A. Glowacz: Acoustic based fault diagnosis of three-phase induction motor, Applied Acoustics, vol.

137, 2018,
pp. 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.03.010

Acoustic based fault diagnosis of three-phase induction motor

Adam Glowacz1

1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and
Biomedical Engineering, Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland,
adglow@agh.edu.pl

Abstract:
The article describes acoustic based fault diagnosis techniques of a three-phase induction motor. Four
real states of the three-phase induction motor were analysed: healthy three-phase induction motor,
three-phase induction motor with broken rotor bar, three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor
bars, three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage. Two feature extraction methods of
acoustic signals of the induction motor - SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS (Shortened
Method of Frequencies Selection Multiexpanded 2 Groups) and SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-
GROUP were described. The Nearest Neighbour classifier, backpropagation neural network and
modified classifier based on words coding were used for recognition of acoustic signals. Results of
recognition were very good for the real data and developed fault diagnosis techniques based on acoustic
signals. The described fault diagnosis approach can find applications in the industry.

Keywords: acoustic signal, induction motor, fault, diagnosis, machine, Nearest Neighbour

1. Introduction

Electrical motors play an important role in industry and home appliances. They are used in many
industrial plants such as: refineries, mines, factories, ironworks. High reliability and cost reductions are
essential for mentioned industrial plants. Each year the number of electrical motors is increased.
Induction motor is a widely used electrical motor. Induction motors are inexpensive and have high
reliability. They are also easy to maintain. Any electrical motor failure causes loss of production. It may
also cause permanent failure of electrical motor. Operators of electrical motor can prevent unexpected
failure if they use early fault diagnosis system [1]. It is a reason to develop such fault diagnosis system.
Diagnosis of electrical motors is discussed in many scientific articles [2, 3]. Mechanical faults
(mechanical unbalance, bearing failures, shaft misalignment, air-gap deformation) and electrical faults
(rotor and stator faults) of induction motors were analysed [4-8]. Vibration, electrical and thermal
analyses were used for fault diagnosis of electrical machines [9-19]. Acoustic signals were also
analysed [20-28]. Techniques based on thermal and acoustic signals are called non-invasive fault
diagnosis techniques (we do not need to connect anything).
Techniques based on electrical signals are usually invasive fault diagnosis techniques. Each of
technique has advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of analysis of vibration signals are: low cost
and instant measurement of vibrations [29-39]. Vibration signals can be used for mechanical and
electrical faults of the motor. The problem for vibration analysis is set of accelerometer/data logger. It is
required to put the device in the same way. Moreover the location of the fault cannot be exactly
determined.

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In the literature thermal imaging was used for fault diagnosis of induction motors [40-42]. Advantages
of analysis of thermal images are: non-invasive measurement and proper detection of the location of the
fault. However this technique has some disadvantages: high cost as well as time to heat up motor,
slower processing of the data (images). It is also required to put the thermal camera in the same way and
use proper methods of image processing [40-43].
In the literature fault diagnosis techniques based on the analysis of electric currents were described [2-
6]. Advantages of analysis of electrical current are: low cost, high recognition efficiency, signal is not
mixed. However this technique has some disadvantages: invasive technique, limited faulty states -
electrical faults.
Descriptions of acoustic based fault diagnosis techniques are also available in the literature [44-50].
Advantages of acoustic based fault diagnosis are: non-invasive technique, low cost and instant
measurement of acoustic signals. Acoustic signals can be used for mechanical and electrical faults of
the motor. The problem for acoustic analysis is set of microphone. It is required to put the device in the
same way. Moreover the location of the fault cannot be exactly determined (similar to vibrstion signals).
Acoustic signals are mixed by other signals (reflected waves). They are mixed more than vibration and
electrcal current signals.

Fig. 1. Experimental setup of analysis of acoustic signals of analysed three phase induction motors

2
 a) b)

Fig. 2. a) Rotor of the healthy three-phase induction motor, b) Rotor of the three-phase induction motor
with faulty ring of squirrel-cage

a) b)

Fig. 3. a) Rotor of the three-phase induction motor with broken rotor bar, b) Rotor of the three-phase
induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars

In this paper acoustic based fault diagnosis technique of a three-phase induction motor was described.
Four states of the three-phase induction motor were analysed (Fig. 1): healthy three-phase induction
motor (Fig. 2a), three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage (Fig. 2b), three-phase
induction motor with broken rotor bar (Fig. 3a), three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars
(Fig. 3b). The proposed fault diagnosis techniques consist of signal processing methods: preprocessing,
feature extraction, classification. Two feature extraction methods of acoustic signals - SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS (Shortened Method of Frequencies Selection Multiexpanded 2
Groups) and SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP were developed. The classification step was
performed using the Nearest Neighbour classifier, backpropagation neural network and modified
classifier based on words coding.

2. Acoustic based fault diagnosis technique

The proposed acoustic based fault diagnosis techniques consist of signal processing methods, such as:
preprocessing, feature extraction, classification (Fig. 4). The first step of signal processing is recording
of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor. For this purpose low-cost capacity microphone

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with computer or digital voice recorder can be used. Low-cost capacity microphone with computer can
be used for online condition monitoring. It has frequency range 20-20000 Hz. Dynamic microphone has
frequency range 100-5000 Hz. Lower frequency (<100 Hz) are essential for condition monitoring. The
author analysed three-phase induction motor using digital voice recorder (format: WAVE, sampling
frequency 44100 Hz, 16 bits, mono channel, omnidirectional). The second step of signal processing is
split of soundtrack into smaller audio files.
Next the acoustic data were split into 1-second data files. After that signal was normalized in the range
[-1, 1]. Normalized signals were processed by the Hamming window, the FFT method (16384
frequency components) and the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS, SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP. Feature extraction methods computed training and test feature vectors
(Fig. 4). The last step of signal processing was classification of feature vectors. Classification of feature
vectors was based on the Nearest Neighbour classifier, backpropagation neural network and modified
classifier based on words coding.

Fig. 4. Proposed acoustic based fault diagnosis techniques of the three-phase induction motor using
SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS and SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP

2.1. Shortened Method of Frequencies Selection Multiexpanded 2 Groups and 1 Group

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The Shortened Method of Frequencies Selection Multiexpanded 2 Groups (SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS) and the Shortened Method of Frequencies Selection Multiexpanded
1 Group (SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP) used differences of spectra of acoustic signals
of the three-phase induction motor. Acoustic signals and their spectra depend on motor size,
construction, operational parameters, nominal power, nominal electric current, nominal voltage, rotor
speed and the state of the motor (healthy three-phase induction motor, three-phase induction motor with
broken rotor bar, three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars, three-phase induction motor
with faulty ring of squirrel-cage). The proposed methods SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS
and SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP had following steps of processing:
1) Compute the frequency spectrum of an acoustic signal for each state of the three-phase
induction motor. The frequency spectrum of an acoustic signal of the healthy three-phase
induction motor was expressed as vector ahtim=[ahtim1, ahtim2, ..., ahtim16384]. The
frequency spectrum of an acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with broken
rotor bar was denoted as vector atimbrb=[atimbrb1, atimbrb2, ..., atimbrb16384]. The
frequency spectrum of an acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with 2
broken rotor bars was defined as vector atimbrbs=[atimbrbs1, atimbrbs2, ...,
atimbrbs16384]. The frequency spectrum of an acoustic signal of the three-phase induction
motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage was expressed as vector atimfr=[atimfr1, atimfr2,
..., atimfr16384].
2) Compute differences of frequency spectra of acoustic signals of three-phase induction
motors: ahtim - atimbrb, ahtim - atimbrbs, ahtim - atimfr, atimbrb - atimbrbs,
atimbrb - atimfr, atimbrbs - atimfr.
3) Compute absolute values of obtained differences: |ahtim - atimbrb|, |ahtim - atimbrbs|,
|ahtim - atimfr|, |atimbrb - atimbrbs|, |atimbrb - atimfr|, |atimbrbs - atimfr|.
4) Compute selected frequency components using formula (1). The computed frequency
components are greater than an iterated threshold Thn. Moreover the number of iterations
depends on acoustic signals and a parameter NFCn.

||FSASX|-|FSASY||>Thn,, (1)

where Thn – threshold of selection after n iterations, ||FSASX|-|FSASY|| – difference

between frequency spectrum of acoustic signal of state X of the motor and frequency
spectrum of acoustic signal of state Y of the motor, FSASX - frequency spectrum of
acoustic signal of state X of the motor, FSASY - frequency spectrum of acoustic signal of
state Y of the motor.
5) Compute the threshold Thn for each iteration (the number of iterations n). The computed
threshold Thn is denoted as (2):
NFC n

∑|| FSAS X | - | FSAS Y ||

NFC n =1
Th n = , (2)
NFC n
NFC n ≤32 , (3)

where NFCn is the number of frequency components after n iterations (initially

NFC0=16384, the FFT method computes 16384 frequency components for window
length 32768). If the value of NFCn is greater than 32, the SMOFS-32- carries out
formula 2 (loop calculations). The SMOFS-32 stops its calculations, if the value of NFCn
is less or equal to 32. The SMOFS-32 computed feature vector with 1-32 features

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 (frequency components). The final value of the parameter NFCn depends on the analysed
acoustic signals. Let's see CASE1 (example of using SMOFS-32 without
MULTIEXPANDED extension). 3 acoustic signals of states X, Y and Z are considered.
The SMOFS-32 selects frequency components 300, 320, 340, 360, 380 Hz for difference
of acoustic signals of states X and Y. The SMOFS-32 selects frequency components 310,
330, 350, 370, 390 Hz for difference of acoustic signals of states X and Z. The SMOFS-
32 selects frequency components 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350 Hz for
difference of acoustic signals of states Y and Z. There are no common frequency
components for acoustic signals of states X, Y, Z. Component frequencies 320, 340, 330,
350 Hz are common for two differences of frequency spectra of acoustic signals. What
will happen for more analysed differences of acoustic signals of states of the motor? To
solve this task the author used a parameter TCFC-MTS (Threshold of common frequency
components - many training sets ). This parameter adds MULTIEXPANDED extension.
6) Set the parameter TCFC-MTS=(number of required common frequency components of
training sets)/(number of differences between frequency spectra). The number of
common frequency components depends on the value of TCFC-MTS. Let's analyse
CASE2. There are 3 training sets. Each of them has 4 acoustic signals: (X1, X2, X3, X4),
(Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4), (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4), where X1 - acoustic signal of state X1, X2 - acoustic
signal of state X2, X3 - acoustic signal of state X3, X4 - acoustic signal of state X4. The
SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED selects frequency components for each difference in
one training set: (|X1-X2|), (|X1-X3|), (|X1-X4|), (|X2-X3|), (|X2-X4|), (|X3-X4|), (|Y1-
Y2|), (|Y1-Y3|), (|Y1-Y4|), (|Y2-Y3|), (|Y2-Y4|), (|Y3-Y4|), (|Z1-Z2|), (|Z1-Z3|), (|Z1-
Z4|), (|Z2-Z3|), (|Z2-Z4|), (|Z3-Z4|) - 18 differences between frequency spectra of
acoustic signals. If the parameter TCFC-MTS=3/18=0.166, then the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED selects frequency components found 3 times for 18 differences. For
example, frequency component 300 Hz were found 4 times (max. 18 times). Frequency
component 350 Hz were found 8 times. Frequency component 400 Hz were found 12
times. The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED selects 300, 350, 400 Hz (if TCFC-
MTS=3/18=0.166). If the parameter TCFC-MTS=11/18=0.611, then the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED selects frequency component 400 Hz. If the parameter TCFC-
MTS=13/18=0.722, then the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED selects 0 frequency
components. It can be noticed that the parameter TCFC-MTS should be set
experimentally.
7) Set the number of groups (Group extension). The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-
GROUPS used 2 groups. The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP used 1 group.
For proper recognition group of essential frequency components required all analysed
classes. For example, the frequency component 300 Hz (found 4 times) separates states
(|X1-X2|), (|X1-X3|), (|X1-X4|). The frequency component 350 Hz (found 8 times)
separates states (|X2-X3|), (|X2-X4|), (|X3-X4|). The frequency component 400 Hz
(found 12 times) separates states (|X2-X3|), (|X2-X4|), (|X3-X4|). It can be noticed that
the frequency component 400 Hz (found 12 times) is better than the frequency
component 350 Hz (found 8 times). The essential frequency components are 300 Hz and
400 Hz, because they separates 4 states together. The essential frequency components
300 Hz and 400 Hz form 1 group of essential frequency components.
8) Select 1-2 groups of essential frequency components.
9) Form a feature vector consisted of essential frequency components.

The proposed method SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS was shown in Fig. 5.

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 Fig. 5. Block diagram of the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS

The author used 5 training sets (20 one-second samples, 30 differences of frequency spectra of acoustic
signals of the three-phase induction motor). The obtained absolute values of differences were following:
|ahtim - atimbrb|, |ahtim - atimbrbs|, |ahtim - atimfr|, |atimbrb - atimbrbs|, |atimbrb - atimfr|,
|atimbrbs - atimfr| were presented in figures 6-11 (rotor speed of the analysed motor = 1400 rpm,
training set 5).

Fig. 6. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the healthy three-phase induction motor and the
three-phase induction motor with broken rotor bar (|ahtim - atimbrb|) - after using SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-
GROUPS

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 Fig. 7. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the healthy three-phase induction motor and the
three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars (|ahtim - atimbrbs|) - after using SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-
GROUPS

Fig. 8. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the healthy three-phase induction motor and the
three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage (|ahtim - atimfr|) - after using SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS

Fig. 9. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with broken rotor
bar and the three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars (|atimbrb - atimbrbs) - after using SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS

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Fig. 10. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with broken rotor
bar and the three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage (|atimbrb - atimfr|) - after using SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS

Fig. 11. The difference between spectra of frequency of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with 2 broken
rotor bars and the three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage (|atimbrbs - atimfr|) - after using SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS

The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS found 6 essential frequency components - 301, 923,

2222, 300, 2492, 648 Hz, for TCFC-MTS = 0.333. The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP
found 3 essential frequency components - 301, 923, 2222 Hz, for TCFC-MTS = 0.333.
The author used 20 one-second training samples for 5 analysed training sets. The computed essential
frequency components formed feature vectors. The obtained feature vectors were used in the
classification step.
The Nearest Neighbour classifier, backpropagation neural network and modified classifier based on
words coding were used for recognition of the computed feature vectors. However other classifiers can
be also used for fault diagnosis: Support Vector Machine [51], Naive Bayes classifier [51, 52], Support
Vector Machine [51], classification tree [53, 54], fuzzy classifier [55, 56]. The author used limited
number of classifiers - 3, because the results of recognition were similar.

2.2. Nearest Neighbour classification method

In the world literature there are a lot of applications of the Nearest Neighbour (NN) classification
method [57-61]. The NN is often used for signal processing and data classification. This classifier can
classify linearly separable and non-linearly separable feature vectors (data) properly. Advantages of the
method are: high recognition rate, simple to implement, can classify feature vector using small number
of training examples, various distance functions, good for multi-class problems. Disadvantages are

9
following: time complexity O(N2), storage of feature vectors, selection of distance function. The
Nearest Neighbour classifier can be considered as supervised method. It uses labeled training feature
vectors (data). Next it compares labeled training feature vectors with test feature vectors using selected
distance function. The author used the Manhattan distance for analysis, however other distance
functions such as: Euclidean, Jacquard, Minkowski could be used. The results of classification using
Euclidean, Minkowski distance functions were similar. The author decided to use the Manhattan
distance. It was defined as follows (4):

1
d (ahtim - atimbrb) = ∑| (ahtimi - atimbrbi ) | , (4)
i =1

where the test feature vector ahtim=[ahtim224, ahtim686, ahtim1652, ahtim223, ahtim1853, ahtim482] and the
training feature vector atimbrb=[atimbrb224, atimbrb686, atimbrb1652, atimbrb223, atimbrb1853,
atimbrb482]. The computed distances between test feature vectors and training feature vectors were used
for decisions of classifications.

More information about the NN classification method can be found in the following literature [57-61].

2.3. Backpropagation neural network

Backpropagation neural network is also supervised learning method. It uses 2 processes - pattern
creation process (learning process) and testing process. The neural network consists of many artificial
neurons. They are used to receive and process data. The backpropagation method is used in artificial
neural network for learning process (using training feature vectors). It computes the error of each
neuron (in each layer of neurons). Each neuron has a weight value. Initially the weight value is random.
Next in the learning process the weight value is modified. It depends on the computed error. Next
testing process is performed using test feature vectors. Next the data (test feature vectors) are multiplied
by weights of neurons. After that the output of neural network is computed. The output of neural
network can be class of acoustic signal for example: healthy three-phase induction motor. More
information about backpropagation neural network is available in the following articles [62-65].
The author used backpropagation neural network as a classifier. The author used back-propagation
neural network presented in the figure 12. The network had 3 or 6 inputs (essential frequency
components), 10 neurons of hidden layer and 4 neurons of output layer.

Fig. 12. Structure of the considered back-propagation neural network

The output values of backpropagation neural network were following: 0001 - class A (healthy three-
phase induction motor), 0010 - class B (three-phase induction motor with broken rotor bar), 0100 - class

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C (three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars) and 1000 - class D (three-phase induction
motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage).

2.4. Modified classifier based on words coding

Modified classifier based on words transformed numerical values into a string of characters (word).
Modified classifier based on words used two steps: pattern creation and testing. The vector of features
x = [x1, x2, …, xn] was given, where x1, …, xn were features (features may be frequency components
computed from an acoustic signal using the FFT, MSAF, SMOFS, SMOFS-EXPANDED, SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS). The classes of patterns are denoted as w1, w2, …, wj, where the
index j was the class number. In the process of pattern creation and testing, we received training word
vectors va, vb, …, vj, where vj = [v1, v2, …, vn], v1, v2, …, vn were words for j-th class of patterns
(training samples). Test word vectors fa, fb, …, fj were defined as fj = [f1, f2, …, fn], where f1, f2, …, fn
were words for the j-th class (test samples). Transformation to words was carried out according to the
formula (5):

 xi ∈ [k ,2k ) ⇒ xi → vi1
 x ∈ [2k ,3k ) ⇒ x → v
 i i i2
, (5)

 ...
xi ∈ [kg, kg + k ) ⇒ xi → vig

where: k ∈W, g was the number of words, vig was g-th word, xi was i-th coordinate of feature vector xj,
i=0, …, n.

In testing process, the word vector f was assigned to class, whose training word vector vj was the closest
to the test word vector f. For this purpose, the lexicographic comparison was used. Strings of characters
were compared each other (the coordinate of the training word vector vj was compared to the coordinate
of the test word vector f). The result of the comparison was true or false. To obtain the recognition
result, the following formula was introduced:

U1
Uj = ⋅ 100% , (6)
U2

where: U1 - number of well-compared words belonging to the j-th class, U2 - number of all comparisons
(equal to the number of coordinates of the word vector U2 = n), Uj - percentage of well-recognized
words belonging to the j-th class . To obtain the final result, the formula was introduced:

max (U j ) ⇒ f → w j j = 1, 2, … , M , (7)

3. Analysis of acoustic signals of three-phase induction motors

Following acoustic signals of 4 states of three-phase induction motor were measured, processed and
analysed (Fig. 13): healthy three-phase induction motor, three-phase induction motor with broken rotor
bar, three-phase induction motor with 2 broken rotor bars, three-phase induction motor with faulty ring
of squirrel-cage. Operational parameters of induction motors were: SM = 1400 rpm, PNOM = 0.55 kW,
fNOM = 50 Hz, UNOM=220 V, ECNOM=2.52/1.47 A (Δ/Y), where SM - rotor speed of the motor, PNOM -
nominal power of the motor, fNOM - nominal frequency of the motor, UNOM - nominal voltage of the
motor, ECNOM - nominal electric current of the motor.

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 Fig. 13. Analysed three phase induction motors

20 one-second samples of acoustic signals were analysed for pattern creation. 188 one-second samples
were analysed for testing process. Training and test samples of acoustic signals of three-phase induction
motors were analysed using proposed approach. Efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of three-
phase induction motor was defined as (8):

E RASTPIM = ( N PTSAS ) / ( N ATSAS ) 100% (8)

where: ERASTPIM – efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of three-phase induction motor for
selected class, NPTSAS – number of test samples of acoustic signals of three-phase induction motor for
selected class tested properly, NATSAS – number of all test samples of acoustic signals of three-phase
induction motor for selected class.

Total efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of three-phase induction motor was defined by
following formula (9):

TERASTPIM = ( E RASTPIM1 + E RASTPIM2 + E RASTPIM3 + E RASTPIM4 ) / 4 (9)

where TERASTPIM - total efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of three-phase induction motor,
ERASTPIM1 - efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of the healthy three-phase induction motor,
ERASTPIM2 - efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with broken
rotor bar, ERASTPIM3 - efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction motor with
2 broken rotor bars, ERASTPIM4 - efficiency of recognition of acoustic signal of the three-phase induction
motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage.

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Four states of the three-phase induction motor were analysed. The results were presented in tables 1-4.
In the table 1, the author presented the results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase
induction motor using the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS (6 analysed frequency
components) and the Nearest Neighbour classifier.

Tab. 1. The results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase induction motor using the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS and the Nearest Neighbour classifier
Type of acoustic signal signal ERASTPIM [%]
Healthy motor 95.83
Motor with broken rotor bar 100
Motor with 2 broken rotor bars 100
Motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage 100
TERASTPIM [%]
98.95

In the table 2, the author presented the results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase
induction motor using the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP (3 analysed frequency
components) and the Nearest Neighbour classifier.

Tab. 2. The results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase induction motor using the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP and the Nearest Neighbour classifier
Type of acoustic signal signal ERASTPIM [%]
Healthy motor 100
Motor with broken rotor bar 100
Motor with 2 broken rotor bars 93
Motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage 100
TERASTPIM [%]
98.26

In the table 3, the author presented the results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase
induction motor using the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS (6 analysed frequency
components) and the backpropagation neural network.

Tab. 3. The results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase induction motor using the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS and the backpropagation neural network
Type of acoustic signal signal ERASTPIM [%]
Healthy motor 100
Motor with broken rotor bar 100
Motor with 2 broken rotor bars 100
Motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage 100
TERASTPIM [%]
100

In the table 4, the author presented the results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase
induction motor using the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP (3 analysed frequency
components) and the backpropagation neural network.

Tab. 4. The results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase induction motor using the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP and the backpropagation neural network
Type of acoustic signal signal ERASTPIM [%]
Healthy motor 100
Motor with broken rotor bar 98.6
Motor with 2 broken rotor bars 95.83
Motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage 100
TERASTPIM [%]

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 98.87

In the table 5, the author presented the results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase
induction motor using the SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP (3 analysed frequency
components) and the modified classifier based on words coding (k=0.003).

Tab. 5. The results of recognition of acoustic signals of the three-phase induction motor using the SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP and the modified classifier based on words coding
Type of acoustic signal signal ERASTPIM [%]
Healthy motor 100
Motor with broken rotor bar 84.72
Motor with 2 broken rotor bars 95.83
Motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage 72.22
TERASTPIM [%]
88.19

The obtained results of analysed acoustic signals and methods were very good (TERASTPIM was in the
range of 88.19% - 100%). The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS selected 6 frequency
components (for analysed three-phase induction motors). The SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-1-
GROUP selected 3 frequency components. The best recognition results were obtained for SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS (6 analysed frequency components) and the backpropagation neural
network TERASTPIM = 100% (Tab. 3).
The proposed feature extraction methods found proper features for analysed three-phase induction
motors. Next obtained feature vectors were classified by the Nearest Neighbour classifier,
backpropagation neural network and the modified classifier based on words coding.

4. Conclusions

In this article the author described acoustic based fault diagnosis technique of the three-phase induction
motor. Four states of the three-phase induction motor were analysed: healthy three-phase induction
motor, three-phase induction motor with broken rotor bar, three-phase induction motor with 2 broken
rotor bars, three-phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage. The proposed feature
extraction methods: SMOFS-32-MULTIEXPANDED-2-GROUPS and SMOFS-32-
MULTIEXPANDED-1-GROUP were analysed. The Nearest Neighbour classifier, backpropagation
neural network and the modified classifier based on words coding were used for recognition. The results
of recognition of acoustic signals were very good for the real data (TERASTPIM was in the range of
88.19% - 100%). The presented acoustic based fault diagnostic techniques were not expensive. The
laptop and the capacity microphone can be bought for 350$. The described acoustic based fault
diagnosis techniques can be used to protect other types of rotating electric motors. Many rotating
electric motors can be diagnosed using acoustic signals. It can prevent unexpected failure and improve
maintenance of electric motors. Advantages of the proposed acoustic based fault diagnosis technique
are: non-invasive technique, low cost and instant measurement of acoustic signals.
However analysis was carried out for 4 states of the motor. The proposed methods were also proper for
more states. In the future, it is good idea to analyse more faults and motors for better fault diagnosis.
There is also idea to mix various techniques of fault diagnosis such as: thermal imaging, vibration
analysis and electric current analysis.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by AGH University of Science and Technology, grant no. 11.11.120.612.
The author thanks unknown reviewers for their valuable suggestions.

14
Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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