PMT

1. (a) when the conditions on a system in equilibrium are changed (1)

the equilibrium moves to minimise the effects of the change/
counteract/ resist/ oppose the change (1) 2
(b) (i) equilibrium moves towards LHS/ towards NO2 (1)
forward reaction is exothermic/ reverse reaction is endothermic (1) 2
(ii) equilibrium moves towards RHS/ towards N2O4 (1)
fewer moles on RHS (1) 2
(iii) no change in equilibrium position (1)
catalyst speeds up forward ad reverse reactions by same amount (1) 2
[8]

2. (i) curve displaced to the right (1)

maximum is lower (1) 2
(ii) area under curve exceeding Ea = number of molecules that can react (1)
at higher temperature, area under curve > Ea is greater so more can react (1) 2
[4]

3. (a) (i) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

balancing
state symbols 2

(b) (as the reaction proceeds) the concentration decreases

(rate) of collision decreases
reaction stops when all of one reagent is used up 3

(c) (i) sketch to show slower rate of production ie less steep (must not be
straight line)
final volume the same but reached later 2
(ii) rate is slower
because
weak acid is partially ionised/ dissociated
lower concentration of H+ in weak/ higher concentration of H+ in
strong/ HCl 2
[9]

4. any two from

rate of forward reaction = rate reverse reaction
macroscopic properties remain constant/ concentrations
remain constant
closed system needed 2
 PMT

(i) a substance that alters the rate of a reaction without being

used up /
a substance that lowers the activation energy (for a reaction)
by providing an alternative route 1
(ii) catalyst is in the same state/ phase as reactants 1
(iii) H+ 1
(iv) they alter the rate of the forward and the reverse reaction by
the same amount 1
[6]

5. (i) axes labelled y as number/ fraction/ % of molecules/ particles

and x as energy/ enthalpy/ velocity/ speed
correct shape to include origin, hump and position wrt x axis 2

(ii) two vertical lines drawn both to the RHS of hump (at least
one labelled Ea) (labels reversed cannot score)
greater proportion of collisions have energy greater than Ea/
more molecules exceed Ea 2
[4]

6. (a) pressure 50 − 1000 atm

temperature 200 − 600°C 2

(b) rate 9
(increased) pressure increases rate because molecules are
closer together/ more concentrated
(increased) temperature increases rate because molecules
are moving faster/ have more energy
equilibrium
increased pressure pushes equilibrium to RHS because
fewer (gas) moles/ molecules on RHS
increased temperature pushes equilibrium to LHS
because (forward) reaction is exothermic
compromise
if temperature is too high, low yield
if temperature is too low, slow rate
if pressure is too high, increased costs/ safety issues
[11]
 PMT

7. (a) when the conditions on a reaction in equilibrium are changed/ disturbed

the (equilibrium) moves in the direction to minimise the effects of the
change 2

(b) (i) equilibrium moves to the LHS/ more X2 and Y2 are produced
more moles (of gas)/ particles on LHS 2
(ii) rate becomes less as there are less particles in a unit volume/ concentration
less/ more space between particles
therefore there are less (frequent) collisions 2

(c) (i) 16–17 % 1

(ii) as the temperature increases the conversion decreases
(equilibrium) has moved to LHS/ has moved in endothermic direction 2

(d) (i) increases

because more collisions exceed (lowered) Ea/ because the catalyst provides an
alternative route with a lower activation energy 2
(ii) no change
forwards and reverse rates increased by same amount 2
[13]

8. sketch distribution to show axes labelled number/ fraction of

molecules/atoms and
energy (1)
shape starting at origin, maximum, approaching but not
crossing × axis (1) for both graphs
explanation of distribution
2 from
no molecules with no energy
few very energetic molecules
most have average amounts of energy
area under curve is the number of molecules (2)
distribution at higher temperature shown on diagram
hump lower than original (1)
and to RHS of original (1)
Ea marked (1)
rate increases with an increase in temperature (1) 9
since more molecules have energy > Ea (1)
[9]
 PMT

9. (a) to overcome activation energy (1)

reaction is endothermic (1)
to break bonds – if type of bonds stated must be ionic or covalent (1)
A2 answer based on polarisation of carbonate by Ca2+ is acceptable 2

(b) (i) rate forward > rate backward (1) 1

(ii) rate forward = rate backward (1) 1
(iii) equilibrium moves to RHS (1)
use of le Chatelier (1)
more CaO /product / less CaCO3 / reactant present (1) 3
[7]

10. (a) anywhere in range 30 - 40% (1)

if range given all values must be in this range 1

(b) (i) increases (1) 1

(ii) more moles of A and B (1)
equilibrium moves in direction of less moles (1) 2

(c) endothermic (marks for explanation)

an increase in temperature converts more A (1)
equilibrium moves in direction to lower temperature/
forward reaction must tend to lower temperature/
an increase in temperature favours the endothermic 2
process (1)

(d) (i) a substance that alters/increases the rate of

reaction/lowers Ea (1)
but remains unchanged after the reaction /is not used up (1) 2
(ii) to save energy/money + reason eg by allowing process
to run at a lower temperature/ by lowering Ea (1)
goes faster to save time/ allows the process to run
continuously (1) 2

(e) not enough time was allowed for the equilibrium to

establish/ other products were formed (1) 1
 PMT

(f) two important catalysts, examples include

iron in Haber process/ manufacture of ammonia
vanadium(V) oxide in Contact process/ manufacture of
sulphuric acid
nickel in hydrogenation of alkenes/ manufacture of
margarines
phosphoric acid in the conversion ethene to ethanol
enzyme/ named enzyme with corresponding function
Pt/Pd/Rh in catalytic converter (any 1 metal)
Ziegler catalyst in alkene
any named acid (except nitric) in esterification
zeolites/ platinum in catalytic cracking 2
[13]

11. (i) more CO and H2/ less CH3OH/ moves to LHS

reaction is exothermic/ ora 4
(moves in endothermic direction scores 1)
less CO and H2/ more CH3OH/ moves to RHS
more mole/molecules/particles on LHS/ ora
(ii) more particles per unit volume/
increased concentration/ particles closer together
more collisions and increases rate 2
(iii) heterogeneous 1
(iv) none
affects forward and reverse reaction the same 2
[9]

12. (a) the statement is true because there are more collisions (as temperature increases)
increase in temperature increases the velocity/ energy of particles
rate increases (with increase in temperature) more than can be explained by this/
but not all collisions are successful
to be successful collisions must exceed Ea
if temperature increased higher proportion of collisions exceed Ea 5

(b) (i) y axis: fraction/ number of particles/ molecules/ atoms 2

x axis: energy/ velocity
(ii) line labelled T2 with higher maximum
maximum to LHS of original line
(must start at 0.0, be below original curve at higher energies,
cut the other curve only once and not cross the × axis 2
[9]
 PMT

13. if the conditions on a system in equilibrium are changed (1)

the equilibrium moves to try to minimise the effects of the change (1)
[2]

14. (i) time less (1)

Ea lowered (1) 2
(ii) time less (1)
more collisions/ particles exceed Ea (1) 2
(iii) time more (1)
particles are further apart and therefore less (frequent) collisions (1) 2
[6]

15. (i) no effect because it only increases rate of reaction (1) 1

(ii) moves to LHS/ more N2 and H2/ less NH3 (1)
forward reaction is exothermic (1) 2
(iii) moves to LHS / more N2 and H2/ less NH3 (1)
fewer moles on RHS (1) 2
[5]

16. when the conditions on a system in equilibrium are changed (1)

the equilibrium moves to minimise the effects of the change/
counteract/ resist/ oppose the change (1)
[2]

17. (i) becomes brown/ darker/ colour more intense (1)

moves towards LHS/ towards NO2 (1)
forward reaction is exothermic/ reverse reaction is endothermic (1) 3
(ii) becomes less brown/ pale/ colourless (1)
moves towards RHS/ towards N2O4 (1)
fewer moles on RHS (1) 3
[6]
 PMT

18. catalyst alters rate of reaction/ lowers Ea (1)

remains unchanged after the reaction/ is not changed at the end of the reaction
BUT negated by does not take part in reaction (1)
[2]

19. (When a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change in conditions....)

the (position of) equilibrium will shift
in the direction that minimises the effect of /opposes the change
[NOT negates, nullifies or cancels]
[2]

20. Any two of the following bullet points

• forward rate = reverse rate [NOT just “forward reaction = reverse reaction”]
• can be approached from either direction
[“forward rate of reaction = reverse rate of reaction” is worth both the
above bullet points]
• no change in overall macroscopic properties or a specific one (e.g. colour)
• takes place in a closed system
[N.B. every wrong point negates a correct one]
[2]

21. (from yellow) to orange

increasing [H+] or more acid/HCl
moves equilibrium/reaction to the left or produces more Cr2O72-
[2]

22. (i) turns lighter brown/colourless

(equilibrium/reaction moves to the right):
fewer molecules/particles/moles on right or 2 moles → 1 mole 2
(ii) turns darker (brown)
(equilibrium/reaction moves to the left): L→R/forward rxn is exothermic. 2
[ in (i) and (ii) mark the observation first, and then the reason. Each mark
is unconditional on the other.] [in (ii), if neither mark is scored and you are
convinced that the only error is mixing up endo/exo-thermic, you may
award [1] mark]
[4]
 PMT

23. (adding a catalyst):

• speeds up a reaction
• provides an alternative route or forms an intermediate of some sort
• of lower Eact (can be read into a label on a Boltzmann distribution)
• so more molecules have E > Eact or more collisions are successful
• weakens bonds in the reactants
[any 4 points.]
[5]

24. No mark scheme available

25. No mark scheme available

26. No mark scheme available