HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS

4.1. INTRODUCTION
A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. The cross sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its
height. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to
the foundation.

In a typical construction cycle, the reinforcement and concrete for the beam and slabs in a floor
system are placed first. Once this concrete has hardened, the reinforcement and concrete for the
columns over that floor are placed. The longitudinal (vertical) bars protruding from the column
will extend through the floor into the next-higher column and will be lap spliced with the bars in
that column. The longitudinal bars are bent inward to fit inside the cage of bars for the next-
higher column.

The more general terms compression members subjected to combined axial and bending are
sometimes used to refer to columns, walls, and members in concrete trusses or frames. These
may be vertical, inclined, or horizontal. A column is a special case of a compression member that
is vertical.

Columns may be classified based on the following criteria:

a. Classification on the basis of geometry; rectangular, square, circular, L-shaped, T-

shaped, etc. depending on the structural or architectural requirements.
b. Classification on the basis of composition; composite columns, in-filled columns, etc.
c. Classification on the basis of lateral reinforcement; tied columns, spiral columns.
d. Classification on the basis of manner by which lateral stability is provided to the
structure as a whole; braced columns, un-braced columns.
e. Classification on the basis of sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral
displacements; sway columns, non-sway columns.
f. Classification on the basis of degree of slenderness; short column, slender column.
g. Classification on the basis of loading: axially loaded column, columns under uni-axial
moment and columns under biaxial moment

4.2. TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS

a) Tied Columns: Columns where main (longitudinal) reinforcements are held in position by
separate ties spaced at equal intervals along the length. Tied columns may be, square,
rectangular, L-shaped, circular or any other required shape. And over 95% of all columns in
buildings in non-seismic regions are tied columns.

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Figure 4-1 Tied Columns

b) Spiral Columns: Columns which are usually circular in cross section and longitudinal bars
are wrapped by a closely spaced spiral.

Figure 4-2 Spiral Columns

Behavior of Tied and Spiral columns

The load deflection diagrams (see Figure 4-3) show the behavior of tied and spiral columns
subjected to axial load.

Figure 4-3 Load deflection behavior of tied and spiral columns

The initial parts of these diagrams are similar. As the maximum load is reached vertical cracks
and crushing develops in the concrete shell outside the ties or spirals, and this concrete spalls off.

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When this happens in a tied column, the capacity of the core that remains is less than the load
and the concrete core crushes and the reinforcement buckles outward between the ties. This
occurs suddenly, without warning, in a brittle manner.

When the shell spalls off in spiral columns, the column doesn’t fail immediately because the
strength of the core has been enhanced by the tri axial stress resulting from the confinement of
the core by the spiral reinforcement. As a result the column can undergo large deformations
before collapses (yielding of spirals). Such failure is more ductile and gives warning to the
impending failure.

Accordingly, ductility in columns can be ensured by providing spirals or closely spaced ties.

4.3. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

4.3.1. BRACED/UN-BRACED COLUMNS

a) Un-braced columns

An un-braced structure is one in which frames action is used to resist horizontal loads. In such a
structure, the horizontal loads are transmitted to the foundations through bending action in the
beams and columns. The moments in the columns due to this bending can substantially reduce
their axial (vertical) load carrying capacity. Un-braced structures are generally quit flexible and
allow horizontal displacement (see Figure 4-4). When this displacement is sufficiently large to
influence significantly the column moments, the structure is termed a sway frame.

Figure 4-4 Sway Frame/ Un-braced columns

b) Braced columns:

Although, fully non sway structures are difficult to achieve in practice, building codes allow a
structure to be classified as non-sway if it is braced against lateral loads using substantial bracing
members such as shear walls, elevators, stairwell shafts, diagonal bracings or a combination of

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these (See Figure 4-5). A column with in such a non-sway structure is considered to be braced
and the second order moment on such column, P-∆, is negligible.

Figure 4-5 Non-sway Frame / Braced columns

4.3.2. SHORT/SLENDER COLUMNS
a) Short columns

They are columns with low slenderness ratio and their strengths are governed by the strength of
the materials and the geometry of the cross section.

b) Slender columns

They are columns with high slenderness ratio and their strength may be significantly reduced by
lateral deflection.

When an unbalanced moment or as moment due to eccentric loading is applied to a column, the
member responds by bending as shown in Figure 4-6. If the deflection at the center of the
member is, δ, then at the center there is a force P and a total moment of M + Pδ. The second
order bending component, Pδ, is due to the extra eccentricity of the axial load which results from
the deflection. If the column is short δ is small and this second order moment is negligible. If on
the other hand, the column is long and slender, δ is large and Pδ must be calculated and added to
the applied moment M.

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Figure 4-6 Forces in slender column

4.4. CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS ON THE BASIS OF LOADING

4.4.1. AXIALY LOADED COLUMNS

They are columns subjected to axial or concentric load without moments. They occur rarely.
When concentric axial load acts on a short column, its ultimate capacity may be obtained,
recognizing the nonlinear response of both materials, from:

Pdo  fcd  Ag  Ast   Ast fyd (1)

Where
Ag is gross concrete area
Ast is total reinforcement area

4.4.2. COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING

Almost all compression members in concrete structures are subjected to moments in addition to
axial loads. These may be due to the load not being centered on the column or may result from
the column resisting a portion of the unbalanced moments at the end of the beams supported by
columns.

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Figure 4-7 Equivalent eccentricity of column load

When a member is subjected to combined axial compression Pd and moment Md, it is more
convenient to replace the axial load and the moment with an equivalent Pd applied at eccentricity
ed as shown in Figure 4-7.

4.5. INTERACTION DIAGRAM

The presence of bending in axially loaded members can reduce the axial load capacity of the
member.

To illustrate conceptually the interaction between moment and axial load in a column, an
idealized homogenous and elastic column with a compressive strength, fcu, equal to its tensile
strength, ftu, will be considered. For such a column failure would occur in a compression when
the maximum stresses reached fcu as given by:

P My (2)
fcu  
A I

Where

A, I area and moment of inertia of the section

y distance from the centroidal axis to the most highly compressed surface
P Axial load, positive in compression
M Moment, positive as shown in Figure 4-8c

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Figure 4-8 –Load and Moment on a column

Dividing both sides by fcu gives:

P My (3)
1 
fcu A fcu I

The maximum axial load the column can support is obtained when M = 0, and is Pmax = fcuA.
Similarly the maximum moment that can be supported occurs when P=0 and is M max = fcuI/y.
Substituting Pmax and Mmax gives:

This is known as an interaction equation, because it shows the interaction of, or relationship
between, P and M at failure. It is plotted as line AB (see Figure 4-9). A similar equation for a
tensile load, P, governed by ftu, gives line BC in the figure, and the lines AD and DC result if the
moments have the opposite sign.

Figure 4-9 is referred to as an interaction diagram. Points on the lines plotted in this figure
represent combination of P and M corresponding to the resistance of the section. A point inside
the diagram such as E, represents a combination of P and M that will not cause failure. Load
combinations falling on the line or outside the line, such as point F, will equal or exceed the
resistance of the section and hence will cause failure.

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Figure 4-9 is plotted for an elastic material with ftu  fcu . Figure 4-10a shows an interaction
diagram for an elastic material with a compressive strength fcu , but with the tensile strength, ftu ,
equal to zero, and Figure 4-10b shows a diagram for a material with ftu  0.5 fcu . Lines AB
and AD indicate load combinations corresponding to failure initiated by compression (governed
by fcu ), while lines BC and DC indicate failures initiated by tension. In each case, the points B
and D in Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10 represent balanced failures, in which the tensile and
compressive resistances of the material are reached simultaneously on opposite edges of the
column.

Figure 4-9 Interaction Chart for an elastic column

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Figure 4-10 – Interaction diagrams for elastic columns, fcu not equal to ftu

Reinforced concrete is not elastic and has a tensile strength that is much lower than its
compressive strength. An effective tensile strength is developed, however, by reinforcing bars on
the tension face of the member. For these reasons, the calculation of an interaction diagram for
reinforced concrete is more complex than that for an elastic material. However, the general shape
of the diagram resembles Figure 4-10b.

4.5.1. INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Since reinforced concrete is not elastic and has a tensile strength that is lower than its
compressive strength, the general shape of the diagram resembles Figure 4-11.

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Figure 4-11 Interaction diagram for column in combined bending and axial load
Although it is possible to derive a family of equations to evaluate the strength of columns
subjected to combined bending and axial loads, these equations are tedious to use. For this
reason, interaction diagrams for columns are generally computed by assuming a series of strain
distributions, each corresponding to a particular point on the interaction diagram, and computing
the corresponding values of P and M. Once enough such points have been computed, the results
are plotted as an interaction diagram.

4.5.2. SIGNIFICANT POINTS ON THE COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAM

Figure 4-12 illustrate a series of strain distributions and the corresponding points on an
interaction diagram for a typical tied column. As usual for interaction diagrams, axial load is
plotted vertically and moment horizontally.

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Figure 4-12 – Strain distribution corresponding to points on the interaction diagram

1. Point A – Pure Axial Load. Point A in Figure 4-12 and the corresponding strain distribution
represent uniform axial compression without moment, sometimes referred to as pure axial load.
This is the largest axial load the column can support.

2. Pont B- Zero Tension, Onset of Cracking. The strain distribution at B in Figure 4-12
corresponds to the axial load and moment at the onset of crushing of the concrete just as the
strains in the concrete on the opposite face of the column reach zero. Case B represents the onset
of cracking of the least compressed side of the column. Because tensile stresses in the concrete
are ignored in the strength calculations, failure load below point B in the interaction diagram
represent cases where the section is partially cracked.

3. Region A-C – Compression – Controlled Failures. Columns with axial loads and moments
that fall on the upper branch of the interaction diagram between points A and C initially fail due
to crushing of the compression face before the extreme tensile layer of reinforcement yields.
Hence, they are called compression-controlled columns.

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4. Point C- Balanced Failure, Compression-Controlled Limit Strain. Point C in Figure 4-12

corresponds to a strain distribution with a maximum compressive strain on one face of the
section, and a tensile strain equal to the yield strain in the layer of reinforcement farthest from
the compression face of the column.

Figure 4-13 Stress-Strain relationship for column

In the actual design, interaction charts prepared for uniaxial bending can be used. The procedure
involves:

 Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose appropriate chart

 Compute:
o Normal force ratio:
o Moment ratios:
 Enter the chart and pick ω (the mechanical steel ratio), if the coordinate (ν, μ) lies within
the families of curves. If the coordinate (ν, μ) lies outside the chart, the cross section is
small and a new trail need to be made.
 Compute
 Check Atot satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
 Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement

4.6. COLUMN UNDER BI-AXIAL BENDING

Up to this point in the chapter we have dealt with columns subjected to axial loads accompanied
by bending about one axis. It is not unusual for columns to support axial forces and bending
about two perpendicular axes. One common example is a corner column in a frame. For a given
cross section and reinforcing pattern, one can draw an interaction diagram for axial load and
bending about either principal axis. As shown in Figure 4-14, these interaction diagrams form
two edges of a three-dimensional interaction surface for axial load and bending about two axes.
The calculation of each point on such a surface involves a double iteration: (1) the strain gradient
across the section is varied, and (2) the angle of the neutral axis is varied. The neutral axis will
generally not be parallel to the resultant moment vector.

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Consider the RC column section shown under axial force P acting with eccentricities ex and ey,
such that ex = My/p, ey = Mx/P from centroidal axes (Figure 4-14c).

In Figure 4-14a the section is subjected to bending about the y axis only with eccentricity ex. The
corresponding strength interaction curve is shown as Case (a) (see Figure 4-14d). Such a curve
can be established by the usual methods for uni-axial bending. Similarly, in Figure 4-14b the
section is subjected to bending about the x axis only with eccentricity ey. The corresponding
strength interaction curve is shown as Case (b) (see Figure 4-14d). For case (c), which combines
x and y axis bending, the orientation of the resultant eccentricity is defined by the angle λ

Bending for this case is about an axis defined by the angle θ with respect to the x-axis. For other
values of λ, similar curves are obtained to define the failure surface for axial load plus bi-axial
bending.

Any combination of Pu, Mux, and Muy falling outside the surface would represent failure. Note
that the failure surface can be described either by a set of curves defined by radial planes passing
through the Pn axis or by a set of curves defined by horizontal plane intersections, each for a
constant Pn, defining the load contours (see Figure 4-14).

Figure 4-14 Interaction diagram for compression plus bi-axial bending

Computation commences with the successive choice of neutral axis distance c for each value of
q. Then using the strain compatibility and stress-strain relationship, bar forces and the concrete
compressive resultant can be determined. Then Pn, Mnx, and Mny (a point on the interaction
surface) can be determined using the equation of equilibrium
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Since the determination of the neutral axis requires several trials, the procedure using the above
expressions is tedious. Thus, the following simple approximate methods are widely used.

1. Load contour method: It is an approximation on load versus moment interaction

surface. Accordingly, the general non-dimensional interaction equation of family of load
contours is given by:

( ) ( )

( )

where: Mdx = Pdey

Mdy = Pdex
Mdxo = Mdx when Mdy = 0 (design capacity under uni-axial bending about x)
Mdyo = Mdy when Mdx = 0 (design capacity under uni-axial bending about y)

2. Reciprocal method/Bresler’s equation: It is an approximation of bowl shaped failure

surface by the following reciprocal load interaction equation.

where: Pd = design (ultimate) load capacity of the section with eccentricities edy and edx
Pdxo = ultimate load capacity of the section for uni axial bending with edx only (edy = 0)
Pdyo = ultimate load capacity of the section for uni axial bending with edy only (edx = 0)
Pdo = concentric axial load capacity (edx = edy = 0)

However interaction charts prepared for biaxial bending can be used for actual design. The
procedure involves:

 Select cross section dimensions h and b and also h’ and b’

 Calculate h’/h and b’/b and select suitable chart
 Compute:
 Normal force ratio:
 Moment ratios: and
 Select suitable chart which satisfy and ratio:
 Enter the chart to obtain ω
 Compute
 Check Atot satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
 Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement

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4.7. SLENDER COLUMNS

4.7.1. DEFINITION OF A SLENDER COLUMN

An eccentrically loaded, pin-ended column is shown in Figure 4-15a. The moments at the ends
of the column are

Me  Pe (4)
When the loads P are applied, the column deflects laterally by an amount  , as shown. For
equilibrium, the internal moment at midheight is (Figure 4-15b)

Mc  P  e    (5)
The deflection increases the moments for which the column must be designed. In the
symmetrical column shown here, the maximum moment occurs at midheight, where the
maximum deflection occurs.

Figure 4-16 shows an interaction diagram for a reinforced concrete column. This diagram gives
the combinations of axial load and moment required to cause failure of a column cross section or
a very short length of column. The dashed radial line O-A is a plot of the end moment on the
column in Figure 4-15. Because this load is applied at a constant eccentricity, e, the end moment,
Me , is a linear function of P, given by Eq (4). The curved, solid line O-B is the moment Mc at
midheight of the column, given by Eq(5). At any given load P, the moment at midheight is the
sum of the end moment, Pe, and the moment due to the deflections, P . The line O-A is
referred to as a load-moment curve for the end moment while the line O-B is the load – moment
curve for the maximum column moment.

Failure occurs when the load-moment curve O-B for the point of maximum moment intersects
the interaction diagram for the cross section. Thus the load and moment at failure are denoted by
point B in Figure 4-16. Because the increase in maximum moment due to deflections, the axial –
load capacity is reduced from A to B. This reduction in axial-load capacity results from what is
referred to as slenderness effects.

A slender column is defined as a column that has a significant reduction in its axial-load capacity
due to moments resulting from lateral deflections of the column. In the derivation of the ACI
Code, “a significant reduction” was arbitrarily taken as anything greater than about 5 percent.

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Figure 4-15 – Forces in a deflected column

Figure 4-16 – Load and moment in a column

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Buckling of Axially Loaded Elastic Columns

Figure 4-17 illustrates three states of equilibrium. If the ball in Figure 4-17a is displaced laterally
and released, it will return to its original position. This is stable equilibrium. If the ball in Figure
4-17c is displaced laterally and released, it will roll off the hill. This is unstable equilibrium. The
transition between stable and unstable equilibrium is neutral equilibrium, illustrated in Figure
4-17b. Here, the ball will remain in the displaced position. Similar states of equilibrium exist for
the axially loaded column in Figure 4-18a. If the column returns to its original position when it is
pushed laterally at midheight and released, it is in stable equilibrium; and so on.

Figure 4-18b shows a portion of a column that is in a state of neutral equilibrium. The
differential equation for this column is

d 2y (6)
EI  Py
dx 2
In 1744, Leonhard Euler derived Eq(6) and its solution,

n 2 2EI (7)
Pc 
l2
where: EI = flexural rigidity of column cross section
l = length of the column
n = number of half – sine waves in the deformed shape of the column

Figure 4-17 – States of equilibrium

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Figure 4-18 – Buckling of a Pin ended column

Cases with n = 1,2, and 3 are illustrated in Figure 4-18c. The lowest value of Pc will occur with
n = 1.0. This gives what is referred to as the Euler buckling load:

 2EI (8)
PE  2
l
Such a column is shown in Figure 4-19a. If this column were unable to move sideways at
midheight, as shown in Figure 4-19b, it would buckle with n = 2, and the buckling load would be

22  2EI (9)
Pc  2
l
which is four times the critical load of the same column without the midheight brace.

Another way of looking at this involves the concept of the effective length of the column. The
effective length is the length of a pin-ended column having the same buckling load. Thus the
column in Figure 4-19c has the same buckling load as that in Figure 4-19b. The effective length

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of the column is l/2 in this case, where l/2 is the length of each of the half-sine waves in the
deflected shape of the column in Figure 4-19b. The effective length, kl, is equal to l/n. The
effective length factor is k = 1/n. Equation(8) is generally written as

 2EI (10)
Pc 
 kl 
2

Four idealized cases are shown in Figure 4-20, together with the corresponding values of the
effective length, kl. Frames a and b are prevented against deflecting laterally. They are said to be
braced against sidesway. Frames c and d are free to sway laterally when they buckle. They are
called unbraced or sway frames. The critical loads of the columns shown in Figure 4-20 are in
the ratio 1:4:1:1/4.

Figure 4-19 – Effective lengths of columns

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Figure 4-20 – Effective lengths of idealized columns

Thus it is seen that the restraints against end rotation and lateral translation have a major effect
on the bucking load of axially loaded elastic columns. In actual structures fully fixed ends, such
as those shown in Figure 4-20 b to d, rarely, if ever, occur.

4.7.2. BEHAVIOR AND ANALYSIS OF PIN-ENDED COLUMNS

Lateral deflections of a slender column cause an increase in the column moments, as illustrated
in Figure 4-15 and Figure 4-16. These increased moments cause an increase in the deflections,
which in turn lead to an increase in the moments. As a result, the load-moment line O-B in
Figure 4-16 is nonlinear. If the axial load is below the critical load, the process will converge to a
stable position. If the axial load is greater than the critical load, it will not. This is referred to as a
second-order process, because it is described by a second-order differential equation.

In a first-order analysis, the equations of equilibrium are derived by assuming that the deflections
have a negligible effect on the internal forces in the members. In a second-order analysis, the
equations of equilibrium consider the deformed shape of the structure. Instability can be
investigated only via a second-order analysis, because it is the loss of equilibrium of the
deformed structure that causes instability. However, because many engineering calculations and
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computer programs are based on first-order analyses, methods have been derived to modify the
results of a first-order analysis to approximate the second-order effects.

P – δ Moments and P – Δ Moments

Two different types of second-order moments act on the columns in a frame:

1. P – δ moments. These result from deflections, δ, of the axis of the bent column away
from the chord joining the ends of the column. The slenderness effects in pin-ended
columns and in nonsway frames result from P- δ effects.
2. P – Δ moments. These results from lateral deflections, Δ, of the beam-column joints
from their original undeflected locations. The slenderness effects in sway frames result
from P – Δ moments.

Material Failures and Stability Failures

Load-moment curves are plotted in Figure 4-21 for columns of three different lengths, all
loaded (as shown in Figure 4-15) with the same end eccentricity, e. The load-moment curve
O-A for a relatively short column is practically the same as the line M = Pe. For a column of
moderate length, line O-B, the deflections become significant, reducing the failure load. This
column fails when the load-moment curve intersects the interaction diagram at point B. This
is called a material failure and is the type of failure expected in most practical columns in
braced frames. If a very slender column is loaded with increasing axial load, P, applied at a
constant end eccentricity, e, it may reach a deflection δ at which the value of the M P
approaches infinity or becomes negative. When this occurs, the column becomes unstable,
because, with further deflections, the axial load capacity will drop. This type of failure is
known as a stability failure and occurs only with very slender braced columns or with slender
columns in sway frames.

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Figure 4-21 – Material and stability failures

Effect of Unequal end moments on the strength of a slender column

Up to now, we have considered only pin-ended columns subjected to equal moments at the two
ends. This is a very special case, for which the maximum deflection moment, P , occurs at a
section where the applied load moment, Pe, is also a maximum. As a result, these quantities can
be added directly, as done in Figure 4-15 and Figure 4-16.

In the usual case, the end eccentricities, e1  M1 P and e2  M2 P , are not equal and so give
applied moment diagrams as shown shaded in Figure 4-22b and c for the column shown in
Figure 4-22a. The maximum value of δ occurs between the ends of the column while the
maximum e occurs at one end of the column. As a result, emax and  max cannot be added
directly. Two different cases exist. For a slender column with small end eccentricities, the
maximum sum of e   may occur between the ends of the column, as shown in Figure 4-22b.
For a shorter column, or a column with large end eccentricities, the maximum sum of e   will
occur at one end of the column, as shown in Figure 4-22c.

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Figure 4-22 – Moments in columns with unequal end moments

In the moment-magnifier design procedure, the column subjected to unequal end moments
shown in Figure 4-23a is replaced with a similar column subjected to equal moments of Cm M2 at
both ends, as shown in Figure 4-23b. The moments Cm M2 are chosen so that the maximum
magnified moment is the same in both columns. The expression for the equivalent moment factor
Cm was originally derived for use in the design of steel beam – column and was adopted without
change for concrete design.

Cm  0.6  0.4 M21 (11)

M

Thus in the above equation, M1 and M2 are the smaller and larger end moments, respectively,
calculated from a conventional first-order elastic analysis. The sign convention for the ratio
M1 M2 is illustrated in Figure 4-23c and Figure 4-23d. If the moments M1 and M2 cause single
curvature bending without a point of contraflexure between the ends, as shown in Figure 4-23c,
M1 M2 is positive. If the moments M1 and M2 bend the column in double curvature with a
point of zero moment between the two ends, as shown in Figure 4-23d, then M1 M2 is negative.

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Figure 4-23 – Equivalent moment factor, Cm

4.8. DESIGN OF COLUMNS ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992:2015

4.8.1. SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL LOAD

Second order effects may be ignored if they are less than 10% of the corresponding first order
effects. Simplified criteria are given for isolated members below.

4.8.1.1. Simplified criteria for second order effects

Slenderness criterion for isolated members

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Second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness λ is below a certain value λlim . The
following may be used:

lim  20A B C n

Where:

λ is the slenderness ratio

A  1 1  0.2ef  (if ef is not known, A = 0.7 may be used
B  1  2 (if  is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C  1.7  rm (if rm is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
ef Effective creep ratio
  As fyd Ac fcd ;mechanical reinforcement ratio;
As is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement
n  NEd  Ac fcd  ; relative normal force
rm  M01 M02 ; moment ratio
M01 and M 02 are the first order end moments, M02  M01
If the end moments M01 and M 02 give tension on the same side, rm should be taken positive (i.e.
C  1.7 ), otherwise negative (i.e. C  1.7 ).

In the following cases, rm should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C  0.7 ).

 For braced members with first order moments only or predominantly due to
imperfections or transverse loading
 For unbraced members in general

In cases with biaxial bending, the slenderness criterion may be checked separately for each
direction. Depending on the outcome of this check, second order effects:

a) May be ignored in both directions

b) Should be taken into account in one direction
c) Should be taken into account in both directions

4.8.1.2. Slenderness and effective length of isolated members

The slenderness ratio is defined as follows:

  l0 i (12)
where:

l0 is the effective length

i is the radius of gyration of the uncracked concrete section

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HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

Effective length is a length used to account for the shape of the deflection curve; it can also be
defined as buckling length, i.e. the length of a pin-ended column with constant normal force,
having the same cross section and buckling load as the actual member.

Examples of effective length for isolated members with constant cross section are given in
Figure 4-24.

Figure 4-24 – Examples of different buckling modes and corresponding effective lengths for isolated
members

For compression members in regular frames, the slenderness criterion should be checked with an
effective length l 0 determined in the following way.

Braced members

   (13)
k1 k2
l 0  0.5l 1  1 
 0.45  k1   0.45  k2 

Unbraced members


 k k  k   k   (14)
l 0  l max  1  10  1 2 ; 1  1    1  2  

 k1  k2  1  k1   1  k2  

where;

k1 , k 2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively:

k   M    EI l 
 is the rotation of restraining members for bending moment M;
EI is the bending stiffness of compression member
l is the clear height of compression member between end restraints

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HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

k  0 is the theoretical limit for rigid restraint, and k   represents the limit for no restraint at
all. Since fully rigid restraint is rare in practice, a minimum value of 0.1 is recommended for k1
and k 2 .

If an adjacent compression member (column in a node is likely to contribute to the rotation at

buckling, then  EI l  in the definition of k should be replaced by  EI l a   EI l b  , a and b
representing the compression member (column) above and below the node.

In the definition of effective lengths, the stiffness of restraining members should include the
effect of cracking, unless they can be shown to be uncracked in ULS.

4.8.2. CREEP
The effect of creep shall be taken into account in second order analysis, with due consideration
of both the general conditions for creep and the duration of different loads in the load
combination considered.

The duration of loads may be taken into account in a simplified way by means of an effective
creep ratio, ef , which, used together with the design load, gives a creep deformation
(curvature) corresponding to the quasi-permanent load:

ef   ,t 0  MoEqp M0Ed (15)

Where:

  ,t 0  is the final creep coefficient according to 3.1.4 of ES EN 1992:2015

M oEqp is the first order bending moment in quasi-permanent load combination (SLS)
M0Ed is the first order bending moment in design load combination (ULS)
If MoEqp M0Ed varies in a member of structure, the ratio may be calculated for the section with
maximum moment, or a representative mean value may be used.

The effect of creep may be ignored, i.e. ef  0 may be assumed, if the following three
conditions are met:

  ,t 0   2
   75
 MoEd NEd  h

Here MoEd is the first order moment and h is the cross section depth in the corresponding
direction.

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HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

4.8.3. METHODS OF 2ND ORDER MOMENT ANALYSIS FOR SLENDER COLUMNS

The methods of analysis include a general method, based on non-linear second order analysis,
and the following two simplified methods

a) Second order analysis based on nominal stiffness

b) Method based on estimation of curvature

Method (a) may be used for both isolated members and whole structures, if nominal stiffness
values are estimated appropriately but Method (b) is mainly suitable for isolated members.

a) Second order analysis based on nominal stiffness

In a second order analysis based on stiffness, nominal values of the flexural stiffness should be
used, taking into account the effects of cracking, material non-linearity and creep on the overall
behavior.

The nominal stiffness should be defined in such a way that total bending moments resulting from
the analysis can be used for design of cross sections to their resistance for bending moment and
axial force.

Nominal Stiffness

The following model may be used to estimate the nominal stiffness of slender compression
member with arbitrary cross section:

EI  K c Ecd Ic  K s EsIs (16)

where:

Ecd is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ic is the moment of inertia of concrete cross section
Es is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
Is is the second value of the modus of elasticity of reinforcement, about the center of
area of the concrete
Kc is a factor for effects cracking, creep etc,
Ks is a factor for contribution of reinforcement
The following factors may be used in the above expression, provided   0.002 :

Ks  1

Kc  k1k2 1  ef 

Where:

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HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

 is the geometric reinforcement ratio, As Ac

As is the total area of reinforcement
Ac is the area of concrete section
ef is the effective creep ratio
k1 is a factor which depends on concrete strength class
k2 is a factor which depends on axial force and slenderness
k1  fck 20 (MPa)


k2  n  0.20
170

where:

n is the relative axial force, NEd  Ac fcd 

 is the slenderness ratio
If the slenderness ratio  is not defined, k 2 may be taken as

k2  n 0.3  0.20

As a simplified alternative, provided   0.01 , the following factors may be used in equation
(17):

Ks  0

Kc  0.3 1  0.5ef 

In statically indeterminate structures, unfavourable effects of cracking in adjacent members

should be taken into account. The above expressions are not generally applicable to such
members. As a simplification, fully cracked sections may be assumed. The stiffness should be
based on an effective concrete modulus:

Ecd ,eff  Ecd 1  ef  (17)

where:

Ecd Is the design value according to 5.8.6 (3)

ef Is the effective creep ratio; same value as for columns may be used

Ecd  Ecm  cE (18)

Method based on moment magnification factor

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HiT, Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete II

The total design moment, including second order moment, may be expressed as a magnification
of the bending moments resulting from a linear analysis, namely:

   (19)
MEd  M0Ed 1  
  NB NEd   1
where:

M 0Ed is the first order moment

 is a factor which depends on distribution of 1st and 2nd order moments
N Ed is the design value of axial load
NB is the buckling load based on nominal stiffness

For isolated members with constant cross section and axial load, the second order moment may
normally be assumed to have a sine-shaped distribution. Then

   2 c0 (20)
Where:

c0 is a coefficient which depends on the distribution of first order moment (for instance,
c0  8 for a constant first order moment, c0  9.6 , for a parabolic and 12 for a
symmetric triangular distribution etc.).
For members without transverse load, differing first order end moments M 01 and M 02 may be
replaced by an equivalent constant first order moment M 0e . Consistent with the assumption of a
constant first order moment, c0  8 should be used.

M0e  0.6M02  0.4M01  0.4M02 (21)

M 01 and M 02 should have the same sign if they give tension on the same side, otherwise
opposite signs. Furthermore, M 02  M 01 .

The value of c0  8 also applies to members bent in double curvature. It should be noted that in
some cases, depending on slenderness and axial force, the end moment(s) can be greater than the
magnified equivalent moment.

If the above expressions for calculation of  is not applicable,   1 is normally a reasonable

simplification. Expression (18) can then be reduced to:

M0Ed (22)
MEd 
1   NEd NB 
b) Method based on nominal curvature

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This method is primarily suitable for isolated members with constant normal force and a defined
effective length l0 . The method gives a nominal second order moment based on a deflection,
which in turn is based on the effective length and an estimated maximum curvature. The
resulting design moment and axial force.

Bending moments

The design moment is :

MEd  M0Ed  M2 (23)

where:

M0Ed is the 1st order moment, including the effect of imperfections

M2 Is the nominal 2nd order moment
The nominal second order moment M2 is

M2  NEd e2 (24)
where:

NEd is the design value of axial force

e2 is the deflection  1 r  l02 c
1r is the curvature
l0 is the effective length
c is a factor depending on the curvature distribution
For constant section, c  10    2  is normally used. If the first order moment is constant, a
lower value should be considered (8 is a lower limit, corresponding to constant total moment).

Curvature

For members with constant symmetrical cross sections, the following may be used:

1 r  K r K 1 r0 (25)
where:

Kr is a correction factor depending on axial load

K is a factor for taking account of creep
1 r0   yd  0.45d 
 yd  f yd Es
d is the effective depth
If all reinforcement is not concentrated on opposite sides, but part of it is distributed parallel to
the plane of bending, d is defined as

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d   h 2  is (26)
where is is the radius of gyration of the total reinforcement area

K r in Expression (18) should be taken as:

Kr   nu  n   nu  nbal   1 (27)
where:

n  N Ed  Ac fcd  , relative axial force

N Ed is the design value of axial force
nu  1 
nbal is the value of n at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used
  As f yd  Ac fcd 
As is the total area of reinforcement
Ac is the area of concrete cross section
The effect of creep should be taken into account by the following factor

K  1  ef  1 (28)
where:

ef is the effective creep ratio

  0.35  f ck 200   150
 is the slenderness ratio

4.8.4. DETAILING RULES FOR COLUMNS ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992:2015

Longitudinal Reinforcement

 Bars should have a diameter of not less than min and the recommended value of min is 8
mm.
 The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than As ,min and the
recommended value is
0.1NEd (29)
As,min  or 0.002 Ac whichever is the greater
fyd
Where:

fyd Is the design yield strength of the reinforcement

NEd Is the design axial compression force

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 The area of reinforcement should not exceed As ,max . The recommended value of As ,max is
0.04 Ac outside lap locations unless it can be shown that the integrity of concrete is not
affected, and that the full strength is achieved at ULS. This limit should be increased to
0.08 Ac at laps.
 For columns having a polygonal cross-section, at least one bar should be placed at each
corner. The number of longitudinal bas in a circular column should not be less than four.

Transverse reinforcement

 The diameter of the transverse reinforcements should not be less than 6 mm or one
quarter of the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater. The
diameter of the wires or welded mesh fabric for transverse reinforcement should not be
less than 5 mm.
 The transverse reinforcement should be anchored adequately.
 The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed S cl ,t max .
The recommended value of S cl ,t max is the least of the following three distances:
 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
 The lesser dimension of the column
 400 mm
 Every longitudinal bar or bundle of bars placed in a corner should be held by transverse
reinforcement. No bar within a compression zone should be further than 150 mm from a
restrained bar.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 4.1: [Column Interaction Chart]

Draw the interaction diagram for a given column if the column is made up of C25/30 and S460, Show at
least a minimum of 6 points in the interaction diagram.

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 6800 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 6800∗400
𝜔= = = 0.96
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1666∗400∗400

Solution
Step 1. Material property
Concrete

C25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑚𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑚𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎

Rebar

𝑆 − 460

𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460 𝑚𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎

𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 2‰

1
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Step 2. Interaction diagram points

a) Pure axial compression

𝜀𝑠1 = 𝜀𝑠2 = 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 𝟐‰ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

1
𝛼𝑐 = (125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑐𝑚 2 ) = 1
189

𝐶𝑐 = 1 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 2833.333 𝐾𝑁

40 (𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − = 0.5 𝛽𝑐 ℎ = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
7 125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑐𝑚 2

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝑝 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 2833.33 + 1360 + 1360 = 5553.333 𝐾𝑁

Find moment at center of cross-section

2
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑀 = 0 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑃 5553.333 ∗ 103
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = = 1.96
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = =0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2

b) Point between pure compression and on set of cracking

Assume 𝜀𝑐𝑚 to be 3‰ by similarity of triangle 𝜺𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑‰ 𝜺𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟑‰

𝜀𝑠1 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠1 = 226.667 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑠2 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎

1
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 𝛼𝑐 = (125 + 64 ∗ 3 − 16 ∗ 32 ) = 0.91534
189

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.91534 ∗ 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 2593.474 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠 = 3400 ∗ 226.667 = 770.666 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 4724.1406 𝐾𝑁

40 (𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − = 0.467
7 125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑐𝑚 2

𝛽𝑐 ℎ = 233.484 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

3
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

250 − 233.484
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 − 𝐶𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 131.232 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑃 4724.1406 ∗ 103
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = = 1.667
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀 131.2339 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.0926
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 5002

C) On set cracking

From similarity of triangle 𝜺𝒔𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ‰ 𝜺𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖‰

𝜀𝑠1 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠1 = 140 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑠2 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎

1
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 𝛼𝑐 = (125 + 64 ∗ 3.5 − 16 ∗ 3.52 ) = 0.8095
189
4
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.8095 ∗ 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 2293.6508 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠 = 3400 ∗ 140 = 476 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 4129.6508 𝐾𝑁

40 (𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − = 0.41596 𝛽𝑐 ℎ = 207.983 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
7 125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑐𝑚 2

250 − 207.983
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 − 𝐶𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 228.972 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑃 4129.6508 ∗ 103
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = = 1.4575
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀 228.972 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.16163
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 5002

D) Balanced failure

From similarity of triangle

𝑥 3.5
𝜺𝒔𝟏 = 𝟐 ‰ 𝜺𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐‰ 𝐾𝑥 = = = 0.6363 𝑋 = 254.545𝑚𝑚
𝑑 3.5 + 2
𝜀𝑠1 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑠2 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎

3 ∗ 3.5 − 2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 𝛼𝑐 = ∗ 0.6363 = 0.5151
3 ∗ 3.5

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.5151 ∗ 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 1167.559 𝐾𝑁

5
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠1 = 1167.559 𝐾𝑁

3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2
𝛽𝑐 = ∗ 0.6363 = 0.26467 𝛽𝑐 𝑑 = 105.871 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

250 − 105.871
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 + 𝑇𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 576.279 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑃 1167.559 ∗ 103
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.412
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀 576.279 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.4067
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 5002

E) Between balanced and pure bending

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜺𝒔𝟏 = 𝟒‰

From similarity of triangle

𝑥 3.5
𝜀𝑠1 = 4 ‰ 𝜀𝑠2 = 1.625 ‰ 𝐾𝑥 = = = 0.4666 𝑋 = 186.667𝑚𝑚
𝑑 3.5 + 4
𝜀𝑠1 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑠2 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠2 = 325 𝑚𝑝𝑎

3 ∗ 3.5 − 2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 𝛼𝑐 = ∗ 0.4666 = 0.3777
3 ∗ 3.5

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.3777 ∗ 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 856.296 𝐾𝑁

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

6
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠 = 3400 ∗ 325 = 1105 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠1 = 601.296 𝐾𝑁

3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2
𝛽𝑐 = ∗ 0.4666 = 0.194117 𝛽𝑐 𝑑 = 77.6469 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

250 − 77.6469
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 + 𝑇𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 517.3352 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑃 601.296 ∗ 103
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2122
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀 517.3352 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.365
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 5002

F) Pure bending

Assume 𝜺𝒔𝟏 > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 𝜺𝒔𝟐 < 𝜺𝒚𝒅 𝑺𝒐 𝒇𝒔𝟏 = 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝒇𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝜺𝒔𝟐

3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 2.8333

𝐾𝑥 = 𝛼𝑐 = ∗ 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝜀𝑠1 + 3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝜀𝑠1 + 3.5
2.8333
= ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝜀𝑠1 + 3.5

6422.146
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐾𝑁
𝜀𝑠1 + 3.5

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠 = 3400 ∗ 200 ∗ 𝜀𝑠2 = 680𝜀𝑠2

7
Chapter 4: Columns Example
 Reinforced Concrete Structures II

3.5 1400
Next relate 𝜀𝑠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠2 𝑥 = ( ) ∗ 400 =
𝜀𝑠1 +3.5 𝜀𝑠1 +3.5

3675−350𝜀𝑠1 3675−350𝜀𝑠1 2499000−238000𝜀𝑠1

From similarity of triangle 𝜀𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑜 𝐶𝑠2 = 680 ( )=
1400 1400 1400

6421.146 2499000 − 238000𝜀𝑠1

𝑃= + − 1360 = 0
𝜀𝑠1 + 3.5 1400

𝜀𝑠1 = 6.339‰ 𝐾𝑥 = 0.3557 𝛼𝑐 = 0.28796 𝐶𝑐 = 652.731 𝐾𝑁 𝐶𝑠2

= 707.37 𝐾𝑁 𝑇𝑠 = 1360 𝐾𝑁

250 − 59.1836
𝑀 = 652.731 ∗ ( ) + 707.37 ∗ 0.15 + 1360 ∗ 0.15 = 434.657 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000
𝑃 0
𝒱𝑠𝑑 = = =0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.16666 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

𝑀 434.657 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.3068
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2 14.1666 ∗ 400 ∗ 5002

Interaction diagram
2.5

1.5
Vsd

1 interaction diagram

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Msd

8
Chapter 4: Columns Example
Example 4.1 [Uni-axial Column Design]

1. Design the braced short column to sustain a design load of 1100 KN and a design moment of
160KNm which include all other effects .Use C25/30 and S460 class 1 works
𝑑′
Take = 0.1 and section 270 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐻

Solution

Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2-Determine the normalized axial and bending moment value

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1100 ∗ 103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.639
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 270 ∗ 450
𝑚𝑠𝑑 160 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2065
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 270 ∗ 4502

𝑑′
Step 3-Using 𝐻
= 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from uniaxial interaction chart for
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.639 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2065

From interaction chart 𝜔 = 0.3

 𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.3 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 270 ∗ 450
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1290.937 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1290.937
𝐴= = = 645.468 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 275 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂𝐾!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 270 ∗ 450 = 𝑂𝐾!

Step 4- Detailing

𝑈𝑠𝑒 4∅16 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Example 4.2 [Biaxial column design]
Determine the longitudinal reinforcement for corner column of size 400*400 mm and the design
factored moment and axial force of
𝑃 = 1360 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,ℎ = 200 𝐾𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = 100 𝐾𝑁𝑚
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Use C25/30 and S460 class 1 work take = = 0.1
ℎ 𝑏

Solution

Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2- Determine the normalized axial and bending moment value

𝑝 1360∗103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.6
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667∗400∗400

𝑚𝑠𝑑 200 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,ℎ = = = 0.2206
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002

𝑚𝑠𝑑 100 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = = = 0.1103
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑑𝑏 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002

𝑑′ 𝑏′
Step 3- Find 𝜔 using 𝑑
=
𝐵
= 0.1 , 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.6 ,
𝜇𝑠𝑑,ℎ = 0.2206 ,
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = 0.1103

From biaxial chart 𝜔 = 0.6

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.6 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 3400 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 340 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑶𝑲!
Step 4- Detailing

3400
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∅24 𝑛 = = 7.52 𝑠𝑜 𝑈𝑠𝑒 8∅24
452.16
Example 4.3 [Column]
Determine whether the column CD is slender or not, if it is subjected t loads shown below.
Consider the frame to be non-sway
Use C25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.1667 𝑚𝑝𝑎

Solution
Step 1- Slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
 𝑚01 −34.4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.5 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.5) = 2.2
𝑚02 68.8

𝑁𝑒𝑑 516 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.227647
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.2
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 71.0088
√0.227647

Step 2-Find the slenderness of the column

2.1 Effective length

For Braced member
𝐾1 𝐾2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + ] [1 + ]
0.5 + 𝐾1 0.5 + 𝐾2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐾𝑖 =
2(2 𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

400 ∗ 4003
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12

250 ∗ 5003
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 2604166667 𝑚𝑚4
12

2133333333𝐸
𝐾1 = 6 = 0.2048
2 ∗ 2604166667𝐸
2( )
6

For fixed restraint K=0 but in reality we cannot provide a fully fixed support so use 𝐾2 = 0.1
0.2048 0.1
𝑙0 = 0.5 ∗ 6000√[1 + ] [1 + ] = 3736.7187 𝑚𝑚
0.5 + 0.2048 0.5 + 0.1

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2133333333
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 115.470 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 160000
3736.7187
ƛ= = 32.361 𝑚𝑚
115.470
ƛ < ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Example 4.4 [Column Design]
Design the braced column to resist an axial load of 950 KN and a moment of Msd =115 KNM at
the top and Msd =-95 KNM at the bottom as shown below .length of the column is 5.5 m and
cross-section of 300*300 mm use C25/30 and S460 take Le=0.66L

Solution
Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2- Check slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
𝑚01 −95
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.826 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.826) = 2.526
𝑚02 115

𝑁𝑒𝑑 950 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.745
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 300
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.526
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 45.066
√0.745

Step 3-Slenderess
𝑙𝑜 𝐼 675000000
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 86.6025 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 90000
 0.66 ∗ 5500
ƛ= = 41.915 𝑚𝑚
86.6025
ƛ < ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕

Step 4- accidental eccentricity

𝑙𝑜 3630
𝑒𝑎 = = = 9.075 𝑚𝑚
400 400

Step 5- Equivalent first order eccentricity

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 115 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 121.052 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 950 ∗ 103
𝑀01 95 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 950 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 48.4208 mm
0.4𝑒02

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 9.075 + 48.4208 + 0 = 57.4958 𝑚𝑚

𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 = 121.052 + 9.075 = 130.127 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 130.127 𝑚𝑚

Step 6- Design
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 950 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 123.62 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑝 950 ∗ 103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.745
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 300
𝑚𝑠𝑑 123.62 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.3232
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 3002

𝑑′
Using = 0.15 read the mechanical steel ratio from uniaxial interaction chart for
𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.745
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.3232
𝜔 = 0.79

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.79 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 300 ∗ 300

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 2518.125 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2518.125
𝐴= = = 1259.0625 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 237.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂𝐾!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 300 ∗ 300 = 7200 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅20 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4∅20 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Step 7- Detailing
Example 4.5 [Column]
Design the braced column if it is subjected to the following loading .the column has total length
of 6 m. Le=0.7L
Use C25/30 and S460
If the column is slender .compute the total design moment using
a) Nominal curvature
b) Nominal stiffness
𝑑′
Use 400*400 mm section = 0.1 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) = 2
𝑑

Solution
Step 1. Material data
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑝𝑎

Step 2- Check slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
 𝑚01 140
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = =1 𝐶 = 1.7 − (1) = 0.7
𝑚02 140

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.72794
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.7
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 12.63487
√0.72794

Step 3-slenderess

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2133333333
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 115.470 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 160000
0.7 ∗ 6000
ƛ= = 36.373 𝑚𝑚
115.470
ƛ > ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕

Step 4- accidental eccentricity

𝑙𝑜 4200
𝑒𝑎 = = = 10.5 𝑚𝑚
400 400

Step 5- Equivalent first order eccentricity

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 140 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 84.848 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝑀01 140 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = 84.848 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 84.848 mm
0.4𝑒02

Step 6- Calculate the second order moment

a) Using Nominal curvature method
1 𝑙𝑜 2
𝑒2 = ⁄ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑟 𝐶
1 1
= 𝐾𝑟 𝐾∅ 𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑟 𝑟𝑜
∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) ≤ 2 𝑶𝑲
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0 𝑖𝑓 {𝑀 ƛ ≤ 75 𝑶𝑲
𝑜𝑒𝑑
≥ℎ 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲
𝑁𝑒𝑑
 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 )
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑆𝐿𝑆)
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑈𝐿𝑆)

𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝 70
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) =2∗ =1
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 140
𝑓
𝛽 = 0.35 + 𝑐𝑘⁄200 − ƛ⁄150 = 0.35 + 25⁄200 − 36.375⁄150 = 0.2325
𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 0.2325 ∗ 1 = 1.2325
1 𝜀𝑦𝑑 2 ∗ 10−3
= = = 123456 ∗ 10−5 𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑟𝑜 0.45𝑑 360
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 𝑛 = =
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.166 ∗ 4002
= 0.72974 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

For first iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 0 = 95.348 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 157.3242 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 157.3242 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.17352
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.1752 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.25
𝑑
So
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.25 − 0.72794)
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.25 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.614
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.25 − 0.4)
1
= 0.614 ∗ 1.2325 ∗ 1.23456 ∗ 10−5 = 9.3456 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
1 2
𝑒2 = 4200 ⁄10 = 16.485 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For Second iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 16.485 = 111.833 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 184.525 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2035 𝜔 = 0.35

(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.35 − 0.72794)

𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.35 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.6548
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.35 − 0.4)
1
= 0.6548 ∗ 1.2325 ∗ 1.23456 ∗ 10−5 = 9.9634 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
 1 42002
𝑒2 = ⁄10 = 17.575 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For their iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 17.575 = 112.923 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 186.323 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2055 𝜔 = 0.35

The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 .

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓∅𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

.
b) Using Nominal stiffness method

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑚 30
𝐸𝑐𝑑 = = = 25 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐𝑒 1.2
Initially let us assume 𝝆 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
𝐾𝑠 = 0 𝐾𝑐 = 0.3⁄1 + 0.5∅
𝑒𝑓𝑓
 ∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 𝐾𝑐 = 0.2
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 0.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 = 1.06667 ∗ 1013
П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.06667 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 5968.01475 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002
Nb= Buckling load based on nominal stiffness

𝛽
Design moment 𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + 𝑁𝑏 ]
( ⁄𝑁 )−1
𝑒𝑑
2
𝛽 = П ⁄𝑐𝑜
𝑐𝑜 = 8
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 = 140 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (5968.01475⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 205.999 𝐾𝑁𝑚

For first iteration neglecting accidental eccentricity

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 205.999 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2272
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2272 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.4
𝑑

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.4 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 2266.666 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2266.666
𝐴= = = 1133.333 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 1133.333
𝜌= = = 7.870 ∗ 10−3 𝜌 < 0.01
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360

We cannot use the simplified method

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌 > 0.002 𝐾𝑠 = 1

𝐾𝐾
𝐾𝑐 = 1 2⁄
(1 + ∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝑓
𝐾1 = √ 𝑐𝑘⁄20 = 1.11803
 ƛ
𝐾2 = 𝑛 ≤ 0.2
170
𝑁𝑒𝑑
𝑛= = 0.72794
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐾2 = 0.2 𝑆𝑜 𝐾𝑐 = 0.111803

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∗ [1133.333(360 − 200)2 ] = 58026666.67 𝑚𝑚2

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
= 0.111803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103
∗ 58026666.6
𝐸𝐼 = 1.756816 ∗ 1013

П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.756816 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 9829.40982 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002

𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (9829.40982⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 174.842 𝐾𝑁𝑚

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀 = 174.842 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 192.167 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 192.167 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.212
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.212 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.35
𝑑

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.333 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 991.666
𝜌= = = 6.886 ∗ 10−3 𝜌 > 0.002
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360

Second Iteration
 𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∗ [991.666(360 − 200)2 ] = 50773333.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
= 0.111803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103
∗ 50773333.3
𝐸𝐼 = 1.611749 ∗ 1013

П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.611749 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 9017.7598 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002

𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (9017.7598⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑲𝑵𝒎

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀 = 178.679 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 196.004 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 196.004 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.216
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.216 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.35
𝑑

The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝜔 = 0.35 .

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓∅𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

Step 7- Detailing
 Reinforced concrete structures II

4.5 Column Design

A non-sway column AB of 300*450 cross-section resists at ultimate limit state, an axial load of
1700 KN and end moment of 90 KNM and 10 KNM in the X direction ,60 KNM and 27 KNM in
the Y direction causing double curvature about both axes. The column is braced with beams as
shown in the figure. The concrete used Is C25/30 and rebar S500.

Take ∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1

Step 1: Material data

0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
500
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 434.7826 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝜖𝑦𝑑 = 2.1739‰

1
Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

2
Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

Step 2- Check slenderness limit

2.1 In the X direction

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
𝑚01 −27
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.45
𝑚02 60
𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.45) = 2.15

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1700 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.8888
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 450
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.15
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 35.11845
√0.8888

2.1.1 Effective length

For Braced member
𝐾1 𝐾2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + ] [1 + ]
0.5 + 𝐾1 0.5 + 𝐾2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐾𝑖 =
∑(2 𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

450 ∗ 3003
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 1012500000 𝑚𝑚4
12

250 ∗ 4003
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = 1333333333 𝑚𝑚4
12

1012500000𝐸
𝐾1 = 4500 = 0.2025
2 ∗ 1333333333𝐸 2 ∗ 1333333333𝐸
( + )
4000 6000

450 ∗ 3003
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 1012500000 𝑚𝑚4
12

250 ∗ 3503
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = 893229166.7 𝑚𝑚4
12

3
Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

1012500000𝐸
𝐾2 = 4500 = 0.30227
2 ∗ 893229166.7𝐸 2 ∗ 893229166.7𝐸
( + )
4000 6000

0.2025 0.30227
𝑙0 = 0.5 ∗ 4500√[1 + ] [1 + ] = 2996.5021 𝑚𝑚
0.5 + 0.2025 0.5 + 0.30227

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 1012500000
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 86.6025 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 135000
2996.5021
ƛ= = 34.6006
86.6025
ƛ < ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

2.2 In the Y direction

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
𝑚01 −10
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.111 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.111) = 1.8111
𝑚02 90

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1700 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.8888
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 450
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.8111
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 29.58299
√0.8888

2.2.1 Effective length

For Braced member
𝐾1 𝐾2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + ] [1 + ]
0.5 + 𝐾1 0.5 + 𝐾2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐾𝑖 =
∑(2 𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

300 ∗ 4503
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 2278125000 𝑚𝑚4
12

200 ∗ 3003
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 450000000 𝑚𝑚4
12
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Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

2278125000𝐸
𝐾1 = 9000 = 0.625
2 ∗ 450000000𝐸 2 ∗ 450000000𝐸
( + )
5000 4000

300 ∗ 4503
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 2278125000 𝑚𝑚4
12

250 ∗ 3503
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = 893229166.7 𝑚𝑚4
12

2278125000𝐸
𝐾2 = 9000 = 0.31486
2 ∗ 893229166.7𝐸 2 ∗ 893229166.7𝐸
( + )
5000 4000

0.625 0.31486
𝑙0 = 0.5 ∗ 9000√[1 + ] [1 + ] = 6608.4435 𝑚𝑚
0.5 + 0.625 0.5 + 0.31486

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2278125000
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 129.9038 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 135000
6608.4435
ƛ= = 50.871
129.9038
ƛ > ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏

Step 3. Accidental eccentricity

3.1 In the X direction

𝑙𝑜 3176.688
𝑒𝑎 = = = 7.94172 𝑚𝑚
400 400

3.2 In the Y direction

𝑙𝑜 6608.4435
𝑒𝑎 = = = 16.52111 𝑚𝑚
400 400

Step 4. Equivalent first order eccentricity

4.1 In the X direction
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 60 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 35.294117 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103

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Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

𝑀01 −27 ∗ 106

𝑒01 = = = −15.882353 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 14.823 mm
0.4𝑒02

4.2 In the Y direction

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 90 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 52.94117 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
𝑀01 −10 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = −5.88235 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 29.412 mm
0.4𝑒02

Step 5. Second order moment

5.1 In the X direction
Because the column is short 𝑒2 = 0

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 7.94172 + 14.823 + 0 = 22.76475 𝑚𝑚

𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 = 35.294117 + 7.94172 = 43.2358 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 43.2358 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 73.501 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 73.501 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = = = 0.12758
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 450 ∗ 3002
5.2 In the Y direction

Calculate the second order moment using either Nominal curvature or Nominal
stiffness method
Using Nominal curvature method
1 𝑙𝑜 2
𝑒2 = ⁄ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑟 𝐶
1 1
= 𝐾𝑟 𝐾∅ 𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑟 𝑟𝑜
𝑓𝑐𝑘⁄ ƛ 25 50.871⁄
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − ⁄150 = 0.35 + ⁄200 − 150 = 0.13586
𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 0.13586 ∗ 1 = 1.13586
1 𝜀𝑦𝑑 2.173913 ∗ 10−3
= = = 1.19282 ∗ 10−5 𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑟𝑜 0.45𝑑 0.45 ∗ 405
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛)
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 )
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Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1700 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.8888 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.166 ∗ 450 ∗ 300

For first iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 16.52111 + 29.412 + 0 = 45.933 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1700 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 78.0862 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 78.0862 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = = = 0.0907
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 4502

ℎ′ 𝑏′
*Using = = 0.10 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart for
ℎ 𝑏
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0907 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.12758
Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝜔 = 0.28
So
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.28 − 0.8888)
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.28 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.444
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.28 − 0.4)
1
= 0.444 ∗ 1.13586 ∗ 1.19282 ∗ 10−5 = 6.02167 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
1 2
𝑒2 = 6608.4435 ⁄10 = 26.29757 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For Second iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 16.52111 + 29.412 + 26.29757 = 72.2306 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1700 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 122.7922 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 122.7922 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = = = 0.142677
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 4502

ℎ′ 𝑏′
*Using = = 0.10 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart for
ℎ 𝑏
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.142677 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.12758
Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝜔 = 0.61
So
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.61 − 0.8888)
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.25 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.59596
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.61 − 0.4)
1
= 0.59596 ∗ 1.13586 ∗ 1.19282 ∗ 10−5 = 8.074616 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
1 2
𝑒2 = 6608.4435 ⁄10 = 35.26308 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For 3rd iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 16.52111 + 29.412 + 35.26308 = 81.1962 𝑚𝑚
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Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1700 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 138.0335 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 138.0335 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = = = 0.1604
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 4502

ℎ′ 𝑏′
*Using = = 0.10 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart for
ℎ 𝑏
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1604 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.12758
Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝜔 = 0.656
So
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.656 − 0.8888)
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.25 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.61075
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.656 − 0.4)
1
= 0.61075 ∗ 1.13586 ∗ 1.19282 ∗ 10−5 = 8.275016 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
1 2
𝑒2 = 6608.4435 ⁄10 = 36.13825 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For 4th iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 16.52111 + 29.412 + 36.13825 = 82.07136 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1700 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 139.521 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 138.0335 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = = = 0.1621
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 4502
ℎ′ 𝑏′
*Using = = 0.10 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart for
ℎ 𝑏
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1621 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.12758
Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝜔 = 0.65

The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.65 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 300 ∗ 450

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 2859.187 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 434.7826
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2859.187
𝐴= = = 714.7968 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 391 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 = 10800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

8
Chapter 4. Column Design
 Reinforced concrete structures II

Using ∅𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟔∅𝟏𝟔

 Check using nominal stiffness method and compere the results.

9
Chapter 4. Column Design