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863 Polarimetry PDF

Polarimetry measures the rotation of plane-polarized light passing through an optically active substance. Optically active substances rotate the plane of polarized light due to their asymmetric molecular structure. A polarimeter instrument is used, containing a light source, polarizer, sample cell, and analyzer, to measure the degree of rotation in plane-polarized light. Polarimetry has applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, food and other industries for analyzing molecular structure and purity of optically active compounds.

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47 views25 pages

863 Polarimetry PDF

Polarimetry measures the rotation of plane-polarized light passing through an optically active substance. Optically active substances rotate the plane of polarized light due to their asymmetric molecular structure. A polarimeter instrument is used, containing a light source, polarizer, sample cell, and analyzer, to measure the degree of rotation in plane-polarized light. Polarimetry has applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, food and other industries for analyzing molecular structure and purity of optically active compounds.

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Arun raina
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POLARIMETRY

DR. JOOHEE PRADHAN


MLSU
UDAIPUR
OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Optical activity
 Specific Rotation
 Polarimeter
 Applications
INTRODUCTION

 Polarimetry is a type of qualitative and quantitative


technique, used for optically active compounds
• the tendency of the molecules to rotate the plane
of plane polarized light (clockwise or
anticlockwise) and the extent of rotation is
measured
• these properties are unique for a molecule, thus
polarimetry can be used to identify and estimate
the compounds
DEFINITION

 Polarimetry is one of the important instrumental methods


employed in analysis. This measures the rotation of the
polarized light as it passes through an optically active
compound. This technique involves the measurement of
change in the direction of vibration of polarized light when
interact with an optically active compound. A substance is
said to be optically active if it rotates the plane of the
polarized light.
PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT

 According to wave theory of light, an ordinary ray


light is considered to be vibrating in all planes at
right angle to the direction of propagation. If this
ordinary ray of light is passed through a Nicol prism,
the emergent ray has its vibration only in one plane.
This light having wave motion in only one plane is
known as Plane Polarised Light.
 NICOL Prism –
 Iceland Spar
 Calcite ( CaCO3 form )
 (or) Polaroid
PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT

 A plane polarized light consists of two components of


fixed magnitude rotating in opposite directions to
one another: The right circulatory polarized light and
The left circulatory polarized light
 Plane polarized light is the vector sum of these two
components
OPTICAL ACTIVITY

 It is the property of a chemical substance to rotate


the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light.
 Example: Lactic acid

Dextro= right designated by ‘d’, (+), clockwise


Levo= left designated by ‘l’, (-), counterclockwise
OPTICAL ACTIVITY

 Displayed by solutions of some compounds, notably


many sugars.
 The magnitude of rotation depend upon the following
factors:
 1. Nature of Substance
 2. Length of liquid column ( l ) through which light
passes.
 3. Concentration of the solution.
 4. Nature of the solvent.
 5. Temperature of the solution (t)
 6. Wavelength of the light used
SPECIFIC ROTATION

 The Rotatory Power of a given solution is generally


expressed as specific rotation.
 It is the number of degrees of rotation of plane polarized
light produced by one gram of the substance per ml. The
measurements is carried out at temp (T) using sodium
light (D line). The Specific rotation can be Calculated by
the following relation:

[α] = specific rotation, T = temperature, λ = wavelength, θ=


optical rotation, c = concentration in g/100ml, l = optical
path length in dm.
SPECIFIC ROTATION

• [α] depends on the temperature and the wavelength of the


light used
• These quantities are also incorporated while reporting [α]

[α]D25 = +3.12o
• means D line of a sodium lamp (λ=589.6nm) is used for the
light at a temperature of 25oC, and that a sample containing
1.00g/ml of the optically active substance, in a 1-dm tube,
produces a rotation of 3.12o in a clockwise direction
Types of molecules analyzed by Polarimetry

Molecule must be Optically active: Optically Active


molecule contain asymmetric carbon atom, i.e.
ENANTIOMERS

Specific rotation of Enantiomers of 2-butanol


INSTRUMENTATION:POLARIMETER

 The Polarimeter is a device used to measure the effect of


plane-polarized light on optically active compounds
 The components of polarimeter are:
• A light source : usually a sodium lamp
• A polarizer: Nicol Prism
• A tube for holding sample in the light beam: sample cell
• An analyzer: Nicol prism aligned to intercept the linearly
polarized ray as it emerges from the sample solution , and
• A scale: to measure the rotation of plane polarized light
POLARIMETER: Outline
POLARIMETER: Detailed
POLARIMETER: Working

• if no or optically inactive sample is present in the


tube and the instrument is reading zero (0o), the
axes of plane polarized light and the analyzer is
exactly parallel
• the observer will detect maximum amount
(100 % transmittance) of light passing through.
• if the sample is optically active the plane of PPL
will be rotated as it pass through the tube
POLARIMETER: Working

• in order to detect the maximum brightness of the


light (ie. 100% transmittance) observer will have to
rotate the axis of the analyzer in either clockwise or
counterclockwise direction
• if the analyzer is rotated in a clockwise
direction, the rotation (α in degree) is said to be
positive (+), and such substance are c/a
dextrorotatory
• if the rotation is counterclockwise, the α is –ve,
and such substances are c/a levorotatory
POLARIMETER: Working
APPLICATIONS

 polarimetric method is a simple and accurate


means for determination of structure in micro
analysis of expensive and non-duplicable samples.
• it is employed in quality control, process control
and research in the pharmaceutical, chemical,
essential oil, flavor and food industries.
• it is so well established that the United States
Pharmacopoeia and the Food & Drug
Administration include polarimetric
specifications for numerous substances.
RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

 Research applications for polarimetry are found in


industry, research institutes and universities as a
means of:
• isolating and identifying unknowns, crystallized
from various solvents or separated by HPLC.
• evaluating and characterizing optically active
compounds by measuring their specific rotation
and comparing this value with the theoretical
values found in literature.
RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

• investigating kinetic reactions by measuring


optical rotation as a function of time.
• monitoring changes in concentration of an
optically active component in a reaction mixture,
as in enzymatic cleavage.
• analyzing molecular structure by plotting optical
rotatory dispersion (ORD) curves over a wide
range of wavelengths.
• distinguishing between optical isomers.
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS

 To determine product purity by measuring


specific rotation and optical rotation of: Amino
acids, Amino sugars, Analgesics, Antibiotics
Cocaine, Dextrose, Diuretics, Serums, Steroids,
Tranquilizers, Vitamins etc.
 For raw materials inspection of: Camphors,
Citric acid, Glyceric acid Gums Lavender oil,
Lemon oil Orange oil Spearmint oil
SUMMARY

 Definition
 Plane Polarized Light
 Optical Rotation
 Specific Rotation
 Polarimeter
 Applications
THANK YOU

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