * Rapid expanslon of French soclaty led tothe subsistence crals w 20th June, 1789 Third eetato roproseetatives tha basic means of Hvellhood aro endangered, setemtiod an tock tho Tornie + A growing middle class, consisting of traders. manufacturer, lnyy Coun Oath Thay tormed a ‘sdminlstrators otc, wanted to end the priviloges of the nobility an fabonal Assomohy rapa Mth July, 1789 Storming ofthe Baste, Fronch + ‘Tho idoas of yroot philosophers Ike John Lacke, Rousseau, Forcast wasted Montesquiow influcncad tho Franch people 4th August, 1780 Natoral Avserntly passed a * On 201b June, third estato declared themselvas as a (Gecree to abolish the feudal National assembly. Mirabeaw and Abbe Sieyes were leading i, rstem of obligations and taves * The peoplo rovolted duo to price riso and attacked, Bastille on 144) Sth Oct. 1789 Women marched o Versates July 1700, rape Ota RM Franca became « constitutional monarchy with tho National wih them to Pais ‘Attembly drafting a new constitution in 1791. This constitution im National Assembly completed began with a declaration ofthe rights of man and citizen, Seat of new Constuton * In August 1702, the Jacobins who were less prosperous section of Bevkaionary wornan Olyps do soclety took over the government and declared Prance a republic nes Deaacion ote ‘execuling the king in January 1793, reise ih rai * A Reign of Terror followed from Soplombor 1793 to July 1794, April, 1792 National Assembly voted io during which large scale executions took place Kava, eee Piwsiard Ate lhe overt of ta Jocabing a Disecry ruled Panco, va mo soled ice Pee Zit Sep. 1742 Monarchy abot (eee + The sigaificant participation of woman in the revolution brought cesaed epshe ‘bout many changes in frnch cri eaingtomany Ieee Biot Jan. 1703 Lois XV) enact passed to Improve their lives. 1798-1794 Al saves French ovaseas * Finally in 1940, Fronch women won the Right to vote, PonsessIns lied, A decison * Slavery wos abolished in French colonies during 1794, Napoleon overtures by Nagcleon tn became the emperor in 1804 and introduced many new lavre yeas ates * Napoleon's reform measures impacted a largo numberof European Sep 1792-Saly 1794 Pegg of Teor ‘ations, leading to abolition of feudal systems 79 Roto atesied ad * The Meas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important Pan TTe exeated Jegaty of Prench Revolution. Nagaieon Boregane cromed hersel Emperor France r — Iiagenn trey cetoates at For Mind May . wanteo | = OO] Visit npsiigoa gUSLULKm OR Sean the Code as Sons; tends tckshed w French | ae ooones 196 ornen «Fane wen te wg 1 were oe se 7 NCERT FOLDER Activity on page 5 1 Explain why the artist has portrayed the Nobleman as the spider and the peasant as the fy. “Tis poo Ialow brngs eveything grains tts, rmoney, salad Te athe Bt Derr ready Io aceent al Ha does rt een can begacehm ath neck Tre rotiora We sce ‘Tremahece te peacanimety The mere ne tt ‘The spider nd the fy The spider feeds on the fly, whereas the fly does hard labour for finding its food. Similarly, in 18th century France, the nobles lived off the labour of the peasants. The social reality of the time was that peasants had to pay feudal dues as well as rendering services for the nobles. Aciivity on page é 2 Fillin the blank boxes of the given figure with appropriate terms from among the following Food riots, scarcity of grain, increased number of deaths, rising food prices, weaker bodies. Ans. Ans ‘Iwas educated In the residential college of Ploseis. There | was in the company of important men... Once my studies ended, | was left with nothing, | started ooking for 9 post. It was impossibie to find one at the law courts in Paris. The choice of a career in the army ‘was not open to me as | was not o neble by birth, nor did | hava a patron, The Church too could not offer me a rofuge. | could not buy an office as | did not possess a 00, My old friends turned their backs to me... the syslem had provided us wih an education without however offering a fleld where our talents could be utlised” 2 An Englishman, Arthur Young, travelled through France during the years from 1787 to 1789 and wrote detalles descriptions of his journeys. He often commented on what he saw. ‘He who decides to be carved and walled upon by slaves, iltreated slaves al thal, musi be fully aware that by doing so, he Is placing his property and his life in a situation which Is very different from that he would be in, had ho chosen the services of free and well-reated men. And he who chooses to dine fo tne accompaniment of his victims’ groans, should not ‘complain if during a riot his daughter gets kidnapped or his son's throat is sit ‘What message is Young trying to convey here? ‘Whom does he mean when he speaks of ‘slaves’? Who is he criticising? What dangers does he sense in the situation of 17877 Young is conveying the message that any social system based on injustice will not last long and its consequences can be disastrous for the exploiters. The ‘slaves’ mentioned by him are the peasants, servants, and landless sharecroppers who were the underprivileged and deprived sections of French society at thac time. He is criticising the complete social system and particularly, the noblemen and the clergy. The danger sensed by him is violence from the underprivileged sections on the noblemen and their Families. - Activity on page & 4 Representatives of the third estate take the oath Bad L ‘The poorest can no see __-L_ Paes 5 __[ Dame * | encores Activity on page 7 3 Source A ‘Accounts of lived experiences in the Old Regime 1. Georges Danton, who later became active in revolutionary politics, wrote lo a friend in 1793, looking back upon the lime when he had just completed his, studies: raising their arms in the direction of Bailly, the President of the Assembly, standing on a tabie in the centre. Do you think that during the actual event, Bailly would have stood with his back to the assembled deputies? What could have been David's intention in placing Bally (in fig.) the way hhe has done? Allynone Social Science Class 9, FOLDER Ans. 6 Explain the meaning of the painting of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen by reading only the ‘The Tennis Ceure Oath Prenaratory shetch for @ large peincing by Jacques-Louts Deis ‘The painting was intended to be hung in the Notional Azsemsly No, during the acrual event, Bailly would not have stood with his back co the assembled deputics. The artist was actually trying to show that the Constitution framed in 1791, after die 1789 revolution, bad ‘turned ies back’ on the aspiravions of the peasinc.. workers and women, instead of rmecting them. Despite the Declaration of Rights of Man and Cinzen, the Right to Vore and stand for election the rich and propertied class. The others remained wit were just passive citizens Activities on page 12 and 13 5 Identify the symbols which stand for liberty, equality and fraternity. OF S/O ag tm ‘Ans. Liberty (i) Broken chain (vi) Red Phrygian cap. Equality (viii) Winged wonvan (ix) Law tablet Fraternity (ii) Bundle of rods or fisces (vii) National colours of France, 17z, Blue-White-Red. symbols Ths Osciaration of the Righes of Man and Citizen, painted by the artist Le Barbier in 1790 The figure an the Mgnt represents France Ths figure on the left symbolises the law Ans. ‘The figure on the left symbolises the righ: co liberty, propery, equality, ete enchriney in the new Constitution of France. The figure o0 the right symbolises the law. The Law tablet signifies equality before the law for all. 7 The political rights which the Constitution of 1791 gave to the citizens with Articles 1 and 6 of the Declaration (Source C). Are the two documents consistent? Do the two documents convey the same idea? Source C ‘The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 1. Men are bom and remain free and equal in nights 2. The aim of every paltcal association isthe presarvation of the natural and inalienable fights of man; these are liberty, property. security and resistance lo oppression. 3. The source of al sovereignty resides in the nation: no group or individual may exercise ‘authonty that does rot come from the people 4. Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is fol injurious to others. 5. The law has the right to forbid only actions that ate injurious to society 6. Law is the expression of the general wil. Al cilzens have the right to participate in is formation, personally or through their representaives. Al ciizens are equal before i 7. No man may be accused, arrested or detained, except in cases determined by the law 11. Every citizen may speak, write and print freely; he must take responsibilty for the ‘abuse of such liberty in cases determined by the law, 13. For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenses of administration a common taxis indispensable; it must be assessed equally on ll clizens in proportion to their means. 17, Since property is a sacred and inviolable right, fo one may be deprived of i, unless a legally established public necessity requires it In that case a just compensation must be given In advance, Ans, ‘The evo documents are consistent and convey the same idea chat human beings are born equal and all citizens are equal before the law. However, the Constitution ot 1791 did not give practical shape to these ideas. The French Revolution 8 Which groups of French sociely would have gained from the Constitution of 17917 Which groups would have had reason to be dissatisfied? What developments does Marat (Source B) anticipate in the fulure? Source B The revolutionary journalist Jean-Paul Marat ‘commented in his newspaper L'Ami du peuple (The friend of the people) on the Constitution drafted by the National Assembly “The task of representing the people has been given to tho rich... the [ol of the poer and oppressed will never be Improved by peaceful means alone. Here we have absclute proo! of how wealth inuences the law. Yet laws wil last only as long os the people agreo to obey them. And when they have managed to cast off the yoke ofthe aristocrals, thay wil do the same to the other owners of wealty ‘Source An extrac! from the newspaper L/Ami cu peuple {ns Only some inembers of the third estate, who were rich and propertied, would have gained from this Constitution. Members of the firse and second estates would have been dissatisfied as their privileges were abolished and they had co pay tangs. Marat anticipates another revolution in which the poor will rebel against che rich persons of the thitd estate and overthrow chem, just like they had done to the noblemen and clergy. 9 Imagine the impact of the events in France on neighbouring countries such as Prussia Austria-Hungary or Spain, all of which were absolute monarchies. Haw would the kings, traders, peasants, nobles or members of the clergy here have reacted to the news of what was happening in France? Ans. The kings, nobles, clergy and other privileged sections of these countries would become learful that what has happened in France can happen in their country also. The pexsants would welcome the developments in France and sympathise with the peasants and underprivileged sections of thar councry. Activity on page 15 10 Look carefully at the painting and identify the objects which are political symbols you saw in Box 1 (broken chain, red cap, fasces, Charter of the Declaration of Rights). The pyramid stands for equality, often represented by 2 triangle. Use the symbols to interpret the painting. Describe your impressions of the female figure of liberty. Nanine Valin. Licercy This Is one of the rars paintings by @ woman artist. Tha revolutionary everts made possible for women to crain with established palntors and to axhtve thei works hy the Salen, ‘whih was an exhbtion held every two years. Tre painting 1s a farale allogory of liverty ~ that's, the femele form eymbaiises the idea of freedom Auss. ‘The scroll in the right hand of the woman symbolises the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. The pyramid in the background stands for equality. as all the thtee sides of a pyramid are equal. ‘The left hand holding aloft the red cap symbolises the torch of freedom. The female figure of liberty symbolises the equality of women and men. Activity on page 16 Tl Compare the views of Desmoulins and Robespierre (Source D) How does each one understand the use of stale force? What does Robespierre mean by ‘the war of iberty against tyranny”? How does Desmoulins perceive liberty? Refer once more to Source C (page 11). What did the constitutional laws on the rights of individuals lay down? Discuss your views on the subject in class. Source D ‘What Is liberty? Two conllicting views: ‘The revolutionary journalist Camille Desmoulines wrote the following in 1793. He was axeculed shortly after, during the Reign of Terror. "Some people believe that Liberty is ike a child, which needs 10 go through a phase of being disciplined before itattains ‘matunty. Quite the opposite. Liberty ‘s Happiness, Reason, Equality Justice, it's the Declaration of Rights... You would like fo finish off all your enemies by gulllotining them. Has anyone heard of something more senseless? Would it be possible to bring a single porson to the scaffold without ‘making ten more enemies among his relations and friends? (On Tih February, 1794, Robespierre made a speech atthe Convention, which was then carried by the nenspaper Le ‘Moniteur Universal. Here is an extract trom i. “To eslablish and consolidate democracy, to achieve the peaceful rule of constitutional laws, we must frst finish the war of liberty against tyranny... We must annihilate the ‘enemies of ihe republic at nome ana abroad, or else we shall perish. In time of Revolution, a democratic government may rely on terror. Terror is nothing bul justice, swif, severa and inflexible; .... end is used to meet the most urgent naeds of, the fatheriand, To curb the enemies of Liberty ihrough terror 1s the righ! of the founder of the Republic ({SzjUFouer) 10 Ans Robespierre felt char use of terror by a democratic government was jastified, as it preserved the ideals of the revolution. However, Desmuulins sees liberty as freedam ro do anything which is baced on principles of equality, reason and justice without being injurious to others. Robespicrre saying, ‘the war of liberry against tyranny" meant duc they should kill the enemies of the republic both in Prance and outside France. Desmoulias perczives liberry as laud cower in the Declaration of Rights, Ae. iris happiness. reason, equality and ice. The canssitucional Laws on the rights of individuals laid down the rights of liber, equality, property, security and resistance to oppresion. Activity on page 18 12 Describe the persons represented in figure below their actions, their postures, the objects they are carrying. Look carefully to see whether all of them come from the same social group. What symbols has the artist included in the image? What co they stand for? Do the actions of the women reflect traditional ideas of how women were ‘expected to behave in public? What do you think: does the artist sympathise with the women's activities or is he critical of them? Discuss your views in the class. Parisian women an their way te Verasilles Ths print 1 ane of the many pictorial representations of the events of 5th October 1789, when women marched to Versoules end ‘brought che king back wth thom to Pane, Wn. They are all women and belong to the same social group, Le. the underprivileged. The ageiculeural invplemens in cheir hands confirm hac chey are peasants. The clothes also show their poverty. The symbol of justice held by one sorman depicts that are striving for it. The woman on the horse symbolises power and strength. The deum symbolises thac they are proclaiming thar march to all concerned. Here, the actions of the women do not reflect the traditional ideas of how women should publicly bbchave. The artist definitely syinpathises with the activities of the women Allr#ane Sodlal Science cj, 5 ‘ Activities on page 20 13 Compare tho manifesto drafted by Oiym, Gouges (Source F) with the Doctaration of inn of Man and Citizen (Source C on page 11)" st Source F Some of te basic igs set forth in Olynpe do Gougay Declaration 1 Woman is bor free and romelns equal t2 man in ggg 2. The goal o all polical associations s he preservatoe the natural rights of woman and man. These rights ac liberty, property, secuily, and above all, resistance xe oppression 3. The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation, yy, ‘s nothing but tha union of woman and man iy 4, Tha law should be the expression of the gonoral wy female and male citizans should have a say olther | personally or by their representatives In is formulaton, should be the same for all. All female and male ciizerg fre equally entitled 10 all honours and public empl according to their abilies and without any other dct’ than that oftheir talents " 5 No weman Is an exceplion; sho ls accused, arrested ang elaine in cases detenined by law Wemen, Khe men ety this rigorous law. Ws. The manifeseo drafted by Olympe de Gouges meatiog women and equality throughout its text, mencionin, women first in all places. The Declaration of the Riga of Man and Citizen does not mention worsen ot al, only talks about men. 14 Imagine yourself to be one of the women in the picture, Formulate a response to the arguments put forward by Chaumette (Source G) Source G ln 1793, the Jacobin politician Chaumette sought to justiy Closure of women's clubs on the following grounds "Has Nalure entrusted domestic duties to men? Has she given us breasts to nurture babies? No. ‘She said to Man, Be a man. Hunting, agncullure, political duties .. that is your kingdom, ‘She said to Woman: Be a woman... the things of the household, the sweet duties ‘of motherhood ... hose are your tasks, Shameless are those women, who wish to become men Have not dulies been fairy distabuted?” ‘The French Revolution nv An The arguments given by Chaumette are not justifiable. He has mentioned only the iological role of women, As individuals, ‘women have equal rights ro men and so they must be ¢reated equal ro men, They would, of course, continue their traditional roles like bearing and nurturing children, feeding thems ete, bur women are equally capable as men fo carry out the other duties of human beings also. Activity on page 21 15 Record your impressions of this print (in {ig.), Describe the objects lying on the ground. What do they symbolise? What alitude does the picture express towards non-European slaves? ‘The emancipation of slaves This pring of 1784 describes the emancipation of slaves, ‘Two tricolour banner on top carries the slegan: The rights of man’. The inscription below reads: The ‘reedom of the unfree. A French woman preperes to ‘cise’ the [Atrcan ond American Incion slaves by giving ther Eurapoan clothes to wear Ans. This prine symbolises the superior feeling of French people towards slaves from Africa and the Caribbean. The French thought that these people were uncivilised. The slogans represent the fact tha the former slaves will have equal rights to the European setters, now that che slaves are free. The objects Iying on the ground are European clothes, symbolising the superior culture of Europe compared to that of the slves. This expresses the radal and condescending attitude of the French towards the slaves. Activity on page 22 16 Describe the picture in your own words. What are, the images thal the ariist has used to communicate the following idoas: groad, equality, justica, takeover by the stata of the assets of the Church? erletic fat reducing press, “This anonymous print of 1790 seaks to smoke che idea of wustice tongia Ans. Greed is symbolised by the fat clergyman on the lef “The two men accorapanying him symbolise government officials who have taken over the asets of the Church, The fac reducing press in the middle symbolises justice, The man and woman on the right symbolise equality, The whole pictare depicts what the revolution stood for. Activities on page 24 17 Find out more about any one of the revolutionary figures you have read about in this chapter. Write a short biography of this person Ans. Do it yourself. You can consider the following revolutionaries: Georges Danton, Maximilian Robespieere and Olympe de Gouges. 18 The French Revolution saw the rise of newspapers, describing the events of each day and week. Collect information and pictures on any one event and write @ newspaper article. You could also conduct an imaginary interview with important personages such as Mirabeau, Olympe de Gouges or Robespierre. Work in groups of two or three Each group could then pul up their articles on a board to produce a wallpaper on the French Revolution, As. Do ityourself FOLDER | 12 Questions on page 24 \ Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protsst in France ~The outbreak of revolutionary protest io France was a culmination of social, political, econopuc and intellectual factors (9 Social causes or social condiGoas French society was divided into three eseares. “The frst estate and the second estate belonged ro the privileged section. The firs estate consisted of the clergy: and the second estate comprised the nobility. These two estates were exempt {rom payment of state taxes, The third estate consisted of che lower and middle classes. The third exote was represented by its more prosperous and educaed members but chey were who bore the burden of the taxes They did not have any political rights and social stars (i) Poliscal causes Louis XV1, the King of France, was an aueeranc, efficient ruler who led a lucurious life wich his queen Marie Antoinette. People of France became tared ofthis rocen system of administration and wanted a chaige They wanted wo have their different rights (ui) Economic causes The ereasury of the king was empey fon sccount of long wars, involvement in the American War of Independence, luxurious living of the king and faulty system of tasarion, The state also undergone to a great debt (0) Immediate causes Philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesquicu played a significant role. Forced by financial bankruptcy, Louis XV1 was compelled to call un assembly of the Estates General tw pas proposals for new caxes in 1789, This time, voting method was nor accepted by the third estate. They demanded that each member should have one vore. This controversy led to agitation among the People which became the immediate cause of the French Revolution, 2 Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution? All the groups which fortned the thied estate were be from the revolution. These groups included workers, businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, teachers, doctors eve. fited The classes which formed the privileged sections of society like the nobility and clergy were forced ¢o relinquish (give up) their executive powers. Naturally, che privileged classes, would have been dissppointed with the outcome of che sevoucon because cher privileges were taken away fiom em All, none Social Science Class oy, 3 Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the people of the world during the 19th and 20th centuries ‘> The social and political changes that took place all over Europe can he traced to the French Revolution, The French revolutionary ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity mrotivated the political movements in the world in 19th and 20:h centuries. * The ides of Liberry expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and. Cicizea laid the foundation oF new social order. The ideas of freedom and liberty formed the basi of nacional sovereignty. led o the end of ileges. ‘All individuals hhave che same rights’ became the new slogan for world politues + The idea of Fraternity promores the ideals of Jove, unity and cooperation among diflercra sections of raciety Another great legacy of the French Revolition was che idea of nationalism. The French Revolution promoted the concept of nationalist’ which inspited the people of Poland, Germany and Italy wo establish nation states in thcir countries. This concept played a great role in reshaping the boundaries of Europe and Souch Ametica. Other new ideas were like abolition of serfdom, equal tights for women, etc. Even today, people get ingpiracion by the greac ideals of the French Revolution. 4 Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced lo the French Revolution. (ns. Some of the democratic rights which we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution are given in the Indian Consticution. They are (9) Right to Equality The Right to Equalicy has its origin in the French Revolution, In the Indian Constitution, Right to Equality ‘means equality before law, prohibition of discrimination and equality of opporcunity in matters of employment. (if) Right (a Liberty or Freedom The origin of this right cam also be traced to the French Revolution. In the Preamble to the Indian Consticution, Right to Liberty or Freedom means ‘freedom of thought, expression, belief, Faith and worship’ — The French Revolution 13 (i) Encouraging the Spirit of Fraternity The French Revolution introduced the growth of the spirit of fraternity and social welfare In the Indian Consticution, the concept of “fratemity’ abolishes untouchability and local or provincial anti-social feelings. (ie) Inspiring the Spirit of Democracy The French, Revolucion inspired the spirit of democracy which ensured many rights, viz, right against exploitation, right to life, right to vore ete, which we are enjoying today. $ Would you agree with the view that the ‘message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain, Ans. Yes, T agree that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions. Many ideals in the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” were not clear in cheir meanings. Examples are (8 “The law has the right co forbid only actions injurious to society” did not mention about criminal offences against individuals (i9) The declaration stated that “law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to parcicipate in its formation. All citizens are equal before it.” Although, France became a lo Scr | Ans. MIA constitutional monarchy, millions of citizens (men. under the age of 25 and women) wete st allowed to vore at all This was in striking contrast the ideals thar the revolution supported. When the Jacobins assumed power, they had very rvealthir middle cases beeune powerful. The political instability of sach regimes wlimutly made Napoleon che Monarch of France How would you explain the rise of Napoleon? or Describe tho rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, French revolution lege of birth and ‘of alent. Glorious victories of Napoleon in wars made the French realise thac only a soldier's sword could restore discipline and respect for authority and stable government. In the political, economic and social field, Napolcon carried our certain reforms which were associated with the basic sprit of the revolution. wed the barrier of the saved che way for the privilege In the economic field, he continued the old policy of che revolution by rcorganising che taxation system, He uprooted the aristocrats also. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of roc. "LI FOLDER Objective Type Questions ) When did Louis XVI become the king of France? (a) 1n 1770 (b) 1a 1772 (e) Im 1774 (a) 10 1787 wwe (©) 2 The book ‘The Spinit of the Laws’ was written by, (a) John Locke (0) Montesquieu (c) Rousseau (4) None of these ws) 4 The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of which new social group in France, 12 {a} Middle class (0) Nobuity (c) Working class (d) None of these m () 4 Tax to be paid directly to the state in F society is known as sere (a) Tithe (b) Taille (c) Livre (d) None of these ine b) 5 An extreme situation in which the basic means of livelihood are endangered is known as (a) subsistence ensis (b} struggle to survive {c) economic cnsis, (d) None of these ins. @) © The philosopher, who sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch is (a) Rousseau (b) John Locke (c) Spinoza (a) Montesquiew ins) 7 Till 1794, Livre was the unit of currency in (a) USA (b) Germany (c) France (A) All of these Ans (e) © The members of the first estate were called (a) clergy (b) nobility (c) big businessmen (dj big merchants, Ans (a) (1 Mark each) % When did Louis XVI call an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for ney taxes? (a) On sth May, 1789. (b) On ath April, 1789 (6) On 5th May. 1788 (a) On 3rd February, 1709 Wns. fa) 10 Which estate in France demanded that each member of an estate would have one vole? {a) First estate (b) Second estate (c) Third estate (a) Both first and second estates wns © 11 Name the leader(s) of the third estate in France (c) Mizabeau (b) Abbé Sieyes (c) Both (a) and (b) (4) None of the above Ws. (@) 12 Whois the composer of the national anthem Marseillaise? (b) Mirabeau (al Roget de L'Isle {4) None of these (c) Abbe Sieyés ls (a) 13 The National Assembly of France voted in Apmil........ to declare war against Prussia and Austria, (a) 1789) 1792 (e} 1780 (a) 1790 tis) 14 When did the women in France get the Right lo Wie? (a) In 1942 (b) In 1946 (c} In 1945 (a) tm 1940. Vs. (b) 15 Who wrote the ‘Declaration of the Rights to Woman and Citizen’? (a) Olympe de Gouges (b) Mirabeau (c) Abeé Sieyes (@) None af the above Ins. (a) 16 When was slavery fnally abolished in the French colonies? (a) In 184 (b) In 1845 (c) In 1848 (a) tn 1850 wus (© The French Revolution 15 —_——— 17 When did French women march to Versailles ‘and brought the king Louis XVI back with When did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as Emperor ot France? them to Paris? (a) in 788 ers {a) Sth October, 1789 (b) 10th October, 1789 {c) In 1804 (a) in: 1602 ‘ 6 10th November, 1791 (d) 10th June, 1790 Ans. () \ Ans. GQ) " [1 Mark each] 1 When did the French Revolution begin? \ Ans. The French Revolution be on 14th July, 1789 wit the storming of the Bestille eee 2 Louis XVI belonged to which dynasty? Ans. Louis XVI belonged to che Bourbon dynasty 3 Which family was ruling in France when the French Revolution took place? Sans, The Bourbon family was ruling in France when the n French Revolution cook place 4 Name the classes which formed the privileged estates. Ans. The clergy and the nobility constivured the privileged estates, «5 Who belonged to the third estate? Ans, The third estate comprised all the people of France ‘except the clergy (first estate) and the nobility (second estate). 6 Which estate of French society paid all taxes? Aus, The third estate paid all the taxes in French society 7 The 16th century witnessed the emergence of which social group in France? Ans. The 18th cencury witnessed the emergence of the middle class in France. 8 What was the name of the direct tax collected by the state from the peasants in 18th century France? Ans, The name of the ditece tax was rill. ~ g Name the authors of the following books. * fi) The Social Contract (ii) Two Treatises of Government (The Social Contract was written by Jean Jacques Rousseau. (id) Two Treatises of Government was written by John Locke Ans \ Very Short Answer (vSA) Type Questions 10 What was proposed by Montesquieu in his book ‘The Spirit of the Laws’? ‘Ans, Montesquieu proposed the division of power becween the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary in his book “The Spiricof the Lav’ 11 Who seized power after the fall of the Jacobin government? Ans, The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle classes to seize power 12 Which section of French society was forced to give up their powers after the French Revolution? Ans. The first and second estates were forced to give up their power after the French Revolution. 13 When did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself Emperor of France? or Who crowned himself as an emperor of France in 1804? ‘ns. Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself che Emperor of France in 1804 14 When and where was Napoleon Bonaparte finally defeated? Ans, Napoleon was finally defeated ac the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, 15. Which Indian individuals responded to the ideas coming {rom revolutionary France? Ans, Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy are eo examples of Indian individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France 16 What were the legacies of the French Revolution? Ans, Ideas of Liberty, Equality and fraternity were the legacies of the French Revolution. 17 What was the route of triangular slave trade? Ans, The triangular slave trade was executed benween the continents of Europe, Africa and America, EXAM PRACTICE 16 Ally ane Social Science Class 9)), ( Short Answer (sa) Iype Questions ) Descnbe the events of 14 July, 1789. sr Describe the incident which took place in the morning of 14th July, 1789 in France. jee The forcing exeme ook place in the morning of Lad Jul. 189 0" Fr 2} In che moming of 1th July. 1789 the king cndened his troops eo move into the city. There fava rumour chat he onlered his army’ to open fire upon the cinzens 2) 7000 men and women gathered in front ofthe rown hall and decided ¢o form a people's ruilica. ua) Agreted crow broke into a number of government building im search of arms. 2) A group of vera hundeed people stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille, where they hoped to Jind hoanded aromunition. (0) The crowd destroyed the Bastille, che communder of the Bastille was killed and the pacaners released 2 Which three causes led to the ‘subsistence ensis' in France during the Old Regime? or Whats ‘subsistence cnsis’? Explain any unree factors responsible for the same. Subsistence crisis can be defined as an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered During the Old Regime, France faced the ‘subsistence en’ because (9 The population of France had increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. The growing population led to a rapid increase 1n the demand for foodgrains. But the production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. 7) Most workers gor fixed wages which did not keep pace with the rising prices of objects of daily use. So the gap berween the poor and rich increased (iii) Things became worse when drought or hail reduced dhe harvest, causing shortages. 3 Give reasons as to why was the National Assembly formed by the people of the third estate \ns Louis XVI called rogether an assembly of the Estates General on Sch May, 1789 10 pass proposals for new xe, The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, while third estace sent 600 EXAM PRACTICE or Ans [3 Marks e3:4) Louis XVI wanted to continue wit old voring system in which cach estate had one yore. Bur members of third estate wanted a new YOURE system, where each member haye one vore. Bur the king rejected their proposal and on 20th June, 1789 third estare declared themselyes as Nationst Assembly: What was the contribution of Mirabeau and Sieyes to the formation of the National Assembly? On 20th June, 1789, che representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of 2p indoor tennis cour, in the grounds of Versailles. The thitd estate declared themselves a National Assembly and swore ‘not to disperse till they had drafied a Constirution, Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyts led the movement. Mirabeau broughe out a journal and delivered powerful speeches co inspite the represencatives assembled at Versilles. Abbe Sieyes. originally a prise wrote an influential pamptec called "What is the Third Estate’. What was the great fear in French revolution? How did peasants protest agains! the Feudal lords or nobles of France? In the countryside, there were rumours that the landlords of the manor had iced eriminals destroy the ripe crops of the peasants. Being afraid of the situation, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaus (castles belonging to the noblemen) They looted the hoarded grain. They also burne down documents containing records of manorial dues. Asa resulta larger number of nobles fled from their home towns and migrated to neighbouring countries How did France become a constitutional monarchy? In 1791, the National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution. Its main object was co lieit the powers of the monarch The powers, instead of being concencrated in the hands of che monarch, were now separated and divided berween the Legislature, the Executi the Judiciary. ‘The Constitution also declaced that ie was the duty of the state co protect each citizen's natural hs. In this way, Brance became a constitutional monatchy. and

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