UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA”

SUBMITTED BY

SAPKAL SAYALI SURESH

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF COMMERCE IN MANAGEMENT

SEM-III

EXAMINATION NO:-

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

GUIDED BY

MR. AKSHAY BHOIR

PADMASHRI ANNASAHEB JADHAV BHARATIYA SAMAJ UNNATI MANDAL’S

B.N.N. COLLEGE, BHIWANDI

DIST. THANE 421302

 DECLARATION

I, Miss. SAPKAL SAYALI SURESH, Exam No: ____________ Student of B.N.N.

College, Bhiwandi of M.COM. (MASTER OF COMMERCE IN
(MANAGEMENT), PART II Semester III, hereby declare that I have completed
project on “WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA’’ is a record of
independent research work carried by me during the academic year 2023-24 under the
guidance of MR. AKSHAY BHOIR. The information submitted is true and original
to the best of my knowledge.

SAPKAL SAYALI SURESH

Estd. June 1960

“A” NAAC Accredited

‘‘ BEST COLLEGE AWARD 2018-2019’’

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAPKAL SAYALI SURESH, Exam No.:________________

Of MASTER OF COMMERCE (MANAGEMENT), PART II Semester III,
B.N.N. College, (Academic Year 2023-24) has successfully completed the project
entitled “WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA’’ and submitted the project
report in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of The Degree of
M.COM (MASTER OF COMMERCE IN MANAGEMENT) PART II of
University of Mumbai.

Mr. Akshay Bhoir Dr. Surekha Dhende Dr. Ashok. D.Wagh

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

Examiner: -__________

Date: - __________

College Seal
 ACKNOWLEGMENT

To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the depth
is so enormous. I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic
channels and fresh dimensions in the completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me chance to
do this project. I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Ashok D. Wagh for
providing the necessary facilities required for completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to thank our Head of Department of Commerce, Dr. Surekha Dhende for
their moral support and guidance. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude
towards my project guide Mr. Akshay Bhoir whose guidance and care made the
project successful.

I would like to thank my College Nirlon Library, for having provided various
reference books and magazines related to my project.

Lastly, I would like to thank each person who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of the project especially my parents and peers who supported me
throughout my project.

SAPKAL SAYALI SURESH

 INDEX
CHAPTERS NAME OF THE TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-14

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15-17

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 18-51

4 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND 52-75

PRESENTATION

5 CONCLUSION 76

6 SUGGESTION 77

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78

8 APPENDIX : PHOTOGRAPHS 79-80

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
IN
INDIA

01
 CHAPTER NO. 1- INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship has traditionally been defined as the process of designing, launching and
running a new business, which typically begins as a small business,such as a startup company, offering a
product, process or service for sale or hire. Ithas been defined as the capacity and willingness to develop,
organize, and managea business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. While
definitions of entrepreneurship typically focus on the launching and running of businesses, due to the high
risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant proportion of businesses have to close, due to lack of
funding, bad business decisions, an economic crisis or a combination of all of these" or due to lack of market
demand. In the 2000s, the definition of entrepreneurship has been expanded to explain how and why some
individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit them,
whereas others do not, and, in turn, how entrepreneurs use these opportunities to develop new products or
services, launch new firms or even new industries and create wealth.

Women entrepreneurship has been recognized as an important source of economicgrowth. Women

entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to
management, organization and businessproblems. However, they still represent a minority of all
entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their
businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and/or cultural practices; lack of
access to formal finance mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc.

n to the economic well-being of the

family and communities, poverty reduction and
Development Goals (MDGs). Thus, governments across the world as well as various developmental
organizations are actively undertaking promotion of women entrepreneurs throughvarious schemes, incentives

and promotional measures.

Definition:
An enterprise owned and controlled by woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital
and giving at least 51% employment generated to

By Government of India

02
 STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

The historical research and literary writing of the ancient period - Vedic, Upanishad,
Buddhist and Jainism establish the fact that women were educated, respected and honored. Their status was
equal to that of me.
After 300 B. C. women were degraded to a lower status. Her status was further marred by the
practices of polygamy, the pardah [veil], early marriage, sati and forcible widowhood. They were also
denied inheritance to the right of property.

In 19th century many social reforms in India rose against the evil practices. From Ram Mohan
Roy to Gandhiji, efforts were focused to improve status of women. In 1829 Sati pratha was abolished and
considered to be crime. Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856 and enforcement of monogamy was
broughtin 1872.

With globalization and knowledge based society spreading like wild fire in the world today, the realization
has been gaining acceptance. Women today face many
challenges and will face newer ones in future. They will now have to face more stringent forms of
competition. They will have to polish their existing skill of wealth creation andtime management to
deal with the challenges of 21st century. They will have to devote more and more time to acquire new skill
and knowledge, which now run the wheels of business and industry in the world.

03
 EARLY CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

In 1951 census, the approach was income based whereas the 1961 census was based on
work in terms of time or labour force as per recommendation of ILO (International Labour
Organization). Following the adoption of work approach in 1961 census, the classification of
population was done into two categories workers and non workers. A person was treated as worker if
he or she devoted more than one hour a day for regular work for a larger part of the working
season or if he or she was employed during any of the fifteen days preceding the visiting day of
enumeration to the household; (Chandra 2001.)

CONTEXT
is essential for sustainable economic
development, gender equality, and poverty alleviation. McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) estimates that

by 2025. The World Bank reports that India could increase GDP growth by 1.5 percentage points by

(FLFPR) declined from 32% in 2005 to 19% in 2021, 27 percentage points less than the global average.
This steady decline1 in FLFPR is attributed to many factors including increased enrollment of girls in
higher education, declining child labour, structural shift from agriculture sector post 2005. Further, decline
in animal husbandry in rural areas, fall in international demand for products of labor-intensive industries,
disproportionate burden of unpaid care work and lack of employment opportunities.
he GDP, which is less than half
the global average. COVID-19 exacerbated the situation when women lost livelihoods and employment,
income from the business decreased, and the burden of unpaid care increased. UN Women reported that
during the first lockdown in 2020, 47% of women lost their jobs compared to 7% of men who were left
without jobs.
Against this backdrop, India has further stepped up its policy efforts to improve the business
environment and create more income and jobs. India improved its position and stood 62nd in the World

world.
The WEP is a Government of India-backed initiative launched by the NITI Aayog in 2017 to promote a

04
 And Evidence4 suggests that businesses with at least one female founder have a more
inclusive work culture, employ 3x more women than men and generate 10% more cumulative revenue.
However, entrepreneurship by women in India has stagnated. Women own only 20% of all enterprises
in India. 82% of these women-led enterprises are micro units, run as sole proprietorships, while most
are concentrated in the informal sector. About 6.36 million5 enterprises of the total 8.05 million are in
livestock, manufacturing, and retail trade. Studies suggest that available data over-represents true
entrepreneurship among women 10% to 30% of enterprises registered as women-owned are often
not run by women.

startups finds 5.9 per cent of the participating startups were founded by only females in comparison to
55.5 per cent founded by only male founders. Only 38.6% had both male and female as co-founders.

OBJECTIVES

1) To enable women entrepreneurs to identity and pursue career paths in Business world.

2) To create a conducive business environment for women entrepreneurs.

3) To promote women led businesses at national as well as international platforms.

4) To bridge the social, cultural and economic gap by providing opportunities for professional and
personal development.

5) To encourage, enable and facilitate women in becoming economically empowered.

6) To set role models in Women Entrepreneurship to influence the younger generation.

7) To fill the void created by society due to lack of investment in women development programs.

05
 SIGNIFICANCE

Indian women have been at the receiving end of criticism but much to the dismayof their skeptics, they
have mostly appeared triumphant as the dust of criticism settled. The industry has much to gain and
literally nothing to lose with women inbusiness. The merits are innumerable.

1) Indian think-tank gets bigger

2) New opportunities are created.

3) More employment opportunities are generated.

4) Per-capita income increases.

5) Indians enjoy better standard of living.

6) Future becomes brighter for the next generation.

7) Women gain a better understanding of managing family and businessconcurrently.

8) Indian women achieve a sense of self-realization and self-fulfillment.

9) Women gain better ability to take risks and business decisions.

10) Women become more confident.

06
 CHARACTERISTICS

If one looks into the characteristics of entrepreneur it represents a special type of person and
everybody cannot become an entrepreneur. But this impression does not givea cent percent correct
picture of entrepreneurship. Nonetheless an entrepreneur would certainly be different from non
entrepreneur in terms of his psychological and social dispositions. However he/she does not need to
have all these characteristics together. Thisdoes not mean that an entrepreneur cannot be successful
without some of these characteristics. Without possessing many of these characteristics, an
entrepreneur with strength in creative abilities may succeed.

1) Risk: Risk No matter what domain a woman is venturing in, she has to take the risk.No one knows
what the future holds. The venture may be successful or may not .

2) Leadership: A successful woman entrepreneur exhibits high leadership qualities.

3) She is capable of influencing her employees and creates an enthusiastic work environment

4) Courage: Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,uncertainty, or
intimidation. Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle.

5) Courage: Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,uncertainty, or
intimidation. Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle.

6) Courage: Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,uncertainty, or
intimidation. Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle.

07
7) Courage: Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,uncertainty, or
intimidation. Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle.

8) Confidence: creates a sense that you know what you're doing. You wouldn't trust aperson who was
stammering and second-guessing their own words and ideologies.

9) Organization: Good organizing skills and managerial skills are the important traits of a woman
entrepreneur. She is competent in developing / building a good organization.

10) Creativity: Creativity is essential for any business owner, but it is especially important for women.
Women are often underestimated in the business world.

11) Hardworking: Everyone knows that success does not come without hard work. Successful women
don't just work hard part of the time, they work hard all of the time.

12) Assertiveness and decision making: A successful woman entrepreneur takes various decisions on
various activities of her enterprise with assertiveness and his smart decision making skill.

13) Flexibility: One of a woman's greatest strengths is her ability to adapt readily to change. As a
business leader it is vital that you remain open-minded.

FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS

An entrepreneur is one who carries out the whole set of activities of the business. The
functions of an entrepreneur are co-ordination of the business management of the enterprise, risk
taking, controlling the enterprise, innovation for change, motivation and other related activities.
He/she has to react to new ideas, demands and exploit the opportunities. He/she is expected to
perform the following functions; Desai 2003.

08
 1) Assumption of Risk: - An entrepreneur assumes all possible risks of business including
possibilities of change in tastes of consumers, techniques of production and new invention. An
entrepreneur tries to reduce the uncertainties by his initiative, skill and good judgment.

2) Business Decisions: - The entrepreneur has to decide the nature and type of goods to be
produced. He enters a business that according to his knowledge is optimally profitable. He uses
his skills and ideas to take best decisions for development of his business.

3) Managerial Functions: - An entrepreneur formulates plans, arranges finance, purchases raw

materials, provides production facilities, organizes sales and assumes task of personal
management. In a large establishment, paid personnel do these functions.

4) Function of Innovation: - An entrepreneur is the one who conceives ideas for improvement in
quality and quantity of business. He continuously remains informed about innovations and tries
to apply them whenever wherever possible.

NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENUESHIP

Woman entrepreneur is entitled to necessary backup support of specialized and
experienced persons. The need for providing proper environment for entrepreneurship is of vital
importance. Desirable qualities may be developed by training. To change the social and economic
structure of our country and to uplift the disadvantaged section of the society like women, greater
emphasis is needed on entrepreneurial development.

Human resources, both men and women, of working age constitute the main
strength of economic development of a nation. Women form an important segment of the labour force
and the economic role played by them cannot be isolated from the framework of development. The
role and degree of integration
economic independence and social status.

Soundarapandian in 1999 quotes the words of Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru

09
move forward, family moves and the village moves and the nation Employment gives
economic independence to women. Economic independence paves the way for social status.
Moreover, women have become an integral part of the industrialized society. A woman must
supplement the income of the family through whatever skill she possesses or has acquired .The present
inflationary pressures warrant women to join the male members of the family for securing substantial
livelihood.

According to Rani in 1996 entrepreneurship seems to be ideal for women seeking

factors. Emergence of
entrepreneurship is considered to be closely linked to social, cultural, religious and psychological
variables.

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPERNEURSHIP

Women are trying their level best to attain quality of opportunity in various ways which
are different over the time and among societies. Women entrepreneurship enables to pool the small
capital resources and skill available with women. It paves the way for fuller utilization of capital and
also mobilizes thefemale human potential.

Entrepreneurship is suitable to women and it is possible to do work when she has free
time. Self-employed women has no restrictions and time boundwork which makes it easy for her
to manage the responsibilities of work, home and child at a time. Secondly, it is convenient for women
to be in control of a small business. This pattern of working in small business suits her dual role. With
this, there is a growing realization that the strength of a country is in the small business.

Women entrepreneurs today have their own opinion, are self assured, able to
withstand all risk and are efficient managers. In spite of dual responsibilities, many women plan their
lives very skillfully and succeed in filling these dual roles in a smooth way. The experience gained
outside her home enables her to enrich family relationships through new outlook on tradition in a
changing world. By continuously seeking connection with the world of scienceand culture, she can
become a better organizer and help to promote growth.

10
 Blessed with these qualities and creative urges women can contribute significantly to
economic productivity of the nation. They can take lead in bringing ethics in business and human
approach in social economic relation and makethis world a better place to live.
Though women represent almost half the humanity, their contribution to leadership and management
is much less. Time has come for women to come out of the drudgery of house work and give vent to
their creativity and entrepreneurship.

Significance of the study

The present study entitled Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food deals with

studying and understanding a sample of women entrepreneurs from Rajkot city who are engaged in
food processing. The findingsand conclusions of the study will be of great help in variety of ways.

The present study will throw light on a specific section of the working class

the women engaged in food processing. Women have been taking up variety ofcareers and sources
to earn income. Days have gone when they were confined to four walls doing only household
chores. Women, in addition to the stereotyped ones, have readily accepted these days challenging
careers. One such work is food processing. Many women have been found to use their skills and
knowledgeabout food in productive ways by engaging in food processing. The food processing may
be of different types and quantity, but these enterprises have been found to be great success
whether attached with home or not. They have

obtained a great acceptance among the general masses. Most of the women have
parallel household responsibilities. Thus, they adopt unique approach and attitude towards their own
work. The present study will help to understand this approach and will throw light on their
knowledge, attitude and practices and problems. It will be of great importance as a contribution to
database on working women. It will point out as to how these women differ with respect to other
working women. The database will be useful in formulating policies and programs for working
women. It will show what they need and thus create a base for program planning for government and
non government agencies working in the area of women welfare.

11
 The study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing is of great significancethe
subject of Home Science. Home science aims at overall development of women. This can be largely
achieved by economic independence. Starting and developing an enterprise may be related to food
or not, is a great challenge in itself. Thus, a study on women who have undertaken such tasks will be
of great motivation to others. It will direct others how to use creative
manner. In addition to these aspects, it also becomes important to know how they manage their work
and home simultaneously. These management practices are like foundations of Home Scientists and
ray of light for others.

JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Today, women have not only safely entered into job situations, but have also immersed as
professionals and executives in many fields. They have found acceptance in the family as well as society. With
this background, their entry into fiercely competitive business world has a great challenge. Thus, a study on
women entrepreneurs will throw light on their status and problems in specific. The research will be helpful in
following ways

Women will be aware about benefits received by entrepreneurs from thegovernment.

They will be aware of labour laws and rights.

They will get information about nutrition which in turn will improve thenutritional and health status of
their families.

They will never compromise with quality of food and thus better foods will bemade available.

Problems faced by women workers will be solved with better communication.

The percentage of unemployment of women would decrease.

To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.

12
To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government arehelpful to women
entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

SAMPLE SIZE

We will take sample size on study of the women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing included.

1) Education: The educational level of women itself affects the work they are engaged in. More
educated women may tend to handle their work more systematically and scientifically. In case of
women entrepreneurs, education may be helpful in terms of managing resources, planning,
dealing with employees, searching for appropriate market for their product, budgeting, etc. The
type and level of education possessed by the entrepreneur may make her more competitive
and confident. It also tends to influence the problems and success of the women entrepreneurs.
Thus education of women is selected as an independent variable for the present study.
2) Training: Training obtained by the entrepreneur and her employeesinfluences the quality
of the product they produce and the time taken to produce the same. Trained workers are more
skilled and possess the detailed knowledge of the work they do. They are also faster and
more systematic than their untrained coun
work to a great extent and therefore its selection as an independent variable for
the present study is justified.
3) Religion: The religion of an entrepreneur may influence the work they do, the knowledge
they possess and the attitude they own. Women entrepreneurs may differ according to
their religion, it may also happen that due to globalization and secularism women of
different religions may have started to Follow similar lifestyle. In such cases their religion
may not influence the work they do. Thus, it becomes important in the present study to
find out whether religion influences the work of the women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing, their problems and their success.

13
5) Age: Age is also one of the important influencing factors. Entrepreneurs at young age may be more
energetic and active. They may be able to handle more stressful conditions. On other hand older
entrepreneur possess more experience of work as well as life. Thus, they can make better decisions
after analysis. Older entrepreneurs may be more resourceful than younger ones.
6) Type of Family: The type of family of the women entrepreneurs also has a significant effect on their
work. Those living in joint families are more responsible and accountable to work. On other hand,
women from nuclear families may have more freedom to set their own schedules and priorities.
Therefore, type of family is selected as an independent variable for the study on women
entrepreneurs.
7) Marital status: Marital status also influences the work of women. Unmarried women may have more
freedom; married women may have more resources whereas divorced women may be emotionally
weaker. The marital status of the women influences the attitude they have and the style of work they
adopt therefore, the present study incorporates marital status as an independent variable for the study.

14
 CHAPTER NO. 2- RESEARCH METHODOLOY

Studies on women entrepreneurship have witnessed a rapid growth over the past 30 years. The field
is in an adolescence stage with a considerable number of journal articles, literature reviews and
books being published on women entrepreneurs. The objective of this study is twofold. First is to
examine the number of papers published on women entrepreneurship in 12 established
entrepreneurship journals from 1900 to 2016. Second is to assess the growth of the field by
specifically reviewing literature reviews published from 1980s till 2016 and put forward future
research directions. Our review findings suggest that there is still a long way to go in terms of
building a strong theoretical base for research on women entrepreneurship. The lens of feminist
theories can be applied in conjunction with the existing entrepreneurship theories to advance the
field. Methodologically, past research is dominated by the positivist paradigm and there is a need to
embrace innovative methods to build explanations using a constructionist approach. Further, studies
are mostly restricted within national boundaries primarily being conducted in developed economies.
There is a need to build transnational networks and foster professional communities to enable the
growth of the field.

In 1976, Schwartz published the first academic paper on female entrepreneurship in the Journal of
Contemporary Business and the first policy report in this area titled “The bottom line: Unequal
enterprise in America” was released in 1979 in Washington DC. Hisrich and O’Brien (1981) made
the first academic conference presentation on women entrepreneurs at the Babson College
Conference on Entrepreneurship in 1981. The first academic book on female entrepreneurs was
published in 1985 (Goffee and Scase, 1985).

Initial research on entrepreneurship assumed that male and female entrepreneurs were generally the
same and there was no specific need for a separate investigation (Bruni et al. 2004). As a result, the
sub-domain of women entrepreneurship did not develop as a significant area until the late 1990s to
early 2000s (Jennings and Brush, 2013) with the launch of two dedicated conferences. First, a policy
oriented Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Conference on women
entrepreneurs in small and medium sized enterprises was held in 1998. Second, an academic
conference Diana International was held in 2003.

15
It was not until 2009 that a niche journal titled the International Journal of Gender and
Entrepreneurship saunched. Eventually, leading journals in the mainstream Entrepreneurship area
recognized the growing need for research in this area. The journal of Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice published a special
issue on women entrepreneurship in 2006 and 2007 (de Bruin et al. 2006) and then again in 2012
Hughes et al., 2012).
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM, http://www.gemconsortium.org/) also published a special
report owomen and entrepreneurship in 2006 followed by subsequent reports in 2010, 2012 and
2015. In 2015, Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute published the Female
Entrepreneurship Index report that analyzed conditions for fostering women entrepreneurship in 77
countries. As per the report, the top ten countries for female entrepreneurs in 2015 were- United
States, Australia, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Iceland, Sweden, Finland and
Norway (Terjesen and Lloyd, 2015).

We considered e-databases like EBSCO, ProQuest and Google Scholar as the main source for
articles. first The objective of this paper was to identify and analyze the leading research journals
in the broader area entrepreneurship with a focus on women entrepreneurship papers. This analysis
would help us reflect on eprogress of the field and act as a potential source of published research
reviews on women entrepreneurship.

Altogether, we consider 12 established entrepreneurship journals having journal quality rankings

ranging from A*, A, B and C (Harzing, 2016). Next, an advanced search for articles on women
entrepreneurship conducted with a combination of keywords “women” or “gender” in the paper
title using the e-database EBSCO. We carried out 12 separate searches individually for each of the
shortlisted entrepreneurship journal. The scope of the search included journal papers that were
available online in EBSCO till May

2016.

16
 Figure 1 graphically illustrates the number of papers published in the 1900s and 2000–2016 in the 10
journals. The two journals mentioned earlier that had no papers on women entrepreneurship were dropped from
this graph. We found a total of 138 papers published during the 2000 to 2016 time period. This clearly illustrates
a substantial increase from a total number of 46 papers published during the 1900s. Except for two journals,
namely the Journal of Business Venturing and the Journal of Small Business Management we see that the
increase in publication trend is clearly visible in Fig. 1. During the 2000–2016, the Journal of Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice published the maximum number of papers (total 28) followed by Small Business
Economics publishing 25 papers, Journal of Small Business Management publishing 22 papers and the Journal
of Business Venturing publishing 13 papers. It is advisable to note that the journal list in Table 2 is only
indicative of the existing established entrepreneurship journals and scholars seeking potential publication outlets
can also consider other upcoming journals or interdisciplinary journals that are open to publishing research on
women entrepreneurship.

17
 CHAPTER NO.3- REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher undertook research from the whole country to study about women
Entrepreneurs over acounty and review them.
Chandra, S. while studying women and economic development in 2001, reported that
growth rate of female employment in urban areas was better than inrural areas, in 1971-81 and
1981-91. The female participation rates had increased in almost all states except Himachal
Pradesh and Kerala. Male participation rates were four times greater than that of female
participation rates not only at national level but also at sub national level. This reflected the
traditional pattern of labour division in the society, exhibiting sort of gender bias. At regional
level the proportion of total female workers had shown considerable improvement and the
involvement of women in various kinds of economic activity.
Rao 2002 on the basis of a national sample survey showed that women shared only 14.1
% of total employment. Only 5.6 % of them were employed in government jobs. In rural areas,
56 % of males and 33 % females were in labour force. 66% of females in rural sector were idle
or unutilized. This was due to existing social customs, putting men and women on different
footings. It was also reported that women were usually not able to take benefit of employment
schemes, especially those of self employment because of huge unemployment inmale youth.
They also pointed out that young unmarried girls were normally not allowed to work
independently.
Ganeshan, S. while describing the status of women entrepreneurs in Indiain 2003
pointed out that a majority (66.9%) of respondents started their business with an initial
investment of below Rs. 25000. This corresponded with the compulsions of women to go small
with respect to business they started. The respondents who had initial investment between Rs
25,001 and 50,000 were only 12.9%. 30.6% of the respondents solely

depended on borrowed sources for investment. 46.% of them invested less then Rs 25,000 from
their own sources. 68.6% invested only their funds for their enterprises. The first year turnover
of 77.4% was less than Rs 25,000. The entrepreneurs who claimed that their ventures were
profitable in first year were 32.3%.
In 2005, Chowdhury while studying the work and family interference
reported that more and more women were joining the labour force. But it was found that they

18
 were lacking strong internal commitment to work and deliver the services as expected. Women
contributed to two thirds of work hours to the world economy without being properly
remunerated problematic.Further, it posed far deeper serious issues like erosion of family
values, increase inindividualism, domestic violence and issues of protection and reproduction.
Jobanputra, V. in 2004 reported that women entrepreneurs can face new
challenges. She isconsidered as dynamic. She has inherent sense to develop alternate projects. Her
role in family and business economy was very significant and could not be taken over by any one.
A research by Kanani and his team in 2004 attempted to show how
entrepreneurship growth can be accelerated. The experimentation had amply demonstrated that
entrepreneurship can be developed through planned experimental learning. Such planned
efforts may require integration of stimulatory, supportive and sustaining activities. Functional
learning had been accepted and found very effective intervention in motivating and
developingentrepreneurial qualities, capabilities and abilities for enterprise launching.
Mehta, in 2004 reported that entrepreneurship was the propensity of mind to take
calculated risks with sense to achieve a pre determined business or industrial objective. It was
the risk taking ability of individual, broadly coupled withdecision making.
Mattu, A. in 2004 noted that women entrepreneurs are spreading their wings to higher
levels, namely engineering, electronics, business and energy. Today, no field is unapproachable
to trained and determined modern Indian women. But still it cannot be said that the women
entrepreneurship movement has taken off full ground and it was felt that the movement was still
in a transition period. Commercialization and modernization of economy have gradually
eliminated their inhibitions in taking up odd jobs. Change in attitudes has thus enabled them to
find ways of supplementing their family income. As a result, a section of urban women has
emerged as potential entrepreneurs.

Yenagi in 2004 pointed out that employment of women was an index of their economic
status in society. In rural areas nearly 8.5% of farm women were engaged in the activities of
crop production, animal management, dairy, poultry, goat keeping, rabbit rearing, mushroom
cultivation, social forestry, agro forestry, certain processing units of small scale industries and
so on. She highlighted that entrepreneurship may give her a wide and viable change where she
can utilize her full potential and thus become economically self sufficient.

19
 Bowen and Hisrich published the first review paper on women entrepreneurs in 1986.
They find only piecemeal studies on male and female entrepreneurs till the 1980s. These
studies did not examine causal factors, which are likely to encourage a person to choose an
entrepreneurial career. Further, they report that very less was known about female than male
entrepreneurs. Using the lens of career theory Bowen and Hisrich (1986) proposed a career
model including determinants of women’s entrepreneurial behavior. This first research review
attempted to develop insights in this area and encourage women entrepreneurs in non-
traditional industries.
The second review published by Birley (1989) studied whether female entrepreneurs
were different from male entrepreneurs. The major difference between female entrepreneurs
and male entrepreneurs was in their market-entry choices. Birley reports that nearly all the
studies examined were descriptions of basic backgrounds and characteristics. There was a need
to examine subtle factors like cultural conditioning and experiences. She proposes that the
differences between men and women entrepreneurs are to be observed in a situational and
cultural context. Till 1980s, the role of women in most western economies was seen as that of a
wife and a mother. Women drew heavily upon home front for ideas and lacked basic
commercial networks. As a result, the market entry choices of women differed. The review
paper proposes that the advent of women founded businesses was one of the reflections of a
changing society. In future the profile of women entrepreneurs are likely to match changing
situations and become closer to that of male entrepreneurs.

1990s reviews In 1990, the third published review by Moore (1990) suggests that
focused studies on female entrepreneurship were a relatively new phenomenon in the late
1980s. The field was in an initial stage of paradigm development. She reviewed 21 studies on
female entrepreneurship and reports that these studies were fragmented and unrelated in nature.
These studies provided descriptions of only a small section of the larger population of female
entrepreneurs. Further, these studies borrowed theoretical concepts from other areas that were
not valid for the women entrepreneurship domain. Moore suggests that there is a need to
establish a statistical research base and develop typologies, models and theories in this area.

20
 The next review by Brush (1992) suggests that not only has the number of women business owners
grown considerably over the past decade but also there has been an increase in the number of research studies
on women business owners. She reports that research over the decade has shown some similarities and some
differences between male and female business owners. Similarities have been reported on demographic features,
some psychological traits and business skillset. Differences have been reported on educational background,
occupation, motivation to start a business and approach to business creation and growth. She further suggests
that the differences have not been fully explained in literature. Brush proposes an integrated perspective to
explain gender-based differences, which is rooted in psychological and sociological theories. The integrated
perspective suggests that women perceive their businesses as a cooperative network of relationships comprising
of family, society and personal relationships. This view is different from the economic perspective of firm
creation and is likely to offer explanations for differences between male and female entrepreneurs.
The fifth review (refer Table 3) by Fischer et al. (1993) also suggests that there is a need to build
theoretical foundations in this area. They report that even though the research on women entrepreneurs has
grown considerably there is still speculation on the differences between male and female entrepreneurs, which is
largely atheoretical in nature. They use the perspectives of liberal feminism and social feminism to interpret the
past research in this area. In addition to the review, the article also presents findings from a survey of 136
(including 11 women) manufacturing firm owners, 156 (including 29 women) retail firm owners, and 216
(including 20 women) service firm owners. Fischer et al. (1993) report no strong evidence for women-owned
firms being impeded by the female owners’ lack of education or experience. From a policy perspective, this
study suggests that access to apprenticeship in industry for women entrepreneurs can be beneficial as it is the
best way to prepare for launching a business in a particular industry. Further, women entrepreneurs can also
benefit by being exposed to business start-ups. They propose that the theories of liberal feminism and social
feminism can be used to further understand undefined male and female socialization differences, which can
possibly explain why men and women run their businesses in different yet equally effective ways.

Mirchandani’s (1999) review of literature on female entrepreneurship uses the lens of feminist theory on
gendered work. This review also tries to identify and provide explanations for similarities and differences
between female and male entrepreneurs. The paper proposes that the field of women entrepreneurship can be
advanced via deliberations on two topics. Firstly, scholars need to focus on the very construction of the female
entrepreneur category, which lays greater emphasis on gender over other types of stratification. Secondly, there
is a need to understand relationships between gender, occupation and organizational structure and their impact
on female versus male entrepreneurs

21
 Fundamental Review

Entrepreneurship is a choice part of monetary new development, social and basic change.
Entrepreneurship not simply adds to the financial and social improvement of a nation, yet moreover
vitalizes the improvement of data, mechanical change, reality, and advancement. Truly, the European social
class has raised different exercises intended to improve and encourage the entrepreneurial disposition of
European occupants toward Business experience, focusing on viewpoints that are crucial for making a
corporate character. Regardless, the levels of entrepreneurial development in a couple of European
countries are still low. Women entrepreneurship is the emerging quirk of twenty initial hundred years.
Women are attempting to not expand their living assumptions yet rather similarly support their families. A
ical to
sort out what are the issues women ought to thoroughly search for in emerging economies. The inspiration
driving this study is to review the composition of women entrepreneurship in emerging economies
especially SAARC countries in latest 23 years. (Rashid, 2020)
Irrelevant assets are for the most part remembered to be key accomplishment factors for the improvement
of businesses in various economies. While the association between slippery assets or resources and
business advancement or execution has been broadly investigated in state-of-the-art economies, there is
confined cognizance of the complexity of the eccentricity in making/creating business areas. Specifically,
the revelations focused on three subtle resources: social capital, HR, and reputational capital. That is the
very thing that the examination found, social, human, and reputational capital all basically added to the

social capital, reputational capital, and HR on business improvement.

Challenges and problems of women entrepreneurship

The researcher found that group entrepreneurs customized given to low pay women have helped the
members to dispatch business and prevail through miniaturized scale undertaking work creation. The study
additionally stressed that the example of overcoming adversity of the customized could fill in for instance for
other preparing software engineers that endeavor to help jobless women to accomplish self adequacy through

22
entrepreneurship. The learning forms happen both previously, then after the fact section into the business, as the
firm develops into an extensive size. Be that as it may, money-related limitations keep on playing a noteworthy
controlling part in entrepreneurship and firm development They displayed factual insights with respect to the
units and the social, instructive, word-related foundation of the entrepreneurs, their inspiration, desire, and
responses to Government plans. Their prosperity is primarily a result of their capacity to unwind hopefully,
listen profoundly, feel compassionate, react precisely, synchronize co-operatively, act truly and recognize
an intense instrument and has
enhanced access to rustic poor uncommonly women. The SHG Bank linkage program had offered more
prominent open doors for nearer collaboration amongst banks and gathering individuals. The data, limit, and
consistency in business are the middle purposes behind women to approach to business experiences. Women
entrepreneurs participate in business due to forward and backward factors that give sureness to women to have a
self-supporting occupation and stand on their feet . This article featured that women's development is obstructed
by the sex spoiled isolation in occupations. This isolation has not normally diminished, and it remains a central
issue in women's economic development however training has conquered any hindrance to a certain degree. The
best way to lessen sexual orientation imbalance is by making her more autonomous in different fields through
training and aptitude arrangement. They watched that the entrepreneurial movement is observed to be
effectively embraced by people who prevailing with regards to expanding their entrepreneurial capacities and
decreasing the danger of beginning organizations through a learning procedure that takes put through
professional experience and apprenticeship or then again formal instruction. This work uncovered that different
financial factor, for example, training family compose, conjugal status, economic status and statistic factors
have a noteworthy effect on the involvement of women entrepreneurs in their endeavor management. The study
presumed that an appropriation of an incorporated and multi-disciplinary developmental approach alongside an
arrangement of activity could enable women entrepreneurs to hinder their limitations as financial statistic
factors, for example, age, training, and economic status. Women entrepreneurship is certainly not one more
thought nowadays to people dwelling in metropolitan districts simultaneously, in the common locales where
customers expect a key part in doing each activity.

Factors effect women entrepreneurship

This work highlighted that entrepreneurship is unquestionably not a stroll around the
entertainment region for women. Women support various kinds of cash-related activities to improve their
family pay, their participation, not a small squeeze lessens their family obligations. The endeavor of

23
women has become more foreboding and pouring outdone with troubles. Award all of us to impel attempts
to help women with rediscovering themselves. Women entrepreneurship will be one more plan for women
rising out of their homes for their money-related independence, an enormous piece of them won't support
this thought in the past numerous years. It was a study directed at 415 women entrepreneurs who were
occupied with an assortment of business endeavors. The study exhibits the financial profile, nature of big
business, and data about Government and Non Governmental institutional help. The study expressed that
the accomplishment of entrepreneurs was because of incentives offered by development offices, family
childhood from a specific position, and art giving consideration regarding money-related capacity and
previous training. There are various purposes behind organizing towards entrepreneurship, but more raised
degrees of guidance, family, and pay to expect to be a fundamental part inside each one. In the
composition, the hankering to do their imaginative considerations, having the financial prosperity and the
boldness, the yearning to help the family, the prerequisite for additional compensation, dynamic open door,
the desire to be free, and the yearning for selfaffirmation, ensuring the extraordinary future for the youths,
to be a veritable model for others, the continuation of exclusive organization underlines that woman are
facilitated towards the entrepreneurship.

Women Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

A dependably developing number of women are making an entrepreneurial move.

Women across India are showing a thought of being monetarily free. The Indian women are no more
treated as shocking masterpieces. They have engraved a specialty for themselves in the male overpowered
world. Indian women well oversee both stores of work on the family front and agree with the time
requirements at the workplace. Course regard and cash-related development are vague. On any occasion
entrepreneurial strategy is the same for individuals, there are in any case, considering everything, various
issues and hardships are looked at by women, which are of unalike places and degrees, which block them
from getting their most unmistakable end as entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurship is the cycle where
women take lead and figure out a business or industry and portrayed work as an entryway to others.
Regardless of the beginning stage Women entrepreneur developed solely in metropolitan locales, of late, it
has loosened up its wings to the nation and semi-metropolitan districts in addition. Anyway, earlier women
zeroed in a ton on customary activities, in view of the spread of tutoring and unprecedented Govt.
framewor
diverted toward current activities additionally. They show staggering responses to changing situations and
get changed themselves and have progressed positions. This work explored those women entrepreneurs

24
who have not simply required motivation there of the brain of financial assistance, and government assent
and support they could require support from family members and astounding assistants. The advancement
of t
monetarily strong that country people lifestyle would logically increase. In India, there is feasible to
develop our economy, by giving motivation to women from all perspectives, and women expect twofold
parts like house entrepreneurs. Family members and life accomplices should assist with avoiding pressure.
Thus, it becomes immense for the overall people and Govt. to find and manage any outcomes regarding the
issue of women entrepreneurs. Before long the central and state sheets and non-government affiliations
have tracked down a way such innumerable ways to deal with dealing with the issues of women
entrepreneurs, yet they need to give extraordinary inspiration and gift.

Attempted provincial foundation of advanced education attempted an analytic study of

entrepreneurship in small-scale industrial units. There is a huge improvement in recent years and the idea
has grabbed with the consistent help of the state government and NGOs. An understanding of the issue
showdown of the provincial women working in gatherings might be useful for arranging and executing of
udgetary assistance
from family and the father's wordrelated status were fundamentally identified with the passage. Industrial
entrepreneurship was a consequence of the aggregate desire and yearnings of the family. This work stressed
that to influence women to enhance their economic status and to lessen the weight of reliance on male
heads, smaller-
Also, proper, and efficient preparation to investigate the demeanor, learning, and aptitude development
helps in making effective entrepreneurs. With a specific end goal to enhance women entrepreneurs and help
them escalate preparation and a decent credit framework ought to be advanced. In rural countries, women's
participation in the labor force is crucial to ensuring the improvement of the economy and society.
accentuated that a great preparing program keeps the learners included and persuaded. Women ought to be
prepared in all viewpoints to get the achievement. Provincial women are for the most part not sure and are
especially bound by traditions and customs; in this manner, the mentor ought to be a companion, thinker,
and manual for enabling them to leave their shackles of life. Empowerment preparing is most essential of
all training, which helps for the whole development of rustic women for independent work. The days have
changed women from which they have caught by the four walls of the kitchen and really focus on the
people from the family to the days where women are showing their capacity in all fields.

25
 A investigated that composed women specialists of SEWA are in an ideal situation than
their non-composed partners in zones of access to acknowledge, preparation, and access to advance for
lodging and medical coverage, though women in the formal economy are portrayed by poor working
conditions, credit issues, absence of lawful insurance and presumed that composed women laborers could
have an advantageous effect on their work and life. A dominant part of the women had set up assembling
units. There was an absence of data and learning regarding different plans of the government for women
entrepreneurs.

In this article Start-Up India (2018) investigated that women entrepreneur's a person
who sees moving circumstance to meet their own prerequisites and become financially free. Various
reasons can be shut why women are seeming to become entrepreneurs. Shown women are not
limiting themselves to the household works out; they are endeavoring to contribute their energy for
happening with work or any activities which give benefit to them and to their family accordingly they
have picked entrepreneurship as their focal compensation conveying development. The troubles and
dumbfounding passages obliged the women of the robotized time are growing rapidly that the work
searchers are changing into work producers. According to The India Start-Up Report 2018 found that
Women-guaranteed firms are still in the minority, and the snags looked at by women who have
embraced entrepreneurship are colossal and regularly entirely unexpected than those refined by
their male accomplices. To uncover knowledge into a part of these distinctions, we have devised a
review to inspect the direction opening as well as finding a genuine framework of the deterrents and
issues looked at by the women to clear their way to deal with respected positions. Women
Entrepreneurs may be portrayed as the woman or a social event of women who start and work a
business experience. A woman entrepreneur has a couple of capacities. They should research the
potential outcomes of beginning another endeavor; embrace possibilities, present new turns of
events, coordinate, associate, and the leaders of business, and give convincing organization in all
pieces of business. Women Entrepreneurs are very extending in the economies of essentially all
countries. The mysterious business prospects of women have been growing with the creating
abhorrence for the gig and financial status inside the overall population. Woman establishes the
family, which prompts society and the Country. Social and money-related improvement of women is
central for all things considered the monetary improvement of any general populace or a country.
Entrepreneurship is the perspective that different women have in her, at any rate, has not been
progressed in India in the way by which it ought to be . Women were the critical individuals to taste

26
subjugation. Truly, the general headway of women stayed obstructed. Women were held the
advantage back from getting prepared. Monetarily women turned out to be totally reliant upon men.
Women entrepreneurs in India need to acclimate to different money-related issues.

Women advance toward becoming entrepreneurs because of two or three parts which might
be assembled under "Pull factors" and "Push factors". Women entrepreneurship is the method
wherein women start a business, accumulate all resources, try bets, face challenges, give work to
other people, and deal with the business freely. Around 1/3 of the entrepreneurs on the planet are
women entrepreneurs. From the shows of movement, privatization, and globalization in India
beginning around 1991, entrepreneurship done by women is getting such a great deal of significance
and they are financially kept up with by the banks and given consolation by their family individuals.
Other than offering proficient guidance to women to move up in progress and strengthening from
their family circles to open circles, India has bound a system to make entrepreneurial capacities for
women. Women entrepreneurship is getting significance in India just after the monetary movement
and globalization. The technique and institutional development for making entrepreneurial
capacities, giving work guidance, and arranging have expanded the skyline for monetary support of
women. By and by, women include just a lone third of the monetary undertakings. There exist a ton
of successful businesswoman entrepreneurs both in cordial and monetary fields in India. They are
performing awesome.

Efforts are being taken at the economy as a secured affirmation of sensibility of chance
all circles to the Indian women and rules ensured indistinguishable the crucial speculation with
special greatness of pay in the political framework and identify potential outcomes and gestures of
recognition in arranging and work were referred to. It is recognizable that women entrepreneurs
have turned out to be strong regions for an improvement in the present corporate world. Women
entrepreneurs face such goliath proportions of issues from financial, advancing, thriving, family, and
different issues perspectives. The startup affiliations and money-related affiliations ought to execute
a few quantifiable standards for women entrepreneurs inconsistently. Inspecting for
entrepreneurship by women is the system for beating money-related challenges.

27
 Critical Review
The concept of women entrepreneurship has really changed the socio-economic status of
women in India. Women have become economically independent through women entrepreneurship.
I personally feel that the concept of women entrepreneurship has provided the women some kind of
liberty and now they can say that they are equivalent to the men. This has led to the empowerment of
women. In the current review article, highlighted about various issues related to the women
Entrepreneurship. Government is providing aid to the women entrepreneurs. A number of beneficial
schemes for the women entrepreneurs are initiated by the government to encourage them to start
new business .This is the era of development. Globalization has certainly opened the doors for

opportunity for the common person and men used to be the only earner in the family. Women were
supposed to do only house work in most of the families. Also, there were no much schemes provided
by the government for startups. Now, with the introduction of globalization and technology, business
opportunities have increased. India is a big market now. The number of consumers has also
enhanced in recent past. Sometimes, consumers are not satisfied with the product quality of a brand
and they have the tendency to try the products of other brands. This encourages the idea of start-ups
for the entrepreneurs. They know that the uniqueness in the brand quality can lead their business to

entrepreneurs. Here, Chandiok also pointed out about the increasing number of start-ups. Women
are taking interest in initiating the start-ups. With the advancement of the technology, the women
entrepreneurs have the wide options to start a new business. Now, the youth are not dependable on
the conventional courses of medical and engineering. There are a number of courses available in the
market and by learning these courses, a desired person can start start-up.A self-help groups are
helping women in rural areas. There are a number of small and medium sized enterprises opened in
rural areas and some of them are led and functioned by the women. This is the era of women
empowerment. Women are progressing in a positive direction. Those days have gone when women
were only considered as housekeepers. Now, the culture and tradition has changed. Women are
taking participation in each and every field of work where the men are leading. The thinking of the
Indian society has also changed and government is also making women-oriented beneficiary
schemes so that enough aid can be provided to the women for their progress in lives. Also, through
the women entrepreneurs, other women get the job and they can earn for their families and are
becoming economically independent.
28
 The challenges faced by the women entrepreneurs where she points out that
sometime, these entrepreneurs in the rural regions had to face financially crisis. But after they start
their own enterprises, they have become the leading earner of their respective families. Also,
government is providing loans without any guarantee to the women entrepreneurs so that they can
start their own firm and become independent. After fulfilling the required documents and
verifications, any women can borrow loan for start-up from government associated firms on easy
interest rates. This scheme has certainly encouraged the women and according to report, a number
of women in rural and urban areas have taken start-up loan from government agencies and started
their own businesses. Women entrepreneurs have a big role in economic development of the
country. Their enterprises yield good returns and they also pay heavy income taxes to the
government. There a number of leading women entrepreneurs such as Gazal Alagh (founder of Mama
Earth), Vineeta Singh (Co-founder of Sugar cosmetics) and Namita Thapar (CEO of Emcure Pharma)
etc. Their companies generate good revenues. Also, there are much more names in the list of women
entrepreneurs who have the big contribution to the economic development of the nation. described
about the scope of the women entrepreneurship in India. The concept of women entrepreneurship is
going to grow in upward direction. There is no stoppage for that as the education level of women in
the country has become much higher and they now have the tendency to prove themselves that they
can be successful in every field like men. Now, the scenario has changed in that way that in some
sectors, women are leaving behind men and the progress rate of women is increasing as compared to
men. This is like a big revolution for the industry as well, as the more and more development boosts
the economy. Hence, it can be said that the trend of women entrepreneurship is going to increase in
the coming years.

STUDIES ON IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Singh in 1992 noted quoting the ILO study that the value of unpaid household work
constituted 25.39% of the total gross national product in developing countries. The estimated
money value of household services by women was 42% of the family income per annum. The
formula for entrepreneurial performance PAM meant as under:

P is the performance.

A is the ability of entrepreneurs.

29
 M is the motivation of entrepreneurs.

The result of the study showed that the entrepreneurs rarely availed financial assistance, opted
for nontechnical guidance, had difficulty in getting raw materials and marketing and had less
awareness about funding and guiding agencies. It has always been a dominating source because women
even in ordinary families had started to feel increasing financial burdens and greater awareness towards
their potentialities, standard of living, better education for their children etc. The husbands were
observed as second most important source of motivation to women entrepreneurs in establishing new
enterprises.

Soundarapandian, 1998 illustrates functions of women entrepreneurs as under:

Explore the prospects of starting new enterprises

Undertaking of risks and the handling of economic uncertainty

Introduction of innovation

Co ordination, administration and control

Routine supervision

The type of work undertaken by women entrepreneurs were to

Operate purely as a subcontractor on raw materials provided by customer.

Manufacture an item to long or short orders.

Manufacture the item for the market directly.

entrepreneurship in India by saying that it wasnot just a way to increase the level of innovation
and productivity but was a way of initiating vast business of contribution to the society.
They further saythat Indian entrepreneur has to be molded in psycho - philosophy rooted in Indian
context and values. Describing women entrepreneurs, it was said that majority of them were engaged
in unorganized sectors like agriculture, agro based industries, handicraft and cottage industries.
30
 Participation of women in industries was referred recently. There were more than 2, 95, 680,
women entrepreneurs

claiming 11.2% of the total 2.64 million entrepreneurs in India, in 1995-96 whichis double than the
total population of self employed during 1981.

women constitute almost fifty percent of the human resource of our country. They have been
assigned multipleroles, from house to society. They toil endlessly fulfilling economic contribution but much of
their work has been described as invisible.
Entrepreneurs on basis of records available with E.D.I. (Entrepreneurs Development
Institution).Then profile of entrepreneurs was obtained through structured format. Open ended but semi
structured interviews of identified entrepreneurs were conducted to elicit the process related in foundation. It
was found that the overall support systemconsisted of family, friends and peer groups promoters of the
programmes like NGO, EDI, CED , banks infrastructure agencies and the District Industries Centre.

Women entrepreneurs can face new challenges. She is considered as dynamic. She has inherent sense to develop
alternate projects. Her role in family and business economy was very significant andcould not be taken over by any one.

2004 studied empowerment of rural women by entrepreneurship development. It was highlighted

that it was worthwhile to inculcate the empowerment of rural women through the agriculture based
entrepreneurs .They found that for the development of entrepreneurship, it was important to identify technically
feasible and economically viable agro based industries. Technological support measures in policy, finance
infrastructure may be given by promotional agencies at national and state level.

Entrepreneurship was the propensity of mind to take calculated risks with sense to achieve a pre
determined business or industrial objective. It was the risk taking ability of individual, broadly coupled with decision
making.

31
 women entrepreneurs are spreading their wings to higher levels, namely engineering,
electronics, business and energy. Today, no field is unapproachable to trained and determined modern
Indian women. But still it cannot be said that the women entrepreneurship movement has taken off full
ground and it was felt that the movement was still in a transition period. Commercialization and
modernization of economy have gradually eliminated their inhibitions in taking up odd jobs. Change in
attitudes has thus enabled them to find ways of supplementing their family income. As a result, a sectionof
urban women has emerged as potential entrepreneurs.

women entrepreneurs operated in diverse economic and socio- political

environment and therefore, they had diverse needs.It was further said that although some women successfully
operated growth oriented enterprise and had enjoyed some advantages in certain female preferred sectors, they
faced a range of interlinked and mutually reinforcing gender constraints at the household and institutional
levels. It was found that majority of women began their enterprise to cope with rising cost of household
subsistence. These women were locked into low investment, low growth and low profit activities, not only
because of limited markets and enterprise opportunities in poor economics, but also due to gender inequalities.
It was suggested that to overcome these problems, there was a need for training women withproper syllabus in
entrepreneurship which will help them to become perfect entrepreneurs.

Employment of women was an index of their economic status in society. In rural

areas nearly 8.5% of farm women were engaged in the activities of crop production, animal management,dairy,
poultry, goat keeping, rabbit rearing, mushroom cultivation, social forestry, agro forestry, certain processing
units of small scale industries and so on. She highlighted that entrepreneurship may give her awide and viable
change where she can utilize her full potential and thus become economically self sufficient.

32
 studied globalization, women and employment. They reported that women had traditionally been
exploited. Modernization is the key to change this trend. They further report that information intensive
technologies result in division of jobs in terms of deskilling and up gradation. Adoption of computer,
irrespective of production and office, created a dual or polarized structure of occupations. They also quote
that global employment almost doubled between 1965 and 1995, bulk of the expansion being in the
developing countries and more than half, new recruit’s women.

study on empowerment achieved by women workers in unorganized sector. The objective

of the study was to measure the empowerment as a result of paid work of women in unorganized sector.
Indicators selected were violence due to alcoholic husband, health, her role in decision making, autonomy
and authority achieved by women. Schedule was developed to measure each indicator. Responses were
noted in three point rating scale. It was found that workers were not protected against work related risk
factors in spite of the rising awareness. Involvement of women in decision making in routine and policy
making had increased. Women had started achieving authority but had little say in social, cultural
matters. It was conduced that though the situation is oppressing women in unorganized sector were
gradually achieving empowerment.

while studying type behavior in relation to health of working women reported that most of
the studies in area of behavior had been focused on male professionals. It was further discussed that
today, when gap between men and women was shrinking, as women of these days want to live life as they
like and to come at par with male folk. Women greatly outnumber men on depression rates also.

33
STUDIES ON CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

women who ventured into business primarily had to keep themselves busy. 85.5% of them
were married, 65.2% were in age group of36 to 45. 1.7% had children above age of 10 years. They had
given preference to manufacturing industry (66.6%) as compared to service industry (18.8%) and trading
(14.6%).

100 enterprises with investment more than Rs. 50,000 with minimum two employees. The results pointed
out that 10% of the women entrepreneurs were unmarried, 80% were married, 3% were separated and
7% were widows. Further analysis indicated that the unmarried women opted for trading and
service sectors. The age wise information highlighted that a high percent of women had taken up
managing enterprises in age group of 30 to 39 years, the age which was also very demanding in their
domestic functionswith young children to be taken care of.
More than half of the working women were married (56.3%), widowed and separated
constituted 23.5%, whereas only 20.2% were unmarried. Slightly more than half 52.3% constitutedof
nuclear families., 43.2% came from joint families, while 4.5% belonged to single member families,
44.7% has medium size families, 35.3% had large size families where as 15.5% had small size families.
10% of working women did not have any dependent member. 42.3% of working women had one to three
dependents. The number of earners in working families ranged fromone to eight. 71.3%
belonged to such families had 2 to 3 earning members. 48%of working women were non lettered, 0.5 %
were educated up to junior basic or even less, 27% were undergraduates, 14.5 % had received education
upto graduate level and above.
The role demands of women entrepreneurship .They pointed out that it was important to
recognize that the available knowledge represents the tip of iceberg. Some characteristics of
entrepreneur, driver and energy, self confidence, long term involvement, money as a measure, persistent

problem solving goal setting, moderate risk taking, internal locus of control and tolerance of ambiguity
and ascertaining. Role demands faced were accommodation to the venture total immersion and
commitment creativity and innovation of business people and team building economic values, ethics,
integrity and reliability.

34
 women entrepreneurs had certain qualities like risk taking, innovativeness and self-confidence.
The qualities of an entrepreneur in raising enterprise and their functioning leads to economic
development of a country in different ways depending on how in

different ways depending on how much innovative she was in carrying out the venture .It was found that
they faced many problems which were results of political, social and economic interactions among
various factors.

A study to focus on potential and energetic phase of human life cycle adolescence.
200 school dropout girls were randomly selected from Amravati slums. On the basis of survey, 5
entrepreneurship programmes, each one on artificial flower making, salwar kurta stitching, soft toy
making and preparing clothing kit for new born babies were developed. One of it was conducted in
selected slums depending on the majority choice of the respondent. Impact of these programmes was
studied. The results showed that these programmes were effective to introduce entrepreneurial

Studied the entrepreneurial traits and skills. He noted thatseveral attempts were made to promote
entrepreneurship in India. The traits possessed by entrepreneurs were acquired through their experience.
It wasrevealed that due consideration was given to attributes of leadership abilities, profit orientation and
abilities to attract and retain talent. Honesty and abilities to establish an international presence for
choosing best chief executives was also important.

STUDIES ON FACTORS RELATED TO WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

while describing Indian economy quotes that percentage of GDP originating in

manufacturing sector in India, 14% is the median figure among 11 east and Southeast Asian
countries. He also reports that family system was an important factor influencing the emergence of

35
entrepreneurs. He said that over 40% of self employed persons were associated with business with a
net worth less than Rs. 200 which in most cases is only enough to survive and that most of these
persons were in business only because of forms ofemployment.

The factors revealed by Chandra 1991, affecting women entrepreneurs were as under

As far as the age of women entrepreneurs were concerned, majority wasyoung and had all time
to pursue their venture.
Majority of the women did not belong to business families.

Marital status in majority of cases did not interfere with the enterprise.

Majority belonged to Hindu religion.

60% had taken formal training.

Effect of gender on work value was studied by. They pointed out that there was startlingly little
positive empirical degree to which work value in fact converse. Attempt was made to understand the
pattern of work value on selected students. No attempt was made to explore the relationship between
work value and criterion variables.

While studying use of instant mix food in 2004 report that more and more women are coming out
to work and in search of materials that can be cooked & stored easily. They found that use of instant mix
reduced the burden of cooking and satisfied the taste of people who were fond of diversity.
Studied the influence of behavior effectiveness of working married women on that of their
adolescent youngster. A sample of 640 working mother was selected. Emotional and mental competency
scales were examined. Their responses were scored and statistically analyzedby product moment co-
relation method. There was a significant positive correlation between behaviors efficiency of mothers and
that of their youngsters.

STUDIES ON MOTIVATION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

36
 Dasgupta, B. in 2004 selected two industries of manufacturing and service to study the
entrepreneurial motivation of 108 respondents. Five core motivations were identified with principal
components method. Five core factors that emergedout of the analysis were entrepreneurial core, social
core, economic core, work core and individual core. The strength of the motives was measured by using
the Likert type five point rating scale. Entrepreneurial core was the strongest motivation force. The
motivation to achieve, confidence in ones talent and potential, the desire to bring about change and
innovation were highly motivating factors. The social core motive was found to be stronger among males
in both categories .The need for acquiring wealth was particularly low among females. Economic core
dimension was also stronger in case of males relative to females in both industries.

In 2004 made an attempt to identify the motives responsible for their entrepreneurial
initiation and choice of their line of trade. The data were collected by personal interview of 113 women
entrepreneurs of Vadodara selected by snowball sampling. The major findings of the study highlighted
that ed first among the respondents for theirentry in to

were the strongest motives stated by them in

the priority order.

STUDIES ON WORK AND HEALTH

empowerment and health. Empowerment is the most frequently used term in

development dialogue today especially in the context of women. There is special attention in the
millennium to and
improve maternal mortality. In this regard the government of India has also taken some steps for
empowerment: it has declared the year 2001, powerment Year and it has also
brought National Empowerment Policy. However, health empowerment still remains a distinctive goal
for women in India. Traditional patriarchal norms in India often subsides the overall status of women
which includes their health status as well. In this backdrop the study attempts to explore existing concept

37
 has been translated into health policy and practice. As well it
makes as empowerment in measuring
status in India.

The role of stress related personality traits and high level of life stress (marital satisfaction)
in the onset of diabetes. It was revealed that women as a group expressed more anxiety and marital
dissatisfaction than men. In addition, in diabetic women, these two factors were highly significant,
whereas in men anxiety was the only reason for occurrence of diabetes.
Health hazards of 100 farm women. A 30points scale -15 favorable and 15 unfavorable was
prepared. It was seen that Such a
high score was because women kept on working and taking pains until and unless they could not work
for more time. They either kept on neglecting the hazards or started taking some home remedies to cut
down the medication cost.

The researched nutritional status of pre-school children of working mothers in 2003. A sample of 50
pre-schoolchildren of working women from lower middle income group was selected They were 25 boys
and 25 girls. Twenty four hour recall method was used to assess the food and nutrient intake. Further, the
data indicated that the intake of nutrients like energy, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin was slightly
lower. The intake of protein was higher than RDA. The data also showed that intake of calcium was
double and that of iron was two third of RDA. Intake of niacin was inadequate in both group
Maternal employment had no positive or negativeimpact on nutritional status of pre- school children.
Studied on Motivating Slum Women for Entrepreneurship Through Training. Entrepreneurship
can help economic independent and improve their social status. Through economic
independence, women automatically get empowerment. Development of women entrepreneurship
enables men to understand and appreciate women abilities. Now it is an accepted fact that
entrepreneurship is not the exclusive property of those who are gifted with certain qualities by birth,
rather it can be developed and acquired. The process of entrepreneurial development has three basic
features; (1.) Initiation (2) Development (3) Support. In Initiation phase we include creating awareness
among the people about opportunities and stimulating through educational and social process. In the
development phase, the thrust area for training are: motivation, developing economic insight, promoting
management skills, creating confidence through direct experience and supply of information. The final
phase refers to the support for establishment.

38
 STUDIES ON WORK AND STRESS

Stress of women executives was studied by Datar, Patel and Gandotra in 2003. The
data were collected through pre tested, pre coded, close endedquestionnaire. The major findings of the
study specified that majority of women were employed since last 22 to 30 yeas and thus were performing
dual role sincelong. They reported that as an employed lady, women were punctual and regular. Many a
times they had to work without rest. Majority of the respondents got goodco operation from colleagues.
It was analyzed that the homemaker was a successful housewife, mother and daughter- in- law also.

Occupational stress index was administered on 30 married and 20 unmarried working women by
Chhaya in 2005. Analysis revealed significant differences on two dimensions, viz. group political pressures
and poor peerrelations. Unmarried working women reported high stress at workplace due to group political
pressure. For married women it was due to poor peer relations. Physicians increasingly acknowledged that stress
was a contributing factor in a wide variety of health problems. Disorders, diseases brought or worsened by
psychological stress. These disorders commonly involve the autonomic nervous system, which controls the

Finding out differencein life stress among working women and housewives. 120 working women
and 120 house wives were taken as subjects. A trivariate factorial design with three independent
variables was used. Interactive effects of type of women, type of
extrovert) on life stress were studied. No main variable was found significant nor were any interactions
found significantly affecting the life stress.
Studied stress among working women in public sector banks in 2005. They reported that
globalization of trading activities, economic polices, competition, need based developments, have
resulted in overall drastic changes in the set up of public sector banks. The recent changes included
computation, automation, consumer oriented service, work beyond time schedule, additional activities
like doorstep service and canvassing. All these led to stress among selected women.
To examine the effect of gender and income on occupational stress. 30 males and 30 females
were taken as subjects. Two groups above Rs. 4000 and below Rs. 4000 were found according to
income. To measure stress, scale constructed by Shivastava and Singh was used. The results showed that
degree of stress was more in female workers than in male workers. Similarly the workers belonging to
below Rs. 4000 income group had more occupational stress than their counter parts.

39
 A study aiming at investigating the impact of a sense of closeness with husband on stress
experienced by married working women. The study consisted of 80 working married women. The data
was collected by using Daily Hassles Scale developed by Thaker and Mishra and Intimate Relationship
Scale developed by Valos and Kammermann. Result revealed that working women with lowest
perceived intimacy with husband experienced highest amount of stress in which they significantly
differed onstress with women perceiving highest level of intimacy with husband. No other significant
differences were observed.

STUDIES ON WORK AND ATTITUDE

A study of the attitude of new generation girls regarding entrepreneurship was conducted by
Rachchha, B in 2004. The study was conducted on S.Y. and
T.Y. B.Sc.- (Home Science and Science) students across Jamnagar. Discussion
method was applied. It was found that girls inclined towards entrepreneurship were very few. Their work
included services, sale, production, etc. Many of them did not have an idea of other enterprises, training,
governmental schemes, marketing, enterprise related items and problems of the enterprises.

CASE STUDIES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

In 1988 studied women and work. It was reported that one respondent was a widow. Out of her
salary of Rs. 1200 a month she was given only Rs. 400 for her bus fare, medicines and other necessities for
children and herself. What was left for her pocket expenses was almost nothing. It was concluded that many
working women felt short of pocket money to use for her.

A well educated respondent, holding a position of responsibility in semi government institution

40
reported that her husband had never given his share in home expenses. In the beginning, she thought that
the business was in early stage andhis earnings were less. But after a few years she came to know that he
had a soft relationship with a girl. He had settled in a new house and paid all his income to her. .On
raising quarrel he bluntly asked her to leave the house or accept the situation. Thus, education, exposure
and experience of the women did not help her to save her home and husband.
She had to plan the expenses. Before the salary came in hand nothing was left for pocket
expenses. She could not afford wearing different saris. On the contrary she was so much burdened with
work at home and office that she had no time to look at mirror. She used to come to office shabbily
dressed and nobody cared for
she felt bad about her condition; got depressed and cursed her fate .She had lost enthusiasm for life even
though she wanted to lead a happy life.
A case studies of eight women who owned enterprise. The reasons for starting the enterprise were
reported as: limited opportunities as an employee, daughter needed a service which was nonexistent, no
prospect for growth in jobs, profit using ideas, loved craft and used contacts job in bank-wanted to get in
to designing business, desire for large architectural firm and desire to build a high profit business. The
strategies used were pointed out as:
Focused on a niche, personalized approach to customers, close contact withdevelopers.
Stress on stable customer base, quality service, controls costs.

Created growth in declining business through innovative service, good costcontrol.

Own skill in purchasing unique items, discounts on purchasing, gives creditto supplier, does
supervision.
Educated customers, developed stable/small clientele, personalized service.

Individualized quality service, stable, loyal, niche, aggressive.

Problem solving approach, perfectionism.

Customization of service marketing strategies.

STUDIES ON PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

A study had employed a sample of 280 housewives in Patna who were also
mothers. The results revealed that the working housewives in general were suffering from role conflict

41
 more than unemployed housewives. Working women perceived more conflicting role expectations.
This was founddue to absence of proper care of the family as well as job resulting into more grievances.
They were also suffering from more intra individual conflict and their
job was often unfavorable. The results further revealed that the working wives were more burdened with
than non-working housewives.
A studied problems of women in unconventional careers:

Urban work force constituted 15.2 % females.

Women constitute 2.3% share of technical and professional occupations and 0.1% share of
administrative and managerial occupations
50 % of respondents worked with public institution and 39.39 % worked with private institutions.
19.7% were professionals, 65.15% were servicing, 9.09 % were business women and 6.06 % were
engaged in social service.
36.36 % chose the career due to self determination, 3.03% out of social economic reasons, 37.88%
due to better career prospects and 31.82 % to prove challenge.
For 56.06 % their self was motivational force whereas for 40.91 % and 18.18
%, parents and husband/in-laws were motivational forces respectively

Sounderpandian, 1999 suggested that for entrepreneurship development in India, there was a
greater need to emphasize on research relating to process and enhancement of entrepreneurship. The
problems of women entrepreneur arelisted as follow:
Stiff competition from male entrepreneurs

High price of raw materials required

Financial constraints

Managerial constraints

Technical difficulties

Low ability to bear risks

Low level of favorable family background

Lack of entrepreneurial initiative

42
 Barriers to Indian Women Entrepreneurs of India

But like mentioned before, countless hurdles have been laid for Indian women overthe years. Surpassing all
of these hurdles successfully is still a challenge. These are some of the problems women face after starting
their business:

Family problems

Management of Finance

Managing manpower

Professional disrespect

The key reason of women being blocked from business is that they are women. Male prejudice is still
prevalent in India. Male is still considered the dominant gender and sole bread provider. The view that
Indian women lack self-confidence,willpower, mental composure and entrepreneurial attitude has made
devastating effects on India. This view has kept the women from becoming leaders and has also instilled
fear in women.

This age-old prejudice has also convinced a portion of women that they are unableto take risks; that
they are unable to access technology, deal effectively with workers and that the best job for them is to raise a
family.

However, India is full of examples new and old that a woman can be an entrepreneur and a successful one at
that. Compared to men, fewer female businesses fail because of poor financial management once their
business gets akick start.

Solutions to Barriers

The problems women face pose a challenge for government and the authorities to tackle, but with the right
approach and some time, they can be solved. Every Indianmust understand the importance of women

43
entrepreneurship. On top of all, women need motivation and any discouragement must be dealt with. Following
are some measures that can be taken to make women empowered so that they can continue their business
activities as confidently as Indian men.

Creating better education opportunities.

Making provisions for personality development and training.

Improving communication skills.

Institutions where women can learn entrepreneurial skills and risk takingabilities.

Measures to change the attitude of society concerning women and womenentrepreneurs in India.

Attempts from nongovernmental bodies like agencies, trusts, welfare societiesand NGOs.

More associations for better financing and capital management.

Providing nationwide platform for women like forums to discuss prevalentissues and solutions to
deal with such shortcomings.

Policies and Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs in India

In India, the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises development organizations, various State Small
Industries Development Corporations, the Nationalized banksand even NGOs are conducting
various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) to cater to the
needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and
skills. TheOffice of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and
assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems.

There are also several other schemes of the government at central and state level, which provide
assistance for setting up training-cum-income generating activitiesfor needy women to make them
economically independent. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) has also been
implementing special schemesfor women entrepreneurs.

44
 In addition to the special schemes for women entrepreneurs, various government schemes for
MSMEs also provide certain special incentives and concessions for women entrepreneurs. For
instance, under (PMRY), preference is given to women
beneficiaries. The government has also made several relaxations for women to facilitate the
participation of women beneficiaries in this scheme. Similarly, under the MSE Cluster
Development Programme by Ministry of MSME, the contribution from the Ministry of MSME
varies between 30-80% of the total project in case of hard intervention, but in the case of clusters
owned and managed by women entrepreneurs, contribution of the M/o MSME could be upto 90%
of the project cost. Similarly, under the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small
Enterprises, the guarantee coveris generally available upto 75% of the loans extended; however
the extent of guarantee cover is 80% for MSEs operated and/ or owned by women.

Some of the special schemes for women entrepreneurs

implemented by the government bodies and allied institutions are
provided below.

1) Schemes of Ministry of MSME

Trade related entrepreneurship assistance and development (TREAD)scheme for

women

Mahila Coir Yojana

2) Schemes of Ministry of Women and Child Development

Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)

Swayam Siddha

3) Schemes started by various states for women development are as under:

4) Schemes of Kerala State Development Corporation

45
 Self employment loan programmes
Educational loan schemes
Single women benefit schemes
Job oriented training programmes
Marketing support for women entrepreneurs

5)Kerala Women Industries Programme

6) Delhi Stree Shakti Project

7) Schemes of Delhi Commission for Women (Related to Skill developmentand training)
8) Incentives to Women Entrepreneurs Scheme, 2008, Government of Goa
9) Magalir Udavi Scheme, Pudhucherry Government
10) Financing Schemes by Banks/ Financial Institution's

Associations Promoting Women Entrepreneur

A brief analysis of various associations and agencies that are functioning atstate and
national levels to promote women entrepreneurs is made for reference.

1. Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

This is a voluntary association of small group of self-employed rural or urban women
entrepreneurs who join together to take care of group welfare. The group with the help of
financial institutions and other NGOs get their needs satisfied. Each member contributes little
amount tocover seed money. Rest will be taken care off by FIs or NG0s.
Governments also provide funds through FIs. For example, in Karnataka
by Government of Karnataka. SHGs provide facilities to its members in the form of loan or raw
material for production or skilled labor etc. These associations are helping small women
entrepreneurs to start and develop home-based business. Womenbelonging to weaker sections of
the society have been greatly benefited in their entrepreneural activities.

2. Federation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs (FIWE)

FIWE is the outcome of resolution passed in 4th International Conference Women

46
 Entrepreneurs held at Hyderabad. This was foundedin 1993. It mainly interacts with various
women associations of the country through a network to facilitate the members in diversified
activities.
Activities of FIWE are as follows:

1. To provide network facilities to women entrepreneurs in the countryand abroad to develop

their business.
2. To provide facilities to member associations in the areas of marketing, quality control,
export management, standardisation and alsoprovides training facilities in these areas.
Facilitates the member associations to participate in national and International conference, fairs,
exhibitions, to provide greater exposureto women entrepreneurs in local, regional, national and
global business environment and provide an access to various business opportunitiesavailable.

3. India Trust (WTI)

This trust was established in 1968. The promoter Kamila Tyabji made a small beginning with
two shops in Mumbai and a training and production centre at Panvel. The trust was started with
the main objective of helping women entrepreneurs. Encouraged by the growth ofthe activities
of the trust, it further extended its activities which are as follows.

1. Establishing Kamila Trust in UK in 1994 to market the products ofWTI members. The
trust made its beginning by selling the products from door to door and then opened a shop in
London under the name

2. Encouraged by its success in London, WIT extended the exportactivities to Australia,

Europe and Germany from 1995 onwards.

3. Has started educational programme in and Kindergartentraining.

4. Has plans to launch computer training for women.

47
 successful female entrepreneurs

Gone are the days when women were considered no match for all powerful men inthis world.

The male dominated world was always reluctant to even acknowledge the fact thatwomen were as
good as men on parameters of hard work, intelligence quotient (IQ) and leadership traits. India too has its
own pool of such bold and fearless women who have made a markfor themselves both within the country as
well as overseas.

Let's meet some of such Indian women who can be easily termed as role modelsfor every Indian- both
males and females:

1. Indra Nooyi

Current position: CFO, Pepsico

48
 Indra Nooyi,56, is the current chairman and CFO of the second largest food andbeverage business,
PepsiCo.

Born in Chennai, Indra did her Bachelor's in Science from Madras Christian College in 1974 and a Post
Graduate Diploma in Management (MBA) from IndianInstitute of Management, Calcutta in 1976.

Beginning her career in India, Nooyi held product manager positions at Johnson &Johnson and textile firm
Mettur Beardsell. Nooyi joined PepsiCo in 1994 and was named president and CFO in 2001.

She has been conferred with prestigious Padma Bhushan for her businessachievements and being an inspiration
to India's corporate leadership.

2 Naina Lal Kidwai

Naina Lal Current position: Group General Manager & Country Head HSBC,India

Naina Lal Kidwai,55, is presently the Group General Manager and Country Headof HSBC India.
Naina has a Bachelor's degree in Economics from Delhi university and an MBAfrom Harvard Business

49
school. In fact, Kidwai was the first Indian woman to graduate from Harvard Business School.
She started her career with ANZ Grindlays . Presently, she is also serving as a non-executive director on the
board of Nestle SA. Kidwai is also global advisor at Harvard Business school.
Indian government conferred Padma Shri award on Naina for her contributions inthe field of Trade and
Industry.

3. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

Current position: CMD, Biocon

Kiran,59, is the founder Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of BioconLimited.

Born in Bangalore, Shaw completed her Bachelors in Zoology from Mount CarmelCollege, Bangalore
University. She later did her post-graduation in Malting and Brewing from Ballarat College, Melbourne
University.

She worked as a trainee brewer in Carlton and United Breweries, Melbourne andas a trainee maltster at
Barrett Brothers and Burston, Australia.

She started Biocon in 1978 and spearheaded its evolution from an industrialenzymes manufacturing
company to a fully integrated bio-pharmaceutical company.

Today Biocon under Shaw's leadership has established itself as a leading player inbiomedicine research with a

50
 focus on diabetes and oncology.

Kiran is also a member of the board of governors of the prestigious Indian Schoolof Business and Indian
Institute of Technology Hyderabad.Kiran received the prestigious Padma Shri (1989) and the Padma
Bhushan (2005) from the government of India.

4. Ekta Kapoor

Current position: JMD & Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms

Ekta Kapoor is the daughter of legendary star of yesteryears Jeetendra and brotherof Bollywood actor
Tusshar Kapoor.

Ekta has created a niche for herself in TV serial and film production. She can easily be termed as the most
successful female producer of entertainment world.

Ekta has produced many successful films including Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta , Kucch To Hai Love
Sex aur Dhokha, Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai, Shor in the City, Ragini MMS, Kyaa Super Kool Hai Hum
and The Dirty Picture.

51
 CHAPTER NO.4 - DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND
PRESENTATION

Statistics of Indian women entrepreneurs

52
 mic empowerment. This is essential for sustainable economic

2018; OECD, 2017) the overall business environment for women-owned and/or led businesses in India is
unsatisfactory. The country has comparatively low levels of women entrepreneurship, in a wider context of a
declining female labour force participation rate. Consequently, there is a need to address business environment
challenges facing women ent

inclusive growth and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Entrepreneurs and Start-

Development (BMZ) and in partnership with the Indian Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

project also implements a media campaign to tell the stories of successful women entrepreneurs and to foster a
positive mindset change in society. In this framework, GIZ has conducted this study to: establish the current
profile of and barriers facing women entrepreneurs; analyse promising sectors and regions across India for
women-owned/led businesses; ascertain potential sectors that would generate income and employment for for

53
women entrepreneurs; and provide recommendations for policymakers and implementing partner interventions
on women entrepreneurship.

Current Profile of Women Entrepreneurship

Women-owned enterprises are small in number, concentrated in the micro segment or proprietary, and mainly
informal. The number varies by data source and not all Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
registered as women-owned are headed by women. Of the 58.5 million establishments in operation, the majority
at almost 90 per cent are owned by proprietors, of which only 15.4 per cent are women. There are urban/rural
differences in rates of women entrepreneurship, with more women owned enterprises based in rural areas. Yet
urban-based enterprises are more likely to be registered. This is due to a number of factors including mobility,
education and access to technology challenges in particular faced by women.

There is a variation in the distribution of women-owned enterprises across India at a state level. This suggests
diversity in the enabling environments for women entrepreneurship. The largest share in number of
establishments under women entrepreneurship are clustered in the southern states of India suggesting there is a
more favourable environment for women entrepreneurship in the south of India.

Rural enterprises overall 22.24%

Rural proprietary 21.2%

Urban enterprises overall 18.42%

Urban proprietary 17.8%

54
 Factors Shaping the Future Landscape of Women Entrepreneurship

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook projects economic growth in India to
increase from 6.7 per cent in 2017 to 7.4 per cent in 2018 and 7.8 per cent in 2019 (IMF, 2018). Within this
context, there are multiple factors that may indicate or shape the future landscape of women entrepreneurship at
a state and sector level. An analysis of these factors can inform choices by policymakers and implementing
partners of the states and sectors to direct their interventions.

STATE SECTOR

Future employment Growth sectors of

requirement State level employment Sector-wise
employment growth rates GDP growth Foreign
Development status investor sector priorities
Gender equality context economic policy priorities

geographic economic policy priorities and sectors Partner ministry policy priorities

schemes geographic policy priorities sectors Corporate procurement sector priorities

Geographies with existing government economic support for women entrepreneurship activities

schemes Government of women entrepreneurship policy

priorities Sectors with existing governmental support
schemes.

55
Recommendations for Policymaker and Implementing Partner Interventions States and Sectors

GEOGRAPHIC FOCUS OF INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Northeastern Indian states: Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Government and geographic priorities
Mizoram and Meghalaya
High rate of employment growth in several of
the states
High levels of proprietary enterprises
and workforce participation rates in
the region
Good gender equality context (excluding Assam)
North Indian states: Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and
Women s workforce participation and female
Uttar Pradesh
labour force participation rates
Level of proprietary establishments
Share of establishments under
women entrepreneurship
Future human resource requirement
South Indian states: Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra,
High female workforce participation
Telangana and/or Tamil Nadu
rate and entrepreneurship
Good rate of gender equality and
development context, future human
resource requirements

56
 Business Environment Constraints to Women Entrepreneurship

govern business activities (DCED, 2016). Social norms interact with the BE resulting in different and more severe
barriers for women entrepreneurship in the different dimensions of the BE. For example, 70 per cent of women
report they would feel unsafe working away from home (Harvard Kennedy, 2016). These barriers are not static
and may differ based on the gender context within different parts of India and social groups. These constraints may
impact women entrepreneurs in different ways due to heterogeneity as a population.

Social Norms:

Mobility
Safety and violence against women
Unpaid care responsibilities and time poverty
Family support and social attitudes about economic participation

Access to finance

Account ownership
Access to seed capital/early stage funding
Access to credit
Collateral requirements of financial institutions
Availability of alternative credit scoring and use of alternative forms of
collateral
Awareness of collateral free/credit guarantee schemes
Awareness and application of simplified customer due diligence
The cost of financial services
Financial competence of women entrepreneurs
Investors and bankers gender, attitudes and bias
Investment pitching methodologies

Awareness of digital skills to navigate business registration and licensing

57
Gender-gap in access to technology and digital skills to make tax payments
online

Legal differences between women and men

Employer cost of maternity leave

Lower levels of ownership and inheritance of land and property assets to use as
collateral

Access to mentors and networks through business associations

Female participation in public private dialogue

Gender gap in access to technology and market information

Awareness, time and cost barriers to participation in training schemes
and accelerator programmes
Access to corporate value chains
Market linkage programmes targeting women

58
 Recommended Sectors and rationale

SECTOR FOCUS OF INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

MANUFACTURING SPECIFICALLY
The proportion of female enterprise owners is highest
HANDICRAFTS/TEXTILES
Women entrepreneurs are more likely to employ other women
Government priority sector
Significant number of women in this sector but
disproportionately fewer of them are business owners and
many of them are working in producer groups that could be
scaled into formal MSMEs
An important future sector of employment for women
entrepreneurs

RENEWABLE ENERGY
Perceived high degree of participation of women
Driver for the future Indian economy
Government priority sector
Levels of engagement of women entrepreneurs in the last
mile distribution of renewable energy solutions

EDUCATION
Key sector where at a national level, the proportion of
female enterprise owners is highest
Sector where women entrepreneurs are more likely to employ
other women
Important sector for the Indian economy

INFRASTRUCTURE
Driver for the future Indian economy
Presents social norms related barriers that restrict

inclusion
Opportunity for innovation of gender-sensitive infrastructure

59
 SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Focus that cross-cuts the sector priorities, not least
because of it being a priority of MSDE

SECTOR BREAKDOWN OF WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES

Women entrepreneurship is concentrated in education and manufacturing.

At a national level, the proportion of female owners of proprietary enterprises is highest in the education and

manufacturing sectors28 (see Table 2 in annex). This suggests that these are pertinent sectors if policymakers
and implementing partners aim to concentrate on economic participation interventions in sectors
where women are currently engaged.

Women are concentrated in the handicrafts and handlooms sub sector but own less than a quarter of
all businesses in the sector.
The majority at 96.59 per cent of the total number of handicraft/ handloom establishments are owned by
proprietors, of which 60 per cent of the proprietary establishments are located in rural areas. Out of the
proprietary handicraft/handloom establishments, more than three quarters at 77.74 per cent are owned by

males, 21.89 per cent by females and the rest 6,759 (0.37 per cent) by others.29 This may be explained by
economic activity within the sector being channeled through producer groups rather than proprietary
enterprises or MSMEs. In this context, where there is scope to boost women entrepreneurship in a sector they
are currently present, policymakers and implementing partners may wish to concentrate on the handloom and

handicraft sector.30 Given the current concentration of these women in producer groups, there is an
opportunity for policy incentives and interventions to provide support for women to transition from producer
groups to establish their own enterprise, as well as to scale existing proprietary or smaller enterprises in the
sector.

60
Women entrepreneurs are more likely to employ other women particularly in the education, financial
and insurance sectors and in manufacturing.
The sectors with the largest proportion of employment of women under female owners are: education, skills

development, financial and insurance activities, and manufacturing. 31 (See Table 3 in Annex). As a result,
policymakers and implementing partners may wish to consider sectors of focus for the project where women are
more likely to be employed by women entrepreneurs.

At a state level, there is variation in the main types of activity undertaken by women proprietary
enterprises.
Based on the NSS Round 73, there were state-level differences in the levels of manufacturing, trading and service
sector activities undertaken by proprietary enterprises headed by women. This suggests that it is necessary for
policymakers and implementing partners to analyse on a state-by-state basis the sector profile of the activities
undertaken by women entrepreneurs depending on their scope of interests.

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CONSTRAINTS TO WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Simplifying business registration and licensing procedures

Improving tax policies and administration
Enabling better access to finance
Improving labour laws and administration
Improving land titles, registers and administration
Simplifying and speeding up access to commercial courts and to
alternative dispute resolution mechanisms
Broadening public, private dialogue processes with a particluar focus
on including informal operators
Improving access to market information

61
PAN INDIA WOMEN ENTREPRENUERSHIP PROFILE BY SIZE, GEOGRAPHY AND FORMALITY
LEVEL

enterprises are small in number, concentrated in the micro segment and mainly informal.There
are significantly fewer enterprises than enterprises run by men. The sixth economic census 2013/14
suggest that 13.76 per cent of MSMEs are women-owned, a number of approximately 8.05 million, out of
58.5 million businesses.15 Of the 58.5 million establishments in operation, the majority at almost 90 per cent
are owned by proprietors, of which only 15.4 per cent are owned by female.16 The World Bank enterprise
survey data, an internationally comparative dataset, suggests that 10.7 per cent of MSMEs have female

participation in ownership and only 2.8 percent have majority female ownership. 17 There is evidence to
suggest that not all MSMEs registered as women-owned are headed by women. In some instances, they may
be registered in a name as a front for a male owner to access concessional loans and other fiscal
benefits. This data suggests thatif policymakers and implementing partners are mandated to work with a
registered MSME, they must consider the documentation requirements that they will need to establish if the
enterprise is formally registered and women-owned/led. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider defining an
approach to ascertain if the enterprises
are in reality controlled by women.

There are urban/rural differences in rates of women entrepreneurship, with more women-led enterprises based in rural areas.

Currently, there are more female enterprises in rural areas (22.24 per cent of all rural enterprises) compared to
urban areas (18.42 per cent of all urban enterprises), according to the MoMSME annual report. As such, there
is value for policymaker and implementing partner interventions to not only focus on working with women
entrepreneurs in urban areas, but also those in rural areas who perhaps have no other option for employment.

Women-owned enterprises are mainly micro-sized or proprietary.

The fourth All India Census of MSMEs found that 98 per cent of women-owned enterprises in India were micro
enterprises. businesses comprised 14.19 per cent of micro businesses overall, 5.06 per cent of small

businesses, and 4.21 per cent of medium businesses.21 This indicates that as the size of enterprise increases,
women are less likely to own the enterprise. The National Sample Survey (NSS) Round 73 based on data from

2015/16 found that at the all-India level, 19.5 per cent of proprietary enterprises were headed by a female.22

62
Any policymaker and implementing partner interventions will need to consider: incentives and approaches to
support micro level enterprises to scale; for enterprises to explore alternative ownership models beyond
proprietary; and the barriers in

the enabling environment and associated social norms that restrict enterprises to this ownership model
and size.

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA COMPARED TO

LEADING NATIONS
An attempt has been made to make a comparative study of women entrepreneurship development in
selected leading countries vis-à-vis India by analyzing the data regarding percentage of women work
participation in Table 1. Table 1 shows that USA is at the top followed by UK in terms of women work
tion is the lowest in comparison with other countries.

Country Percentage

USA 45

UK 43

Canada 42

Indonesia 40

Srilanka and Brazil 35

France 32

India 31.6

63
 Share of wMSMEs rural vs urban and gender
gap inemployment by MSMEs

According to the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) annual report, rural areas
have a slightly greater share of women-owned enterprises (22.24%) than urban areas (18.42%).
Employment provided by the MSME sectorsuffers from a huge gender gap. It employs76% male and only
24% female employees. As of 2021, the MSME sector employed a total of 110.98 million employees, of
whom 84.46 million (76%) were men and only 26.49 million (24%) were women. The distribution of
female employees in MSMEs is more in the rural sector (13.75 million) compared to the urban sector
(12.74 million).

Urban proprietary 17.8

Urban enterprisesoverall
18.42

Rural proprietary 21.2

Rural enterprisesoverall
22.24

10 20 30

wMSME share (%)

64
 Share of women-owned MSMEs by size

More than 99% of all MSMEs are in the micro sector. Most women-owned enterprises in India
are single-person microenterprises. Only about 17% of women-owned enterprises have
employed workers, of which 95% operate with less than six workers. As the size of the
enterprise increases, theproportion of women-led enterprises decreases.

25
20.44
20
15
10
5.26
5 2.67
0
Micro Small Medium

wMSME share (%)

50 45
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 8.7 7.4
5
0
Manufacturing Trading Other services

wMSME share

65
  Share of women-owned MSME by sector

In the above data analysis we have seen data collection of all over the indian women entrepreneurial.
How much in indian women has shown there talent and growth in business world.

Now for the deep down study of data analysis we will take again example of women engaged in
food processingunits in Rajkot.
In the data analysis how they work from manufacturing to distribution and marketing they do we
study that deep down with diagram and research.
To start the study we will selected sample of 300 women entrepreneurs engaged in food processingunits in
Rajkot was divided in to 12 geographical categories.

In each of these areas, around 20 to 30 women entrepreneurs were found.

The schedule of data collection was spread into 50 days but the data collection continued till
three months. This was because immediate dates couldnot be obtained after completing one particular
area. Changes in planned schedule were also made due to some emergencies and unavailability of
respondents.

66
 ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

The complete data on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in foodprocessing units in Rajkot.

Detailed Distribution as per Type of Food Production

Sr.No. Type of Variety of Total No.

food of
Production Products Sample
Wet Snacks

Snack Dry Snacks 60

1

Caterers

Dining Hall
2 60
Food Service Tiffin / Parcel

Canteen
Khakhara, Khakhara
(different 60
Thepla
varieties)
3
Thepla
Uadad,

Papad Moong Papad 60

4
Khichi Papad
Cold- drinks

Picklel/masala
60
Others Bakery
5
Others(khiru,
sweets, ice
cream)
Total **************** 300
6

67
Interpretation

In this chat 300 women’s are divided in each 60 groups . and each 60 women are given different work to
do. And as per given task they work and complete there work . Which is how that we will seen as per below
mentioned pie chat.

68
Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

SrNo Food Primary Secondary Graduate Post Total

Products graduate
1 Snack 28 20 05 07 60
2 Food Service 19 27 12 02 60
3 Khakhara,Thepla 21 20 19 00 60
4 Papad 30 19 11 00 60
5 Others 17 11 28 04 60
6 Total 115 97 75 13 300

Interpretation
The collected data also pointed that a large majority of selected women

had low level of education. 39% of women entrepreneurs had primary education followed
by 32% having secondary education, 25% graduation and 4% post graduation. This also
points out that most women having higher education preferred service than business.
Those having low education may not get suitable job and the need for income generation
or creative utilize action of time leads them to undertake entrepreneurship.

69
 Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr. Food Married Unmarried Widow Others Total

No. Products
1 Snack 56 00 03 01 60
2 Food Service 56 00 04 00 60
3 Khakhara,Thepla 57 00 01 02 60
4 Papad 49 05 06 00 60
5 Others 53 06 01 00 60
6 Total 271 11 15 03 300

MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS
Others 1.00%

Widow 5.00%

Unmarried 3.66%
90.33%

Married

Interpretation
The data in below table show that 90.33% of women were married, 3.66%
And Unmarried 5% below widow, 1% of the selected women are single.
Others category included divorcee as well as married but separated women.

70
Religion of Women Entrepreneurs

Sr. Food Hindu Muslim Christian Total

No. Products
1 Snack 60 00 00 60

2 Food Service 60 00 00 60

3 Khakhara, 59 01 00 60
Thepla
4 Papad 59 01 00 60

5 Others 56 04 00 60

6 Total 294 06 00 300

RELIGION OF SELECTED
ENTERPRENEURS

Hindu
Muslim

294

Interpretation

The data when distributed according to religion suggested that verylarge

majority of selected women entrepreneurs were Hindus. Only a smallnumber of women
were Muslim and no Christian women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing were
found.

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 Women Entrepreneurs from Different Social Strata

Sr. Food Lower Social Upper Social Strata To

No. Products Strata Tal
52 248 300
S C. O.B.C. S.T. Vaniya Brahimin Patel Lohana Others

1 Snack 00 13 00 10 07 20 07 03 60
2 Food 07 05 00 07 07 13 18 03 60
Service
3 Khakhara, 00 03 00 34 11 05 04 03 60
Thepla
4 Papad 01 12 00 10 06 11 18 02 60
5 Others 00 11 00 16 06 15 10 02 60
6 Total 08 44 00 77 37 64 57 13 300

Women Entrepreneurs from different Social Strata

82.66%

17.33%

Interpretation
Analysis of women entrepreneurs according to their social strata is very important
for formulating suitable government policies. The sample was divided into two categories, viz women
entrepreneurs belonging to lower social strata and upper social strata. Lower social strata constitute
Scheduled Castes and Tribes besides Other Backward Classes. It was found that OBCs entrepreneurs
form the large chunk in the lower social strata, while very few belonged to Scheduled Caste
category. 68
,
 Number of Non - Earning Members in Family of Selected WomenEntrepreneurs

Sr. Food None 1 2 or 3 4 or Total

No. Products more
1 Snack 09 14 30 07 60

2 Food Service 15 11 28 06 60

3 Khakhara,Thepla 09 09 30 12 60

4 Papad 11 09 27 13 60

5 Others 15 12 25 08 60

6 Total 59 55 140 46 300

NUMBER OF NON EARNING MEMBERS ON

WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

4 or more 15.33

2 or 3
46.66
18.33

None 19.66

Interpretation
About half of the selected sample had 2 or 3 non earning members in their/her family. The data
also showed that the number of women entrepreneurs having 0 or 1 non earning member was more than
those having 4 or more non earning family members. The earning member/s in the family besides the
womenentrepreneur was/were not considered here.

69
 Type of Family of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr.No. Food Joint Nuclear Total

Products Family Family
1 Snack 22 38 60

2 Food Service 19 41 60

3 Khakhara, 26 34 60
Thepla
4 Papad 23 37 60

5 Others 18 42 60

6 Total 108 192 300

Interprertation
The above data point out that 64% of women entrepreneurs belonged to nuclear family.
This could be because in nuclear families, women have fewer responsibilities and can take their
decisions independently as compared to the women from joint family. A smaller number of
entrepreneurs coming from joint families could possibly be due to more responsibilities and rigid
mentality of not allowing women to work or earn.

70
 (Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs

Sr Food Below Rs.50,001 Rs.1,50,001 Rs.3,00,001 Above

.N Products Rs to to To Rs. Total
o. 50,000 Rs.1,50,000 Rs.3,00,000 Rs.5,00,000 5.00.000

1 Snack 07 36 14 03 00 60
2 FoodServie 02 34 17 06 01 60
3 Khakhara, 01 36 20 02 01 60
Thepla
4 Papad 02 26 25 05 02 60
5 Others 01 24 30 03 02 60
6 Total 13 156 106 19 06 300

(YEARLY) FAMILY INCOME WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS

Rs.50,001
Rs.3,00,001 to Rs.5,00,000

Interpretation

The figures in the table related to family income showed that a high majority of selected
women had their annual income between Rs 50, 000 to Rs 3, 00,000. Very few women having
their family income below and above these figures were found.

71
 Issues Regarding Raw Materials

Sr. Food Availability Reasonable Shortage Availability Tot

No. Products of Raw Cost Of of Water al
Material of Raw Raw
Material. Material.
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1 Snack 60 00 36 24 05 55 60 00 60
2 Food 60 00 40 20 00 60 60 00 60
Service
3 Khakhara, 60 00 60 00 00 60 60 00 60
Thepla
4 Papad 60 00 50 10 00 60 60 00 60
5 Other 60 00 42 18 12 48 60 00 60
6 Total 300 00 228 72 17 283 300 00 300

ISSUES REGARING RAW MATERIALS

300 283 300
228

72
17

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Availability of Reasonable Cost Shortage of Raw Availability of

Raw Material of Raw Material. Material. Water
RAW MATERIALS

Interpretation
The data regarding raw materials showed that all the selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing had easy availability of raw materials. More than half of them obtained their raw materials at
reasonable rates. Majority of the selectedwomen entrepreneurs did not face shortage of raw materials or water
for food processing.

72
Ownership of enterprises

Sr.No. Food Personal Rental Total

Products Ownership
1 Snack 44 16 60
2 Food 40 20 60
Service
3 Khakhara, 36 24 60
Thepla
4 Papad 47 13 60
5 Other 49 11 60
6 Total 216 84 300

Distribution of Ownership of Enterprise Premises

OWNERSHIP OF ENTERPRISE PREMISES

28%

72%

Interpretation
The above table reveals that a 72% of selected women entrepreneurs
engaged in food processing owned the premises of their enterprises
personally. There were 28% women entrepreneurs who managed their
enterprises on rental premises. But in all categories of food processing, it
was found that personal ownership was morethan rental ones.

73
 Area of Marketing

Sr.No. Food Local State Nation Inter- Total

Products National
1 Snack 55 05 00 00 60
2 Food 58 02 00 00 60
Service
3 Khakhara/ 57 02 00 01 60
Thepla
4 Papad 35 22 03 00 60
5 Others 54 06 00 00 60
6 Total 259 37 03 01 300

Interpretation
86.33% of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local market only. However, 12.33%
entrepreneurs found State market, 1% national market and very rare international market for their products.

74
 Profit Details

Sr.No. Food Up to 10% 11 to 20% 21 to30% Total

Products
1 Snack 05 35 20 60
2 Food 00 44 16 60
Service
3 Khakhara, 01 48 11 60
Thepla
4 Papad 10 21 29 60

5 Others 04 45 11 60

6 Total 20 193 87 300

PROFIT DETAILS

64.33%

Up to 10%

29%

6.66%

Interpretation
The profit details show that the majority of women entrepreneurs had 11 to 20% profit margin
followed by those with 21 to 30%, entrepreneurs earned up to 10%. Profit margin

75
 CHAPTER NO. 5- CONCLUSION

In traditional Indian society women are accorded inferior status in family hierarchy. The
Indian society considered women as weaker sex. Such sociological and cultural traditions and
taboos have kept women dormant for quiet a long time. In 19 th century many social reforms in
India rose against theevil practices. From Ram Mohan Roy to Gandhiji, efforts were focused to
improve status of women. With globalization and knowledge based society spreading like
human development has
been gaining acceptance. The emergence of women onthe economic scene as entrepreneurs is a
significant development in the emancipation of women and securing for them a place in the
society, which they have all along deserved. The association of women with economic enterprises
would provide a healing touch in promoting peace and amity in the strife ridden world of today.

As per McKinsey, some 90 million workers in India will be looking for gainful nonfarm work
opportunities between now and 2030, based on current demographics and possible transitions of workers out of
agriculture. An additional 55 million women could enter the workforce by 2030 if their long-standing
vehicle
unlocking the
bottlenecks that impede their entrepreneurship journey taking a comprehensive ecosystem view. This research
demonstrates that the first step starts with ensuring greater and effective access to existing government allocated
support for women entrepreneurs. It also puts a spotlight on the skewed focus of the current support on only a
few ecosystem needs. In conclusion we reiterate that effective access to a continuum of support, across the
critical stages of entrepreneurshipjourney is essential to transform the landscape of entrepreneurship to look
more formal, growth oriented and diverse where both women and men are equal participants.

76
 CHAPTER NO. 6- SUGGESTIONS

We would recommend more case studies in this direction, so that

a women entrepreneur gets more recognition and acceptance. Such studies will help
the women to solve the problems faced. It will motivate agencies and government to
provide help, support and benefit to women entrepreneurs.

77
 CHAPTER NO. 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The sites that help me to complete this project On women Entreneurship in india which are
below:

www.microsave.net
https://www.vasavya.org
https://www.researchgate.net
http://golbalgiving,org
http://www.ilo.org

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APPENDIX : PHOTOGRAPHS

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