UNIT-II

DIGITAL IMAGE&ANIMATIONS

Digital Image

A digital image is an image composed of picture elements, also known as pixels, each with finite,
discrete quantities of numeric representation for its intensity or gray level that is an output from its
two-dimensional functions fed as input by its spatial coordinates denoted with x, y on the x-axis and y-
axis, respectively.

Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type. By itself,
the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images or bitmapped images

Digital Image Analysis

Digital Image Analysis or Computer Image Analysis is when a computer or electrical device automatically
studies an image to obtain useful information from it.

Note that the device is often a computer but may also be an electrical circuit, a digital camera or a
mobile phone. It involves the fields of computer or machine vision, and medical imaging, and makes
heavy use of pattern recognition, digital geometry, and signal processing.

Digital image analysis is corresponds to the process of extracting meaningful information from an
image.

This information can be descriptive statistics from the image, ranging from global image metrics, such as
color/brightness histograms and distribution, block statistics from regions/windows across the images,
such as intensity, moments (mean, variance), and integral images, to the identification of more complex
structures in the image.

Such information extracted from the image analysis can be used then as input for imaging processing
techniques, such as image sharpening , thresholding , smoothing and edge/contour enhancement .

On the other hand, image processing techniques can also be applied prior to image analysis techniques.

An example is the use of edge detection techniques in the process of identification of structures, such
as lines and circles in an image .

Another is for image segmentation, i.e., to divide an image into different regions, which can be simple
image binarization (a division of the image into two regions, such as background and foreground) or
multiple regions, such as different objects present in an image.

There are several methods of image segmentation, but basically, they can be classified into methods
that perform a global clustering of image pixels according to some criteria independent of spatial
information (e.g., k-means clustering), and methods that account for more information, such as spatial,
texture, color, edges, and shape, such as energy-based (graph-cuts) methods .
Recognition

Image recognition is the ability of a computer powered camera to identify and detect objects
or features in a digital image or video. It is a method for capturing, processing, examining, and
sympathizing images. To identify and detect images, computers use machine vision technology
that is powered by an artificial intelligence system.
A typical image recognition algorithm includes the following:

✓ Optical character recognition

✓ Pattern matching and gradient matching
✓ Face Recognition
✓ License plate matching
✓ Scene identification
Transmission
Applications of digital image processing become more common, especially as the transfer of images
from one entity to another using the internet as the medium of transfer is increasing. Digital image
transmission technology has found advanced applications in various areas where security is of
paramount importance.

Examples of such applications include medical databases and confidentiality of patient records and
information’s, military databases and prevention of leaking of classified materials, business databases
and protection of enterprise-wide records; online document storage systems, etc. This paper reviews
Digital image encryption and mosaic image transmission are two approaches to secure image
transmission.

Video: Representation

Video representation, as the name implies, specifies a way of representing a video. While some
work refers to video representation as the way to present or express video content through
some extracted or summarized content units such as scenes or objects, the majority regard it
more as the way the video content is stored. In other words, it is about video format which
describes the sequence, structure and content of frames that create the moving video image,
along with any possible audio or text (closed caption) information.

Digitalization

A digital video movie consists of a number of still pictures ordered sequentially one after
another (like analogue video). The quality and playback of a digital video are influenced by a
number of factors, including the number of pictures (or frames per second) contained in the
video, the degree of change between video frames, and the size of the video frame, etc.

The digitization process, at various stages, generally provides a number of parameters

that allow one to manipulate various aspects of the video in order to gain the highest quality
possible.

• Digital video has several advantages over analogue video:

• Flexible interactivity
 • Easy to edit
• Multiple copies without quality loss
• Easy to manipulate
• Ease of use in additional features (titling, visual mixing, sound insertion, editing, special
effects, transition, etc.)
• Transmission through e-mail
• Video conferencing

Quality of dig ital video output depends upon various factors such as the source video as
Betacam, U-matic , Hi–8. These can give better quality than VHS recording.

VIDEO DIGITIZATION PROCESS

Steps of video digitization are as follows

(a) Capturing the source video

(b) Editing the captured video

(c) Assembling of edited video

(d) Special effects like titling, transition, etc.

(e) Sound effects, narration, speech, commentary, music insertion, etc.

(f) Compression and final output.

Transmission

• Transmission and storage are core parts of multimedia communication systems. Before
multimedia content can be consumed, it has to be made available to the user either via a
transmission network or locally from a storage medium.
• Digital techniques firstly are advantageous compared to traditional (analog) solutions, as
they can provide better quality, consuming less transmission channel bandwidth.
• In contrast to analog technology, where transmission channels and storage media were
designed for monolithic media types such as video or speech signals, digital representation
enables conveying multimedia content by any transmission and storage medium, provided
that sufficient channel capacity is made available.
• Digital media transmission and storage in scenarios where traditional services are being
replaced, and also where new services are evolving, like internet streaming and mobile
access to media sources.
• Traditional monolithic-media systems are more and more superseded by heterogeneous
network environments and diversified presentation devices (terminals) for different
situations.
• This includes mobile access, home access etc., such that requirements for flexible media
adaptation are becoming ever more important.
Animations

Definition of Animation :

Animation is the process of creating an illusion of motion and shape change by means of rapid display of
various type of pictures that were made to create a single scene.

Principles of Animation :

Before doing animation, every animator should follow these principles to create a good animation.
These principles was evolved from past animation techniques but these principle are also very useful
and essential for doing animation.

There are 12 basic principles of animation, they are-

1. Squash and Stretch

This is the most important principle of animation, it gives the sense of weight and volume to draw an
object.

2. Anticipation

In this principle animator will create a starting scene like that it shows that something will happen,
almost nothing happens suddenly.

3. Staging

Animator creates such type of scene which attract audience so that audience’s attention is directed
toward that scene.

4. Straight Ahead

In this principle, all frames are drawn from beginning to the end and then fill all the interval or scene.

5. Flow through and overlapping action

Two object’s action have different speed in any scene can easily describe this principle.

6. Slow in and Slow out

When an abject have maximum acceleration in between and resist on the beginning and end will show
this principle’s working.

7. Arc

Arcs are present in almost all animation as no object will follow straight line and follows some arc in its
action.

8. Secondary action

As with one character’s action second character move shows the multiple dimension of an animation.

9. Timing

For playing a given action a perfect timing is very important.

10. Exaggeration

This principle creates extra reality in the scene by developing a proper animation style.

11. Solid drawing

In this principle, any object will created into 3D form to get realistic visualization of scene.

12. Appeal

Any character need not be as same as any real character but it somewhat seems to be like that which
create a proper thinking in the audience’s mind.

Animation Languages

Animation languages can be categories under three groups

1. linear list notations language:

It is the specially animation supporting language. Each event in the animation is described by start and
ending frame number and an action that is to take place (event). The example of this type of languages
is SCEFO (scene format). For example:

42, 53, B, rotate, “palm”, 1, 30

Here,

42 => start frame no.

53 => ending frame no.

B => table.

Rotate => action.

Palm => object.

1 => start angle.

30 => end angle

2. General purpose languages:

The high level computer languages which are developed for the normal application software
development also have the animation supporting features along with graphics drawing, For example
QBASIC, C, C++, java etc.

3. Graphical language:

it is also computer high level language and especially develop for graphics drawing and animation has
been already develop for e.g. AutoCAD.
Animations Control Transmission

To display the animation on video motivator as a series of horizontal scan lines from top to bottom in
pixels (raster system). The animated object must be scan, converted into their pixmap image in the
frame buffer. The conversion must be done at least ten times per second (preferably 15 to 20 times),
for smooth animations effects. Hence a new image must be created in no more than 100 milliseconds,
from these 100 milliseconds scan conversion should take only a small portion of time, so that redraw
and erase of the object on the display can be done fast enough.

Transmission of animation:

The transmission of animation over computer network may be using any one of two methods:

1. By using symbolic representation:

The symbolization of animation object (for example ball) is transmitted along with the operation
commands performed on the thing and at the receiver side the animation is displayed after scan
converting into pixmap. during this case the UTC is brief because the symbolization of animated object
is smaller in size then pixmap but display time at receiver takes longer thanks to scan converting
operation has got to be acting at receiver side.

2. By pixmap representation:

In this method the animated object is converted into pixmap and then transmitted to the receiver. In
this case, the transmission time is longer in comparisons to symbolic representation, because the size of
the pixmap is larger than symbolic but display time is shorter because no scan conversion should have
to perform at receiver side