ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Lecture 3 :State of Global Environment (Oceans and Coasts)

Dr. HARSHIT SOSAN LAKRA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

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Coverage

1 Extent of Problems in Oceans and Coasts.

2 Significance of Oceans and Coasts to Human life.

3 The Concept of Healthy Oceans.

4 The challenges for Sustainable Use and Management of Marine

and Coastal Ecosystems.

5 Issues – Tropical Coral Reef, Fishing, Debris, Sand Mining, Deep

Sea Mining and Ocean Noise.

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Learning Outcomes
1 Review the Extent of Problems in Oceans and Coasts.
2 Synthesize the Significance of Oceans and Coasts to Human life.
3 Define the Concept of Healthy Ocean.
4 Review the challenges for sustainable use and management of
Marine and Coastal Ecosystems.
5 Discuss various Issues – Tropical Coral Reefs, Fishing, Debris, Sand
Mining, Deep Sea Mining and Ocean Noise.
6 Reflect the need, intensity and complexity of the EIA.

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Source: oceanlovefest, 2021)

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Contributors to Global Sea level Rise (1993-2018)

(Source: Climate.gov, 2021)

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 World’s Oceans Surface

( World Economic Forum, 2021) (Source: encyclopediabrittanica,2021)

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Coastal Megacities

Source: worldoceanreview, 2021)

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 Guangzhou, China (3.94 %
Dhaka, population growth rate)
Bangladesh
(3.52 %
Lagos, Nigeria population
(4.17 % population growth rate)
growth rate)

Fastest Growing Coastal Megacities

(Source: Grimm and Tulloch eds., 2015)

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(Source: worldbank, 2018)

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Coastal Ecosystem

Source: Carey, 2010)

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The ocean is an integral part of the global climate system (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [IPCC] 2013), contributing to the transport of heat, which influences temperature and
rainfall across the planet.
(source: geol105, 2010)

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Economically Important Resources from Oceans

Aggregates and Sand Renewable Energy Biopharmaceuticals

(Source: Sprenergy,2017)

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Coastal Habitat Loss

(Source: saveourseas, 2021)

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Fishing Coasts of India

“India has a vast ocean of

economic opportunity with
more than 7,500 km long
coastline”.

(Mani Juneja, 2021 )

(Source: economictimes, 2021)

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(Source: FAO, UN, 2017)

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Indian Seafarers
The number of
active Indian
seafarers
employed by
Indian or foreign
flagged ships has
grown by about
45 percent in the
last three
years. The
number has
increased
from 143940 in
2016 to 208799 in
2018.

(Source: Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways)

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Indian Ports

(Source: India Briefing,2021)

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Marine Tourism
States in India

(Source: Coastal Tourism India, 2021)

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 Healthy Ocean

Able to support livelihoods

Resilient to Current and
and contribute to Human
Future Change
Wellbeing

(Source: UNEP, 2018)

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Challenges for sustainable We can
use and management of delete or
Marine and Coastal replace
Ecosystems the slide

(Source: UNEP, 2018)

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 Generalized Schematic
showing the Drivers and
Pressures relevant to the
Marine Environment

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.179)

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(Source: IPCC, 2019)

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Employment in the Ocean based Industries

Delet
e
slide

(Source: OECD, 2019)

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 Marine Issues

Tropical
Fishing Debris
Coral Reef

Sand and Deep

Ocean Noise
Sea Mining

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019)

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Coral Bleaching Crisis 2015-17

(Source: wwf.panda, 2021)

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Coral bleaching crisis 2015-17

(Source: ejfoundation, 2021)

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(Source: Aamb Public Ocean Services)

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Map Showing the Maximum Heat stress during the 2014-17 period of the
Global Coral Bleaching Event

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The Social and Economic Impact of Coastal Changes

Coastal Degradation Impact

Food Security Marine Tourism

(Source: Wilkinson et al. 2016)

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 Coastal Degradation Factors

Natural Variation Climate Change Humans

(Source: Wilkinson et al. 2016)

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World Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture Production

(Source: FAO, 2018)

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Mercury in the
Marine
Environment

(Source: phys.org, 2018)

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Bio Magnification and Bioaccumulation of Methylmercury in the Food Chain

(Source: phys.org, 2018)

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 Impacts of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems

Alteration of Mariculture Excessive

Food Webs Impacts Feed

(Source: Wilkinson et al. 2016)

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Marine Litter

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(Source: Oceans Plastic Cleanup,2018)

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Global Map of Potential Marine Plastic input to the Ocean Based on Human
Activities and Watershed Characteristics

(Source: GRID-Arendal, 2016)

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(Source: Oceans Plastic Cleanup, 2018)

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Plastic Litter
in the Open
Ocean

(Source: GRID-Arendal, 2016)

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Emerging Issues for Oceans

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Coastal Sand Mining

(Source: Greenpeacel, 2021)

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 Potential Impact Study of Deep Sea Mining

Impacts on the
Benthos due to Impacts in
Direct mobilization, water
impacts on transport and columns
the Benthic redeposition of because of
Communities sediment over mining
potentially vessels
broad areas

(Source: Morgan, Odunton and Jones 1999; Sharma 2001)

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Anthropogenic Ocean Noise

(Source: sspa, 2021)

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Summary
1 Reviewed the Extent of Problems in Oceans and Coasts.
2 Synthesized the Significance of Ocean and Coast in Human life.
3 Defined the Concept of Healthy Ocean.
4 Reviewed the challenges for sustainable use and management of
Marine and Coastal Ecosystems.
5 Discussed various Issues – Tropical Coral Reef, Fishing, Debris,
Sand Mining, Deep Sea Mining and Ocean Noise.
6 Reflect the need, intensity and complexity of the EIA.

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References
Asrar, G. R., Lucas, P., van Vuuren, D., Pereira, L., Vervoort, J., & Bhargava, R. (2019). Outlooks in geo-6-global
1
environment outlook (geo-6): Healthy planet, healthy people chapter 2. Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6):
Healthy Planet, Healthy People.

2 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016a). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture
2016: Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/ai5555e.pdf.

3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016b). Technical and Socio-Economic Characteristics of
Small-Scale Coastal Fishing Communities, and Opportunities for Poverty Alleviation and Empowerment. FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5651e.pdf.

4 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2018a). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture:
Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/I9540EN.pdf.

5 GRID-Arendal (2016a). Plastic input into the ocean. http://www.grida.no/resources/6906.

6 GRID-Arendal (2016b). Plastic currents. Grid-Arendal http://www.grida.no/resources/6913.

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 Suggested Watch and Read

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xajjmbJrfEM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKKzUcqZgMY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5AhODT_-Eo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5YQ0ZvA-rQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdOpsTLvbeY

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 Please feel free to ask Questions.
Let us know about any Concerns you have .
Do share your Opinions, Experiences and
Suggestions.
Looking forward to Interacting and
Co-learning with you in our discourse of EIA.

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