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Power Notes Original

The document discusses different types of switched mode power converters including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It describes the operating principles, steady state analysis, and control techniques of these converters. Key aspects covered include average output voltage calculation, continuous and discontinuous conduction modes, and pulse width modulation control.

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Pascal UZABAKIRIHO

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

25 views560 pages

Power Notes Original

Uploaded by

Pascal UZABAKIRIHO

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Switched Mode Power Converters

(EE364)

S6-EEE

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 73
Module 1 - Overview I
1 Introduction
2 Control of DC-DC Converters
3 Buck Converter
Continuous Conduction Mode
Boundary between CCM and DCM
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo
Output Voltage Ripple
4 Boost Converter
Continuous Conduction Mode
Boundary between CCM and DCM
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Output Voltage Ripple
Effect of Parasitic Elements
5 Buck-Boost Converter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 73
Module 1 - Overview II
Continuous Conduction Mode
Boundary between CCM and DCM
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Output Voltage Ripple
Effect of Parasitic Elements

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 73
1. Introduction

DC-DC Converters : Unregulated dc input → Controlled dc output

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 73
1. Introduction

DC-DC Converters : Unregulated dc input → Controlled dc output

Regulated switch-mode DC power supplies

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 73
1. Introduction

DC-DC Converters : Unregulated dc input → Controlled dc output

Regulated switch-mode DC power supplies
DC motor drives

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 73
1. Introduction

DC-DC Converters : Unregulated dc input → Controlled dc output

Regulated switch-mode DC power supplies
DC motor drives

Figure 1 : DC-DC Converter System

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 73
1. Introduction

Assumptions
Steady State Analysis

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 73
1. Introduction

Assumptions
Steady State Analysis
Ideal Switches

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 73
1. Introduction

Assumptions
Steady State Analysis
Ideal Switches
Losses in inductive and capacitive elements are neglected

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 73
1. Introduction

Assumptions
Steady State Analysis
Ideal Switches
Losses in inductive and capacitive elements are neglected
DC input voltage to the converter is assumed to have zero internal
impedance

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 73
1. Introduction

Assumptions
Steady State Analysis
Ideal Switches
Losses in inductive and capacitive elements are neglected
DC input voltage to the converter is assumed to have zero internal
impedance
Filter at output side of the converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 73
2. Control of DC-DC Converters
DC output voltage is controlled to equal a desired level, though the
input voltage and the output load may fluctuate

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 73
2. Control of DC-DC Converters
DC output voltage is controlled to equal a desired level, though the
input voltage and the output load may fluctuate
ton and toff
Ts = ton + toff
Vo = Average output voltage
vo = Instantaneous output voltage

Constant switching frequency (fsw ) =⇒ Constant Ts

Adjusting ton to control average output voltage
Duty Ratio (D) is varied
D = ton / Ts

Constant switching frequency (fsw ) =⇒ Constant Ts

Adjusting ton to control average output voltage
Duty Ratio (D) is varied
D = ton / Ts
2 By varying both fsw and ton
Ts and D are varied
Used only in dc-dc converters with force-commutated thyristors
Variation in fsw → difficult to filter ripple components in the output.
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 73
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching

Gate signals are generated by comparing vcontrol with repetitive waveform

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 73
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching

Gate signals are generated by comparing vcontrol with repetitive waveform

Repetitive waveform
Sawtooth waveform
Constant peak
fsw
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 73
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 73
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching

When vcontrol > vst → Switch is ON

When vcontrol < vst → Switch is OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 73
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching

When vcontrol > vst → Switch is ON

When vcontrol < vst → Switch is OFF
Duty Ratio

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 73
3. Buck Converter
Step-down converter
Vo < Vd

Figure 2 : Buck Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 73
3. Buck Converter

Figure 3 : Output Voltage

Figure 4 : Frequency spectrum of voi

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 73
3. Buck Converter
Average output voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 73
3. Buck Converter
Average output voltage

Vo can be controlled by varying D

Vo varies linearly with the control voltage (vcontrol )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 73
3. Buck Converter
Average output voltage

Vo can be controlled by varying D

Vo varies linearly with the control voltage (vcontrol )
Diode helps to dissipate the stored energy in inductor

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 73
3. Buck Converter
Average output voltage

Vo can be controlled by varying D

Vo varies linearly with the control voltage (vcontrol )
Diode helps to dissipate the stored energy in inductor
Output voltage fluctuates between 0 and Vd
Output voltage fluctuations are diminished by using a low-pass filter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 73
3. Buck Converter

Operation
When switch is ON
Diode becomes revere biased
Input provides energy to load & inductor
When switch is OFF
Inductor current flows through diode and load

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 73
3. Buck Converter

Operation
When switch is ON
Diode becomes revere biased
Input provides energy to load & inductor
When switch is OFF
Inductor current flows through diode and load
If filter capacitor is very high =⇒ vo u Vo
Average Inductor current = Average output current (Io )
Since average capacitor current in steady state is zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 73
3. Buck Converter

Figure 5 :

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Inductor current, iL (t) flows continuously
iL (t) > 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Inductor current, iL (t) flows continuously
iL (t) > 0
Operation
When Switch is ON
Diode becomes reverse biased
vL = Vd − Vo
Linear increase in iL
When Switch is OFF
iL continues to flow due to inductor stored energy
iL flows through diode
vL = −Vo

Figure 6 : Buck Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) (a)
Switched Mode Switch
Power ON (b) Switch OFF
Converters 15 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Integral of inductor voltage (vL ) over one time period (Ts ) must be
zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Integral of inductor voltage (vL ) over one time period (Ts ) must be
zero

Areas A and B must be equal

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Integral of inductor voltage (vL ) over one time period (Ts ) must be
zero

Areas A and B must be equal

Output voltage varies linearly with the duty ratio of the switch for a
given input voltage and it does not depend on any other circuit
parameter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Neglecting the power losses,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 73
3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
Neglecting the power losses,

In continuous-conduction mode, Buck converter is equivalent to a

dc voltage regulator where duty ratio can be continuously controlled
electronically in a range of 0 to 1.
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 73
3.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

iL goes to zero at the end of OFF period

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 73
3.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

Boundary condition

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 73
3.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

Boundary condition

With a given set of values for Ts , Vd , Vo , L and D, if the average

inductor current (IL ) becomes less than ILB , then iL will become
discontinuous.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 73
3.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Modes
Constant input voltage (Vd )
Constant output voltage (Vo )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

DC motor speed control

Vd remains constant & Vo is controlled by adjusting the converter duty
ratio D
Average inductor current at the edge of continuous-conduction mode

Io required for a continuous conduction mode is maximum at D = 0.5

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 22 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

DC motor speed control

Vd remains constant & Vo is controlled by adjusting the converter duty
ratio D
Average inductor current at the edge of continuous-conduction mode

Io required for a continuous conduction mode is maximum at D = 0.5

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 22 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 23 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Operation
Assume that initially converter is operating at the edge of continuous
conduction for given values of T, L, Vd , and D
Decrease output load power (i.e. increase load resistance)
Then IL will decrease
Higher value of Vo than before and results in a discontinuous inductor
current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period = 0

where D + ∆1 < 1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period = 0

where D + ∆1 < 1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

Figure 7 : Step-down converter characteristics keeping Vd constant

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

In figure 7, voltage ratio (Vo /Vd ) is plotted as a function of (Io /ILB,max )

for various values of duty ratio (D)
Dashed curve shows the boundary between continuous and discontinuous
modes.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo
In regulated dc power supplies, Vd may fluctuate but Vo is kept
constant by adjusting the duty ratio (D)
Average inductor current (ILB ) at the edge of the continuous conduction
mode is

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo
In regulated dc power supplies, Vd may fluctuate but Vo is kept
constant by adjusting the duty ratio (D)
Average inductor current (ILB ) at the edge of the continuous conduction
mode is

If Vo is kept constant, the maximum value of ILB occurs at D = 0

Converter operation with D = 0 and a finite Vd is hypothetical

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo

For the converter operation where Vo is kept constant, the required

duty ratio (D) can be obtained as

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo

For the converter operation where Vo is kept constant, the required

duty ratio (D) can be obtained as

The duty ratio (D) as a function of Io /ILB,max is plotted in figure 8 for

various values of (Vd /Vo ) keeping Vo constant
Dashed curve shows the boundary between continuous and discontinuous
modes.
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 73
Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vo

Figure 8 : Step-down converter characteristics keeping Vo constant

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 73
3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

Figure 9 : Output voltage ripple in Buck Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 32 / 73
3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

Assumption : If output capacitor is so large, vo (t) = Vo

But in practical circuits, there will be ripple in the output voltage
The shaded area in figure 9 represents an additional charge ∆Q
For a continuous conduction mode of operation, assuming that all of
the ripple component in iL flows through the capacitor and its average
component flows through the load resistor, peak to peak voltage ripple
(∆Vo ) can be calculated as

During toff

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 73
3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

Assumption : If output capacitor is so large, vo (t) = Vo

During toff

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 73
3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

where fs = Switching frequency and fc = Corner frequency of LPF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 73
3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

where fs = Switching frequency and fc = Corner frequency of LPF

Voltage ripple can be minimized by selecting a corner frequency (fc ) of
the low-pass filter at the output such that fc << fs

Voltage ripple is independent of the output load power, so long as the

converter operates in the continuous conduction mode
In switch-mode dc power supplies, the percentage ripple in the output
voltage is usually specified to be less than 1%
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 73
4. Boost Converter

Regulated DC Power Supplies and Regenerative Braking of DC

Motors
Output voltage is always greater than the input voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 73
4. Boost Converter

Regulated DC Power Supplies and Regenerative Braking of DC

Motors
Output voltage is always greater than the input voltage
Operation
When switch is ON
Diode is reversed biased
Output stage is isolated
Input supplies energy to the inductor
When switch is OFF
Output stage receives energy from the inductor as well as from the input
In steady state analysis, the output filter capacitor is assumed to be
very large to ensure a constant output voltage ie, vo (t) = Vo

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 73
4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Figure 10 : Boost Converter

Figure 11 : CCM (a) When Switch is ON (b) When Switch is OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 73
4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
CCM → Inductor current flows continuously ie, iL (t) > 0
In steady state, the time integral of the inductor voltage over one time
period must be zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 73
4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
CCM → Inductor current flows continuously ie, iL (t) > 0
In steady state, the time integral of the inductor voltage over one time
period must be zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 73
4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

iL goes to zero at the end of OFF interval

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary (ILB )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary (ILB )

In Boost converter, inductor & input currents are same. ie, iL = id

Average output current at the edge of continuous conduction,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary (ILB )

In Boost converter, inductor & input currents are same. ie, iL = id

Average output current at the edge of continuous conduction,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Keeping Vo constant and varying the duty ratio (D) imply that the
input voltage (Vd ) is varying
ILB reaches maximum value at D = 0.5

IoB has its maximum at D = 1/3 = 0.333

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 73
4.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

For a given D, with constant Vo , if the average load current (Io )

drops below (IoB ), OR (iL < iLB ), the current conduction will become
discontinuous

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Figure 12 : Boost converter at discontinuous conduction

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Assume that as the output load power decreases, Vd and D remain

constant
Discontinuous current conduction occurs due to decreased Po (=Pd )
and hence a lower IL (=Id ) since Vd is constant
iLpeak is same in both modes. Hence a lower value of IL (and hence a
discontinuous iL ) is possible only if Vo goes up
Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Assume that as the output load power decreases, Vd and D remain

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Since Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Since Pd = Po

Average input current (Id ) = Average inductor current (IL )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Since Pd = Po

Average input current (Id ) = Average inductor current (IL )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Since Vo is held constant and D varies in response to the variation in
Vd ,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Since Vo is held constant and D varies in response to the variation in
Vd ,

In discontinuous mode, if Vo is not controlled during each switching

time period, energy will be transferred from the input to the output
capacitor and to the load

If the load is not able to absorb this energy, the capacitor voltage Vc
(= Vo ) would increase until an energy balance is established. If the
load becomes very light, the increase in Vo , may cause a capacitor
breakdown or a dangerously high voltage to occur.
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 73
4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 73
4.4 Output Voltage Ripple

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 73
4.4 Output Voltage Ripple
Assume that all the ripple current component of the diode current (iD )
flows through the capacitor and it’s average value flows through the
load resistor

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 73
4.4 Output Voltage Ripple
Assume that all the ripple current component of the diode current (iD )
flows through the capacitor and it’s average value flows through the
load resistor

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 73
4.5 Effect of Parasitic Elements

Figure 13 : Effect of parasitic elements on D

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 73
4.5 Effect of Parasitic Elements

Parasitic elements are due to the losses associated with the inductor,
capacitor, switch and the diode
Unlike ideal characteristic, in practice, (Vo /Vd ) declines as ‘D’ approaches
unity
Very poor switch utilization at high values of duty ratio

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 73
Problem

Q) In a step-up converter, the duty ratio is adjusted to regulate the output

voltage at 48 V. The input voltage varies in a wide range from 12 to 36 V.
The maximum power output is 120 W. For stability reasons, it is required
that the converter always operate in a discontinuous-current-conduction
mode. The switching frequency is 50 kHz. Assuming ideal components
and C as very large, calculate the maximum value of L that can be used.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 73
Problem

Q) In a step-up converter, the duty ratio is adjusted to regulate the output

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 73
5. Buck-Boost Converter

Regulated DC power supplies

Negative polarity output with respect to the common terminal of the
input voltage
Output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage
Cascade connection of Buck and Boost converters → Buck-Boost
Converter

Output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage, based
on the duty ratio

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 73
5. Buck-Boost Converter

Figure 14 : Buck-Boost Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 73
5. Buck-Boost Converter

Operation
When switch is ON
Input provides energy to the inductor
Diode is reverse biased
When switch is OFF
Energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the output
No energy is supplied by the input

In steady-state analysis, the output capacitor is assumed to be very

large =⇒ vo (t) = Vo

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 73
5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 73
5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Figure 15 : Buck-Boost Converter : Figure 16 : Buck-Boost Converter :

Switch is ON Switch is OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 73
5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Inductor current flows continuously

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero =⇒

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 73
5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Inductor current flows continuously

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero =⇒

Assuming Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 73
5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Inductor current flows continuously

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero =⇒

Assuming Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
iL goes to zero at the end of OFF period

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary

Average output current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary

Average output current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM
Average inductor current at boundary

Average output current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

ILB and Io result in their maximum values at D = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

ILB and Io result in their maximum values at D = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 73
5.2 Boundary between CCM and DCM

ILB and Io result in their maximum values at D = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 73
5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 73
5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

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5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 73
5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero

Assuming Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 73
5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero

Assuming Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 73
5.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Boundary between the continuous mode and discontinuous mode is

shown by the dashed curve.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 73
5.4 Output Voltage Ripple

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 73
5.4 Output Voltage Ripple
Assuming that all the ripple current component of iD flows through
the capacitor and its average value flows through the load resistor, the
shaded area represents charge ∆Q
Peak to peak voltage ripple

where τ = RC is the time constant

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 73
5.5 Effect of Parasitic Elements

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 69 / 73
5.5 Effect of Parasitic Elements

Dashed curve shows very poor switch utilization, making very high duty
ratios impractical
Parasitic elements will affect the voltage conversion ratio and the stability
of the feedback regulated buck-boost converter.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 70 / 73
Problem
Q) In a buck-boost converter operating at 20 kHz, L = 0.05 mH. The
output capacitor C is sufficiently large and Vd = 15 V. The output is to be
regulated at 10 V and the converter is supplying a load of 10 W. Calculate
the duty ratio D.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 71 / 73
Problem
Q) In a buck-boost converter operating at 20 kHz, L = 0.05 mH. The
output capacitor C is sufficiently large and Vd = 15 V. The output is to be
regulated at 10 V and the converter is supplying a load of 10 W. Calculate
the duty ratio D.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 71 / 73
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters Application

and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 72 / 73
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 73 / 73
Switched Mode Power Converters
(EE364)

S6-EEE

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 68
Module 2 - Overview

1 Cuk Converter
2 Full Bridge DC-DC Converter
PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
3 Comparison of DC-DC Converters
4 Linear Power Supply
5 Switched Mode Power Supply
6 DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation
7 Unidirectional Core Excitation
8 Bidirectional Core Excitation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Provides negative polarity regulated output voltage with respect to

the common terminal of the input voltage
C1 → Storing and transferring energy from the input to the output
In steady state, average inductor voltages VL1 & VL2 are zero

VC 1 is larger than both Vd and Vo

Large C1 =⇒ vC 1 = VC 1 , even though it stores and transfers energy
from the input to the output

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Figure 1 : Cuk Converter

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1. Cuk Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Figure 2 : Cuk Converter (a) Switch OFF (b) Switch ON

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Operation
When Switch is OFF
iL1 and iL2 flow through the diode
C1 is charged through the diode by energy from both the input and L1
iL1 decreases since VC 1 > Vd
iL2 decreases since energy stored in L2 feeds output
When Switch is ON
VC 1 reverse biases diode
iL1 & iL2 flow through the switch
C1 discharges through the switch, transferring energy to the output and
L2 since VC 1 > Vo
iL2 increases
Input feeds energy to L1 causing iL1 to increase

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Let iL1 & iL2 are to be continuous =⇒ CCM
Assume VC 1 to be constant
Integral of vL1 & vL2 over one time period yields zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Let iL1 & iL2 are to be continuous =⇒ CCM
Assume VC 1 to be constant
Integral of vL1 & vL2 over one time period yields zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Assuming Pd = Po

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Assuming Pd = Po

IL1 = Id and IL2 = Io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Assuming Pd = Po

IL1 = Id and IL2 = Io

Assume that iL1 and iL2 are ripple free =⇒ iL1 = IL1 and iL2 = IL2
When switch is OFF, the charge delivered to C1 equals IL1 (1 − D)Ts
When switch is ON, the capacitor discharges by an amount IL2 DTs
In steady state, the net change of charge associated with C1 over one
time period must be zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 68
1. Cuk Converter
Assuming Pd = Po

IL1 = Id and IL2 = Io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Since Po = Pd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Since Po = Pd

Advantages

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Since Po = Pd

Advantages
Both the input current and the current feeding the output stage are
reasonably ripple free
Possible to simultaneously eliminate the ripples in iL1 and iL2 completely,
leading to lower external filtering requirements
Disadvantages

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 68
1. Cuk Converter

Since Po = Pd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 68
Problem
Q) In a Cuk converter operating at 50 kHz, L1 =L2 =1mH and C1 =5µF.
Vd = 10 V and the output Vo is regulated to be constant at 5 V. It is
supplying 5W to a load. Assume ideal components. Calculate the
percentage errors in assuming a constant voltage across C1 or in assuming
constant currents iL1 and iL2 .

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 68
Problem
Q) In a Cuk converter operating at 50 kHz, L1 =L2 =1mH and C1 =5µF.
Vd = 10 V and the output Vo is regulated to be constant at 5 V. It is
supplying 5W to a load. Assume ideal components. Calculate the
percentage errors in assuming a constant voltage across C1 or in assuming
constant currents iL1 and iL2 .
(a)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 68
Problem

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Problem

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 68
Problem
(b)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 68
Problem
(b)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Applications
DC motor drives
Single phase uninterruptible AC power supplies
Switch mode transformer isolated power supplies (DC to AC high/
intermediate frequency conversion)
Full Bridge DC-DC Converter
Input is fixed magnitude DC voltage, Vd
Output is DC voltage, Vo
Vo can be controlled in magnitude as well as polarity
Magnitude and direction of output current (io ) can also be controlled
Can operate in all four quadrants of (io − vo ) plane
Power flow can be in either direction

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Diodes are connected in antiparallel with switches

ON state and Conducting state of switch
Since diodes are connected in antiparallel with the switches, when a
switch is turned on, it may or may not conduct a current, depending on
the direction of the output current
If switch conducts a current, then it is in a conducting state

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter
Two legs, A and B
Each leg consists of two switches and their antiparallel diodes
The two switches in each leg are never OFF simultaneously
In practice, they are both off for a short time interval, known as
blanking time, to avoid short circuiting of DC input
Output current, (io ) will flow continuously

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter
Two legs, A and B
Each leg consists of two switches and their antiparallel diodes
The two switches in each leg are never OFF simultaneously
In practice, they are both off for a short time interval, known as
blanking time, to avoid short circuiting of DC input
Output current, (io ) will flow continuously
Working
If TA+ is ON and TA− is OFF
io will flow through TA+ if io is positive OR
io will flow through DA+ if io is negative

If TA− is ON and TA+ is OFF

io will flow through TA− if io is negative OR
io will flow through DA− if io is positive

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

vAN depends only on switch status and is independent of the direction

of io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

vAN depends only on switch status and is independent of the direction

of io
VAN (output voltage of converter leg A, averaged over one switching
frequency time period, Ts ) depends only on input voltage (Vd ) and the
duty ratio of TA+

VBN

Converter output voltage Vo = VAN − VBN

Vo can be controlled by controlling the switch duty ratios and is
independent of the magnitude and the direction of io
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

PWM Switching Strategies

1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

(TA+ , TB− ) and (TA− , TB+ ) are treated as two switch pairs
Switches in each pair are turned ON and OFF simultaneously

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

PWM Switching Strategies

1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

(TA+ , TB− ) and (TA− , TB+ ) are treated as two switch pairs
Switches in each pair are turned ON and OFF simultaneously
2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching (Double PWM Switching)
Switches in each inverter leg are controlled independently of the other
leg

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 68
2. Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

PWM Switching Strategies

1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

In full bridge DC-DC converter for DC motor drives, input current

(id ) changes direction instantaneously. Hence it is important that
the input to this converter be a DC voltage source with a low
internal impedance. In practice, the large filter capacitor provides
low impedance path to id

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
Switches (TA+ , TB− ) and (TB+ , TA− ) are treated as two switch pairs
Two switches in a pair are simultaneously turned ON and OFF)
One of the two switch pairs is always on
Switching signals are generated by comparing triangular waveform (vtri )
with control voltage vcontrol
When vcontrol > vtri =⇒ (TA+ and TB− ) are turned ON
When vcontrol < vtri =⇒ (TA− and TB+ ) are turned ON

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
Switches (TA+ , TB− ) and (TB+ , TA− ) are treated as two switch pairs
Two switches in a pair are simultaneously turned ON and OFF)
One of the two switch pairs is always on
Switching signals are generated by comparing triangular waveform (vtri )
with control voltage vcontrol
When vcontrol > vtri =⇒ (TA+ and TB− ) are turned ON
When vcontrol < vtri =⇒ (TA− and TB+ ) are turned ON

At t = t1 , vtri = vcontrol

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

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2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

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2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
ON duration (ton ) of switch pair (TA+ , TB− )

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2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
ON duration (ton ) of switch pair (TA+ , TB− )

Duty ratio of (TA+ and TB− )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
ON duration (ton ) of switch pair (TA+ , TB− )

Duty ratio of (TA+ and TB− )

Duty ratio of (TA− and TB+ )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

Average output voltage varies linearly with the input control signal

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 68
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

Average output voltage varies linearly with the input control signal
Blanking time introduces a slight non-linearity in the relationship between
vcontrol and Vo
vo switches between +Vd and −Vd =⇒ Bipolar Voltage Switching
PWM
0 < D1 < 1 =⇒ −Vd < vo < +Vd
vo is independent of io since blanking time has been neglected
Average output current (Io ), can be either positive or negative
For Io > 0, → Average power flow is from Vd to Vo
For Io < 0, → Average power flow is from Vo to Vd
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
Regardless of the direction of io ,
vo = 0 if TA+ and TB+ are both ON
vo = 0 if TA− and TB− are both ON

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
Regardless of the direction of io ,
vo = 0 if TA+ and TB+ are both ON
vo = 0 if TA− and TB− are both ON
Switching signal generation
Comparison of vcontrol with vtri controls leg A switches
Comparison of −vcontrol with vtri controls leg B switches

Duty ratio of (TA+ , TB+ )

Duty ratio of (TA− , TB− )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Average output voltage Vo ,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Average output voltage Vo ,

Average output voltage (Vo ) varies linearly with vcontrol

Vo is positive in both modes
If we consider same switching frequencies for bipolar and unipolar
PWM strategies, then unipolar voltage switching results in a better
output voltage waveform and in a better frequency response, since
the effective switching frequency of the output voltage waveform is
doubled and the ripple is reduced

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
Q) In a full bridge DC-DC converter, the input Vd , is constant and the
output voltage is controlled by varying the duty ratio. Calculate the rms
value of the ripple Vr , in the output voltage as a function of the average
Vo , for
1 PWM with bipolar voltage switching

2 PWM with unipolar voltage switching

Ans : (1)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

As D1 varies from 0 to 1, Vo varies from −Vd to +Vd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Figure 3 : Vrms in a full bridge converter using PWM (a) Bipolar voltage
switching (b) Unipolar voltage switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 32 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Ans : (2)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 68
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

vcontrol > 0 and 0.5 < D < 1

As vcontrol /Vtri varies from 0 to 1, D1 varies from 0.5 to 1
PWM with unipolar voltage switching results in a lower rms ripple
component in the output voltage
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters
Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk converters
Transfer energy only in one direction
Produce only unidirectional voltage and unidirectional current
Full Bridge Converter
Bidirectional power flow
Both Vo and Io can be reversed independently
Four quadrants (Vo − Io plane) operation → DC to AC Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters
Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk converters
Transfer energy only in one direction
Produce only unidirectional voltage and unidirectional current
Full Bridge Converter
Bidirectional power flow
Both Vo and Io can be reversed independently
Four quadrants (Vo − Io plane) operation → DC to AC Inverter
Assumptions
Average current is at its rated (designed maximum) value Io
Ripple in the inductor current is negligible
iL = IL
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
Output voltage (vo ), is at its rated (designed maximum) value Vo
Ripple in vo is negligible
v0 = Vo
Input voltage Vd is allowed to vary
Switch duty ratio must be controlled to hold Vo constant
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Switch peak voltage rating = VT

Switch peak current rating = IT
Switch power rating, PT = VT × IT
Po
Switch Utilization Factor =
PT

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Switch peak voltage rating = VT

Switch peak current rating = IT
Switch power rating, PT = VT × IT
Po
Switch Utilization Factor =
PT
In Buck and Boost converters, if the input and the output voltages are
of the same order of magnitude, then the switch utilization factor is
very good
In Buck-Boost and Cuk converter, the switch utilization factor is poor
Maximum Switch Utilization Factor = 0.25 at D = 0.5 =⇒ Vo = Vd
In non-isolated full bridge converter, overall switch utilization is very
poor
Maximum Switch Utilization Factor occurs at Vo = −Vd and Vo = +Vd
respectively

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Figure 4 : Switch utilization in DC-DC converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Conclusion
Good switch utilization → either Buck or Boost Converter
If both higher as well as lower output voltages compared to the input
are necessary OR a negative polarity output compared to the input is
desired → Buck-Boost or Cuk Converter
Four quadrant operation → Non-isolated Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Converter Equivalent Circuits

Figure 5 : Buck Converter Figure 6 : Boost Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Converter Equivalent Circuits

Figure 7 : Buck-Boost Converter Figure 8 : Cuk Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters
Converter Equivalent Circuits

Figure 9 : Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Summary
In any converter circuit operating in steady state
Capacitor can be represented by it’s instantaneous voltage as an equivalent
voltage source
Inductor can be represented by it’s instantaneous current as an equivalent
current source
In all converters, the switching action does not cause discontinuity in
the value of the voltage source or in the current source
In Buck (including full-bridge) and Boost converters, the energy
transfer is between a voltage and a current source
In Buck-Boost and Cuk converters, the energy transfer is between
two similar types of sources but they are separated by a source of
the other type (eg: Buck-Boost Converter, two voltage sources are
separated by a current source)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Figure 10 : Reversible power flow with reversible direction of the output current
io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 68
3. Comparison of DC-DC Converters

Reversible power flow → Add additional diode and a switch

Converter with a positive value of io and with Sd & Dd operating,
resembles a Buck Converter where the flow of power is from the
voltage source to the equivalent current source
Converter with a negative value of io and with Su & Du operating,
resembles a Boost Converter where the flow of power is from the
equivalent current source to the voltage source

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Regulated DC Power Supplies

Regulated Output
Vo must be held constant within a specified tolerance for changes within
a specified range in the input voltage and the output loading
Isolation
Output may be electrically isolated from the input
Multiple Outputs
Multiple outputs (positive and negative) that may differ in their voltage
and current ratings
Multiple outputs may be isolated from each other

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Regulated DC Power Supplies

Reduce power supply size, weight & improve efficiency

Power supplies
Linear Power Supplies
Switched Mode Power Supplies (smaller & much more efficient)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

To provide electrical isolation between the input and the output and to
deliver the output in the desired voltage range, a 60 Hz transformer is
needed
Transistor operating in it’s active region is connected in series
By comparing Vo with Vref , the control circuit adjusts the transistor
base current such that Vo ( = vd − vCE ) equals Vo,ref
Transistor acts as an adjustable resistor where the voltage difference
(vd − Vo ) appears across the transistor and causes power losses in it
To minimize transistor power losses, the transformer turns ratio should
be selected such that Vd,min > Vo , but does not exceed Vo by a large
margin

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Figure 11 : Schematic of Linear Power Supply

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Figure 12 : Selection of Transformer Turns Ratio (Vd,min > Vo by a small

margin)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Advantages
Utilize simple circuitry → Cost is less in small power ratings (< 25 W)
Do not produce large EMI with other equipment

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 68
4. Linear Power Supply

Advantages
Utilize simple circuitry → Cost is less in small power ratings (< 25 W)
Do not produce large EMI with other equipment
Disadvantages
A low frequency (60-Hz) transformer is required
Larger in size and weight compared to high-frequency transformers
Transistor operates in it’s active region, incurring a significant amount
of power loss
Overall efficiency of linear power supplies is in a range of 30 - 60%

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Voltage transformation is accomplished by using DC to DC converter

circuits
Converter circuits use solid state devices (MOSFETs, IGBTs etc.),
which operate as a switch → either completely OFF or
completely ON =⇒ Lower power dissipation
Increased switching speeds, higher voltage & current ratings and relatively
lower cost

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Figure 13 : Schematic of Switched Mode DC Power Supply

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Working
Input AC voltage is rectified into an unregulated DC voltage by diode
rectifier
EMI filter is used at the input to prevent the conducted EMI
DC-DC converter converts input DC voltage from one level to another
DC level → High frequency switching which produces high frequency
AC across isolation transformer
Secondary output of transformer is rectified and filtered to produce Vo
Vo is regulated by feedback control that employs a PWM controller
Electrical isolation in the feedback loop is provided either through an
isolation transformer or through an optocoupler

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Vo1 is regulated and the other two are unregulated

If Vo2 and/or Vo3 needs to be regulated, linear regulator(s) can be used
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Advantages of Switched Mode Power Supply over Linear Power Supply

Switching elements (power transistors or MOSFETs) operate as a switch:

either completely OFF or completely ON
Significant reduction in power losses
Higher energy efficiency in a 70 - 90% range
Larger power handling capability
Size & weight of switching supplies can be significantly reduced due to
the use of high frequency isolation transformer (as compared to a 50
or 60 Hz transformer in a linear power supply)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Advantages of Switched Mode Power Supply over Linear Power Supply

Switching elements (power transistors or MOSFETs) operate as a switch:

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 68
5. Switched Mode Power Supply

Switching DC Power Supplies

1 Switched Mode DC-DC Converters

Switches operate in a switch mode

2 Resonant Converters
Utilize Zero Voltage and/or Zero Current switchings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 68
6. DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation
High frequency isolation transformer provides electrical isolation
Transformer Core Characteristics ie, B-H (Hysteresis) Loop
Bm → Maximum flux density beyond which saturation occurs
Br → Remnant flux density

Figure 14 : (a) Two-winding transformer (b) Equivalent circuit

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 68
6. DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation

Figure 15 : Typical B-H loop of transformer core

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 68
6. DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation

Isolation Transformer Representation

High frequency transformer provides electrical isolation
N1 : N2 = Transformer winding turns ratio
Lm = Magnetizing inductance referred to primary side
Ll1 & Ll2 = Leakage inductances
For ideal transformer
v1 /v2 = N1 /N2
N1 i1 = N2 i2
Leakage inductances (Ll1 & Ll2 ) are minimized by providing a tight
magnetic coupling between the two windings
Magnetizing inductance (Lm ) is made as high as possible to minimize
the magnetizing current im , that flows through the switches → minimizes
switch current ratings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 68
6. DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation

Isolation Transformer Representation

In Flyback Converter, the transformer provides
Energy storage as in an inductor
Electrical isolation as in a transformer
In Resonant Converters
Leakage inductances and/or the magnetizing inductance may be utilized
to provide zero-voltage and/or zero-current switchings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 68
6. DC-DC Converters with Electrical Isolation

DC-DC Converters (with isolation) : based on the way how

transformer core is utilized
1 Unidirectional Core Excitation

Only the positive part (quadrant 1) of the B-H loop is used

2 Bidirectional Core excitation
Both the positive (quadrant 1) and the negative (quadrant 3) parts of
the B-H loop are utilized alternatively

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 68
7. Unidirectional Core Excitation

DC-DC converters with electrical isolation (provided by means of

unidirectional core excitation)
Types
1 Flyback Converter (derived from Buck-Boost Converter)
2 Forward Converter (derived from Buck Converter)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 68
8. Bidirectional Core Excitation

DC-DC converters with electrical isolation (provided by means of

bidirectional core excitation)
Types
1 Push-Pull Converter
2 Half Bridge Converter
3 Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 68
Control of DC-DC Converters with Isolation
In flyback and the forward converters, Vo is controlled by PWM
In push-pull, half-bridge and full-bridge DC-DC converters, Vo is controlled
by using PWM scheme which controls the interval A during which all
the switches are OFF simultaneously

Figure 16 : Push-Pull Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 68
Control of DC-DC Converters with Isolation

Figure 17 : Half Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 64 / 68
Control of DC-DC Converters with Isolation

Figure 18 : Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 68
Control of DC-DC Converters with Isolation

Figure 19 : PWM Scheme used in DC-DC converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 68
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters Application

and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 68
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 68
Switched Mode Power Converters
(EE364)

S6-EEE

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 93
Module 3 - Overview

1 Fly Back Converter

Continuous Conduction Mode
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2 Double Ended Fly Back Converter
3 Forward Converter
Basic Forward Converter
Practical Forward Converter
4 Double Ended Forward Converter
5 Push-Pull Converter
6 Half Bridge Converter
7 Full Bridge Converter
8 Current Source DC-DC Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 93
1. Fly Back Converter

Derived from the Buck-Boost converter

Figure 1 : Fly Back Converter derived from Buck-Boost Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 93
1. Fly Back Converter

Figure 2 : Fly Back Converter with switch ON

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 93
1. Fly Back Converter

Figure 3 : Fly Back Converter with switch OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

When switch is ON
Diode (D) is reverse biased due to the winding polarities
Inductor core flux increases linearly from it’s initial value Φ(0)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

When switch is ON
Diode (D) is reverse biased due to the winding polarities
Inductor core flux increases linearly from it’s initial value Φ(0)

Peak flux at the end of ON interval

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
When switch is OFF
Diode D is forward biased
Energy stored in the core causes the current to flow in the secondary
winding through the diode
Voltage across the secondary winding v2 = -V0 =⇒ Flux decreases
linearly

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Net change of flux through the core over one time period must be zero
in steady state =⇒

Voltage transfer ratio depends on D in an identical manner as the

Buck-Boost converter
During ON interval, the transformer primary voltage v1 = +Vd =⇒
Inductor current rises linearly from it’s initial value Im (0)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

During OFF interval

Switch current goes to zero
v1 = −(N1 /N2 )Vo

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

During OFF interval

Switch current goes to zero
v1 = −(N1 /N2 )Vo
During ton < t < Ts

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 93
1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode

Average diode current (I0 )

Voltage across switch during the OFF interval

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1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Mode 1 : When switch Q1 is turned ON
Mode 1 : 0 < t ≤ kT
k = Duty ratio
T = Switching period
Voltage across primary winding of transformer = Vs
D1 is reverse biased
No energy is transferred from input to load (RL )
Filter capacitor (C) maintains the output voltage and supplies the load
current (iL )
ip starts to build up & stores energy in primary winding

Lp = Primary magnetizing inductance

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

At the end of Mode 1, at t = kT

Primary current reaches peak value, Ip(pk)

Peak secondary current, Ise(pk)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Mode 2 : When switch Q1 is turned OFF

Polarity of the windings reverses due to the fact that ip cannot change
instantaneously
D1 turns ON
Output capacitor (C) charges
Secondary current decreases linearly

Ls = Secondary magnetizing inductance

In discontinuous mode (DCM) operation, ise decreases linearly to zero
before the start of the next cycle

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Energy is transferred from the source to the output during the time
interval 0 to kT only
Input power (Pi )

Output power (Po )

Output voltage (Vo )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Vo can be maintained constant by keeping the product Vs kT constant
kmax occurs at minimum supply voltage, Vs(min)

Vo at kmax

Collector voltage VQ1 of Q1 is maximum when Vs is maximum

Peak primary current, Ip(pk) is same as maximum collector current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 93
1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Flyback converter is used mostly in applications below 100 W

Applications with high-output voltage at relatively low power
Simple and low cost
Switching device must be capable of sustaining a voltage VQ1(max)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 93
Continuous versus Discontinuous Mode of Operation

In CCM, switch Q1 is turned on before the secondary current falls to

zero
CCM can provide higher power capability for the same value of peak
current Ip(pk)
For the same output power, the peak currents in the DCM are much
higher than those in CCM =⇒ A more expensive power transistor with
a higher current rating is needed
Higher secondary peak currents in the DCM can have a larger transient
spike at the instant of turn-off
Still DCM is more preferred than the continuous mode
Inherently smaller magnetizing inductance in the discontinuous mode has
a quicker response and a lower transient output voltage spike to sudden
change in load current or input voltage.
CCM has a right-half-plane zero in it’s transfer function, thereby making
the feedback control circuit more difficult to design

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 93
1. Fly Back Converter

Q) The average DC output voltage of the flyback circuit is Vo = 24 V at

a resistive load of R = 0.8 Ω. The duty-cycle ratio is k = 50% and the
switching frequency is f = 1 kHz. The on-state voltage drops of transistors
and diodes are Vt = 1.2 V and Vd = 0.7 V respectively. The turns ratio of
the transformer is a = Ns /Np = 0.25. Determine
(a) Average input current Is
(b)Efficiency η
(c) Average transistor current IA
(d) Peak transistor current Ip
(e) RMS transistor current IR
(f) Open-circuit transistor voltage Voc
(g) Primary magnetizing inductor Lp
Neglect the losses in the transformer and the ripple current of the load.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 93
1. Fly Back Converter

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2. Double Ended Fly Back Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 23 / 93
2. Double Ended Fly Back Converter

Two-Transistor Flyback Converter

For relatively high-output voltage at low power applications
T1 and T2 are turned ON and OFF simultaneously
Diodes are used to limit the maximum switch voltage to Vd
Advantages
Voltage rating of switches is one-half of the single-transistor fly back
converter topology
Dissipative snubber across the primary winding is not needed to dissipate
the energy associated with the transformer primary-winding leakage inductan
since a current path exists through the diodes connected to the primary
winding

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 93
2. Double Ended Fly Back Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 93
Paralleling Flyback Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 93
Paralleling Flyback Converters

Both operate at the same switching frequency

Switches in the two converters are sequenced to turn ON a half-time
period apart from one another → Improved input and output current
waveforms
Current sharing among the parallel converters can be controlled by
means of current-mode control
Advantages
Provides higher system reliability due to redundancy
Increases the effective switching frequency → Decreases current pulsations
at the input and/or the output
Allows low power modules to be standardized where a number of these
can be paralleled to provide a higher power capability

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 93
3. Forward Converter

Derived from Step-down (Buck) Converter

Transformer magnetizing current must be considered
Assuming transformer to be ideal, when the switch is ON
D1 becomes forward biased and D2 reverse biased

vL is positive → iL increases linearly

When switch is turned OFF
D2 is forward biased
inductor current iL circulates through the diode D2

vL is negative → iL decreases linearly

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 93
3.1 Basic Forward Converter

Idealized Forward Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 93
3.1 Basic Forward Converter

Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero

Voltage rat
Voltage ratio in the forward converter is proportional to the switch duty
ratio D, similar to the step-down converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 93
3.2 Practical Forward Converter
Transformer magnetizing current must be taken into consideration.
Otherwise, the stored energy in the transformer core would result in
converter failure
Practical approach that allows the transformer magnetic energy to be
recovered and fed back to the input supply → Demagnetizing winding
When switch is turned ON
im increases linearly from zero to Iˆm

When switch is turned OFF

i1 = −im
N1 i1 + N3 i3 = N2 i2
D1 is reverse biased =⇒ i2 = 0

i3 flows through D3 into the input DC supply

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 93
3.2 Practical Forward Converter

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3.2 Practical Forward Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 93
3.2 Practical Forward Converter
During the time interval tm ,

Once the transformer demagnetizes, im = 0 and v1 = 0

Time integral of voltage v1 across Lm must be zero over one time period

If the transformer is to be totally demagnetized before the next cycle

begins, the maximum value (tm /Ts ), can attain is (1 - D)
Maximum duty ratio D, with a given turns ratio N3 /N1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 93
3.2 Practical Forward Converter

With an equal number of turns for the primary and the demagnetizing
windings (N1 = N3 ), the maximum duty ratio is limited to 0.5
Since a large voltage isolation requirement does not exist between the
primary and the demagnetizing windings, these two can be wound
bifilar, in order to minimize the leakage inductance between the two
windings
Demagnetizing winding requires a much smaller size of wire, since it
has to carry only the demagnetizing current
Instead of using a third demagnetizing winding, the energy in the core
can be dissipated in the Zener diode connected across the switch

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 93
Forward Converter

Transformer core is reset by reset winding

Energy stored in the transformer core is returned to the supply =⇒
Efficiency is increased
D2 is forward biased when the voltage across the primary is positive.
ie, when the transistor is ON
Forward converter is operated in the continuous mode. In the
discontinuous mode, the forward converter is more difficult to control
because of a double pole existing at the output filter
Operation
Mode 1 : When switch Q1 is turned ON
Mode 2 : When switch Q1 is turned OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 93
Forward Converter

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Forward Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 93
Forward Converter

Figure 4 : Current components in primary winding

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 93
Forward Converter
Mode 1
Switch Q1 is turned ON
Voltage across the primary winding = Vs
D2 is forward biased
ip starts to build up and transfers energy from the primary winding to
the secondary and onto the L1 C filter and the load RL through the
rectifier diode D2
Primary current, ip

Primary magnetizing current imag rises linearly

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 93
Forward Converter

Total primary current ip0

At the end of mode 1 at t = kT, the total primary current reaches a

0
peak value Ip(pk)

Ip(pk) is the reflected peak current of the output inductor L1 from the
secondary

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 93
Forward Converter

Voltage developed across the secondary winding

Voltage across the output inductor L1 is (Vse − Vo ) → iL1 increases

linearly

Peak output inductor current IL1(pk) at t = kT,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 93
Forward Converter
Mode 2
Q1 is turned OFF
Polarity of the transformer voltage reverses
D2 turns OFF
D1 and D3 turn ON
Energy is delivered to RL through the inductor L1
D1 and tertiary winding provide a path for the magnetizing current
returning to the input
iL1 (= iD3 ) decreases linearly

In continuous conduction mode operation,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 93
Forward Converter
Output voltage (Vo ) = Time integral of secondary winding voltage

0
During turn-ON, maximum collector current IC (max) = Ip(pk)

During turn-OFF, maximum collector voltage, VQ1(max) = Maximum

input voltage, Vi(max) + Maximum voltage across the tertiary, Vr (max)

Time integral of input voltage when Q1 is ON to the clamping voltage

Vr when Q1 is OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 93
Forward Converter

Maximum duty cycle, kmax

kmax depends on the turns ratio between the resetting winding and the
primary one
Duty cycle (k) must be less than the maximum duty cycle (kmax ) to
avoid saturating the transformer
Transformer magnetizing current must be reset to zero at the end of
each cycle. Otherwise, the transformer can be driven into saturation,
which can cause damage to the switching device
Tertiary winding is added to the transformer so that the magnetizing
current can return to the input source Vs when the transistor turns
OFF
Forward converter is widely used with output power below 200 W
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 93
Flyback versus Forward Converter

Forward Converter
A large load resistance is permanently connected across the output
terminals of forward converter
Forward converter requires a minimum load at the output. Otherwise,
excess output voltage can be produced
Since forward converter does not store energy in the transformer, for
the same output power level, the size of the transformer can be
made smaller than that for the flyback.
Output current is reasonably constant due to the action of the
output inductor and the freewheeling diode D3 → Output filter capacitor
can be made smaller and it’s ripple current rating can be much lower
than that required for the flyback

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 93
Forward Converter
Q) The average DC output voltage of the forward converter circuit is Vo
= 24 V at a resistive load of R = 0.8 Ω. The ON-state voltage drops of
transistors and diodes are Vt = 1.2 V and Vd = 0.7 V respectively. The
duty cycle is k = 40% and the switching frequency is f = 1 kHz. The DC
supply voltage Vs = 12 V. The turns ratio of the transformer is a=Ns /Np
= 0.25. Determine
(a) Average input current Is
(b) Efficiency η
(c) Average transistor current IA
(d) Peak transistor current Ip
(e) RMS transistor current IR
(f) Open-circuit transistor voltage Voc
(g) Primary magnetizing inductor Lp for maintaining the peak-to-peak
ripple current to 5% of the average input DC current
(h) Output inductor L1 for maintaining the peak-to-peak ripple current to
4% of its average value. Neglect the losses in the transformer and the
ripple content of the output voltage is 3%.
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 93
Forward Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 93
4. Double Ended Forward Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 93
4. Double Ended Forward Converter

Two-Switch Forward Converter

Two switches are turned ON and OFF simultaneously
Voltage rating of each of the switches is one-half of that in a single-
switch topology
Diodes are used to restrict the maximum collector voltage to Vd →
Switches with low-voltage rating can be used
When the switches are off, the magnetizing current flows into the input
supply through the diodes, thus eliminating the need for a separate
demagnetizing winding or snubbers

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 93
4. Double Ended Forward Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 93
Paralleling Forward Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 93
Paralleling Forward Converters

Switches are sequenced to turn ON a half-time period apart from one

another
At the output, a common filter can be used → Significantly reduces
the size of the output filter capacitor and inductor

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter
Push-Pull inverter is used to produce a square-wave ac at the input of
the high-frequency transformer
Center-tapped secondary of transformer results in only one diode voltage
drop on the secondary side
Working
When T1 is ON
D1 conducts
D2 gets reverse biased
iL through D1 increases linearly

When both switches are OFF

Interval ∆
iL splits equally between two secondary half-windings
voi = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter

When T2 is ON
Waveform repeat with a period of 12 Ts

Time integral of inductor voltage during one repetition period (ie, 12 Ts )

is zero

D = ton /Ts , duty ratio of switches T1 and T2

To avoid both switches ON simultaneously, D is kept smaller than 0.5

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 93
5. Push-Pull Converter
When Q1 is turned on, Vs appears across one-half of the primary
When Q2 is turned on, Vs is applied across the other half of the
transformer
Voltage of primary winding swings from −Vs to +Vs
Average current through the transformer should ideally be zero
Average output voltage,

Q1 and Q2 operate with D= 50%

Voc = 2Vs
Average current of a transistor, IA Is /2
Peak transistor current, Ip = Is
Since open-circuit transistor voltage is twice the supply voltage, push-
pull configuration is suitable for low-voltage applications
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 93
Problem

Q) The average (DC) output voltage of the pushpull circuit is Vo = 24 V

at a resistive load of R = 0.8 Ω. The on-state voltage drops of transistors
and diodes are Vt = 1.2 V and Vd = 0.7 V respectively. The turns ratio of
the transformer is a = Ns /Np = 0.25. Determine
(a) Average input current, Is
(b) Efficiency, η
(c) Average transistor current IA
(d) Peak transistor current, Ip
(e) RMS transistor current, IR
(f) Open-circuit transistor voltage Voc
Neglect the losses in the transformer and the ripple current of the load and
input supply is negligible. Assume duty cycle k = 0.5

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 93
Problem

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 93
Problem

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 64 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Derived from Buck Converter

C1 and C2 establish a voltage midpoint zero and input DC voltage
Switches T1 and T2 are turned ON alternatively, each for an interval
of ton
When T1 is ON

When both switches are OFF

Interval ∆
iL splits equally between the two secondary halves
voi = 0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

In steady state, waveforms repeat with a period 21 Ts

Time integral of inductor voltage during one repetition period (ie, 12 Ts )

is zero

D = ton /Ts
0 < D < 0.5
Average voi = Vo
Diodes in antiparallel with Switches T1 and T2 are used for switch
protection
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Half-bridge converter : Two back-to-back forward converters that are

fed by the same input voltage, each delivering power to the load at
each alternate half-cycle
C1 and C2 are placed across the input terminals such that the voltage
across the primary winding always is half of the input voltage ie, Vs /2
Operation
Mode 1 : Q1 = ON & Q2 = OFF
Mode 2 : Both Q1 & Q2 are OFF
Mode 3 : Q1 = OFF & Q2 = ON
Mode 4 : Both Q1 & Q2 are OFF

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 69 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter
Mode 1
Q1 = ON and Q2 = OFF
D1 conducts and D2 is reverse biased
Vp = Vs /2
ip starts to build up and stores energy in the primary winding
Voltage across the secondary winding,

Voltage across the output inductor,

Inductor current iL1 increases linearly

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 70 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter

Peak inductor current IL1(pk) at the end of mode 1 at t = kT

Mode 2
For kT ≤ t ≤ T/2
Both Q1 and Q2 are OFF
D1 and D2 are forced to conduct the magnetizing current that resulted
during mode 1
Rate of fall of iL1 ,

IL1 (0) = iL1 [t = (0.5 − k)T ] = IL1(pk) − Vo (0.5 − k)T /L1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 71 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter
Mode 3 and 4
During mode 3, Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF, D1 is reverse biased, and D2
conducts
Vp = −Vs /2
Mode 4 is similar to mode 2
Output voltage Vo ,

Output power Po ,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 72 / 93
6. Half Bridge Converter
Mode 3 and 4
Average primary current,

Assuming that the secondary load current reflected to the primary side
is much greater than the magnetizing current, the maximum collector
currents for Q1 and Q2 are given by

Maximum collector voltages for Q1 and Q2 during turn-off are given by

Maximum duty cycle k can never be greater than 50%

Half-bridge converter is widely used for medium-power applications
(output power ranging from 200 to 400 W)
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 73 / 93
Forward versus Half-bridge Converter

In half-bridge converter, the voltage stress imposed on the power transistor

is subject to only the input voltage and is only half of that in a forward
converter
Output power of a half-bridge is double to that of a forward converter
for the same semiconductor devices and magnetic core
Since half-bridge is more complex, flyback or forward converter is a
better choice and more cost-effective
Half-bridge converter is unsuitable for high-power applications

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 74 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 75 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 76 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

(T1 , T2 ) and (T3 , T4 ) are switched as pairs alternatively

When (T1 , T2 ) or (T3 , T4 ) are ON

When both (T1 , T2 ) and (T3 , T4 ) are OFF

In steady state, time integral of the inductor voltage over one time
period is zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 77 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

ton + ∆ = 21 Ts
ton
D= Ts
0 < D < 0.5
Diodes are connected in antiparallel to the switches to provide a path
to the current due to the energy associated with the primary-winding
leakage inductance

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 78 / 93
Comparison : Full-bridge & Half-bridge Converters
Comparison of the full-bridge (FB) converter with half-bridge (HB)
converter for identical input and output voltages and power ratings
requires

Neglecting the ripple in the current through the filter inductor at the
output and assuming the transformer magnetizing current to be negligible
in both circuits, the switch currents are given by

In both converters, the input Vd , appears across the switches

The switches are required to carry twice as much current in the half-
bridge compared with the full-bridge converter =⇒ Large power
ratings
It is advantageous to use a full-bridge over a half-bridge converter to
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 79 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 80 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 81 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Operation
Mode 1 : Q1 and Q4 are ON while Q2 and Q3 are OFF
Mode 2 : All switches are OFF
Mode 3 : Q1 and Q4 are OFF, while Q2 and Q3 are ON
Mode 4 : All switches are OFF
C1 is used to balance the volt-second integrals during the two half-cycles
and prevent the transformer from becoming driven into saturation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 82 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter
Mode 1
Both Q1 and Q4 are turned ON
Voltage across secondary winding,

Voltage across the output inductor L1 ,

Inductor current iL1 increases linearly

Peak inductor current IL1(pk) at the end of mode 1 at t = kT,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 83 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Mode 2
For kT ≤ t ≤ T/2
All switches are OFF
D1 and D2 are forced to conduct the magnetizing current at the end
of mode 1
Rate of fall of iL1 ,

IL1(0) = iL1 [t = (0.5 − k)T ] = IL1(pk) − V0 (0.5 − k)T /L1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 84 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter
Mode 3 and 4
During mode 3, Q2 and Q3 are ON, while Q1 and Q4 are OFF
D1 is reverse biased and D2 conducts
Vp = Vs
Mode 4 is similar to mode 2
Output voltage Vo ,

Output power Po ,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 85 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Mode 3 and 4
Average primary current,

Neglecting the magnetizing current, the maximum collector currents

for Q1 , Q2 , Q3 and Q4 are given by

Maximum collector voltage for Q1 , Q2 , Q3 and Q4 during turn-off is

given by

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 86 / 93
7. Full Bridge Converter

Mode 3 and 4
Full-bridge regulator is used for high-power applications ranging from
several hundred to several thousand kilowatts
It has the most efficient use of magnetic core and semiconductor switches
Full bridge is complex and therefore expensive to build, and is only
justified for high-power applications, typically over 500 W

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 87 / 93
Half-bridge versus Full-bridge Converter

Full bridge uses four power switches instead of two, as in the half bridge
Full bridge converter requires two more gate drivers and secondary
windings in the pulse transformer for the gate control circuit
For the same output power, the maximum collector current of a full
bridge is only half that of the half bridge
Output power of a full bridge is twice that of a half bridge with the
same input voltage and current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 88 / 93
8. Current Source DC-DC Converter

Figure 5 : Current Source Converter (D > 0.5)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 89 / 93
8. Current Source DC-DC Converter

The dc-dc converters with a voltage at their input are referred as voltage
source converters
By inserting an inductor at the input of push-pull converter and
operating the switches at a duty ratio (D) of greater than 0.5, the
converter is fed through a current source
D > 0.5 =⇒ Simultaneous conduction of the top switches, which was
to be strictly avoided in the normal voltage source push-pull converter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 90 / 93
8. Current Source DC-DC Converter

Working
When both switches are ON, the voltage across each primary half-
winding becomes zero
The input current id builds up linearly and the energy is stored in the
input inductor
When only one of the two switches is conducting, the input voltage
and the stored energy in the input inductor supply the output stage
Circuit operates in a manner similar to the step-up converter
Disadvantage
Current-source converters have a low power-to-weight ratio compared
to voltage-source converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 91 / 93
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters Application

and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 92 / 93
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 93 / 93
Switched Mode Power Converters
(EE364)

S6-EEE

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 75
Module 4 - Overview

1 Switched Mode DC to AC Converter

2 1-phase Full-bridge Inverter

PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
Switch Utilization in Full Bridge Inverters

3 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter

Sine PWM Inverter
Square Wave Operation
Switch Utilization in 3-phase Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 75
1. Switched Mode DC to AC Converter
Switch-mode DC to AC Inverters

Figure 1 : AC Motor Drive

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 75
1. Switched Mode DC to AC Converter
Switch-mode DC to AC Inverters

Figure 1 : AC Motor Drive

To produce sinusoidal AC output whose magnitude and frequency can

both be controlled
AC motor drives
Diode rectifier → DC voltage is obtained by rectifying and filtering the
line voltage
Switched Mode DC to AC inverter → AC output
Power flow is reversible
Uninterruptible AC power supplies
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 75
1. Switched Mode DC to AC Converter

Figure 2 : Switch-mode converters for motoring and regenerative braking in ac

motor drive

Regenerative braking
Energy recovered from the motor load inertia is fed back to the utility
grid
Two-quadrant converter with a reversible dc current, which can operate
as a rectifier and as an inverter
Two back-to-back connected line-frequency thyristor converters
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 75
1. Switched Mode DC to AC Converter
Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) → Input to switch-mode inverters is
a DC voltage source
1 Pulse-width-modulated Inverters
Input DC voltage is constant in magnitude
Inverter must control the magnitude and the frequency of the AC output
voltages
Pulse-width Modulation of Inverter → Sinusoidal PWM
2 Square-wave Inverters
Input DC voltage is controlled in order to control the magnitude of the
output AC voltage
Hence inverter has to control only the frequency of the output voltage
Output AC voltage has a waveform similar to a square wave =⇒ Square
wave inverter
3 Single-phase inverters with voltage cancellation
These inverters combine the characteristics PWM and Square wave inverters
Control the magnitude and the frequency of the inverter output voltage,
even though the input to the inverter is a constant DC voltage and the
inverter switches are not pulse-width modulated
Voltage cancellation technique works only with single-phase inverters and
not with three-phase inverter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 75
1. Switched Mode DC to AC Converter

Current Source Inverters (CSI) → DC input to the inverter is a dc

current source
Very high power AC motor drives

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 75
Basic Concepts of Switched Mode Inverters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 75
Basic Concepts of Switched Mode Inverters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 75
Basic Concepts of Switched Mode Inverters

Single-phase inverter
Output voltage of the inverter is filtered =⇒ sinusoidal
Inverter supplies an inductive load
Output waveforms
Interval 1 : vo and io are both positive
Interval 3 : vo and io are both negative
During intervals 1 and 3, the instantaneous power flow po ie, (= vo io , )
is from the DC side to the AC side, corresponding to an inverter mode
of operation
In intervals 2 and 4 po flows from the AC side to the DC side of the
inverter, corresponding to a rectifier mode of operation
Switch-mode inverter is capable of operating in all four quadrants of
the io − vo

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme
For an inverter to produce sinusoidal output
A sinusoidal control signal at the desired frequency is compared with a
triangular waveform
Frequency of the triangular waveform establishes the inverter switching
frequency (fs )
Frequency and amplitude (V btri ) of triangular waveform are kept constant
vcontrol has a frequency fi , which is the desired fundamental frequency
of the inverter voltage output
Amplitude Modulation Ratio (ma )

Frequency Modulation Ratio (mf )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme
In the inverter, switches are controlled such that

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Output voltage (vAo ) fluctuates between ( 12 Vd ) and ( −1

2 Vd )
Harmonic spectrum of VAo shows that
Peak amplitude of the fundamental-frequency component (V̂Ao )1 is ma
times ( 21 Vd )

Let vcontrol varies sinusoidally at the frequency f = ω1 /2π

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Range of ma from 0 to 1 is referred to as linear range

Harmonics in the inverter output voltage waveform appear as side-

bands, centered around the switching frequency and its multiples ie,
around harmonics mf , 2mf , 3mf , and so on
This pattern holds true for all values of ma in the range 0 - 1
Frequency modulation ratio mf ≤ 9

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

mf should be an odd integer

It results in an odd symmetry [f(-t) = -f(t)] as well as a half-wave
symmetry [f(t) = -f(t+1/2T1 )] with the time origin
Only odd harmonics are present and the even harmonics disappear from
the waveform of VAo
Only the coefficients of the sine series in the Fourier analysis are finite
and those for the cosine series are zero

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 75
Problem
Q) For a single phase half bridge inverter, Vd = 300 V, ma = 0.8, mf =
39 and the fundamental frequency is 47 Hz. Calculate the rms values of
the fundamental-frequency voltage and some of the dominant harmonics
in VAo .

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Over-modulation (ma < 1)

To increase further the amplitude of the fundamental frequency
component in the output voltage, ma is increased beyond 1.0 =⇒
Over-modulation
Over-modulation causes the output voltage to contain many more
harmonics in the side-bands as compared with the linear range (with
ma ≤ 1)
With over-modulation, the amplitude of the fundamental- frequency
component does not vary linearly with the amplitude modulation ratio
ma

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 75
Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 22 / 75
Square Wave Switching Scheme

Each switch of the inverter leg is ON for one half-cycle (180o ) of the
desired output frequency
Peak value of the fundamental-frequency

Harmonic order h takes on only odd values

Square-wave switching is a special case of the sinusoidal PWM switching
when ma becomes so large that the control voltage waveform intersects
with the triangular waveform only at the zero crossing of vcontrol
Output voltage is independent of ma in the square-wave region

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 23 / 75
Square Wave Switching Scheme

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 75
Square Wave Switching Scheme

Advantage
Each inverter switch changes its state only twice per cycle, which is
important at very high power levels where the solid-state switches
generally have slower turn-on and turn-off speeds
Disadvantage
Inverter is not capable of regulating the output voltage magnitude.
Therefore, the DC input voltage (Vd ), to the inverter must be adjusted
in order to control the magnitude of the inverter output voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 75
1-phase Half-bridge Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 75
1-phase Half-bridge Inverter

Circuit configuration is identical to the basic one-leg inverter

vo = VAo
Regardless of the switch states, the current between the two capacitors
C+ and C− divides equally
When T+ is ON, either T+ or D+ conducts depending on the direction
of io
When the switch T− is ON, either T− or D− conducts depending on
the direction of io
In half-bridge inverter, the peak voltage rating of switch

In half-bridge inverter, the peak current rating of switch

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 75
2. 1-phase Full-bridge Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 75
2. 1-phase Full-bridge Inverter

1-phase Full-bridge inverter consists of two one-leg inverters

Higher power ratings
With the same dc input voltage, the maximum output voltage of the
full-bridge inverter is twice that of the half-bridge inverter
Output current and the switch currents of full bridge inverter are one-
half of those for a half-bridge inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
Switch pairs : (TA+ , TB− ) and (TA− , TB+ )
Output of inverter leg B is negative of the leg A output
When TA+ is ON, VAo = V2d
When TB− is ON, VBo = −V 2
d

Peak of the fundamental-frequency component in the output voltage

(V̂01 )

vo switches between −Vd and +Vd voltage levels =⇒ PWM with

Bipolar Voltage Switching
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 75
Problem
Q) In the full-bridge converter circuit, Vd = 300 V, ma = 0.8, mf = 39
and the fundamental frequency is 47 Hz. Calculate the rms values of the
fundamental-frequency voltage and some of the dominant harmonics in
the output voltage vo if a PWM bipolar voltage-switching scheme is used.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 32 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
DC Side Current (id )

Switching frequency is assumed to be very high, approaching infinity

=⇒ To filter out the high-switching-frequency components in vo and
id , the filter components L and C required in both AC and DC side filters
approach zero. ie, the energy stored in the filters is negligible. Since
the converter itself has no energy storage elements, the instantaneous
power input must equal the instantaneous power output
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
Sine wave at the fundamental output frequency ω1

Output current (io )

Assuming that no energy is stored in the filters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

id∗ consists of
1 Id : DC component → responsible for the power transfer from Vd on
the DC side of the inverter to the AC side
2 Sinusoidal component at twice the fundamental frequency due to inverter
switchings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 75
2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Unipolar voltage switching

Legs A and B of the full-bridge inverter are controlled separately by
comparing Vtri with vcontrol and −vcontrol respectively
Leg A

Leg B

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

When both the upper switches are ON

Output voltage is zero
io circulates in a loop through (TA+ and DB+ ) or (DA+ and TB+ )
depending on the direction of io
Input current id is zero
In unipolar PWM scheme, vo changes between zero and +Vd or
between zero and −Vd voltage levels
It has the advantage of effectively doubling the switching frequency
as far as the output harmonics are concerned, compared to the bipolar
voltage-switching scheme
Also the voltage jumps in the output voltage at each switching are
reduced to Vd
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

Harmonic Analysis

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 75
2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
Harmonic Analysis
Effectively doubling the switching frequency appears in the harmonic
spectrum of the output voltage waveform
Lowest harmonics appear as side-bands of twice the switching frequency
Lets consider modulation ratio mf to be even
vAN and vBN are displaced by 180o of the fundamental frequency f,
with respect to each other
Harmonic components at the switching frequency in vAN and vBN have
the same phase → Cancellation of the harmonic component at the
switching frequency in vo
Side-bands of the switching-frequency harmonics disappear
Other dominant harmonic at twice the switching frequency cancels out,
while its side-bands do not

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 75
Problem

Q) Consider a PWM with unipolar voltage switching scheme with mf =

38. Calculate the rms values of the fundamental frequency voltage and
some of the dominant harmonics in the output voltage. f = 47 Hz

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 75
Square Wave Operation

Full-bridge inverter with square wave mode of operation

Switches (TA+ , TB− ) and (TB+ , TA− ) are operated as two pairs with
a duty ratio of 0.5
Output voltage magnitude given below is regulated by controlling the
input dc voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 75
2.3 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 75
2.3 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 75
2.3 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 75
2.3 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation

Feasible only in a single-phase full-bridge inverter

Based on the combination of square-wave switching and PWM with a
unipolar voltage switching
Switches in the two inverter legs are controlled separately (similar to
PWM unipolar voltage switching)
Also all switches have a duty ratio of 0.5 similar to a square-wave
control
Waveforms for vAN and vBN
Waveform overlap angle α can be controlled

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 75
2.3 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation

During overlap interval, the output voltage is zero

With α = 0, the output waveform is similar to a square-wave inverter
with the maximum possible fundamental output magnitude
β − 90o − 12 α

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 75
2.4 Switch Utilization in Full Bridge Inverters

Independent of the type of control and the switching scheme used, the
peak switch voltage and current ratings required in a full-bridge inverter
are

Assumptions :
Vd,max = Highest value of the input voltage
PWM mode : Input remains constant at Vd,max
Square-wave mode : Input voltage is decreased below Vd,max to decrease
the output voltage from its maximum value
Io,max = RMS value of maximum load current
High inductance associated with the output load yields a purely sinusoidal
current

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 75
2.4 Switch Utilization in Full Bridge Inverters
Inverter rms volt-ampere (VA) output at fundamental frequency at the
maximum rated output = Vo1 Io,max
q = Number of switches in inverter
VT = Peak voltage rating of a switch
IT = Peak current rating of a switch

Consider Full bridge inverter with square wave mode of operation at

maximum rated output power

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 75
2.4 Switch Utilization in Full Bridge Inverters
In practice, switch utilization ratio will be much smaller than 0.16 since
1 Switch ratings are chosen conservatively to provide safety margins

2 In determining the switch rating in a PWM inverter, the variations in

the input DC voltage must be considered

3 Ripple in the output current would influence the switch current rating

At lower output volt-amperes compared to the maximum rated output,

switch utilization decreases linearly
For PWM switching with ma ≤ 1, switch utilization ratio would be
smaller by a factor of (π/4)ma as compared to square wave mode of
operation

Theoretical maximum switch utilization ratio in a PWM switching is

only 0.125 at ma = 1, as compared with 0.16 in a square wave inverter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 75
Problem
Q) In a single phase full bridge PWM inverter, Vd varies in a range of
295-325 V. The output voltage is requires to be constant at 200 V(rms)
and the maximum load current (assumed to be sinusoidal) is 10 A (rms).
Calculate the combined switch utilization ratio under idealized conditions.

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 75
3. 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 75
3. 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter

Three phase inverter consists of three legs → one for each phase
Each inverter leg is similar to basic one leg inverter
Output of each leg depends only on Vd and switch status
Output voltage is independent of the output load current since one of
the two switches in a leg is always on at any instant

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Pulse-width-modulated three-phase inverter → To shape and control

the three-phase output voltages in magnitude and frequency with an
essentially constant input voltage Vd
Same triangular voltage waveform is compared with three sinusoidal
control voltages that are 120o out of phase
An identical amount of average DC component is present in the output
voltages vAN , vBN & vCN and are cancelled out in the line-to-line
voltages
The harmonics in the output of any one of the legs (eg. vAN ) are
identical to the harmonics in vAo
Only odd harmonics exist as side bands, centred around mf and its
multiples, provided mf is odd

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Only considering the harmonic at mf , the phase difference between the

mf harmonic in vAN and vBN is (120mf )o . This phase difference will
be equivalent to zero (a multiple of 360o ) if mf is odd and a multiple
of 3 =⇒ Harmonic at mf is suppressed in the line-to-line voltage vAB
Reason for choosing mf to be an odd multiple of 3 is to keep mf odd
and hence eliminate even harmonics

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

PWM Scheme
For law values of mf , to eliminate the even harmonics, a synchronized
PWM should be used and mf should be an odd integer. Moreover, mf
should be a multiple of 3 to cancel out the most dominant harmonics
in the line-to-line voltage
For large values of mf , The amplitudes of sub-harmonics due to
asynchronous PWM are small at large values of mf . Hence asynchronous
PWM can be used where the frequency of the triangular waveform is
kept constant, whereas the frequency of vcontrol varies, resulting in
non-integer values of mf
During over-modulation (ma > 1), regardless of the value of mf ,
synchronized PWM must be used

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter
Linear Modulation (ma ≤ 1.0)
In the linear region, the fundamental-frequency component in the output
voltage varies linearly with the amplitude modulation ratio ma
Peak value of the fundamental-frequency component in one of the
inverter legs,

Line-to-line rms voltage at the fundamental frequency, due to

120o phase displacement between phase voltages,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

RMS harmonic voltages of Line to Line output voltages,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter

Over-modulation (ma > 1.0)

Fundamental frequency voltage magnitude does not increase
proportionally with ma
For sufficiently large values of ma , the PWM degenerates into a square-
wave inverter waveform =⇒ Maximum value of VLL1 = 0.78Vd
In the over-modulation region, more side-band harmonics appear centred
around the frequencies of harmonics mf and its multiples
Dominant harmonics may not have as large an amplitude as with ma ≤
1 → Power loss in the load due to the harmonic frequencies may not
be as high in the over-modulation region

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 64 / 75
3.1 3-phase Sine PWM Inverter
Over-modulation (ma > 1.0)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 75
3.2 Square Wave Operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 75
3.2 Square Wave Operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 75
3.2 Square Wave Operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 75
3.2 Square Wave Operation

If the input DC voltage Vd is controllable, the inverter can be operated

in a square-wave mode
For sufficiently large values of ma , PWM degenerates into square-wave
operation
Each switch is ON for 180o (ie, D = 0.5)
At any instant of time, three switches are ON
DC input voltage must be controlled in order to control the output
voltage magnitude
Fundamental frequency line-to-line rms output voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 69 / 75
3.2 Square Wave Operation

Line-to-line output voltage waveform does not depend on the load

Line-to-line output voltage contains harmonics (6n ± 1; n = 1, 2, ..),
whose amplitudes decrease inversely proportional to their harmonic
order

It is not possible to control the output voltage magnitude in a three-

phase square-wave inverter by means of voltage cancellation technique

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 70 / 75
3.3 Switch Utilization in 3-phase Inverter
Vd,max = Highest value of the input voltage
PWM mode : Input remains constant at Vd,max
Square-wave mode : Input voltage is decreased below Vd,max to decrease
the output voltage from its maximum value
Io,max = RMS value of maximum load current
High inductance associated with the output load yields a purely sinusoidal
current
Peak voltage and current ratings of switch

VLL1 = RMS value of the fundamental frequency line-to-line output

voltage
Three-phase output volt-amperes (rms) at the fundamental frequency
at the rated output,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 71 / 75
3.3 Switch Utilization in 3-phase Inverter

Total switch utilization ratio of all six switches combined,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 72 / 75
3.3 Switch Utilization in 3-phase Inverter
In PWM linear region (ma ≤ 1), maximum switch utilization occurs at
Vd = Vd,max

In the square-wave mode, maximum switch utilization ratio is (1/2π)

= 0.16 compared to a maximum of 0.125 for a PWM linear region with
ma = 1.0
The maximum switch utilization ratio is the same in a three-phase,
three-leg inverter as in a single-phase inverter
Using the switches with identical ratings, a three-phase inverter with
50% increase in the number of switches results in a 50% increase in
the output volt-ampere, compared to a single-phase inverter
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 73 / 75
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters Application

and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 74 / 75
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 75 / 75
Switched Mode Power Converters
(EE364)

S6-EEE

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 68
Module 5 - Overview

1 Voltage Control of Three-phase Inverters

2 Sinusoidal PWM
3 Space Vector Modulation
Concept of Space Vector
Modulating Reference Vector
Switching Times
Space Vector Sequence
4 Comparison of Sine PWM & Space Vector PWM
5 Programmed (Selective) Harmonic Elimination Switching
6 Current Controlled Voltage Source Inverter
Tolerance Band Control
Fixed-Frequency Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 68
1. Voltage Control of Three-phase Inverters

Voltage Control Techniques

Sinusoidal PWM
Commonly used
Peak amplitude of the output voltage cannot exceed the DC supply
voltage (VS ) without operation in the over-modulation region
Third-harmonic PWM
Gives limited AC output voltage control
60o PWM
Gives the fundamental component, which is higher than the available
supply (VS )
Space Vector Modulation
More flexible
It can be programmed to synthesize the output voltage with a digital
implementation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Gating signals are generated with sinusoidal PWM

Three sinusoidal reference waves (vra , vrb , vrc ) each shifted by 120o
Carrier wave (vcr ) is compared with each reference signal to generate
the gating signals (g1 , g3 , g5 etc.) for that phase
When vra > vcr , the upper switch Q1 in inverter leg a is turned ON
Lower switch Q4 is complementary to Q1 =⇒ Two switching devices
in the same arm cannot conduct at the same time
van = VS ∗ g1
vbn = VS ∗ g3
Instantaneous line-to-line output voltage, vab = Vs (g1 − g3 )
Fundamental component of the lineline voltage vab = vab1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM
Normalized carrier frequency mf should be an odd multiple of three
=⇒ All phase voltages (vaN , vbN , vcN ) are identical, but 120o out of
phase without even harmonics
Harmonics at frequencies of multiples of three are identical in amplitude
and phase in all phases

∴ AC output line voltage vab = vaN − vbN does not contain the ninth
harmonic
For odd multiples of three times the normalized carrier frequency mf , the
harmonics in the AC output voltage appear at normalized frequencies fh
centred around mf and its multiples, specifically, at n = jmf ± k where j
= 1,3,5..... for k = 2,4,6...... and j = 2,4,6........ for k = 1,3,5..... such
that n is not a multiple of three
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Hence harmonics are at mf ± 2, mf ± 4......, 2mf ± 1, 2mf ± 5,..........,

3mf ± 2, 3mf ± 4,........, 4mf ± 1, 4mf ± 5,........
For nearly sinusoidal AC load current, the harmonics in the DC-link
current are at frequencies n = jmf ± k ± 1 where j = 0,2,4.... for k =
1,5,7..... and j = 1,3,5...... for k = 2,4,6.... such that n = jmf ± k is
positive and not a multiple of three
Maximum amplitude of the fundamental phase voltage in the linear
region (M ≤ 1) is Vs /2
Maximum amplitude of the fundamental
√ ac output line voltage,
vab1
ˆ = 3Vs /2
Therefore peak amplitude

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 68
2. Sinusoidal PWM

Over-modulation
To further increase the amplitude of the load voltage, the amplitude
of the modulating signal vˆr can be made higher than the amplitude of
the carrier signal vˆcr
Relationship between the amplitude of the fundamental AC output line
voltage and the DC-link voltage becomes non-linear

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 68
Square-wave Operation

Large values of M in the SPWM technique lead to full over-modulation

=⇒ Square-wave operation
Power devices are ON for 180o
Inverter cannot vary the load voltage except by varying the DC supply
voltage Vs
Fundamental AC line voltage

AC line output voltage contains the harmonics fn , where n = 6k ± 1

(k = 1,2,3....) and their amplitudes are inversely proportional to their
harmonic order n

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 68
Square-wave Operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 12 / 68
Problem
Q) A single-phase full-bridge inverter controls the power in a resistive
load. The nominal value of input DC voltage is Vs = 220 V and a uniform
pulse-width modulation with five pulses per half cycle is used. For the
required control, the width of each pulse is 30o .
(a) Determine the rms voltage of the load.
(b) If the DC supply increases by 10%, determine the pulse width to
maintain the same load power. If the maximum possible pulse width is
35o , determine the minimum allowable limit of the DC input source

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 68
Problem
Q) A single-phase full-bridge inverter controls the power in a resistive
load. The nominal value of input DC voltage is Vs = 220 V and a uniform
pulse-width modulation with five pulses per half cycle is used. For the
required control, the width of each pulse is 30o .
(a) Determine the rms voltage of the load.
(b) If the DC supply increases by 10%, determine the pulse width to
maintain the same load power. If the maximum possible pulse width is
35o , determine the minimum allowable limit of the DC input source

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 13 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

SVM treats the inverter as a single unit

Inverter can be driven to eight unique states
Modulation is accomplished by switching the state of the inverter
Control strategies are implemented in digital systems
SVM is a digital modulating technique where the objective is to generate
PWM load line voltages that are in average equal to a given (or
reference) load line voltage. This is done in each sampling period by
properly selecting the switch states of the inverter and the calculation
of the appropriate time period for each state. The selection of the
states and their time periods are accomplished by the space vector
(SV) transformation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 68
Space Transformation

Any three functions of time that satisfy ua (t) + ub (t) + uc (t) = 0

can be represented in a two-dimensional stationary space
uc (t) = −ua (t) − ub (t)
abc/xy transformation → Transformation of three-phase variables to
two-phase variables
A rotating space vector(s) u(t) in complex notation,

The real and imaginary components in the xy domain,

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

Coordinate transformation from the abc-axis to the xy axis

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
The transformation from the xy axis to the α−β axis, which is rotating
with an angular velocity of ω, can be obtained by rotating the xy-axis
with ωt as given by

Inverse transformation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 68
3. Space Vector Modulation (SVM)

If ua , ub and uc are the three-phase voltages of a balanced supply with

a peak value of Vm , then

Space Vector representation

Space vector is a vector of magnitude Vm rotating at a constant speed

ω in radians per second

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector
Switching states of the inverter can be represented by binary values
q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 and q6
qk = 1 when a switch is turned ON
qk = 0 when a switch is turned OFF
Pairs (q1 q4 ), (q3 q6 ) and (q5 q2 ) are complementary
q4 = 1 − q1
q6 = 1 − q3
q2 = 1 − q5

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 22 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector

e jθ = cosθ + j sinθ for θ = 0, 2π/3 or 4π/3

Output phase voltage in the switching state (100)

Space vector V1 corresponding to the switching state (100)

In general

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 23 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector
Zero-vector has two switching states (111) and (000) =⇒ one redundant
state
Redundant switching state can be utilized to optimize the operation of
the inverter such as minimizing the switching frequency
Space vectors do not move in space =⇒ stationary vectors
Vector u(t) rotates at an angular velocity of ω = 2πf
where f is the fundamental frequency of the inverter output voltage
Three-phase to two-phase transformation

√
Peak value of line voltage, VL(peak) = 2VS / 3
√
Peak value of phase voltage, Vp(peak) = VS / 3
Line voltage vector Vab leads the phase vector by π/6
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector
Normalized peak value of nth line voltage vector,

Six non-zero vectors, (V1 to V6 ) and two zero vectors, (V0 and V7 )
Performance vector U as the time integral function of Vn

where U0 is the initial condition

U draws a hexagon locus that is determined by the magnitude and the
time period of voltage vectors
If output voltages are purely sinusoidal, then performance vector U,

where M = modulation index 0 < M < 1 and

ω = output frequency in radians per second
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 68
3.1 Concept of Space Vector
U ∗ draws a pure circle locus of radius M=1 =⇒ Reference vector Vr
Locus U can be controlled by selecting Vn and adjusting the time width
of Vn to follow the U ∗ locus as closely as possible =⇒ Quasi-circular
Locus Method
Angular displacement between reference vector Vr and α of the α − β
frame can be obtained by

When the reference (or modulating) vector Vr passes through the

sectors one by one, different sets of switches will be turned ON or
OFF according to the switching states
When Vr rotates one revolution in space, the inverter output voltage
completes one cycle over time
Inverter output frequency corresponds to the rotating speed of Vr and
its output voltage can be adjusted by varying the magnitude of Vr
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 68
3.2 Modulating Reference Vector

Vectors of three-phase line modulating signals [vr ]abc = [vra vrb vrc ]T
can be represented by the complex vector
U ∗ = Vr = [vr ]αβ = [vr α vr β ]T as given by

If the line modulating signals [vr ]abc are three balanced sinusoidal
waveforms with an amplitude of Ac = 1 and an angular frequency
ω, the resulting modulating signals in the α − β stationary frame
Vc = [vr ]αβ becomes a vector of fixed amplitude MAc (= M) that
rotates at frequency ω

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

Reference vector Vr in a particular sector can be synthesized to produce

a given magnitude and position from the three nearby stationary space
vectors and the gating signals for the switching devices in each sector
can also be generated
Objective of the SV switching is to approximate the sinusoidal line
modulating signal Vr with the eight space vectors (Vn , n = 0, 2, ...., 7)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

If the modulating signal Vr is laying between the arbitrary vectors Vn

and Vn+1 , then the two non-zero vectors (Vn and Vn+1 ) and one zero
SV (Vz = V0 or V7 ) should be used to obtain the maximum load line
voltage and to minimize the switching frequency
A voltage vector Vr in section 1 can be realized by the V1 and V2 vectors
and one of the two null vectors (V0 or V7 )
V1 state is active for time T1 , V2 is active for T2 and one of the null
vectors (V0 or V7 ) is active for Tz
For a sufficiently high-switching frequency, the reference vector Vr can
be assumed constant during one switching period
Since the vectors V1 and V2 are constant and Vz = 0, we can equate
the volt-time of the reference vector to the SVs as

T1 , T2 and Tz are the dwell times for vectors V1 , V2 and Vz respectively

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

space vectors in sector 1

where Vr is the magnitude of the reference vector and θ is the angle

of Vr
Vr can be generated by using two adjacent SVs with the appropriate
duty cycle as shown in figure

In rectangular coordinates

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 32 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides

Solving for T1 , T2 and Tz in sector 1 (0 ≤ θ ≤ π/3)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 68
3.3 Switching Times

If Vr lies in the middle of vector V1 and V2 so that θ = π/6, then the

dwell time T1 = T2
If Vr is closer to V2 , then T2 > T1
If Vr is aligned in the direction of the central point, then the dwell time
T1 = T2 = Tz
For k th sector, θ → θk

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 68
Modulation Index
Modulation Index

Dwell Times

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 68
Modulation Index
Let
Va1 = RMS value of the fundamental component of the inverter output
phase (phase-a) voltage
Vr = Peak reference value

=⇒

=⇒ RMS output voltage (Va1 ) is proportional to the modulation

index (M)
In SVM, hexagon is formed by six stationary vectors having a length of
2VS /3, the maximum value of the reference vector is given by

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 68
Modulation Index

Maximum modulation index Mmax

Range of the modulation index for SVM

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

SV sequence should assure that the load line voltages have the quarter-
wave symmetry to reduce even harmonics in their spectra
To reduce the switching frequency, it is also necessary to arrange the
switching sequence in such a way that the transition from one to the
next is performed by switching only one inverter leg at a time
The transition for moving from one sector in the space vector diagram
to the next requires no or a minimum number of switching
These conditions are met by the sequence Vz , Vn , Vn+1 Vz (where Vz
is alternately chosen between V0 and V7 )

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

If Vr falls in section 1, the switching sequence is V0 , V1 , V2 , V7 , V2 , V1 , V0

Tz (= T0 = T7 ) can be split and distributed at the beginning and at
the end of the sampling period Ts
In general, the time intervals of the null vectors are equally distributed
with Tz /2 at the beginning and Tz /2 at the end

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence
SVM pattern has the following characteristics
The SVM pattern has a quarter-wave symmetry
The dwell times for the seven segments add up to the sampling period
( Ts = T1 + T2 + Tz ) or a multiple of Ts
The transition from state (000) to state (100) involves only two switches
and is accomplished by turning Q1 ON and Q4 OFF
The switching state (111) is selected for the Tz /2 segment in the centre
to reduce the number of switching per sampling period. The switching
state (000) is selected for the Tz /2 segments on both sides
Each of the switches in the inverter turns ON and OFF once per
sampling period. The switching frequency fsw of the devices is thus
equal to the sampling frequency fs = 1/Ts or its multiple
The pattern of waveform can be produced for a duration of nTs that is
a multiple (n) or a fraction (1/n) of the sampling period Ts by either
multiplying or dividing the dwell times by n. ie, if we multiply by 2, the
segments will cover two sampling periods
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

Instantaneous phase voltages can be found by time averaging of the

SVs during one switching period for sector 1

To minimize uncharacteristic harmonics in SV modulation, the normalized

sampling frequency fsn should be an integer multiple of ie, T ≥ 6nTs
for n = 1,2,3......... Hence all the six sectors will be equally used in one
period for producing symmetric line output voltages

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 68
3.4 Space Vector Sequence

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 68
Over-modulation

In over-modulation, the reference vector follows a circular trajectory

that extends the bounds of the hexagon
The portions of the circle inside the hexagon utilize the same SVM
equations for determining the state times Tn , Tn+ 1 and Tz such that

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 68
Over-modulation
The portions of the circle outside the hexagon are limited by the
boundaries of the hexagon and the corresponding time states Tn and
Tn+1 can be obtained as

√
Maximum modulation index M for SVM is Mmax = 2/ 3
For 0 < M < √ 1, the inverter operates in the normal SVM
For M > 2/ 3, the inverter operates completely in the six-step output
mode
Six-step operation switches the inverter only to the six vectors as shown
in table, thereby minimizing the number of switching at one time
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 68
Over-modulation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 68
Over-modulation

√
For 1 < M < 2/ 3, the inverter operates in over-modulation, which
is normally used as a transitioning step from the SVM techniques into
a six-step operation
Over-modulation allows more utilization of the DC input voltage than
the standard SVM techniques
But it results in non-sinusoidal output voltages with a high degree of
distortion, especially at a low-output frequency

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 68
SVM Implementation
Steps
Transformation from the three-phase reference signals to two-phase
signals by abc to α − β transformation into two components vr α and
vr β
Find magnitude Vr and the angle θ of the reference vector

Calculate the sector angle θk

Calculate the modulation index M
Calculate the dwell times T1 , T2 and Tz
Determine the gating signals and their sequence
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 68
SVM Implementation

Block Diagram

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 68
4. Comparison of Sine PWM & Space Vector PWM

Any modulation scheme can be used to create the variable-frequency,

variable-voltage ac waveforms
Sinusoidal PWM
Sinusoidal PWM compares a high frequency triangular carrier with three
sinusoidal reference signals (modulating signals), to generate the gating
signals for the inverter switches
Analog domain technique
Commonly used in power conversion with both analog and digital implement
Third-harmonic PWM
Cancellation of the third-harmonic components and better utilization of
the DC supply
Preferred in three-phase applications

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 68
4. Comparison of Sine PWM & Space Vector PWM

SV Method
Does not consider each of the three modulating voltages as a separate
identity
Three voltages are simultaneously taken into account within a two-
dimensional reference frame (α − β plane) and the complex reference
vector is processed as a single unit
Lower harmonics
Higher modulation index
Complete digital implementation by a single-chip microprocessor
Due to it’s flexibility of manipulation, SVM is preferred in power converters
and motor control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 68
4. Comparison of Sine PWM & Space Vector PWM

Summary of modulation schemes for Three-phase inverters with M = 1

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

Selective Harmonic Elimination Switching

Combines square-wave switching and PWM
To control fundamental output voltage
To eliminate the designated harmonics from the output

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

VAo of an inverter leg, normalized by 1/2Vd is plotted

Six notches are introduced in the otherwise square-wave output, to
control the magnitude of the fundamental voltage and to eliminate
fifth and seventh harmonics
On a half-cycle basis, each notch provides one degree of freedom
Having three notches per half-cycle provides control of fundamental and
elimination of two harmonics (in this case fifth and seventh)
Output waveform has odd half-wave symmetry =⇒ only odd harmonics
(coefficients of sine series) will be present
In three-phase inverter, third harmonic and its multiples are cancelled
out in the output
These harmonics need not be eliminated from the output of the inverter
leg by means of waveform notching
Switching frequency of a switch is seven times the switching frequency
associated with a square-wave operation
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

In a square-wave operation, the fundamental-frequency voltage component

Maximum available fundamental amplitude is reduced because of the

notches to eliminate fifth and seventh harmonics

The required values of α1 , α2 and α3 are plotted as a function of the

normalized fundamental in the output voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 68
5. Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching

To allow control over the fundamental output and to eliminate the

5th , 7th , 11th and 13th order harmonics, five notches per half-cycle
would be needed
Each switch would have 11 times the switching frequency compared with
a square-wave operation
Programmed harmonic elimination scheme can be implemented with
the help of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and microcontrollers
Without making the switching frequency (and therefore the switching
losses) very high, it allows the undesirable lower order harmonics to be
eliminated
Higher order harmonics can be filtered by a small filter, if necessary
Before selecting this technique, it should be compared with a sinusoidal
PWM technique with a low mf to evaluate which one is better
Distortions due to the blanking time, will occur

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 68
6. Current Controlled Voltage Source Inverter

Motor servo drives → Motor current (supplied by the switch-mode

converter or inverter) needs to be controlled
Output-stage current can be controlled in order to regulate the output
voltage
Control schemes are used to generated switching signals for the inverter
switches in order to control the inverter output current
1 Tolerance Band Control
2 Fixed-Frequency Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 68
6.1 Tolerance Band Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 68
6.1 Tolerance Band Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 68
6.1 Tolerance Band Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 68
6.1 Tolerance Band Control

Hysteresis Current Control

Sinusoidal reference current: iA∗
Actual phase current: iA
Actual phase current is compared with the tolerance band around the
reference current associated with that phase
If the actual current tries to go beyond the upper tolerance band, TA−
is turned ON =⇒ TA+ is turned OFF
The opposite switching occurs if the actual current tries to go below
the lower tolerance band
Switching frequency depends on how fast the current changes from the
upper limit to the lower limit and vice versa → it depends on Vd , load
back-emf, and the load inductance
Switching frequency does not remain constant but varies along the
current waveform
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 64 / 68
6.2 Fixed-Frequency Control

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 68
6.2 Fixed-Frequency Control

Error between the reference and the actual current is amplified or fed
through a proportional integral (PI) controller
Output vcontrol of the amplifier is compared with a fixed-frequency
(switching frequency fs ) triangular waveform vtri
A positive error (iA∗ − iA ) → a positive vcontrol → results in a larger
inverter output voltage → brings iA back to it’s reference value
The load voltage (derived from the model of the load) is used as a
compensating feed forward signal

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 68
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters Application

and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 68
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 68
Switched Mode Power Converters
(S6 EEE - EE364)

Prof. Dinto Mathew

Asst. Professor

Dept. of EEE, MACE

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 1 / 78
Overview I
1 Resonant Converters
Classification of Resonant Converters
2 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
3 Series Resonant Circuit
Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
Series-Resonant Circuit with Capacitor-Parallel Load
Frequency Characteristics of Series-Resonant Circuit
4 Parallel Resonant Circuit
Undamped Parallel Resonant Circuit
Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
5 Load Resonant Converter
Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters
Parallel Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters
6 Resonant Switch Converter
ZCS Resonant Converter
L Type
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 2 / 78
Overview II
M Type
ZVS Resonant Converter
Comparison of ZCS & ZVS Resonant Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 3 / 78
1. Resonant Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 78
1. Resonant Converters

Switch-mode converters
Required to turn ON and turn OFF the entire load current during each
switching switch-mode operation
Switches are subjected to high switching stresses
High switching power loss
Switching power loss increases linearly with the switching frequency of
the PWM
EMI produced due to large di/dt and dv/dt caused by switch-mode
operation
Higher switching frequency
Reduces converter size and weight
Increases power density
To realize high switching frequencies in converters
Switch in a converter should change its status (from ON to OFF or
vice versa) when the voltage across it and/or the current through it is
zero at the switching instant =⇒ Zero-voltage Switching and/or
Zero-current Switching → Resonant Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 4 / 78
1.1 Classification of Resonant Converters

Converter topologies & switching strategies that result in zero-voltage

and/or zero-current switchings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 78
1.1 Classification of Resonant Converters

Converter topologies & switching strategies that result in zero-voltage

and/or zero-current switchings

Classification
1 Load-resonant Converters
2 Resonant-switch Converters
3 Resonant-DC-link Converters
4 High-frequency-link integral-half-cycle Converters

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 5 / 78
Load Resonant Converters
LC resonant tank circuit is used
Oscillating v & i, due to LC resonance in the tank are applied to the
load, and the converter switches can be switched at zero voltage
and/or zero current instant
Series LC or Parallel LC circuit
Power flow to the load is controlled by the resonant tank impedance,
which in turn is controlled by the switching frequency fs , in
comparison to the resonant frequency fo , of the tank

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 78
Load Resonant Converters
LC resonant tank circuit is used
Oscillating v & i, due to LC resonance in the tank are applied to the
load, and the converter switches can be switched at zero voltage
and/or zero current instant
Series LC or Parallel LC circuit
Power flow to the load is controlled by the resonant tank impedance,
which in turn is controlled by the switching frequency fs , in
comparison to the resonant frequency fo , of the tank

Classification
1 Voltage-source Series-resonant Converters
a Series-loaded Resonant (SLR) Converters
b Parallel-loaded Resonant (PLR) Converters
c Hybrid-resonant Converters
2 Current-source Parallel-resonant Converters
3 Class E and Subclass E Resonant Converters
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 6 / 78
Resonant Switch Converters

Quasi-resonant converters
During one switching-frequency time period, there are resonant as
well as non-resonant operating intervals

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 78
Resonant Switch Converters

Quasi-resonant converters
During one switching-frequency time period, there are resonant as
well as non-resonant operating intervals

Classification
1 Resonant-switch dc-dc converters
1 Zero-current-switching (ZCS) converters
2 Zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) converters
2 Pseudo-resonant converter and Clamped-voltage converter
(Resonant-transition converter)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 7 / 78
Resonant DC Link Converters

Conventional switch-mode PWM DC-AC inverters

Input Vd is a fixed-magnitude DC
Sinusoidal output is obtained by switch-mode PWM switchings

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 78
Resonant DC Link Converters

Conventional switch-mode PWM DC-AC inverters

Input Vd is a fixed-magnitude DC
Sinusoidal output is obtained by switch-mode PWM switchings

Resonant DC Link Converters

Input voltage is made to oscillate around Vd , by means of an LC
resonance so that the input voltage remains zero for a finite duration
during which the status of the inverter switches can be changed =⇒
Zero-voltage switching

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 8 / 78
High-frequency-link integral-half-cycle Converters

Input is a high-frequency sinusoidal AC supply

Bidirectional switches are used
Low-frequency AC output of adjustable magnitude and frequency OR
an adjustable-magnitude DC
Switches are turned ON and OFF at the zero crossings of the input
voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 9 / 78
2. Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts

Generalized analysis of resonant converters

Initial conditions are indicated by uppercase letters, Subscript 0, and
square brackets → [Vc0 ] and [IL0 ]

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 10 / 78
3. Series Resonant Circuit

Analysis of Series Resonant Circuit :

1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
2 Series-Resonant Circuit with Capacitor-Parallel Load
3 Frequency Characteristics of Series-Resonant Circuit

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 11 / 78
3.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit I

State variables
Inductor current iL
Capacitor voltage vc

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3.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit II

Angular resonance frequency

Characteristic impedance

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3.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit III

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 14 / 78
3.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with Capacitor-Parallel Load I

Capacitor is in parallel with a current source Io , which represents the

load
DC quantities : Vd and Io
Initial conditions at to : ILo and Vco

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 15 / 78
3.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with Capacitor-Parallel Load II

where ω0 is the angular frequency

where Z0 is the characteristic impedance

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 16 / 78
3.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with Capacitor-Parallel Load III

If Vc0 = 0 and IL0 = I0 then

and

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 17 / 78
3.3 Frequency Characteristics of Series-Resonant Circuit I

Resonance frequency: ω0
Characteristic impedance: Z0

Quality Factor (Q)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 18 / 78
3.3 Frequency Characteristics of Series-Resonant Circuit II

Magnitude Zs of the circuit impedance as a function of frequency

with Q as a parameter, keeping R constant
Zs is a pure resistance equal to R at ωs = ω0 and is very sensitive to
frequency deviation from ω0 at higher values of Q

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 19 / 78
3.3 Frequency Characteristics of Series-Resonant Circuit III

Current phase angle θ(= θi − θv ) as a function of frequency

At frequencies below ω0 (ωs < ω0 )
Current leads voltage
Capacitor impedance dominates over inductor impedance
At frequencies above ω0 (ωs > ω0 )
Current lags voltage
Inductor impedance dominates over the capacitor impedance

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 20 / 78
4.1 Undamped Parallel Resonant Circuit I

Undamped parallel-resonant circuit supplied by a dc current Id

Initial conditions at time t = t0 : IL0 andVc0
State variables
Inductor current iL
Capacitor voltage Vc

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 21 / 78
4.1 Undamped Parallel Resonant Circuit II

Solution for t ≥ t0

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 22 / 78
4.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
I

Resonance frequency: ω0
Characteristic Impedance: Z0
With Load Resistor R → Quality Factor(Q)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 23 / 78
4.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
II

Characteristics

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 24 / 78
4.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
III

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 25 / 78
4.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
IV

Magnitude Zp , of the circuit impedance as a function of frequency with

Q as a parameter, keeping R constant
Voltage phase angle θ(= θv − θi ) as a function of frequency
For frequencies below ω0 (ωs < ω0 ), voltage leads the current →
Inductor impedance is lower than the capacitor impedance → Inductor
current dominates
For frequencies above ω0 (ωs > ω0 ), capacitor impedance is lower →
Voltage lags the current with the voltage phase angle θ approaching
−900

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 26 / 78
5. Load Resonant Converter

LC tank is used
Oscillating load voltage and current
Provides zero-voltage and/or zero-current switchings
Only the steady-state operation is considered in the analysis

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 27 / 78
5.1 Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters I

Half-bridge configuration of the SLR converter

Transformer can be used

To provide the output voltage of a desired magnitude
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 28 / 78
5.1 Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters II
To provide electrical isolation between the input and the output
Series-resonant Tank Circuit
Output load appears in series with the resonant tank
Lr and Cr
Current through the resonant tank circuit is full-wave rectified at the
output
|iL | feeds the output stage
Filter capacitor C =⇒ Output voltage across the capacitor can be
assumed to be a DC voltage without any ripple
Resistive power loss in the resonant circuit is assumed to be negligible
Output voltage V0 , is reflected across the rectifier input as VB 0 B
VB 0 B = V0 , if iL is positive
iL flows through T+ , if it is ON, otherwise it flows through the diode
D−
VB 0 B = −V0 , if iL is negative

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 29 / 78
5.1 Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters III

iL flows through T− , if it is ON, otherwise it flows through the diode

D+
For i > 0
T+ conducting
vAB = + 12 Vd and vAB 0 = + 21 Vd − Vo
D− conducting
vAB = − 12 Vd and vAB 0 = − 21 Vd − Vo
For i < 0
T− conducting
vAB = − 12 Vd and vAB 0 = − 21 Vd + Vo
D+ conducting
vAB = + 12 Vd and vAB 0 = + 21 Vd + Vo
Voltage applied across the tank (vAB 0 ) depends on
Which device is conducting
Direction of iL

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 30 / 78
5.1 Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters IV

In steady-state symmetrical operation, both the switches are operated

identically
In SLR converter, output voltage (V0 ), cannot exceed the input
voltage (+ 12 Vd ) =⇒ V0 < + 21 Vd
Switching frequency fs (= ωs /2π) can be controlled to be less than or
greater than the resonance frequency f0 (= ω0 /2π) if the converter
consists of self-controlled switches
Three possible modes of operation based on the ratio of switching
frequency ωs , to the resonance frequency ω0 , which determines if iL
flows continuously or discontinuously

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 31 / 78
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs < 12 ω0 ) I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 32 / 78
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs < 12 ω0 ) II

Waveforms in steady state condition are analyzed

At ω0 to , switch T+ , is turned ON
iL builds up from it’s zero value
Capacitor voltage builds up from it’s initial negative valueVco = −2Vo
After 180o subsequent to ω0 to , at ω0 t1
Inductor current reverses → flows through D+ , since T− is not yet
turned ON
After 180o subsequent to ω0 t1 , at ω0 t2
iL goes to zero and remains zero as no switches are ON
Symmetrical operation requires that vc , during the discontinuous
interval ω0 (t3 − t2 ) be negative of Vco =⇒ 2Vo
At ω0 t3
T− is turned ON
Next half-cycle ensues

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 33 / 78
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs < 12 ω0 ) III

Because of the discontinuous interval, one half-cycle of the operating

frequency exceeds 3600 of the resonance frequency f0 =⇒ Mode of
operation with ωs < 12 ω0
Switches turn OFF naturally at zero current and at zero voltage, since
the inductor current goes through zero
Switches turn ON at zero current but not at zero voltage
Average of the rectified inductor current |iL | = I0
Disadvantage
Relatively large peak current in the circuit → higher conduction losses,
compared with the continuous-conduction mode

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 34 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with ( 12 ω0 < ωs < ω0 ) I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 35 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with ( 12 ω0 < ωs < ω0 ) II

Operation
At ω0 t0
T+ turns ON with a finite value of the inductor current and at a
preconduction switch voltage of Vd
T + conducts for less than 1800
At ω0 t1
iL reverses and flows through D+
T+ turns OFF naturally
At ω0 t2
T− is turned ON
iL transfers from D+ to T−
D+ , conducts for less than 180o because T− is switched ON early,
compared with the discontinuous-conduction mode
In this mode of operation, the switches turn ON at a finite current
and at a finite voltage, thus resulting in a turn-on switching loss

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 36 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with ( 12 ω0 < ωs < ω0 ) III

Freewheeling diodes must have good reverse-recovery characteristics

to avoid large reverse current spikes flowing through the switches
Turn-off switches occurs naturally at zero current and at zero voltage
as the inductor current through them goes to zero and reverses
through the freewheeling diodes → Possible to use thyristors as
switches in low switching-frequency applications

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 37 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs > ω0 ) I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 38 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs > ω0 ) II
Switches in this mode with ωs > ω0 are forced to turn OFF a finite
current, but they are turned ON at zero current and zero voltage
Operation
At ω0 t0
T+ starts conduction at zero current when the inductor current reverses
in direction
At ω0 t1
T+ is forced to turn OFF before the half-cycle of the current oscillation
ends
Positive iL is forced to flow through D−
At ω0 t2
Current through the diode reaches zero quickly
T− is gated on as soon as D− begins to conduct so that it can conduct
when iL reverses
Combined conduction interval for T+ and D− is equal to one half-cycle
of operation at the switching frequency of ωs
=⇒ ωs > ω0
Advantages
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 39 / 78
Continuous-Conduction Mode with (ωs > ω0 ) III

Switches turn ON at a zero current and zero voltage

Freewheeling diodes do not need to have very fast reverse-recovery
characteristics
Disadvantages
Switches need to force turn OFF near the peak of iL , thus causing a
large turn-off switching loss

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 40 / 78
5.2 Parallel Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 41 / 78
5.2 Parallel Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters II
Output stage is connected in parallel with the resonant-tank capacitor
Cr
Voltage across the resonant-tank capacitor Cr is rectified, filtered,
and then supplied to the load
Current through the output filter inductor can be assumed to be a
ripple-free dc current Io during a switching frequency time period
based on an assumption of high switching frequency and a sufficiently
large value of the filter inductor
Voltage across the resonant tank depends on the devices conducting
T+ or D+ : ON =⇒ vAB = + 12 Vd
T− or D− : ON =⇒ vAB = − 12 Vd
Input voltage to the tank (vAB )s equal in magnitude to + 12 Vd but its
polarity depends on which switch is turned on (T+ , orT− )
Current iB 0 B equals Io in magnitude, but it’s direction depends on the
polarity of the voltage vc across Cr

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 42 / 78
5.2 Parallel Loaded Resonant DC-DC Converters III

Parallel Loaded Resonant (PLR) Converter Vs Series Loaded

Resonant (SLR) Converter
PLR converters appear as a voltage source → Better suited for multiple
outlets
PLR converters can step up as well as step down the voltage, unlike
the SLR Converters, which can operate only as a step-down converter
(not counting the transformer turns ratio)
Drawback of PLR converters is that it does not possess inherent
short-circuit protection capability

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 43 / 78
6. Resonant Switch Converter I

Shaping the switch voltage and switch current by LC resonant circuit

→ zero voltage and/or zero current switching → Resonant Switch
Converter
Types of Resonant Switch Converters
1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) Topology
Switch turns ON and OFF at zero current
Peak resonant current flows through the switch
Peak switch voltage remains the same as in its switch-mode counterpart

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 44 / 78
6. Resonant Switch Converter II

Figure : ZCS DC-DC Converter (Step-down)

2 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) Topology

Switch turns ON and OFF at zero voltage
Peak voltage appears across the switch
Peak switch current remains the same as in its switch-mode counterpart

Figure : ZVS DC-DC Converter (Step-down)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 45 / 78
6. Resonant Switch Converter III

3 Zero Voltage Switching, Clamped Voltage (ZVS-CV) Topology

Switch turns ON and OFF at zero voltage
Consists of at least one converter leg made up of two switches
Peak switch voltage remains the same as in its switch-mode counterpart
Peak switch current is higher

Figure : ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter (Step-down)

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 46 / 78
6.1 ZCS Resonant Converter I

Switches turn ON and OFF at zero current

Resonant circuit consists of switch S1 , inductor L, and capacitor C
Inductor L is connected in series with a power switch S1 to achieve
ZCS
Inductor L limits the di/dt of the switch current
L and C constitute a series resonant circuit
When switch current is zero, there is a current i = Cf dvT /dt flowing
through the internal capacitance Cj due to a finite slope of the switch
voltage at turn-off. This current flow causes power dissipation in the
switch and limits the high switching frequency
Switch Configurations
Half-wave configuration → diode D1 allows unidirectional current flow
Full-wave configuration → switch current can flow bidirectionally

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 47 / 78
6.1 ZCS Resonant Converter II
For L-type configuration, C can be polarized electrolytic capacitance,
whereas the capacitance C for the M-type configuration must be an
ac capacitor

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 48 / 78
L Type I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 49 / 78
L Type II

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 50 / 78
L Type III
Mode 1

Mode 1: 0 < t < t1

Switch S1 is turned ON
Diode Dm conducts
Inductor current iL rises linearly → iL = (Vs /L)t
Mode 1 ends at time t = t1 when iL (t = t1 ) = Io → t1 = Io L/Vs

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 51 / 78
L Type IV
Mode 2

Mode 2: t1 < t < t2

Switch S1 remains ON
Diode Dm is OFF
Inductor current iL = Im sin ωo t + Io
p
Im = Vs C /L
Capacitor voltage vc = Vs (1 − cos ωo t)
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 52 / 78
L Type V
√
Peak switch current occurs at t = (π/2) LC → Ip = Im + Io ,
Peak capacitor voltage Vc(pk) = 2Vs
Mode 2 ends at t = t2 when iL (t√= t2 ) = Io and
vc (t = t2 ) = Vc2 2Vs → t2 = π LC
Mode 3

Mode 3: t2 < t < t3

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 53 / 78
L Type VI
Inductor current falls from Io to zero

iL = Io − Im sin ωo t

Capacitor voltage vc = 2Vs cos ωo t

Mode 3 ends at t = t3 when i√
L (t = t3 ) = 0 and
vc = (t = t3 ) = Vc3 p→ t3 = LC sin−1 (1/x) where
x = Im /Io = (Vs /Io ) C /L
Mode 4

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 54 / 78
L Type VII
Mode 4: t3 < t < t4
Capacitor supplies the load current Io
vc = Vc3 − (Io /C )t
Mode 4 ends at time t = t4 when vc (t = t4 ) = 0 → t4 = Vc3 C /Io
Mode 5

Mode 5: t4 < t < t5

Capacitor voltage tends to be negative
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 55 / 78
L Type VIII

Diode Dm conducts
Load current Io flows through the diode Dm
Mode 5 ends at t = t5 when the switch S1 is turned ON again
t5 = T − (t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 )
Peak switch voltage equals to the dc supply voltage Vs
Since the switch current is zero at turn-on and turn-off, the switching
loss becomes negligible
By placing an antiparallel diode across the switch, the output voltage
can be made insensitive to load variations

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 56 / 78
M Type I

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 57 / 78
M Type II

5 Modes of operation
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 58 / 78
M Type III
Mode 1

Similar to L type
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 59 / 78
M Type IV

Mode 2

Capacitor voltage vc = Vs cos ωo t

Peak capacitor voltage, Vc pk = Vs
Mode 2 ends at t = t2 → vc (t = t2 ) = Vc2 = −Vs

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 60 / 78
M Type V

Mode 3

Capacitor voltage vc = −Vs cos ωo t

Mode 3 ends at t = t3 → vc (t = t3 ) = Vc3
Vc3 can have a negative value

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 61 / 78
M Type VI
Mode 4

Mode 4 ends at t = t4 → vc (t = t4 ) = Vs =⇒ t4 = (Vs − Vc3 )C /Io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 62 / 78
M Type VII

Mode 5

Similar to L type

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 63 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter I

Capacitor C is connected in parallel with the switch S1 to achieve ZVS

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 64 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter II

Internal switch capacitance Cj is added with the capacitor C → it

affects the resonant frequency
Half-wave configuration: Switch is implemented with a transistor
Q1 and an antiparallel diode D1 and the voltage across C is clamped
by D1
Full-wave configuration: Diode D1 is connected in series with Q1
and the voltage across C can oscillate freely
ZVS resonant converter is the dual of the ZCS resonant
Equations for the M-type ZCS resonant converter can be applied if iL
is replaced by vc and vice versa, L by C and vice versa and Vs by Io
and vice versa
5 modes of operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 65 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter III
Mode 1

Mode 1: 0 < t < t1

Switch S1 and diode Dm are OFF
Capacitor C charges at a constant rate of load current Io
Capacitor voltage vc = (Io /C )t
Mode 1 ends at time t = t1 when vc (t = t1 ) = Vs ie t1 = Vs C /Io

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 66 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter IV
Mode 2

Mode 2: t1 < t < t2

S1 is still OFF
Diode Dm turns ON
Capacitor voltage vc = Vm sin ωo t + Vs
p
Vm = Io L/C
Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 67 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter V

√
Peak switch voltage, p
which occurs at t = (π/2) LC is given by
VT (pk) = Vc(pk) = Io L/C + Vs
Inductor current iL = Io cos ωo t
Mode 2 ends at t = t2 when v√c (t = t2 ) = Vs and
iL (t = t2 ) = −Io =⇒ t2 = π LC

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 68 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter VI

Mode 3

Mode 3: t2 < t < t3

Capacitor voltage falls from Vs to zero → vc = Vs − Vm sin ωo t
Inductor current iL = −Io cos ωo t

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 69 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter VII

Mode 3 ends at t = t3 when

√ vc (t = t3 ) = 0 and
iL (t = t3 ) = IL3 → t3p= LC sin−1 x where
x = Vs /Vm = (Vs /Io ) C /L

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 70 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter VIII
Mode 4

Mode 4: t3 < t < t4

Switch S1 is turned ON
Diode Dm remains ON
Inductor current rises linearly from IL3 to Io → iL = IL3 + (Vs /L)t

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 71 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter IX

Mode 4 ends at time t = t4 when

iL (t = t4 ) = 0 → t4 = (Io − IL3 )(L/Vs )
IL3 is a negative value

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 72 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter X
Mode 5

Mode 5: t4 < t < t5

Switch S1 is ON
Diode Dm is OFF
Load current Io flows through the switch

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 73 / 78
6.2 ZVS Resonant Converter XI

Mode 5 ends at time t = t5 , when switch S1 is turned OFF again and

the cycle is repeated
t5 = T − (t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 )
Peak switch voltage VT (pk) is dependent on the load current Io →
Wide variation in the load current results in a wide variation of the
switch voltage → ZVS converters are used only for constant-load
applications

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 74 / 78
6.3 Comparison of ZCS & ZVS Resonant Converters I

Both ZCS and ZVS techniques require a variable-frequency control to

regulate the output voltage
In ZCS, the switch is required to conduct a peak current which is
higher than the load current Io , by an amount Vd /Zo
In the ZVS topology, switch is required to withstand a forward
voltage which is higher thanVd , by an amount Zo Io
ZCS converters can eliminate the switching losses at turn-OFF and
reduce the switching losses at turn-ON
Relatively large capacitor is connected across the diode Dm
Inverter operation becomes insensitive to the diodes junction
capacitance
Peak switch current in ZCS is much higher than that in a square wave
ZVS eliminates the capacitive turn-on loss
Suitable for high-frequency operation

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 75 / 78
6.3 Comparison of ZCS & ZVS Resonant Converters II

For both ZCS and ZVS, the output voltage control can be achieved
by varying the frequency
ZCS operates with a constant on-time control
ZVS operates with a constant off-time control
ZVS is preferable over ZCS at high switching frequencies
Reason is related to the internal capacitances of the switch
When the switch turns ON at zero current but at a finite voltage, the
charge on the internal capacitance is dissipated in the switch → loss
becomes significant at very high switching frequencies. However, no
such loss occurs if the switch turns on at a zero voltage

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 76 / 78
References

1 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, ”Power Electronics Converters

Application and Design”, Wiley-India
2 Muhammad H. Rashid, ”Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices and
Applications”, Pearson Education
3 Abraham Pressman, ”Switching Power supply Design”, McGraw Hill

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 77 / 78
Thank You

*for private circulation only

Prof. Dinto Mathew (Dept. of EEE, MACE) Switched Mode Power Converters 78 / 78

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