CHAPTER-15 Inheritance

Topic No. Title Page No.

15.1 Introduction to Genetics 168

15.2 Chromosomes and Genes 168

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

15.3  Mendel’s Law of Segregation 175
 Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

15.4 Co-Dominance and Incomplete Dominance 181

Variations and Evolution

15.5  Variations Lead to Evolution 185
 Artificial Selection

Review Questions
 Multiple Choice Questions
*  Short Questions 194
 Understanding the Concept
 The Terms to Know
Assignment
*  Let’s Draw and Label 196
 Self Test

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15.1 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS

15.2 CHROMOSOMES AND GENES
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Describe structure of DNA. (K.B) (Understanding the Concept Q.1)
OR
Describe the structure of chromatin.
Ans: STRUCTURE OF DNA
Introduction:
Polynucleotide
In 1953, James Watson and Francis strands Phosphate-sugar
Crick proposed the structure for DNA backbone
that is why it is called, Watson - Crick
Model of DNA.
Double Helix Structure:
According to the Watson - Crick Model,
a DNA molecule consists of two
polynucleotide strands. These strands
are coiled around each other in the form
of a double helix.
Backbone: H bonds
Double helix
There is a phosphate-sugar backbone on Nitrogenous bases
Phosphate
the outside of double helix.
Sugar
Nitrogenous Bases: Figure: The Watson and Crick Model of DNA
The nitrogenous bases are on the inside
of the double helix. In double helix, the nitrogenous bases of opposite nucleotides form pairs
through hydrogen bonds.
Specific Nucleotides Pairing:
The pairing of nucleotides is highly specific. The nitrogenous base adenine of one
nucleotide forms pair with the thymine of opposing nucleotide, while cytosine forms pair
with guanine.
Hydrogen Bonds:
There are two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine while there are three hydrogen
bonds between cytosine and guanine.
Q.2 Describe DNA replication. (K.B) (GRW 2016, DGK 2015)
Ans: DNA REPLICATION
Introduction:
Before a cell divides, its DNA is replicated (duplicated). It is done to make the copies of the
chromatids of chromosomes.
MECHANISM OF REPLICATION
Uncoiling of DNA:

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During replication, the DNA double helix is unwound and the two strands are separated,
much like the two sides of a zipper.
Templates:
Each strand acts as a template
to produce another strand.
Pairing of Nucleotides:
The DNA template nitrogenous
bases make pairs with the
nitrogenous bases of new
nucleotides. In this way, both
template strands make new
polynucleotide strands in front
of them.
New DNA Molecule:
Each template and its new
strand together then form a new Figure: Replication of DNA
DNA double helix, identical to
the original.
Q.3 Explain how does DNA of chromosome work? (U.B) (LHR 2014)
Ans: WORKING OF DNA CHROMOSEMS
Genetic Material:
DNA is the genetic material. It contains the instructions to direct
all the functions of cells. It performs its role by giving
instructions for the synthesis of specific proteins.
Some proteins perform structural roles while the others act as
enzymes to control all biochemical reactions of cells.
DNA Control:
In this way, whatever a cell does is actually controlled by its
DNA. In other words, DNA makes the characteristic or trait of cell
or organism.
Expression of Trait:
The traits are made by specific proteins. Specific proteins have
specific number and sequence of their amino acids. DNA
controls this sequence of amino acids by the sequence of its Figure: Location of Alleles
nucleotides. During protein synthesis, the sequence of DNA on Chromosomes
nucleotides decides that what will be the sequence of amino acids.
Transcription:
The specific sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied in the form of messenger RNA
(mRNA) nucleotides. This process is called transcription.
Translation:
The mRNA carries the sequence of its nucleotides to ribosome. The ribosome reads this
sequence and joins specific amino acids, according to it, to form protein. This step is known
as translation.
The part of DNA (sequence of nucleotides) that contains the instructions for the synthesis of a
particular protein is known as a gene, each chromosome contains thousands of genes.
Gene-Trait Relationship:
The part of DNA (sequence of nucleotides) that contains the instructions for the synthesis of
particular protein is known as gene. DNA of each chromosome contains thousands of genes.

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Like chromosomes, genes also occur in pairs, one on each homologous chromosome. The
locations or positions of genes on chromosomes are known as loci (Singular. locus).
Each gene determines a particular trait in an organism. Each individual carries at least one
pair of genes for each trait.
Representation:
For convenience, pairs of genes are represented by a letter or symbol.
Both members of a gene pair may be the same in some individuals (a condition which we may
represent as AA or aa or BB) and different in others (Aa or Bb).

Figure: Working of DNA (Central Dogma)

15.1 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define genetics. (K.B) (GRW 2016)
Ans: GENETICS
Definition:
“Genetics is the branch of biology in which we study inheritance”.
Q.2 Define inheritance. (K.B) (LHR 2017)
Ans: INHERITANCE
Definition:
Inheritance means the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
Q.3 What are traits? Give some examples of traits in human. (K.B) (GRW 2016)
Ans: TRAITS
Definition:
“Inheritable characteristics are called traits”.
Example:
In human, some inheritable characteristics are given below.
 Height
 Colour of eyes
 Intelligence
Q.4 What is chromatin? (K.B)
Ans: CHROMATIN
Chromosome is made of chromatin material (simply as chromatin). Chromatin is a complex
material, made of DNA and proteins (mainly histone proteins).
Q.5 Define genes? (K.B)
Ans: GENES

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Definition:
Parents pass characteristics to their young through gene transmission. Equal numbers of
chromosomes from each parent are combined during fertilization. The chromosomes carry the
units of inheritance called the genes.
Q.6 What are homologous chromosomes? How many homologous chromosomes are present
in human body cells? (U.B) (LHR 2014)
Ans: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell are known as homologous chromosomes.
Example of Human:
In human body cells, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.
Q.7 Define nucleosomes. (K.B) (BWP2015, LHR 2016, 17)
Ans:
NUCLEOSOMES
Definition:
DNA wraps around histone proteins and forms
round structures called nucleosomes. DNA is also
present between nucleosomes. In this way the
nucleosomes and the DNA between them look
“beads on a string”.
The fibres consisting of nucleosomes condense into
compact forms and get the structure of Figure: Chemical Composition of Chromosome
chromosomes.
Q.8 Define transcription and translation. (K.B) LHR 2016
Ans: Page no 168.
Q.9 Name nitrogenous bases found in DNA molecule. (K.B) LHR 2017
Ans: Page no 168.
Q.10 Describe two major processes of organic evolution. (K.B) LHR 2017
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.11 Differentiate between transcription and translation. (K.B) (LHR 2016)
OR
What is meant by transcription? (A.B) (GRW 2016)
OR
What is meant by translation? (A.B) (GRW 2016)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The difference between transcription and translation is as follows:
Transcription Translation
 The specific sequence of DNA  The mRNA carries the sequence of its
nucleotides is copied in the form of nucleotides to ribosome. The ribosome
messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotides. read this sequence and joins specific
This process is called transcription. amino acids, accordingly to it, to form
protein. This step is known as
DNA→mRNA translation.
mRNA→Protein
Q.12 Define central dogma? (U.B)
Ans: Page no
Q.13 Differentiate between gene and alleles. (K.B) (LHR 2014, 16 MTN 2015, SWL 2015, DGK 2015)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between gene and alleles are as follows:
Gene Alleles
Definition
 The part of DNA (sequence of  The alternate forms of a gene are
nucleotides) that contains the instructions called alleles.
for the synthesis of a particular protein is
known as a gene.
Example
 Gene for Height  “A” and “a” are the two
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 Gene for Intelligence alternate forms of a gene and B

and b are the alternate forms of
another gene.
Q.14 Differentiate between genotype and phenotype? (K.B) (LHR 2015)
OR
What do you know about genotype? (U.B) (GRW 2016)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between genotype and phenotype are as follows:
Genotype Phenotype
 The specific combination of gene in an  The expression of the genotype in the
individual is known as genotype. It is of form of trait (in our example, being albino
two types. or having normal pigmentation) is known
 Homozygous Genotype as the phenotype.
 Heterozygous Genotype
Q.15 What are homozygous and heterozygous genotype? (K.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotype is as follows:
Homozygous genotype Heterozygous genotype
 The genotype in which the gene pair  The genotype in which the gene pair
contains two identical alleles (AA) is contains two different alleles (Aa) is
called homozygous genotype. called the Heterozygous genotype.
Q.16 What are dominant and recessive alleles? (U.B) (SWL 2015)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between dominant and recessive alleles are as follows:
Dominant allele Recessive allele
Definition
 When in the heterozygous condition one  The allele which is not expressed is
allele masks or prevents the expression of called recessive allele.
the other, it is called the dominant allele.
Example
 “R” allele is dominant over “r” allele for  “r” allele is recessive for the shape of
the shape of seed. seed.
Representation
 The dominant alleles are represented by  Recessive alleles are represented by
capital letters. lower case.
Q.17 Can dominant allele effect the nature of recessive allele? (U.B)
Ans: EXPRESSION
A dominant allele only suppresses the expression of recessive allele. It does not affect its nature.
Q.18 What is albinism? Write its genotype? (A.B)
Ans: ALBINISM
Condition in which normal body pigments are absent.
Genotype:
It is also controlled by one pair of genes. “aa” is a genotype of albinisim because it’s a recessive trait in hum

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15.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The idea of transmission of characteristic to off spring was 1 st explained by: (K.B)
(A) Greger Mandel (B) James Watson
(C) Fransis crick (D) Jan Bepist De Lamark
2. The branch of Biology that deals with inheritance: (K.B) (DGK 2014, LHR 2015, SWL 2015)
(A) Physiology (B) Ecology
(C) Pharmacology (D) Genetics
3. Which of the following is an example of inheritable traits (U.B)
(A) Height (B) Colour of eye
(C) Intelligence (D) All
4. The chromosomes carry the units of inheritance called_______. (K.B)
(A) Genes (B) Traits
(C) Alleles (D) Genetics
5. Genes contains the specific instructions for the synthesis of: (K.B)
(A) Carbohydrates (B) Vitamins
(C) Lipids (D) Proteins
6. Which of the following statements regarding genes is false? (U.B) (LHR 2013)
(A) Genes are located an chromosomes
(B) Genes consist of a long sequence of DNA
(C) A gene contains information for the production of a protein
(D) Each cell contains a single copy of every gene
7. In humans, pairs of homologous chromosomes are: (K.B) (DGK 2015)
(A) 21 (B) 22
(C) 23 (D) 24
8. DNA wraps around histone proteins and forms round structures, called: (U.B) (BWP 2014)
(A) Chromatin (B) Chromosome
(C) Nucleolus (D) Nucleosomes
9. Watson and Crick proposed the DNA model in: (K.B) (MTN 2015)
(A) 1951 (B) 1953
(C) 1955 (D) 1957
10. According to Watson and crick model of DNA the backbone of DNA is formed of (U.B)
(A) Sugar-N-Bases (B) Phosphate-Sugar
(C) N-Base-Phosphate (D) N-Base-Sugar –Phosphate
11. In DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with: (K.B)
(A) Guanine (B) Cytosine
(C) Thymine (D) Uracil
12. How many hydrogen bonds are present between cytosine and guanine? (K.B)
(A) One (B) Two
(C) Three (D) Four
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13. The inside of helix is formed of (K.B)

(A) N-Base (B) Phosphates
(C) Ribose (D) Deoxyribose
14. The locations or positions of genes on chromosomes: (K.B)
(A) Loci (B) Traits
(C) Inheritance (D) Nucleotides
15. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? (K.B)
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
16. Ribosome reads the sequence of mRNA nucleotides and joins specific amino acids to
form proteins. This step is known as: (U.B) (LHR 2013
(A) Combination (B) Replication
(C) Transcription (D) Translation
17. Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding to the process of DNA
replication (U.B)
(A) Replication results into formation of two identical helixas of DNA from single Bond
(B) Both strands of Double helix in replication act as template
(C) Replication occurs during mitosis
(D) Replication means the creation of copies of the chromatids of chromosomes
18. A specific combination of genes in an individual is called: (K.B) (GRW 2013)
(A) Genotype (B) Phenotype
(C) Dominance (D) Recessive
19. Three possible combinations of pair (A and a) of genes (genotypes): (K.B)
(A) AA, Aa, aa (B) AA, AA, aa
(C) AA, BB, aa (D) AA, Bb, aa
20. Cytosine always make pair with: (K.B) (LHR 2016, DGK 2014)
(A) Guanine (B) Hydrogen
(C) Adenine (D) Thymine
21. Genotype in which gene pair contains two identical alleles is called: (U.B)(LHR 2015, GRW 2016)
(A) Homozygous (B) Heterozygous
(C) Hemizygous (D) Homologous
22. If organisms have genotype of AAbb, how many types of gametes can it produce? (U.B)(LHR 2014)
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 4
23. The specific combination of gene in an individual is known as: (K.B)
(A) Genotype (B) Phenotype
(C) Gene (D) Allele
24. The specific sequence of DNA nucleotide is copied in the form of messengers RNA
nucleotide, this process is called: (U.B)
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(A) Translation (B) Transcription

(C) Transmission (D) None
25. In DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with: (K.B)
(A) Adenine (B) Cytosine
(C) Thymine (D) Uracil
26. A DNA molecule consists of _____________ polynucleotide strands. (K.B)
(A) Two (B) Four
(C) Three (D) One
27. Alternate form of gene is called: (U.B) (LHR 2016, 17)
(A) DNA (B) Gamete
(C) Chromosomes (D) Allele
28. Transmission of characters (triats) from parent to offspring is called: (K.B)
(A) Inheritance (B) Mutation
(C) Regeneration (D) Reproduction
29. These are the unit of inheritance: (K.B) (GRW 2017)
(A) Genes (B) Alleles
(C) Phenotype (D) Genotype
30. Align the given events w.r.t the synthesis of protein
DNA→protein (nucleus)
DNA→mRNA (nucleus)
mRNA→protein (cytoplasm) (U.B)
(A) 1&3 (B) 2&7
(C) 2&3 (D) 3&2

15.3 MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Why did Mendel select pea plant? (A.B)
Ans: SELECTION OF PEA PLANT
Introduction:
Gregor Mendel was a monk (priest) in Austria. He developed the fundamental principles
of genetics.
Mendel proposed that there are “special factors” in organisms, which control the expression
of traits and their transmission to next generations. These factors were eventually termed
genes.
Pea Plant:
Mendel selected pea plant (Pisum sativum) to carry out a large number of experiments. He
argued that an organism for genetic experiments should have the following features:
Different Traits:
There should be a number of different traits that can be studied.
Contrasting Traits:
The organism should have contrasting traits. Each trait studied in pea plant had two distinct
forms.

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Example:
The trait of height there should be only two very different phenotypes i.e. tallness and dwarfness.
DIFFERENT TRAITS AND THEIR PHENOTYPES STUDIED BY MENDEL
Traits Phenoytpes
Seed Shape Round and Wrinkled
Seed Colour Yellow and Green
Flower Colour Purple and White
Pod Shape Flat and Constricted
Pod Colour Green and Yellow
Flower position Axial and Terminal
Stem Length Long and Short
Self-Fertilizing Plant:
The organism (if it is a plant) should be self-fertilizing but cross fertilization should also be
possible.
Life Span:
The organism should have a short but fast life cycle.
Cross Fertilization:
Normally, the flowers of pea plant allow self-pollination. Cross pollination can also be done
by transferring the pollen grains from the flower on one plant to the flower on another plant.
Mendel’s Success:
Mendel's succeeded in his work not only because he selected the right organisms for his
experiments but also because he analyzed the results by using the principles of statistics (ratios).
Q.2 State and explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation. (Understanding the Concept Q.3) (K.B)
(LHR 2016)
Ans: MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION
Statement:
“In each organism, the genes are present in pairs. During gamete formation, the genes (alleles)
of each pair segregate from each other and each gamete receives one gene from the pair. When
the gametes of male and female parents unite, the resulting offspring again gets the genes in
pairs”.
Introduction:
Gregor Mendel was a monk (priest) in Austria. He developed the fundamental principles of
genetics.

Selection of Plant:
Mendel selected pea plant (Pisum sativum) to carry out a large number of experiments.
Selection of Phenotype:
Mendel studied the inheritance of seed shape first.
Monohybrid Cross:
He crossed two plants having one contrasting trait i.e. seed shape. A cross, in which only
one trait is studied at a time, is called as a monohybrid cross.
Cross Fertilization of True Breeding:
Mendel crossed a true-breeding round-seeded plant with a true-breeding wrinkled seeded plant.
P1 and F1 Generation:
The parental generation is denoted as P1 generation. The offspring of P1 generation are F1
generation (first filial).
Result:
All resulting seeds of the next generation were round.
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Conclusion:
Mendel declared the trait “round Seeds” as dominant, while “wrinkled seeds” as recessive.
Self-Fertilization of F1:
The following year, Mendel planted these seeds and allowed the new plants to self-fertilize.
The cross in F1 generation produces F2 generation (second filial).
Results:
As a result, he got obtained:
Total seeds = 7324
Round seeds = 5474
Wrinkled seeds = 1850
Ratio= Round : Wrinkled
3 : 1

Experiments on Tall and Short Plants:

Similarly, when "true-breeding" tall
plants were crossed with "true-
breeding" short plants, all offspring
of F1 were tall plants i.e. tallness
was a dominant trait. When
members of F1 generation were self-
fertilized, Mendel got the ratio of tall
to short plants in F2 as 3:1.
Conclusion:
Mendel concluded that the traits under
study were controlled by discrete
(separable) factors or genes.
Q.3 State and explain Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. (K.B) (DGK 2014)
OR
Explain how Mendel proved the law of independent assortment. (U.B)
(Understanding the Concept Q.3)
Ans: MENDEL'S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Statement:
“The alleles of a gene pair segregate (get separated and distributed to gametes) independently
from the alleles of other gene pairs”.
Introduction:
Gregor Mendel was a monk (priest) in Austria. He developed the fundamental principles
of genetics.

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Selection of Plant:
Mendel selected pea plant (Pisum sativum) to
carry out a large number of experiments.
Dihybrid Cross:
Mendel studied two contrasting traits at a
time. Such crosses are called dihybrid crosses.
Selection of Phenotypes:
He performed experiments on two seed traits:
Seed Shape:
The trait of round seeds, (controlled by allele R), was parental dominant over wrinkled
controlled by allele r) seeds.
Seed Colour:
Yellow seed colour (controlled by Y) was dominant over green controlled by y.
Cross Fertilization of True Breeding:
Mendel crossed a true- breeding plant-that had round yellow seeds (RRYY) with a true
breeding plant having wrinkled green seeds (rryy).
Results:
All seeds in F1 generation were round yellow.
Self-Fertilization of F1:
When F1 seeds grew into plants, they were self-fertilized.

Results:
This cross produced seeds with four phenotypes.
Round yellow seeds = 315.
Round green seeds = 108
Wrinkled yellow seeds = 101
Wrinkled green seeds = 32
Phenotypic Ratio:
The ratio of these phenotypes was 9:3:3:1.
Conclusion:
Mendel concluded that the two traits i.e. seed shape and seed colour, are not tied with each
other. The segregation of 'R' and 'r' alleles happens independently of the segregation of 'Y' and 'y'
alleles. From this, Mendel concluded that different traits are inherited independently of one
another.

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15.3 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Differentiate between monohybrid and dihybrid cross? (K.B)
(LHR 2014, SWL 2015, DGK 2015)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between monohybrid and dihybrid cross are as follows:
Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross
Definition
A cross, in which only one trait is studied at A cross, in which two traits are studied at a
a time, is called as a monohybrid cross. time, is called as a dihybrid cross.
Example
In law of segregation, Mendel chose only In law of independent assortment, Mendel
shapes of seed to check his results. (Round chose shapes and colour of seeds to check
seeded and wrinkled seeded plants) his results. (Round+Yellow seed and
wrinkled+Green seed plants)
Q.2 Define transcription. (K.B) GRW 2017
Ans: Page no 168.
Q.3 What are the total contrasting traits observed by Mendel in his experiment? (K.B)
(DGK 2014)
Ans: CONTRASTING TRAITS
There are seven contrasting trait observed by Mendel in his experiment are as follows:
 Seed Shape  Round, Wrinkled
 Seed Color  Yellow, green
 Flower Color  Purple, white
 Pod Shape  Flat, Constricted
 Pod Colour  Green, Yellow
 Flower Position  Axial, Terminal
 Stem Length  Long, Short
Q.4 State Mendel’s law of segregation. (K.B) (LHR 2015, 17, GRW 2016, 17)
Ans: Page no 157.
Q.5 Differentiate between Punnett square and checker board? (K.B) (DGK 2015, LHR 2016)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The difference between Punnett square and checker board is as follows:
Punnett Square Checker Board
 The Punnett square is a diagram that is used  A checker board is used to cross all the
to predict an outcome of a particular cross or possible gametes of one parent with all the
breeding experiment. If is named after R.C gametes of other parent. In this way a
Punnett (an English mathematician). The biologist can find all the possible genotypes
gametes of both parents having all possible of offspring.
genetics setups are determined.
Q.6 State Mendel’s law of independent assortment. (K.B)
Ans: Page no 176.
Q.7 Differentiate between self and cross fertilization. (K.B)
Ans: Page no 175.

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15.3 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. How many plants were used by Mendel in his experiments? (K.B)
(A) 26,000 (B) 28,000
(C) 30,000 (D) 32,000
2. The term true breeder means: (K.B)
(A) Heterozygous (B) Genotype
(C) Phenotype (D) Homozygous
3. Mendel obtained how many round seeds in monohybrid cross? (A.B)
(A) 4784 (B) 5474
(C) 7454 (D) 4555
4. Which of the following genes will be termed as homozygous recessive: (K.B) (LHR 2014)
(A) RRYY (B) RrYy
(C) RrYY (D) rryy
5. Phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 3:1 (B) 2:1
(C) 9:3:3:1 (D) 1:2:1
6. Genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 3:1 (B) 2:1
(C) 9:3:3:1 (D) 1:2:1
7. Phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 3:1 (B) 2:1
(C) 9:3:3:1 (D) 1:2:1
8. Number of round yellow seeds obtained in dihybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 32 (B) 108
(C) 101 (D) 315
9. Number of round green seeds obtained in dihybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 32 (B) 108
(C) 101 (D) 315
10. Number of wrinkled yellow seeds obtained in dihybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 32 (B) 108
(C) 101 (D) 315
11. Number of wrinkled green seeds obtained in dihybrid cross: (K.B)
(A) 32 (B) 108
(C) 101 (D) 315
12. A couple can produced more than __________ genetically different children. (A.B)
(A) 60 trillion (B) 40 trillion
(C) 70 trillion (D) 100 trillion
13. A cross in which one character is studied at a time is called: (K.B) (GRW 2016)
(A) Monohybrid cross (B) Dihybrid cross
(C) Text cross (D) Back cross
14. When both the alleles of a gene pair in an organism are same the organism would be for that
gene (U.B) (GRW 2016)
(A) homozygote (B) heterozygote
(C) homozygous (D) heterozygous

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15. If a homozygous tall (TT) is crossed with a homozygous short (tt), the F1 plants would be (U.B)
(A) all tall (B) 50% tall and 50% short
(C) all short (D) 75% tall and 25% short
16. If a tall heterozygote (Tt) is crossed with a short homozygote (tt), the F1 offspring would
comprise of (U.B)
(A) all tall (B) 50% tall and 50% short
(C) all short (D) 75% tall and 25% short
17. A possible method used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment is
(K.B)
(A) Punnett square (B) monohybrid cross
(C) dihybrid cross (D) test cross
18. The trait that appears in F1 after a cross is made between two true breeding plants is called
(K.B)
(A) dominant (B) recessive
(C) Monohybrid (D) dihybrid
19. Mendel formulated Law of Independent Assortment with the help of (K.B)
(A) monohybrid cross (B) dihybrid cross
(C) test cross (D) all of these

15.4 CO-DOMINANCE AND INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Write a note on co-dominance. (K.B)
OR
What do you mean by co-dominance? Give an example. (Understanding the Concept Q.6)
Ans: DOMINANCE
Definition:
“Dominance is a physiological effect of an allele over its partner allele on the same gene
locus”.
Example:
Round seed shape is dominant over wrinkled seed shape in cross fertilization.
Explanation:
After the discovery of Mendel's work, scientists began experiments on the genetics of
various organisms. These experiments proved that all the traits in organisms do not follow
Mendel's laws. For example, it was found that there are many traits which are controlled by
more than one pair of genes. Similarly for many traits there are more than two alleles in a
gene pair.
Types of Dominance:
There are two types of dominance relationships.
 Co-Dominance
 In-Complete Dominance
Co-Dominance:
“The situation where two different alleles of a gene pair express themselves completely,
instead of showing a dominant-recessive relationship is called co-dominance”.
Phenotype of Heterozygous:
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As a result, the heterozygous organism shows a phenotype that is different from both
homozygous parents.
Example:
Expression of human blood group AB:
The ABO blood group system is controlled by the gene 'I'. This gene has three alleles:
 IA
 IB
 i
Blood Group A:
The allele IA produces antigen A in blood and the phenotype is blood group A.
Blood Group B:
The allele IB produces antigen B in blood and the phenotype is blood group B.
Blood Group O:
The allele i does not produce any antigen and the phenotype is blood group O.
Blood Group AB:
The alleles IA and IB are dominant over i. When there is a heterozygous genotype of IA IB, each
of the two alleles produces the respective antigen and neither of them dominates over the other.
Relationship
Genotype Antigen Produced Phenotype
Between Alleles
IA IA
Allele IA is
or Antigen A Blood Group A
dominant over i
IA i
IB IB
Allele IB is
or Antigen B Blood Group B
dominant over i
IB i
Ii No Antigen Blood Group O Allele I is recessive
Alleles IA and IB
IA IB Antigen A & Antigen B Blood Group AB
are co-dominant
Q.2 Write a note on incomplete dominance. (K.B)
OR
Explain the phenomena of incomplete dominance with the help of example.
(Understanding the Concept Q.5)
Ans: INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Definition:
“The situation where, in heterozygous genotypes, both the alleles express as a blend
(mixture) and neither allele is dominant over the other, is called incomplete dominance”.
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Intermediate Phenotype:
As a result of this blending, an intermediate phenotype is expressed.

Example:
In Four 0 Clock plants, there are three flower colours:
 Red
 Pink
 White
There is no specific gene responsible for producing pink flowers.
Explanation:
In four O clock plant, the trait of flower colour is controlled by two alleles ‘R and r’.
 The true breeding red flower plants have RR alleles.
 The true breeding white flower plants have rr alleles.
Cross Fertilization of True Breeding:
A homozygous red flowered plant (RR) is crossed with homozygous white flowered
plant (rr).

Result:
The heterozygous (Rr) plants of F1 generation produce pink flowers.
Conclusion:
Pink is a blend of red and white colours. This result clearly indicates that neither of the red
flower allele (R) and white flower allele (r) is dominant.
Self-Fertilization of F1:

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When two heterozygous plants with pink flowers (Rr) are crossed, F2 generation shows
phenotypes of red, pink and white flowers in the ratio 1:2:1.
15.4 SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 How co-dominance is difference form incomplete dominance? (K.B) (GRW 2017)
OR
What is co-dominance? Give an example (LHR 2014, GRW 2017, MTN 2015)
OR
Define in-complete dominance. (MTN 2015, DGK 2015)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between co-dominance and incomplete dominance are as follows:
Co-Dominance In-Complete Dominance
Definition
 Co-dominance is the situation where  In-complete dominance is the
two different alleles of a gene pair situation where in heterozygous
express themselves completely, genotypes, both the alleles express as
instead of showing a dominant- a blend (mixture) and neither allele is
recessive relationship. dominant over the other.
 The heterozygous organisms show a  This blending an intermediate
phenotype that is different from both phenotype is expressed.
homozygous parents.
Example
 Human blood group AB  In Four 0 Clock plants, there are three
flower colours:
 Red
 White
 Pink (In-complete Dominance)
There is no specific gene responsible
for producing pink flowers

Q.2 Write the genetic bases of blood group “O” (U.B)

Ans: Page no 181.
Q.3 Blood AB is a example of co-dominaie explain (U.B)
Ans: Page no 181.
Q.4 Blood groups A&B are example of complete dominance explain. (U.B)
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Ans: Page no 181.

15.4 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The situation where two different alleles of a gene pair express themselves completely is
called: (K.B)
(A) Co-dominance (B) Over dominance
(C) Incomplete dominance (D) Dominance
2. Which genotype represents blood group A? (K.B)
(A) IAIb (B) IAi
(C) IAIA , IAi (D) Ibi
3. Genotype of blood group B: (K.B)
(A) IAIA (B) IAi
(C) IBIB (D) AB
4. Person with genotype-ii has blood group: (K.B) (LHR 201
(A) AB (B) B
(C) O (D) A
5. What will be the colour of flowers produced as a result of cross between red and white
flowered 4 o’clock plants: (K.B) (SWL 2015)
(A) Pink (B) Red
(C) White (D) Purple
6. Example of co-dominance is: (K.B) (LHR 2017)
(A) Blood group B (B) Blood group A
(C) Blood group AB (D) Blood group O
7. Phenotype ratio in incomplete dominance is: (K.B) (LHR 2017)
(A) 1 : 3 : 3 (B) 3 : 1
(C) 1 : 3 (D) 1 : 2 : 1
8. The pink coloured flowers in Four O' clock is an example of
(A) co-dominance (B) complete dominance
(C) in-complete dominance (D) Law of Independent Assortment
9. The situation in which heterozygous genotypes both the alleles express as a blend and
neither allele is dominant over the other is called
(A) in-complete dominance (B) co-dominance
(C) non-disjunction (D) miss-match crosses
10. What is the dominance relationship between blood group alleles l Aand IB?
(A) co-dominance (B) in complete dominance
(C) complete dominance (D) non-disjunction

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15.5 VARIATIONS AND EVOLUTION

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define variations. Discuss sources of variations. (A.B)
Ans: VARIATIONS
Definition:
“The differences among the individuals of the same species are called variations”.
Examples:
 Variations in human heights Variations are also caused by
 Variations in skin colour of rats different combinations of
Explanation: chromosomes in gametes and then
Sexual reproduction produces variations in the next in zygote. In the case of humans,
generation. No two individuals resulting from separate the possible number of
fertilizations are genetically identical. chromosomal combinations at
SOURCES OF VARIATIONS fertilization is 70,368,744,177,664.
The main sources of variations in sexually reproducing In other words, a couple can
populations are as follow: produce more than 70 trillion
Genetic Recombination: genetically different children.
The genetic recombination produced through crossing over
occurring during meiosis results in gametes with variations.
Mutations:
Mutations which are the sudden changes in the structure of DNA are important source of
variations. Mutations also happen during gametes formation through meiosis.
Random Fertilization of Gametes:
During fertilization, one of the millions of sperms combines with a single egg. The chance
involved in this combination also act as the source of variations. .
Gene Flow:
The movement of genes from one population to another is called as gene flow. It is also an
important source of variations.
Different Combinations of Chromosomes:
Variations are also caused by different combinations of chromosomes in gametes and then in
zygote.
In the case of humans, the possible number of chromosomal combinations at fertilization is
70,368,744,177,664. In other words, a couple can produce more than 70 trillion genetically
different children.
Q.2 Differentiate between discontinuous and continuous variations. (K.B) (BWP 2015)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between discontinuous and continuous variations are as follows:
Discontinuous Variations Continuous Variations
Phenotypes
 The individuals of a population either have  In continuous variations, the phenotypes
distinct phenotypes, which can be easily show a complete range of measurements
distinguished from each other. from one extreme to the other.
Genes
 Discontinuous variations are controlled by  Continuous variations are controlled by
the alleles of a single gene pair. many genes.
Environmental Effect
 The environment has little effect on this type  Continuous variations are often affected
of variations. by environmental factors.
Example
 Blood Groups: In human population, an  Height: In every human population, the
individual has one of the four distinct individuals have a range of heights (from
phenotypes of blood groups (A, B, AB or O) very small to tall). No population can show
and cannot have in between. only two or three distinct heights.
Other Examples
 Tongue rolling  Weight
 Person with six fingers of hand or foot  Feet size
 Intelligence
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Q.3 Prove that variations lead evolution.

OR
How would you prove that variations lead to evolution? (A.B) (Understanding the Concept Q.4)
Ans: VARIATIONS LEAD TO EVOLUATION
Evolution:
“Organic evolution (biological evolution) is the change in the characteristics of a
population or species of organisms over the course of generations”.
Evolutionary Changes:
The evolutionary changes are always inheritable. The changes in an individual are not
considered as evolution, because evolution refers to populations and not to individuals.

Process of Organic Evolution:

Organic evolution includes two major processes.
 Alterations in genetic characteristics (traits) of a type of organism over time
 Creation of new types of organisms from a single type
Theories:
The study of evolution determines the ancestry and relationships among different kinds of
organisms. Following are the two theories related to the creation of living organisms.
 Theory of Special Creation
 Theory of Evolution
Theory of Special Creation:
“The anti-evolution ideas support that all living things had been created in their current
form only a few thousand years ago. It is known as the Theory of Special Creation”.
Theory of Evolution:
But the scientific work in eighteenth century led to the idea that “living things might
change as well”.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) proposed the mechanism of organic evolution in 1838. It was
called as “The theory of natural selection”. Darwin proposed this theory after his 5-year
voyage on the HMS (His Majesty’s Ship) Beagle. He also published a book “On the Origin of
Species by means of natural selection” in 1859.
Limitations of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
Darwin’s theory of evolution was not widely accepted because of lack of sufficient
evidence.
Modern Evolutionary Theory:
Modern evolutionary theory began in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Some scientist proved
that the theory of natural selection and Mendelian genetics are the same ideas just as
Darwin had proposed.
Mechanism of Evolution:
Almost every population contains several variations for the
Different populations face
characteristics of its members. In other words, there are different environments and
morphological and physiological variations in all populations. they have to adapt to
different conditions.
Natural Selection:
“Natural selection is the process which the better genetic variations become more common
in the successive generations of a population”.
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Survival for the Fittest:

The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism. Fitness
means an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Organisms produce more offspring
than can survive and these offspring vary in fitness. These conditions produce struggle for
survival among the organisms of population. The organisms with favorable variations are
able to reproduce and pass these variations to their next generations. On the other hand, the
rate of the transmission of unfavorable to next generations is low.
Selection of Variations:
The favorable variations are "selected for" their transmission to next generations, while the
unfavorable variations are "selected against" their transmission to next generations.
First Example:
Natural Selection in Rats:
A mouse population with variations in skin colour.
 Light coloured
 Medium coloured
 Dark coloured
Favourable and Unfavourable Variations:
Cat preys upon light and medium
coloured mouse. In first generation,
light coloured mouse is preyed upon by
cat. Only medium and dark coloured
mouse can make their next generations.
In next generation, population again
contains light, medium and dark
coloured mouse. Cat preys upon the
light and medium coloured mouse.
Now only the dark coloured mouse
make new generation. If this happens
Figure: Natural Selection in Rats
in many generations, the dark coloured
(favourable variation) mouse in the population.
Results of Natural Selection:
As a result of natural selection, the allele that gives more fitness of characteristics (favourable
variations) than other alleles becomes more common within population. So, the individuals

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with favourable variations become a major part of population while the individuals with
harmful or unfavourable variations become rarer.
Second Example:
Natural Selection In Moths:
In England, the moths had two variations:
 Dark coloured moths
 White coloured moths
Favourable and Unfavourable Variations:
The moths used to rest on the light coloured
tree trunks on which white lichens had grown.
In the 19th century when industries were
established in England, the lichens on tree
trunks died due to polluted air and the naked
tree trunks turned dark. Now the white moth
variation became harmful because a white
moth resting on a dark tree trunk was easily
visible to the predatory birds. The natural
selection selected dark moths to reproduce. In Figure: White and Dark Coloured Moths
this way dark coloured moth became more
common and at last the white moths disappeared from population. In this case, the dark colour
variation in moth may be considered an adaptation to environment.
15.5 SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is Theory of Special Creation? (K.B) (LHR 2017)
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.2 State Darwin’s theory of evolution. (K.B)
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.3 Write limitation of Darwin’s theory of evolution. (K.B)
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.4 When the work of modern evolutionary theory was started? (K.B)
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.5 Define organic evolution? (K.B)
Ans: ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Definition:
“Organic evolution (biological evolution) is the change in the characteristics of a population
or species of organisms over the course of generations”.
Q.6 What are the two major processes of organic evolution? (A.B) (LHR 2017, MTN 2015)

Ans: MAJOR PROCESSES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

Organic evolution includes two major processes.
 Alteration in genetic characteristics (traits) of a type of organism over time
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 Creation of new types of organism from a single type.

Q.7 Define gene flow. (K.B) (LHR 2016)

Ans: GENE FLOW
Definition:
“Gene flow is the movement of gene from one population to another”.
Q.8 What are the findings of C.de Buffoon and J. de Lamarck in evolution? (K.B)
Ans: C. DE BUFFOON AND J.DE LAMARCK
French biologist C. de Buffon (1707–1788) was the first to hint at evolution. His countryman,
J.de Lamarck (1744–1829) was the first to propose a mechanism of evolution. Lamarck’s
ideas were soon rejected due to the vagueness of the mechanisms he proposed.
Q.9 Define natural selection. (A.B)
Ans: Page no 186.
Q.10 Differentiate between contenous and Discontenous variation.
Ans: Page no 185.
Q.11 Explain Anti-Evolutiony idea or theory. (MTN 2015)
Ans: Page no 186.
15.5 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Year of death of Charles Darwin: (K.B)
(A) 1880 (B) 1882
(C) 1884 (D) 1886
2. Year of death of C. de Buffon: (K.B)
(A) 1780 (B) 1784
(C) 1788 (D) 1790
3. In humans, possible number of chromosomal combinations at fertilization is: (K.B)
(A) 70,368,744,177,664 (B) 75,364,644,177,664
(C) 71,368,744,177,664 (D) 73,368,744,177,664
4. Which one is an example of discontinuous variation? (K.B)
(A) Height (B) Weight
(C) Intelligence (D) Blood group
5. Which one is not an example of continuous variation? (K.B)
(A) Height (B) Weight
(C) Intelligence (D) Blood group
6. Darwin published his book in: (K.B)
(A) 1853 (B) 1855
(C) 1857 (D) 1859
7. Modern evolutionary theory began in late: (K.B)
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(A) 1920 (B) Early 1930

(C) 1940 (D) 1920, early 1930
8. Charles Darwin proposed the mechanism of organic evolution in: (K.B)
(A) 1937 (B) 1838
(C) 1824 (D) 1939
9. The anti-evolution ideas support the theory of: (K.B)
(A) Special creation (B) Organic evolution
(C) Natural selection (D) Evolution
10. Variation in human skin color is: (K.B)
(A) Discontinuous (B) Continues
(C) Variable (D) None
11. Discontinuous variations are controlled by: (K.B)
(A) Single gene pair (B) Multiple gene
(C) Many gene (D) No any gene
12. Continuous variation are controlled by: (K.B)
(A) Single gene pair (B) Many gene pair
(C) No gene (D) Two genes
15.5.2 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
LONG QUESTION
Q.1 Describe artificial selection. (K.B) (LHR 2016)
Ans: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Definition:
“The intentional breeding between individuals for certain traits or combination of traits is
called artificial selection or selective breeding”.
The term "artificial selection" was expressed by the Persian scientist Abu Rayhan Biruni in
the 11th century. Charles Darwin also used this term in his work on natural selection.
Darwin’s Observations:
Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed
by:
 Intentional breeding among individuals with desirable characteristics
 Discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics
In artificial selection, humans favor specific variations for selection while in natural
selection the environment selects or rejects variations.
Advantages of Selective Breading:
Selective breeding has revolutionized agricultural and livestock production throughout the
world. Animals or plants having desirable characteristics are selected for breeding. In this
way, many new generations with desirable characteristics are produced.
Breeds:
The bred animals are as breeds in artificial selection are called breeds.
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Cultivars:
The bred plants in artificial selection are known as varieties or cultivars.
Examples:
Numerous breeds of the following animals have been produced by artificial selection:
 Sheep for wool
 Goat for meat
 Cow for milk
 Hen for eggs
Plant Varieties:
Similarly many plant varieties (cultivars) Cabbage

have been produced for better quantity

and quality of:
 Cereals
 Fruits
 Vegetables
Plants Varieties of Wild Mustard:
 Kohlrabi
 Kale
 Cabbage
 Broccoli Figure: Plant Varieties Produced through Artificial
 Cauliflower Selection in Wild Mustard

15.5.2 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define artificial selection. Give an example. (K.B) (MTN 2015, GRW 2017)
Ans: Page no 190.
Q.2 What are breed and cultivars? Give examples. (K.B)
OR
Differentiate between breed and cultivars. (LHR 2016)
Ans: Page no 190.
Q.3 Name three different plant varieties produced through artificial selection of wild mustard?
(A.B)
Ans: Page no 191.
15.5.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The term artificial selection was expressed by: (K.B)
(A) Abu Rayhan Biruni (B) Ali Ibn-e-Isa
(C) Jabir Bin Hayan (D) Musa Bin Nasir
2. Abu Rayhan Biruni introduced term artificial selection in: (K.B)
(A) 10th century (B) 11th century
th
(C) 12 century (D) 13th century
3. The bred animals are known as: (K.B)
(A) Cultivars (B) Varieties
(C) Breed (D) Recominant organism
4. The bred plants are known as: (K.B)
(A) Breed (B) Cultivars
(C) Recombinant organism (D) Sheeps
5. Plant varieties produced through artificial selection in wild mustard are: (K.B)
(A) Broccoli (B) Cauliflower
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(C) Broccoli, Cauliflower (D) Milk

ANSWER KEY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

15.1 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS

15.2 CHROMOSOMES AND GENES
1 A 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 D
7 C 8 D 9 B 10 B 11 C 12 C
13 A 14 A 15 D 16 D 17 A 18 A
19 A 20 A 21 A 22 C 23 A 24 B
25 B 26 A 27 D 28 A 29 A 30 C

15.3 MEDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

1 B 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 A
7 C 8 D 9 B 10 C 11 A 12 C
13 A 14 A 15 A 16 B 17 D 18 C
19 B

15.4 CO-DOMINANCE AND INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

1 A 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 A 6 C 7 D
8 C 9 A 10 A

15.5 VARIATIONS AND EVOLUTION

1 B 2 C 3 A 4 D 5 D 6 D
7 D 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 A 12 B

15.5.2 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

1 A 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 C

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. An organism's expressed physical trait, such as seed colour or pod shape, is called
its;
(K.B) (GRW 2017)
(a) Genotype (b) Phenotype
(c) Karyotype (d) Physical type
2. An organism has two different alleles for a single trait. Its genotype is said to be: (U.B)
(a) Homozygous (b) Heterozygous
(c) Hemizygous (d) Homologous
3. In the cross-pollination between a true-breeding yellow pod plant and true-breeding
green pod plant, where green pod colour is dominant, the resulting offspring (F1
generation) will be: (U.B)
(a) ¼ green, ¾ yellow (b) All yellow
(c) ¼ yellow, ¾ green (d) all green
4. How many genetically different kinds of gametes an individual with genotype AAbb can
produce? (U.B)
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8
5. Which of the following statements regarding genes is FALSE? (K.B)
(a) Genes are located on chromosomes
(b) Genes consist of a long sequence of DNA
(c) A gene contains information for the production of a protein
(d) Each cell contains a single copy of every gene
6. Mendel's primary contribution to our understanding of inheritance was: (U.B)
(a) The idea that genes are found on chromosomes
(b) Explanation of the patterns of inheritance
(c) The discovery of alleles
(d) Determining that informations contained in DNA are for protein synthesis
7. A purple-flowered pea plant has the genotype PP, which of the following statements
about this plant is FALSE? (K.B)
(a) Its phenotype will be white flowers
(b) It has a homozygous dominant genotype
(c) When bred to a white-flowered plant, all offspring will be purple flowered
(d) All the gametes produced will have the same flower colour allele
8. Charles Darwin proposed that organism produce many more offspring than can
possible survive on the limited amount of resources available to them. According to
Darwin, the offspring that are most likely to survive are those that:
(a) Are born first and grow fastest (b) Are largest and most aggressive
(c) Have no natural predators (d) Are best adapted to the environment

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ANSWER KEY
1 b 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 d 6 b 7 a 8 d
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define genotype and phenotype. (K.B)
Ans: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
Genotype:
The specific combination of gene in an individual is known as genotype. It is of two types.
 Homozygous Genotype
 Heterozygous Genotype
Phenotype:
The expression of the genotype in the form of trait (in our example, being albino or having
normal pigmentation) is known as the phenotype.
2. What do you mean by dominant and recessive alleles? (K.B)
Ans: DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELES
Dominant Alleles:
When in the heterozygous condition one allele masks or prevents the expression of the other,
it is called the dominant allele.
Example:
 “R” allele is dominant over “r” allele for the shape of seed.
Recessive Alleles:
The allele which is not expressed is called recessive allele.
Example:
“r” allele is recessive for the shape of seed.
3. What are the homozygous and heterozygous genotypes? (K.B)
Ans: HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPES
Homozygous Genotype:
The genotype in which the gene pair contains two identical alleles (AA) is called homozygous genotype.
Heterozygous Genotype:
The genotype in which the gene pair contains two different alleles (Aa) is called the
Heterozygous genotype.
4. Differentiate between natural and artificial selection. (K.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between natural selection and artificial selection are as follows:
Natural Selection Artificial Selection
 Natural selection is the process by which  Artificial selection or selective breeding
the better genetic variations become more means intentional breeding between
common in successive generations of a individuals for certain traits, or
population. combination of traits.
 Natural selection is necessary for  Artificial selection is intentional breeding
evolutionary process. among individuals with desirable characteristics.
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT
Q.1 Describe the structure of chromatin. (K.B)
Ans: See LQ.1 (Topic 15.1, 15.2)
Q.2 Describe Mendel's law of segregation. (K.B)
Ans: See LQ.2 (Topic 15.3)
Q.3 Explain how Model proved the law of independent assortment. (U.B)
Ans: See LQ.3 (Topic 15.3)
Q.4 How would you prove that variations lead to evolution? (U.B)
Ans: See LQ.3 (Topic 15.5)
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Q.5 Explain the phenomenon of incomplete dominance with the help of example. (K.B)
Ans: See the Q.2 of (Topic 15.4)
Q.6 What do you mean by co-dominance? Give an example. (K.B)
Ans See the Q.1 of (Topic 15.4)
KIPS ASSIGNMENT
PRACTICE DIAGRAM & LABEL

WORKING OF DNA

THE WATSON AND CRICK MODEL OF DNA

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CUT HERE

SELF TEST
Time: 40 min Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given, mark the correct
answer.
(6×1=6)
1. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? (K.B)
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
2. The term true breed means: (K.B)
(A) Heterozygous (B) Genotype
(C) Phenotype (D) Homozygous
3. Genotype of blood group B: (U.B)
(A) IAIA (B) IAi
(C) IBIB (D) AB
4. The specific combination of gene in an individual is known as: (K.B)
(A) Phenotype (B) Genotype
(C) Gene (D) Allele
5. The anti-evolution ideas support the theory of: (K.B)
(A) Special creation (B) Organic evolution
(C) Natural selection (D) Evolution
6. An organism's expressed physical trait, such as seed colour or pod shape, is called its: (K.B)
(A) Genotype (B) Phenotype
(C) Karyotype (D) Physical type
Q.2 Give short answers to following questions. (5×2=10)
(i) What is P1 generation and F1 and F2 generation? (K.B)
(ii) What is albinism and its genotype? (A.B)
(iii) Give some example of traits in human. (K.B)
(iv) Define in-complete dominance. (K.B)
(v) What is the theory of special creation? (K.B)
Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail. (5+4=9)
(a) Describe Watson and Crick model of DNA. (K.B)
(b) Why did Mendel select pea plant? (A.B)
NOTE: Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill of
the students.
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