UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)

VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Date Submitted: December 24

Course/Year: Mscrim 1
Subject: Foundation of Criminology
Name of Reporter/s/Presenter/s: RAMIREZ& GRAMAJE
Title of the Report: VICTIM AND VICTIMOLOGY
Date of Presentation: NOVEMBER 4, 2023
==================================================================

VICTIM
&
VICTIMOLOGY

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Students will learn about victimology, victims and theories of victimization.
 Identify the different types of victims, victims of certain crimes.
 Discuss the Demographic of Criminal Victimization
 Upon completion, students will have a solid foundation in the concepts of victimology.

VICTIMOLOGY
 Is a multidisciplinary branch of criminology, based on research in criminal justice,
psychology, public health, anthropology, history and economics
 Is the study of the etiology or cause of victimization, its consequences, how the criminal
justice system accommodates and assist victims and how other elements of society, such
as media, deal with the crime victims.
 The field of victimology includes victim profiling, forensic victimology, and the scientific
study of victim that focuses on their lifestyles, circumstances, the events leading up to
the crime, and the nature of their victimization.

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
-A French- Israeli Attorney was the “Father of Victimology”. His study in tis area began
when he became intrigued by the dynamics on the relationship between the injured
party and the offender.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The Demographics of Criminal Victimization

 Men are victimized at higher rates that women are. For every offense except sexual
assault or rape and simple assault, men have higher victimization rates than women.
 Males report that they are almost as likely to be victimized by someone known to them
(51%) as they are by strangers(49%).
 Females most often are victimized by someone they know. Females report that more
than three fourths (78%) of those who violently victimize them are known to them.
Women are much more likely to be violently victimized by family members, spouses,
boyfriends, or other persons known to them.
 The relational phenomenon is known as Intimate Victimization.

Situational Characteristics of Victimization

 Victimization is more likely to occur in a places where there is a high density of high risk
social groups.
 Urban centers hold the bulk of those living at or below the poverty level in the United
States and the victimization rate for cities reflects this fact. In 2002, urban residents had
a rate of violent victimization nearly 1.5 times that of rural residents. Suburban and rural
residents were victimized at similar rates.

VICTIMIZATION
- Is the process of being victimized or becoming a victim.
VICTIM
- means a persons who individually or collectively have suffered harm which include
physical or mental injury, emotional sufferings or economic loss or substantial impairment of
fundamental rights through acts or omission that are in violations of criminal laws operative
within member states, including those laws prescribing criminal abuse of power.

 EMERGENCE OF VICTIMOLOGY AND ITS PIONEERS

1.The Golden Age( Victim Justice System)
2. The Dark Age( Criminal Oriented- justice system)
3.Reemergence of the Victim( Victim and Offender Relationship

Theories to Explain Criminal Victimization

1. The Lifestyle – Exposure Theory
- it implies that demographic characteristics, such as age, gender or income, role expectations,
and structural constraints have an influence on daily activities and increase the likelihood of
victimization.
- these theory seek to explain why victimization can differ in quantity but remain in the same in
quality.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

-In cities being researched, it was found that youths are at a much greater a risk of victimization
than older persons, and men had substantially higher rates of victimization than women.

2.Routine Activities Theory

- It was developed after observing an increase in crime rates such as robbery, forcible rape,
homicide, assault and etc. For a crime to occur these are the three minimal elements; (1)
Motivated Offender, (2) suitable targets, (3) the absence of capable guardians against violation

3. Victim precipitation Theory

- Maintains that some people instigate or initiate a particular confrontation that may in end lead
to that person becoming victimized by injury or death.
4. Deviant Place Theory
- these theory holds that victim do not motivate crime but rather are more likely to become
victims due to the fact that they live in social areas that are disorganized and contain high crime
rates and therefore have the highest risk of coming into contact with criminals regardless of
their lifestyle or behavior.

Role of Victim in Crime

1. Victim Precipitation
- victim is responsible for his or her own victimization.
2. Victim Facilitation
- occurs when a victim unintentionally make it easier for an offender to commit a crime.
3. Victim Provocation
-this occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an
illegal
4. Victim Blaming
- devaluing act that occurs when the victim of a crime or an accident is held responsible
in whole or part of the crimes that have been committed against them.

Factors Typology of Victim Characteristics

1. Reassurance –Oriented Victims
- strives to restore or reinforce their level of self-esteem or self- worth through
difference behaviors.
2.Assertive- Oriented Victims
- are also driven by low self-esteem but focus their efforts to restore their self worth
through the derogation of others.
3. Anger Retaliatory Oriented Victims
- these anger comes from a feeling of inadequacy or failure and as a result they often
blame others for their problems whether for real or perceived.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

4.Pervasively Oriented Victims

- anger is the result of a generalized state that is pervasive.
5. Excitation – Oriented Victims
- is the most difficult to adapt from the offenders typologies.
( Sadism and Masochism)
6. Materially Oriented Victim
- is engaged in behaviors that serve material or personal gain such as monetary or
through the acquisition of goods
7. Preservation – Oriented Victim
- are those that engage in “strike back” behaviors against a real or perceived oppressor
or sources of psychological stress or torment.

Crime Victim’s Rights Act

 The New law, known as the Crime Victim’s Right Act, is the most successful effort of the
crime victim’s right movement to date.
 The law amends Title 18( Part ii, chapter 25/Section 3771) of the Federal Criminal Code.
 Federal law now guarantees crime victims the following rights:
- The right to be reasonably protected, notified, present and heard at various stages in
the criminal justice system.
- The right to confer with the prosecutor
- The right to receive restitution
- The right to expect proceedings free from unreasonable delay.

The Nature of Victimhood/ Victimization

Another component of the core structure of victimology theory is the nature of
victimhood/victimization which can be transformed into the concept "harm". This aspect of the theory
has grammatically a hybrid conceptualization Victimhood

I use the term "victimhood" as a status in victim that describes his/her harm suffered based on personal
circumstances regardless the role of victimizer. Thus, victimhood means the status in which the person
is a victim; i.e. the state of being victim. This conceptualization has various aspects: It involves not only
potential victims who have not yet suffered harm through the crime, but also includes actual victim
against him/her a crime is committed. The former denotes different variables such as gender and race
which cause a potential victim become an actual one.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Penal protection that means protecting victims through criminalization and penalization based on the
deterrent, denunciative and preventive functions of criminal laws and criminal sanctions.
- Procedural support that means providing specific rights in criminal procedural statutes by which all
victims can access to the justice and obtain reparation or remedy.
- Financial/economic support that is implementation of justice to obtain reparation and remedy,
usually in the form restitution and compensation.
- Medical/Medicine assistance which means providing aid and all expenses for physical or mental
injuries that require medical support, such as hospitalization expenses, or medical assistance in crisis
intervention cases, such as ambulance in urgent situations.
- Emotional assistance that denotes the emotional sufferings, less than mental injuries, which require
psychological intervention by professionals or even victim's family members or his/her friends.
- Social support that means utilizing all capacities of society, particularly civil society, for aiding victims
through measures which are not judicial, such as establishment of associations to help the victims of
certain crimes.

Victimization
The term "victimization", from the transitive verb "to victimize", explains the effect of crime according
to the interaction between offender and victim such that the transitive verbs grammatically indicate the
relation between subject and object. In the victimological terminology, the term "victimizer" has been
conceptualized to explain this aspect of crime effect. Thus, it can be said that "victimizer" is a technical
term in victimology which uses as "criminal" or "offender" in other branches of criminal sciences
including in criminal
law and criminology. This is the perpetrating cause of victimization through which an individual or a
collectivity and/or a group of individuals suffered harm. In the victimology theory, victimization can be
analyzed into "individual and collective/group victimization"
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Individual victimization
describes harm suffered by an individual victim through perpetrator whose conduct is
proscribed by a criminal statute. Individual victimization can be seen in most such crimes including
offences against the person (murder,
battery, assault …), offences against property (theft, burglary, robbery …) and other offences usually
criminalized in national laws. The victimization of such individuals is not prompted by their belonging to
a given category or directed at them because of a group affiliation

Collective victimization,
here, may be an exception that is often related to number of victims, and not belonging to a
given category. Collective victimization denotes harm
suffered by a group or groups of through perpetrators whose conduct is proscribed by internationally
recognized norms of human rights. Collective victims, as Bassiouni said, are persons who belongto a
certain group or collectivity.In other word, they are targeted becausethey are a member of a group.
Collectivevictimization can be found in internationalcrime, particularly in core crimes(genocide, crimes
against humanity and war
crimes). In all such crimes, group victimization is linked to conduct of victimizers violating international
human rights and humanitarian law. The double division is connected with the passivity of victim in the
structure of victimology theory.

Victim Passivity: Recognizing Victims'Rights

Victimization of persons suffered harm from violations of human rights requires recognition of
special rights for them at international and national levels. The victims' rights are primarily based upon
basic principles that determine how those rights do recognize and implement.

The Basic Principles of Victim's Rights

In the victimology theory, there are at least three fundamental principles which govern
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

the victims' rights: The principle of non- discrimination against the victim, theprinciple of victim-
oriented fair trial and theprinciple of balance between victims' anddefendants' rights
. The Principle of Non-discrimination against the Victim
The first basic principle of victims' rights which is subordinated to the international
fundamental principle of non-discrimination1 denotes the applicability ofrecognized rights to all
victims, withoutdistinction of any kind __ such as race,color, sex, age, language, religion,nationality,
political or other opinion,cultural beliefs or practices, property, birthor family status, ethnic or social
origin, and disability.
The Principle of Victim-oriented Fair Trial
The second basic principle of victims' rights in the victimology theory denotes an important
concept in the contemporary criminal justice systems, i.e. fair trial. The term is another expression of
due process, particularly in the common law systems.
The Components of Victims' Rights
Fair treatment and access to justice, as two main components of victims' rights, include
two key concepts based on human rights:Respect for victim's dignity and getting
remedy/redress/reparation.
Respect for Victim's Dignity in Light of Right to Fair Treatment
The most fundamental right for victim that underlies the paradigm of victims' rights is to respect
for victim's dignity. It has been overall reflected in the international human rights instruments,
particularly in two important documents.
The Principle of Balance betweenVictims' and Defendants' Rights
The third basic principle of victims' rights in the victimology theory is the principle of balance between
victims' and defendants' rights
Getting Remedy/ Redress/ Reparationin Light of Right to Access to Justice
Another component of victims' rights in the victimology theory is to access to justice
which is compartmentalized into several forms and methods. According to the international standards
relating to victims, there are various terminologies indicating the forms and methods of access to
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
(formerly Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao)
VICTOR VENTURA PEREZ (VVP) CAMPUS,
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN VALLEY, PHILIPPINES 3500
BALZAIN CAMPUS: (078) 844-1147 Local 218 – (Trunk Line)(078) 844-8978 – (Fax)
Email add: criminologydept20@gmail.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL

justice involvesrequirements which result in its finality emphasizing upon above three
forms.Requirements of Access to justice requires mechanisms by which the responsiveness of judicial
andadministrative processes to the needs of victims can be facilitated. I, at least, divide these
mechanisms into four main forms: Information, protecting safety, presenting views and concerns, and
providing assistance.