Poultry Subsector in Tanzania:

Compliance with Standard

Operating Procedures in
raising healthy broiler chicken
Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating
Procedures in Raising Healthy Chicken.

A study commissioned by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Conducted by: Dr. Rogers A. Lumenyela and Prof. Provident Dimosso.

Think Tank Limited.

Contributor

L i m i t e d

July, 2022
Table of contents
Table of content............................................................................................................................. i
List of Tables................................................................................................................................iii
List of Figure.................................................................................................................................iii
Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... iv

1.0 Introduction and background information.............................................................................. 2

1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................... 2
1.2 Broiler production in Zanzibar....................................................................................... 3

2.0 Market Analysis...................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Production and Consumption....................................................................................... 5
2.2 Value of imports of frozen poultry products (US$’ 000)................................................ 6
2.3 Marketing channels....................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Meat demand and prices.............................................................................................. 7
2.5 Profitability analysis ..................................................................................................... 8

3.0 Status on Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).................................. 10

3.1 Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures..................................................... 10
3.2 Compliance at producer level..................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Cleaning and Disinfection............................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Preventive medicine........................................................................................ 12
3.2.3 Immunization.................................................................................................. 12
3.2.4 Feeding........................................................................................................... 13
3.2.5 Contingency Plan............................................................................................ 13
3.2.6 Safe disposal.................................................................................................. 14

3.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at trader level.............................................. 14

However................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at Slaughterhouse....................................... 15
However................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)..................................................................... 17
3.5.1 Knowledge and use of SOPs.......................................................................... 17
3.5.2 Willingness to participate and pay for SOPs training..................................... 18
3.5.3 Incentive to comply with SOPs....................................................................... 19
3.6 Institutional frameworks for SOPs compliance................................................. 19

i
4.0 Potential opportunities......................................................................................................... 21

5.0 Conclusion and recommendations...................................................................................... 23

5.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 23
5.2 Recommendations...................................................................................................... 23

6.0 References........................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix: Questionnaire............................................................................................................ 26

ii | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
List of Tables
Table 1: Value of imported processed poultry product................................................................ 3
Table 2: Value of imports of frozen poultry products.................................................................... 7
Table 3: Broilers distribution channels......................................................................................... 7
Table 4: Profitability analysis report of broiler.............................................................................. 8
Table 5: Knowledge of Immunization among Farmers............................................................... 13
Table 6: Chicken diseases and the drugs used for Treating or vaccinating............................... 18
Table 7: Drug residues in the chicken product and recommended withdrawal period for ............
the selected drugs...................................................................................................................... 18
Table 8: Perception on the motivation to comply with Standard Operating Procedures........... 19
Table 9: Key areas for investment.............................................................................................. 21

List of Figure
Figure 1: Broiler house awaiting for peak production season...................................................... 4
Figure 2: Projected chicken meat consumption and production with and without additional
investment 2017–2022 (in thousand tonnes)............................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Typical poultry meat demand fluctuation in a calendar year......................................... 8
Figure 4: Poor broiler house environment.................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: cleanliness status of broiler houses at small scale broiler farm.................................. 12
Figure 6: Charcoal heater........................................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 Slaughterhouse at Kisutu............................................................................................. 16
Figure 8: Knowledge and application of Standard Operating Procedures................................. 17

iii
Executive Summary

Tanzania’s poultry industry utilizes a diverse range of breeds within various production systems. The
national flock comprises of 83 million birds, of which 38.7 million (47%) are indigenous breeds, 33.4
million (40%) broilers, and 11.1 million (13%) layers. To improve competitiveness in broiler value chain,
compliance on SOPs is a major concern that requires great attention.

The study is based on the review of recent studies, Acts and regulations, databases on the poultry subsector
as sources of secondary data for this study. Primary data was collected using a survey, Key Informant
Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) through structured open-ended questionnaires and
checklists. Purposive sampling was used to identify and interview respondents on consumer preferences
and behaviour. The study was carried in Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, and Zanzibar. SOP questions were
customized from SOP parameters.

Tanzania has the potential to increase poultry production and productivity to fill the gap of demand and supply
as a significant sum of money is used to import frozen chicken to meet current demand. Investment in broilers
in areas of feed production, biosecurity, chicken houses, supply of poultry equipment and technologies,
transportation logistics, slaughtering house/processing, quality control mechanisms and Training on SOPs
compliance are essential for increase broiler production and productivity. Biosecurity inputs, mainly to raise
many broilers and the improved family chicken was sought to produce enough to offset the chicken meat and
consumption gaps. Broilers production is potential for filling the consumption-production gap for reducing
costs of poultry meat imports. Some farmers in Zanzibar closed farms in the wake of massive, cheap chicken
imports and most hotels regard broilers produced in Zanzibar to be of low quality.

It costs about TZS 5,712.60 per broiler, the average profit is TZS 594.07, and therefore for a cycle with the
average of 200 broilers, a farmer can gain profit of TZS 118,813.

Proper feeding of the broilers is one of the good practices that is in conformity with SOPs in the poultry
sector. All farmers are aware of the importance of proper feeding, contingency planning, safe disposal,
so as to raise healthy broilers. However, some farmers overdose broilers contrary to set directives as they
consider that the indicated quantity per dose is ineffective.

Tanzania has made remarkable efforts in establishing policy and regulatory interventions to support and
regulate the livestock sector in Tanzania.

The strategic interventions would result in increases of 666% and 40% in chicken meat and egg production
respectively. Good climatic conditions for soybeans production are potential as soybean is typically a
major component of chicken rations in both conventional and alternative poultry production systems.

Essentially, below are the recommendations to value chain actors who are active in the development of
the poultry industry in Tanzania:

Government

• Take a lead in the development of the poultry strategy in Tanzania in close partnership with
the private sector.

• Supporting extension officers in helping broilers value chain actors comply with SOPs for
reduced risks for both birds and consumers.

iv | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
 • Supporting broiler farmers with training on SOPs compliance protocol will enable cleaning
and disinfection of poultry houses and equipment thoroughly so that disease-causing
microorganisms are eliminated before the arrival of a new batch of birds.

• It is important to register small scale broiler farmers and other actors at district level and then
national wide for strengthening the broiler value chain in terms of best practices and sustained
supply assurance.

• Distribution of the Standard Veterinary Treatment Guideline for broiler chicken keeping to
broiler value chain actors

• The government must play its institutional roles for enhancing control mechanisms like extension
officers supervising farmers to comply, establishment of a standardized slaughterhouse in all
markets and prohibiting home based slaughtering in Moshi for food safety of broiler chicken.

• Coordinated marketing of broiler meat for increased market efficiency and compliance with SOPs.

Development partners

• Support the government in establishing zone-based poultry centers across the country. This
is useful in supporting farmers with correct knowledge for keeping healthy broilers.

• Supporting production and distribution of the Standard Veterinary Treatment Guideline for
Broiler chicken keeping.

• Conducting events like match events, seminars, meetings and learning visits will influence a
sustained broiler supply chain best practice

Private sector

• Take a lead in manufacturing low-cost chicken cages, egg collecting, drinking, and feeding
systems, manure-removing system, slaughtering tools and feather removal is critical for SOPs
compliance.

• Promote production, processing with standard operating procedures (SOPs) and structured
marketing.

• Organizing smallholder broiler keepers in groups followed by financing will ensure access to
technologies for improved production, compliance with SOPs and production at low cost to
compete with importers.

Farmers

• Farmers should take lead in understanding the SOPs for improvement production and
productivity

• Farmers should be organized themselves into associations/cooperatives for improving

compliance and marketing.

1
1.0 Introduction and background
information
1.1 Background of the study

In Tanzania, poultry farming plays an important role in both urban and rural settings in terms of food
security, source of income and in meeting other social obligations such as dowry and rituals (Data Driven
Insights, 2018). The national flock comprises of 83 million birds; of which 38.7 million (47%) are indigenous
breeds, 33.4 million (40%) broilers and 11.1 million (13%) layers (URT, 2020). According to the large
scale, commercial producer survey conducted by the NBS in 2016, the total number of chickens reared
on large-scale farms was 277 thousand, 179 thousand of which are broilers. This represents 19% of
stated broiler production and less than 1% of total chicken production. Chicken production contributes
about 1.8% of the Gross Domestic Product (MMA and Transcend Enterprises Limited, 2018). In 2018,
the estimated monetary value of meat and eggs was TZS 874 billion and 364 billion respectively (URT,
2020). In the 2019/2020 financial year hatcheries in Tanzania produced 70,323,00-day-old chicks (DOC)
comprising of 60,463,872 broiler, 1,999,128 layers and 7,860,000 dual-purpose chicks. There are 26
hatcheries, and the parent stock farms have a capacity of 1,200,000 parent stock. In the financial year
2019/2020 Tanzania produced and recorded (formal market) 80,601.3 MT of poultry meat (MLF, 2020).

The study’s main objective is to offer information about broiler chicken farmers’ compliance with Standard
Operating Procedures in keeping healthy chickens. Specific objectives are to find out the motivation for
farmers to comply with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) on raising a healthy chicken, develop
a quick scan and share it with the Impact Cluster poultry of the Netherlands embassy and map active
poultry stakeholders in Tanzania (companies/organization/individuals.

The study is based on the review of recent studies, Acts and regulations, databases on the poultry subsector
as sources of secondary data for this study. Primary data was collected using a survey, Key Informant
Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) through structured open-ended questionnaires and
checklists. Purposive sampling was used to identify and interview respondents on consumer preferences
and behaviour. The study was carried in Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar. SOPs questions were
customized from SOPs’ parameters (FAO, 2013). Key parameters include feed, preventive medicine,
immunization, disinfection, cleaning, safe disposal and contingency plan.

In Tanzania’s major cities and towns like Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, and Zanzibar, increasing population
and growing income level has created higher demand for animal sources foods, creating scarcity and
rises in the prices. It is evident that chicken production in Tanzania has increased rapidly since 2006, by
an annual average of 3.5%, but this remains below the 3.8% per annum growth in consumption (BFAP
and SUA, 2018). Broiler farming has been sought as a major source of chickens in the market because
of its high rate of growth and ease of keeping them. Broiler’s relatively cheaper and short cycle could

2 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
have a future in feeding the growing population. Tanzania has the potential to increase poultry production
and productivity to fill the gap of demand and supply as a significant sum of money is used to import
frozen chicken to meet current demand (Table 1). Given that production growth has failed to keep up with
consumption, imports have had to increase to supply the deficit. Though imports remain a small share of
the total market, volumes have increased by an annual average of more than 50% since 2006, despite
policy reflecting a ban on chicken imports. This ban only applies in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar does
in fact allow chicken imports. It has been suggested that chicken imported into Zanzibar often enters
mainland Tanzania through informal channels (BFAP and SUA, 2018).

Value of Imported Processed

Country Poultry Products (Euro)

USA € 1,768,809
Brazil € 212,273
UAE € 172,028
Russia € 88,980
France € 33,931
Turkey € 32,477
Poland € 12,664
China € 11,370
Others € 1,314

Table 1: Value of imported processed poultry product

1.3 Broiler production in Key messages from Zanzibar

Zanzibar • About 2000 tons of poultry meat is consumed
per year in Zanzibar
In Zanzibar, chicken industry represents
98% of the complete poultry keeping and • Broiler market in Zanzibar is dominated by
broiler production accounts for 87 % of imports from USA and Brazil
the total chicken population (Mwisomba, • Tourists prefer high quality and standardized
2007). Accordingly, Zanzibar contributes meat and therefore requiring about a half of
about 3% (BFAP and SUA, 2018) of 380 hotels supply meat from imports
chicken in Tanzania with estimated of
about 2.5 million (URT, 2020). Poultry • Local broiler meat produced in Zanzibar is
products are growing sources of protein of low quality as actors do not comply with
in Zanzibar with a range of 1,500 and SOPs
2,000 tons of consumption per year. • Some imports are then exported to Tanzania
However, local chicken growers in mainland mainly through informal system
Zanzibar are losing the domestic market
to cheaper and better-quality imports • Import ban for Tanzania mainland is being
from the USA and Brazil. There are two violated by the import-export informal market
system practised by traders from Zanzibar

3
companies that import frozen chicken and chicken parts in Zanzibar: Farid Supply and Malik Foods (Juma,
2016). However, some hotels import broilers directly from Turkey. Zanzibar’s production and processing
infrastructures are inferior to the best practice, and farmers struggle to comply with international hygiene
standards unsuccessfully. Quality control is particularly an important issue in poultry farming because the
product is raw meat, which may transmit diseases. The tourists consume standardized food items, most
of which must be imported. The strategy is to improve internal production, which meets the quality and
standards to feed tourist industry.1.2 Broiler production in Zanzibar

In Zanzibar, chicken industry represents 98% of the complete poultry keeping and broiler production
accounts for 87 % of the total chicken population (Mwisomba, 2007). Accordingly, Zanzibar contributes
about 3% (BFAP and SUA, 2018) of chicken in Tanzania with estimated of about 2.5 million (URT, 2020).

Figure 1: Broiler house awaiting for peak production season

In Tanzania mainland, the outbreak of Avian Influenza in the mid-2000 attracted government interventions
into the sector leading to importation of poultry and its products into mainland Tanzania been banned.
Other argument was that imports would have a major negative impact on the development of the local
industry. Differences in agricultural trade policies between Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar lead to illegal
importation of poultry meat in Tanzania mainland. It has been suggested that chicken imported into
Zanzibar often enters mainland Tanzania through informal channels (Data Insight Driven, 2018). One of the
farmers’ interviews explained that several farmers have closed farm in the wake of massive, cheap chicken
imports. It was further revealed that a chicken should be sold after 35 days but it now stays up to 90 days
awaiting buyers and this affects its value and quality.

4 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
2.0 Market Analysis
2.1 Production and Consumption

In Tanzania, it has been projected that the demand and consumption of poultry meat and products will
grow steadily in line with population growth and the rise of the middle-class (URT, 2020). Figure 2 below
shows that under a ‘business as usual’ or ‘without additional investment’ scenario, there is and there will
be a substantial shortage of chicken meat production to meet the current as well as the future domestic
consumption demand. 2.2 Compliance at producer level

Figure 2: Projected chicken meat consumption and production with and without
additional investment 2017–2022 (in thousand tonnes)

500

Production with additional investment

400

300

200
Consumption

100 Production without investment

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Source: URT, 2018

Investment in chicken mainly to raise a large number of broilers and the improve family chicken was sought
to produce enough to offset the chicken meat and consumption gaps. Furthermore, it was expected that
the increase in chicken meat to also contribute to close the all-meat production and consumption gap by
2021.URT (2018) itemized key areas of interventions namely:

• Improved broilers feeding

• Establishing three chicken feed processing plants

• Improving the capacities of chicken feed quality control laboratories

5
 • Land investment for feed production (yellow-maize and soybean)

• Animal health Upgrading and expanding Newcastle Disease, fowl pox and Gumboro vaccines
production plant

• Establishing and monitoring the chicken industry biosafety program

• Animal breeding and genetics Identifying suitable tropical pure reproducing/brooding chicken
breeds Identifying suitable tropical semi scavenging crossbred chicken breeds Testing breeds
at TALIRI and at farm level and developing appropriate business models

• Strengthening/upgrading seven public chick multiplication centers

• Establishing eight new public and private crossbred semi-scavenging and commercial DOC
multiplication centers and 30 mothering units and distribution centers for 4 weeks vaccinated
chicks

• Establishing 10 public and private hatchery facilities and 100 private distribution centers for
selected four-week-old and vaccinated reproducing/brooding chicken

• Reducing reproductive wastage of brooding hens using artificial incubation (10,000 Incubators/
year)

• Supporting the Livestock Training Agency (LITA) and private institutions to implement a
farmers’ skills and training programs on commercial livestock production

• Promoting of exotic chicken meat and eggs consumption Marketing and value chain

• Establishment of chicken slaughtering house, cold storage for eggs and chicken meat Policy,
planning and monitoring and evaluation Building capacity of MLF, LGAs, and livestock keepers
on record keeping, data management and dissemination

The good news is that there has been tremendous improvement in production and productivity in poultry sub
sector especially broiler production. By 2019/2020, the population of chickens in Tanzania was estimated
at 83.28 million comprising of 38.77 million indigenous chicken and 44.51 million exotic chickens (URT,
2020). The population of chickens in Tanzania currently stands at 92.8million; comprising of 42.7 million
indigenous chicken and 50.1 million exotic chickens (URT, 2022). Further, based on the assumption that
the per capita income increase, the annual per capita consumption of poultry meat will double to 3.66 kg
by 2050 and then the country needs to produce 553 million chickens (80% exotic) (EKN, 2020).

2.2 Value of imports of frozen poultry products (US$’ 000)

Table 2 presents value of poultry volumes imported into Tanzania, disaggregated by country wise. It is
(Table 2) clear that, albeit the efforts for improving poultry sector in Tanzania, yet imports have been
increasing. It provides an indication that production has been unable to keep pace with consumption
growth. However, improvement of exotic production might reduce the value of imports to self-sufficiency
and as per 2022 the population was 92.8 million; local breeds is 42.7 and exotic 50.1 million (URT, 2022).

6 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
 Exporters 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

United States of America 1,265.0 525.0 1,610.0 892.0 1,499.0

United Arab Emirates 113.0 50.0 8.0 27.0 17.0

Brazil 111.0 79.0 751.0 588.0 1,018.0

Turkey 50.0 43.0 333.0 202.0 279.0

United Kingdom 27.0 - 101.0 63.0

Global 1,703.0 706.0 3,008.0 2,079.0 3,053.0

Table 2: Value of imports of frozen poultry products

2.3 Marketing channels

The efficiency of the business is one of the important components of creating a marketing system that can
benefit many related parties in the broiler business. The trading arrangements that occur in a commodity
cannot be separated from the influence of the market structure that occurs. The trade in broilers is
accomplished mainly in three channels: farmers-consumers, farmer-retailers, and farmers-wholesalers.
Marketing of broilers is largely dominated by farmers-retailers’ patterns in all intervention areas. The results
(Table 3) indicate proportional sales of broilers through different channels across three sites. It is indicated
that farmers (25%, 34% and 10% in Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Moshi respectively) sold broilers mainly
through retailers. Moreover, most broiler keepers (67%, 54% and 71% in Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and
Moshi respectively) sell largely through farmers-retailers channel. The distribution channel of broiler uses
more medium marketing channels (Farmers-Retailers). Accordingly, marketing channels are one of the
determining factors for increase sales results, the marketing channel is a delivery channel product, if the
channel can be used properly and optimally, then consumers can easily obtain the product.

Marketing channel Dar es Salaam (%) Zanzibar (%) Kilimanjaro (%)

Farmers-Consumers 25 34 10

Farmers-Retailers 67 54 71

Farmers-Wholesalers 8 12 19

Table 3: Broilers distribution channels

2.4 Meat demand and prices

Figure 3 shows the general poultry meat volume and price trends in a typical year as provided by two
big players in the market. These two players’ typical maximum sales volume of dressed broiler reached

7
260MT in December whereas in low season the sales dropped by over 50% (below 130MT). During
low season the price shoots to TZS 9,000/chicken and at high season the price dropped below TZS
7,000/chicken. During interview, it was revealed that smallholder broiler farmers keep broilers by targeting
specific occasions like during harvest where feeds are locally made cheaply.

Figure 3: Typical poultry meat demand fluctuation in a calendar year

325 15
Price - TZS (0000s)

JUN
APR MAY JULY
260 MAR AUG SEP 12
FEB OCT

Valueme Tons
195 JAN 9
NOV DEC
130 6
Volume (Tons)
65 3
Price TZS (000s)
0 0
Typical poultry

Source: Match Maker Group, 2020

2.5 Profitability analysis

Profitability analysis was achieved based on the gross margin analysis and the analysis is mainly based on
primary data that was collected from small-scale chicken farmers in three regions. Table 4 presents the
estimated cost of production and income earned per bird across three regions. The overall average of birds
in three region is estimated 200 birds per cycle and many farmers are used to about 4 cycles per year. It costs
about TZS 5,712.60 to produce 1 bird of broiler and the production cost is recorded highest in Zanzibar with
average price of TZS 5,799.57 per hen. The average profit per broiler is TZS 594.07 and therefore for a cycle
with average 200 broilers a farmer can gain profit of TZS 118,813. It is worth noting that the largest cost
contributor in this value chain is feed and producers indicated that, at current cost levels, they are unable to
generate a profit when feeding at levels suggested by feed manufacturer guidelines.

Description Dar es Salaam Kilimanjaro Zanzibar Average

DOC and Transfer to Farm 1,225.00 1300 1260 1,261.67

Feeds per chicken (average cost per a 3,554 3625.08 3697.582 3,625.55
bird in 4.5-6 weeks)

Drugs and Vaccines per cycle 340 357 381.99 359.66

Imputed labour and Overhead 457.1428571 480 460 465.71

Total cost at farm 5,576.14 5,762.08 5,799.57 5,712.60

Farm gate sales 6320 6,300.00 6300 6,306.67

Profit 743.86 537.92 500.43 594.07

Table 4: Profitability analysis report of broiler

8 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
Key messages from market analysis

• More investment in chicken production is has a great potential to fill

the consumption-production gap, more value addition and export

• Consumption has continually above the production

• Trend of exotic production has recently exceeded local chicken due

to investment in improving productivity and production

• The projection of production exceeding consumption by 2022 has

not realized and requiring more efforts

• Projected of poultry production in the Tanzania livestock master plan

of 2018 has not been realized

• Increased in consumption has all increased poultry importation and

by June 2022, Tanzania imported frozen poultry products worthy
US$ 3,053,000.

• Broiler market channel for small holder farmers in the is largely

dominated by farmers-retailers system while medium and large
broiler enterprises

• Average profit was TZS 594.07 per chicken

9
3.0 Status on Compliance
with Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs)
3.1 Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures

An increase in health consciousness amongst consumers is very critical and therefore, broiler farmers are
sought to comply with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in
broiler production is important to reduce the risk of introduction of pathogens causing disease in broilers
and antibacterial resistance in both birds and human beings. Compliance with SOPs implies hygiene and
sanitation, which are critical and effective diseases control for poultry production and processing premises.
Further, noncompliance with SOPs has been a source of creating antimicrobial resistance in poultry and
human beings leading to jeopardy due to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms
in humans, animals and the environment that are no longer affected by medication that once killed them
(ICARS, 2022). The Deficiencies in disinfection may result in infections being carried over to the next
flock. This assessment was meant to assess to what extent broiler farmers do meet the quality standards
specifically on food safety that is required in the market. The assessment hinged on the compliance on the
Standard Operating Procedures in mainly keeping broilers. For Tanzania to produce broilers for big and
standard hotels and exports, compliance of SOPs is inevitable. This implies that for each specific country
to export, the poultry products must be in a way that all practices regarding the conditions and measures
necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food chain are adhered.

10 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
Figure 4: Poor broiler house environment

3.2 Compliance at producer level

3.2.1 Cleaning and Disinfection

Figure 4 indicates the status of the broiler house at small-scale farm and as it depicts poor condition.
Cleaning and disinfection are central to any biosecurity program. A good broiler house cleaning and
disinfection program will help minimize the adverse effects of disease, optimize bird performance and
welfare, and provide assurances on food safety issues.

• All broiler keepers clean chicken houses only at a time of arrival of chicks and then they use
sawdust to retain the house cleanliness. In Moshi district, farmers use waiting interval before
introducing other chicks instead of disinfection of the house.

• SOPs compliance requires cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses and equipment to be
conducted thoroughly so that disease-causing microorganisms are eliminated before the
arrival of a new batch of birds.

• Decontaminating poultry house is crucial to prevent Marek’s disease, mycoplasma, respiratory

viruses, E. coli, mites, and other poultry health problems.

• Investment in production of affordable disinfectants and spraying machines will facilitate

farmers’ compliance with SOPs.

11
Figure 5: cleanliness status of broiler houses at small scale broiler farm

3.2.2 Preventive medicine

Smallholder broiler keepers are used to various medicines related to the common disease and infections.
Broiler keepers administer drugs and vaccines themselves to their broilers by using just simple instructions
from vendors. Broiler chicken keepers are not aware of any laws and regulations regarding to prevention
medicine. This gives the impression that farmers in this investigation use local knowledge and experience.
The most frequently reported administration of such drugs for poultry are vaccinations for Newcastle disease.
Apart from the quality issue associated with unregulated drug vendors and illegal drugs, unprofessional
administration of such vaccinations may have negative consequences including high mortality rates and
development of pathogenic strains resistant to the respective vaccinations (BFAP and SUA, 2018).

3.2.3 Immunization

Chicken broiler keepers are aware of importance of vaccination and the vaccination protocols. About
60% (Table 5) of interviewed farmers know well about immunization protocol and process. Farmers to
large extent perform vaccination against Newcastle and related diseases. In addition, farmers consider
immunization being very effective. On average (Table 5), about 20% of the farmers had experienced
immunization failure.

12 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
 Immunization Response Dar es Salaam (%) Kilimanjaro (%) Average (%)
knowledge

Knowledge about vaccines Know some 16 13 14.5

Know more 28 23 25.5

Know well 56 64 60

Immunize Yes 100 100 100

No

Disinfection before Yes 86 90 88

immunization

No 14 10 12

Immunization as per interval Yes 74 78 76

No 26 22 24

Effectiveness of immunization Very much 78 82 80

Very 14 17 15.5

Somewhat 8 1 4.5

Immunization failure No 78 82 80

Yes 22 18 20

Table 5: Knowledge of Immunization among Farmers

3.2.4 Feeding

Proper feeding is one of the broilers keeping good practices that is in conformity with SOPs in the poultry
sector. All farmers are aware of the importance of proper feeding for raising healthy broilers. Farmers
raised the concern of the high prices of feeds leading to feeding unstandardized/homemade feeds. Local
feeds have slowed growth rate of broilers and hence the sector becomes less profitable to farmers. Some
of the commercial feeds were blamed of substandard contrary to labels. Farmers prefer buying feeds from
new feeds Production Companies as at the beginning they normally comply with the standards of feeds
at a given stage of broilers.

3.2.5 Contingency Plan

The contingency plan was assessed to find out the emergency management protocols/procedures
farmers must protect the welfare of the birds in the event of an emergency. The assessment revealed
that broiler chicken farmers understand the importance of contingency plan. All interviewed farmers
use charcoal-heater (Figure 6) as a contingent as well as additional heater especially in first and
second week of the chicks’ arrival. Preparedness includes contact with veterinary offices and family
awareness of common signs of diseases.

13
Figure 6: Charcoal heater

3.2.6 Safe disposal

Disposal decisions must balance animal health goals with those of environmental protection and
safeguarding public health. The results reveal that all farmers in Dar es Salaam apply burial method in
disposing dead chickens. During fieldwork, it was revealed that in areas like Dar es Salaam with high
population density, the process sometimes leaves a bad smell in the streets. Accordingly, this method is
associated with potential for spillage and contamination when moving the birds outside the house and
nonexistence of official sites for disposal. However, the story in Kilimanjaro was very different whereby
interviewed broiler farmers who also keep pigs use the dead chickens as part of the pig feeds; the dead
birds are mixed in the pig meals.

3.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at trader level

During FGDs with traders, it was revealed that their priority is to buy healthy chickens from the farmers.
Key issues traders support compliance to SOPs includes:

• Traders informally agree with farmers that bought chicken must be in healthy condition at least
for three days. If the bird dies, the farmer is expected to compensate the trader.

• Most traders do not communicate with farmers about when to purchase broilers for proper
feed and medication withdrawal. This is a result of lack of contracts between farmers and
traders. Contract farming will enable farmers feed broiler optimally for improved profit. Farmers
declared to sale broilers within withdraw period. This creates health problems to consumers
and such products cannot penetrate in the standardized market. Poultry farmers should be
educated on the importance of drug withdrawal periods and the possible human health effects
associated with consumption of foods with antimicrobial residues.

14 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
 • Traders trace growth and health status at farm level before the decision to buy. In Moshi traders
do a kind of spying by sending different individuals to investigate the growth of chickens.
Finally, the trader decides to buy based on provided information

• Buying broilers at farm level is a kind of biding factor for farmers to follow all good farming
procedures to raise healthy chickens

However
• Traders’ failure to adhere strictly to the withdrawal period in poultry production is reported to
be the primary cause of antibiotic residues in edible tissue, liver, and kidney, which may be
transferred to human beings.

• Spot market increases uncertainty among farmers leading to continued treating of their chicken

3.4 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at Slaughterhouse

The development of standard hygienic facility design and equipment is a vital aspect, which can meet the
consumer expectation of safe meat.

Birds from the SME poultry farmers (broiler) targeting wholesale markets are usually taken to a central
market. Seller or buyers who buy live birds (e.g., supermarkets or hotels) and slaughtered in a facility
provided by the local authority in some urban centers may also sell them as live birds in smaller or larger
lots at the same market.

However, birds from smallholder broiler keepers are still traded through informal channels, which account
for roughly 81% of total production. Across the spectrum of formal and informal markets, there are various
categories of buyers, with different preferences. High profile hotels normally prefer exotic breeds and
traceable standards, as their supply is more reliable and less costly. Local hotels and restaurants in peri-
urban or rural areas, including bars and pubs, buy exotic and local chicken, depending on their clients.

Personnel dedicated in slaughtering at some market example Kisutu market (Figure 7) comply mostly with
the slaughter hygiene protocols including:

• Personal working in a ‘clean’ environment and wear appropriately color-coded protective

clothing to ensure that staff stay in their own area to minimize the risk of cross contamination.

• Wearing clean, washable, and protective footwear

• All head hair is covered by means of a cap

• When entering the production areas, all personnel were found washing their protective
footwear in the facilities provided

• Slaughterhouses are being supplied with water

• The houses were found portioned, and each specific activity is carried out in a specified area

• The slaughterhouse personnel at Kisutu market are well organized making all logistics efficient

15
In Kilimanjaro region, there are no specialized slaughterhouses for broilers. It is a responsibility of farmers to
process their chickens and buyers just take processed broilers. In this regard, farmers’ behavior towards
hygiene determines processing hygiene. Traders were found interested in pricing chickens based on their
weight. Moreover, broiler keeping in Moshi District is very seasonal and in and out based business.

However,
• Protective clothing is being stored in bad conditioned house

• The status of toilets is not good enough for reduced contamination

• Some workers at slaughterhouses smoke contrary to the good slaughterhouse practices and
protocols

• Some visitors are allowed to enter the slaughtering house without complying with house
practices and protocols

Figure 7 Slaughterhouse at Kisutu

In addition, all slaughterhouses lack cold rooms for storage purposes. However, respondents expressed
no need to have cold rooms as many customers are interested with fresh meat and they like buying live
chickens and then assign the slaughter personnel to prepare them while waiting.

16 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
3.5 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

3.5.1 Knowledge and use of SOPs

About 34% and 47% (Figure 8) of farmers in Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro respectively have heard
about the SOPs in keeping broilers. Correspondingly, about 75% and 68% farmers in Dar es Salaam and
Kilimanjaro respectively who had heard about SOPs apply them fully. The analysis reveals that farmers
in Kilimanjaro provide more quantity of the medicine contrary to set directives as they consider that the
indicated quantity per dose is ineffective. Farmers are required to treat and vaccinate broilers according to
directives for preserving their effectiveness.

Failure to adhere strictly to the withdrawal period among broiler farmers was reported. Withdrawal
period is defined as the time required for 99% of the birds in the population (treated according to labeled
instructions) to be free of the drug residues above the tolerant level. These periods vary according to the
drug used, dosage, route of administration and animal species (Akinwumi et al., 2017). This situation
results to consumers buying broilers with antibiotic residues in edible tissues; liver and kidney and hence
can cause human diseases like cancer. Accordingly, microbial resistance to antibiotics may arise because
of animal exposure to these agents and that the resistance may possibly be transferred to human beings
in this regard, lack of understanding of SOPs among broiler keepers may create resistant diseases, hazard
to consumers and high costs. Therefore, it is important that there is:

• Formulation of biosafety and other relevant guidelines for disease control.

• Enforcement of stricter disease controls; and

• Conduct training for raising awareness on the importance of SOPs compliance

Figure 8: Knowledge and application of Standard Operating Procedures

86 82
75
% 68
47
34

Ever heard of SOPs Heard and Use of SOPs Sell chickens before
withdraw period
Dar es Salaam Kilimanjaro

In managing the common diseases, several drugs are recommended for use. Viral diseases are usually
given supportive treatment where antibiotics and vitamins are usually used. The drug of choice by farmers
for treatment of Coccidiosis is Amprolium. Bacterial diseases like fowl cholera, fowl typhoid, pullorum,
and salmonellosis are treated using a range of antibiotics whereas Aspergillosis is treated using a range of
antifungal preparations (Table 6).

17
 Disease Treatment

Coccidiosis Amprolium, oxytetracycline, sulphanilamide

Fowl Pox Supportive therapy p

Marek’s Disease Supportive

Newcastle Supportive therapy

Fowl Cholera oxytetracycline,Sulphur drugs, Norfloxacin

Salmonellosis/ Fowl Typhoid Oxytetracycline, Sulphur drugs

Aspergillosis Aspergillosis Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole,

Miconazole, Fluconazole and Amphotercin B

Table 6: Chicken diseases and the drugs used for Treating or vaccinating
Source: Ngongolo et al., 2020

Further, Table 7 indicates withdrawal period for different medicines and vaccines. Most of the drugs
used in the treatment of common diseases affecting chicken have a varying length in days of stay in
the chicken bodies. These are indicated in the drug containers as a withdrawal period. The period
in which the chicken products and by-products are deemed not fit for human consumption. The
withdrawal periods of various diseases are listed in Table 7.

Treatment Withdraw period (Days) Chicken’s product kept as residues

Amprolium 10 liver, kidney, muscle and skin with fat

Sulfadimethoxine 5-56 Meat, liver, kidney

Oxytetracycline 5 Meat, liver, kidney

Erythromycin 1-17 Meat, eggs

Albendazole 8-14 Eggs

Ciprofloxacin 15-19 Eggs and Meat

Ampicillin 5-7 Eggs

Table 7: Drug residues in the chicken product and recommended withdrawal period for the selected drugs
Source: Ngongolo et al., 2020

3.5.2 Willingness to participate and pay for SOPs training

Chicken broiler keepers are willing to participate in training on SOPs useful in improving chicken
keeping. It’s no surprise that, not all farmers were willing to pay for training even small amount. They
expressed that they have been struggling to get out from poverty and therefore, government and other
institutions could provide free training or pay for them to participate.

18 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
3.5.3 Incentive to comply with SOPs

This report also investigates the incentives for broiler farmers to comply with the SOPs for food safety
performance (Table 8). It examines whether price differential, training provision, contract farming, market
information, compensation for complied farmers and labelling as the main compliance indicators on
the Likert scale. The results on the price differentials being the incentive to comply with SOPs achieved
high scores whereby all farmers strongly agree to comply if broiler under SOPs compliance is sold at
higher price. For contract farming, about 46% and 42% of farmers in Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro
respectively strongly agreed to be the motivation for them to comply with SOPs. Other motivation
indicators are summarized in Table 8 below and their explanations follow the same.

Strongly
Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree
Motivation to comply Disagree
Agree (%) (%) (%) (%)
(%)

Price differentiation (complied higher prices) 68 32

Training is provided will motivate compliance 56 27 6 11

Contract farming may facilitate farmers comply 62 21 17

Market information will enable farmers compliance 77 23

Compensations for complied farmers can promote

63 19 14 4
compliance

Labelling of feeds and related inputs 100

Table 8: Motivation to comply with SoP

3.6 Institutional frameworks for SOPs compliance

The National Livestock Policy of 2006 guides the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania. The
instruments for this policy touching poultry industry come from the Livestock Sector Development Strategy
of 2010, the Livestock Sector Development Programme of 2011, and various regulatory frameworks
with respect to: Veterinary Act, 2003, Animal Diseases Act, 2003, the Meat Industry Act, Animal Welfare
Act, Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act and the Grazing-lands and Animal Feed
Resources Act. These regulatory frameworks are meant to take advantage of the benefits of the potential
poultry revolution and would thus require substantial investments in promotional activities to shift tastes
and preferences away from beef and mutton, as well as from local chicken meat and eggs, towards exotic
chicken meat and eggs (URT, 2018).

19
 Act No 16 of 2003: The Veterinary Act
• Registration of Veterinary practice facilities

• General principles of veterinary practices and management of complaints

Act No. 17 of 2003: Animal Diseases Act

• Provide provisions for control and prevention of animal diseases

• Measures for checking livestock diseases and diseases of animals other than livestock

• Disposal of animal carcasses

Act No. 10 of 2006: The Meat Industry

• Provisions for the restructuring of the Meat Industry

• Provisions relating to registration of facilities

Act No. 17 of 2003: Animal Diseases Act

• Provides provisions for control and prevention of animal diseases

• Measures for checking livestock diseases

• Disposal of animal carcasses

20 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
4.0 Potential opportunities
It is projected annual chicken meat and egg production in Tanzania would rise to 465,600 tons and 4.2
billion eggs to bring the production-consumption deficit for chicken meat from 130,000 to a surplus of
258,000 tons between 2017 and 2022. The strategic interventions would result in increases of 666% and
40% in chicken meat and egg production respectively. Such accomplishments would enable Tanzania to
meet the chicken meat and egg demand for its growing population and produce a very significant surplus
for domestic industrial use or for export. Good climatic conditions for soybeans production are potential
as soybean is typically a major component of chicken rations in both conventional and alternative poultry
production systems. With political stability and good institutional frameworks encouraging investment
in processing plants, the surplus eggs could be processed into egg powder and used domestically for
new or additional industrial uses (e.g., in the baking industry), or exported to generate foreign exchange
earnings (URT, 2020). For growth and development of the sector, there requires investment along the
value chain as summarized in Table 9.

SOPs area Descriptions Investment requirement Priority

High prices of feeds leading to unstandardized/

homemade feeds. Local feeds have slowed Investment in production of
growth rate of broilers and hence the sector consistently good quality feed will
becoming less profitable to farmers. win market share
Farmers are concerned with some of the Integration and coordination with
Feed High
commercial feeds being substandard contrary to soybeans farmers will enable
Animal feed technologies (pelleting technologies, investors in feed manufacturing
extrusion of soybeans, other efficient feed produce at low cost and hence
processing technologies) are very expensive to reasonable price to farmers
small scale farmers

None compliance with disinfection measures Investment in disinfection

and sterilizing room in front of chicken farm due production coupled with raising
Biosecurity High
to unavailability and very expensive disinfectants awareness among farmers on its
and farmers are not used to. importance

Innovative development of cage

houses which are cheaper to
Most of the small holder broiler farmers have smallholder
locally made chicken houses with poor fecal
Chicken house High
collection mechanist leading to intestinal farmers will replace local and
diseases unhygienic broiler houses

21
 Farm infrastructure including automated feeding
and innovative waste management Investment in production of
Supply of poultry
affordable feeding system and
equipment and Animal feed processing technologies and
waste management in Tanzania as
technologies equipment
imported are very expensive

Organizing farmers in groups and

Transportation Local transport, unorganized and fragmented, no production cycles and support
Low
logistics cold chain system and grading them with cold chain and grading
system

Processing facilities are very primal and

unhygienic
Supporting smallholder farmers
Slaughtering for improved coordination and
In Moshi, no slaughtering houses for broilers High
house/processing integration useful to establish the
because of underdevelopment of the market functioning slaughtering houses

In and out broilers farmers fragments broiler

processing

Currently, there are no broiler quality mechanisms The government and other
Quality control as the markets are fragmented stakeholders must invest in quality
High
mechanisms Policies and regulations stipulate the process, control mechanism to enhance
but the practice is not in place competitiveness and traceability

Value chain stakeholders are

Training for SOPs Training is required for capacity building of
potential to facilitate capacity
compliance farmers to comply with SOPs
building to

Table 9: Key areas for investment

22 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
5.0 Conclusion and
recommendations
5.1 Conclusion

The study concludes that most of the broiler chicken keepers, traders and processors do not comply with
Standard Operating Procedure. This is because, there are no control mechanisms, broiler marketing and
supply chain is fragmented and low understanding. This might have continued causing serious food safety
hazards.

5.2 Recommendations

Government

• Take a lead in the development of the poultry strategy in Tanzania in close partnership with
private sector.

• Supporting extension officers in helping broilers value chain actors comply with SOPs for
reduced risks for both birds and consumers.

• Supporting broilers farmers with training on SOPs compliance protocol will enable cleaning
and disinfection of poultry houses and equipment thoroughly so that disease-causing micro-
organisms are eliminated before the arrival of a new batch of birds.

• It is important to register small scale broiler farmers and other actors at district level and then
national wide for strengthening the broiler value chain in terms of best practices and sustained
supply assurance.

• Distribution of the Standard Veterinary Treatment Guideline for Broiler chicken keeping to
broiler value chain actors.

• The government must play its institutional roles for enhancing control mechanisms like extension
officer supervising farmers to comply, establishment of a standardized slaughterhouse in all
markets and prohibiting home based slaughtering in Moshi for food safety of broiler chain.

• Coordinated marketing of broilers meat for increased market efficiency and compliance with
SOPs.

23
Development partners

• Support the government in establishing zone-based poultry centers across the country useful
in supporting farmers with correct knowledge for keeping healthy broilers.

• Supporting production and distribution of the Standard Veterinary Treatment Guideline for
Broiler chicken keeping.

• Conducting events like match events, seminars, meetings and learning visits will influence a
sustained broiler supply chain best practice

Private sector

• Take a lead in manufacturing low costs chicken cage, egg collecting, drinking, and feeding
systems, manure-removing system, slaughtering tools, and feather removal is critical for SOPs
compliance.

• Promote production, processing with standard operating procedures (SOPs) and structured
marketing

• Organizing smallholder broiler keepers in groups followed by financing will ensure access to
technologies for improved production, compliance with SOPs and production at low cost to
compete with importers.

Farmers

• Farmers should take lead in understanding the SOPs for improvement production and
productivity

• Farmers should be organized themselves into associations/cooperatives for improving

compliance and marketing.

24 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
6.0 References
Akinwumi, A. O., Odunsi , A. A., Omojola , A. B., Olatoye , I. O., Akilapa , T. 1 P. and Abioye , I. A. (2017).
Effect of inclusion levels and withdrawal periods of Tetracin on growth performance, carcass traits
and occurrence of residues in meat-type chickens. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci. (2):47-61.

Data Driven Insights (2018). Structure and profitability of poultry value chains in Tanzania. First draft, 20
November 2018. [https://cgspace.cgiar.org/.

ICARS. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance: a silent pandemic. https://icars-global.org/what-we-do/threat-

of-amr/

Juma A, S. (2016). Small chicken. https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/zanzibar-imported-chicken-crowding-

out-local-products

S. T. Mwisomba. (2007). The Use of Quantitative and Qualitative Survey Results to Influence Policy: A
Case of Service Delivery (PSDA) in Zanzibar.

Match Maker Associates Limited and Transcend Enterprises Limited. (2018). Poultry Subsector in Tanzania.
A Quick Scan. www.agroberichtenbuitenl and.nl.

URT. (2018). Tanzania livestock master plan

URT. (2020). Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF). Budget Speech - Ministry of Agriculture
2019/20. Dodoma.

URT. (2022). Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF). Budget Speech - Ministry of Agriculture
2022/23. Dodoma.

EKN. (2020). Market Trends & Consumer Behaviours and Preferences in the Tanzania Poultry Subsector:
An Analytical Report with Recommendations for The Public and Private Sectors. https://www.
agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/

FAO. (2013). Poultry Development Review. https://www.fao.org/3/i3531e/i3531e.pdf.

BFAP and SUA. (2018). Structure and profitability of poultry value chains in Tanzania.

Ngongolo, K., Omary, K and Chota, A. (2020). Drug used in controlling chickens’ diseases, the withdrawal
periods, and the threats of drugs residues in food chain in Tanzania. A Review.

International Trade Centre. (2022). Trade statistics, Exports, and imports. List of supplying markets for a
product imported by Tanzania, United Republic of Product. https://www.trademap.org/

25
Appendix: Questionnaire
Part 1: Background information

Name of farm: Address:

District: Region:

Street: Nearby popular sign:

Name of the manager/in charge: Mobile number:

Email: Year of establishment:

Part 2. Disease Recognition

1. To what extent is your knowledge about bird flu

A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit C. Know some

D. Know more than some E. Know it well ( )

2. To what extent is your knowledge about the risk of bird flu?

A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit C. Know some

D. Know more than some E. Know it well ( )

3. To what extent is your knowledge about the rules of bird flu prevention and control
A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit ( )

C. Know some D. Know more than some E. Know it well

4. To what extent is your knowledge about the effects of bird flu prevention and control
A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit ( )

C. Know some D. Know more than some E. Know it well

Part 3. Epidemics prevention and control

1 Preventive medicine

5. Do you use prevention medicine on broilers:

A. Yes B. No ( )

26 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
6. To what extent do you know about related laws and regulations of prevention medicine safety
A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit ( )

C. Know some D. Know more than some E. Know it well

7. Have you received training or guidance on medication safety?

A. Yes B. No ( )

8. Do you know that veterinary medicine cannot be used within certain periods, such as during
immunization
A. Yes B. No ( )

9. Where do you usually buy veterinary drugs (single choice):

A. Epidemic prevention station B. Official pharmacy C. Internet

D. Sales representative E. Directly from manufacturers ( )

10. When do you usually use medicine on broilers:

A. Daytime B. Night ( )

11. Effectiveness of medicine afterwards:

A. Very much B. Very C. Somewhat D. A little

E. Not at all ( )

12. Do you establish records or files on sick broilers or dead broilers?

A. Yes B. No ( )

13. Is there preventive medicine service available in the local community?

A. Yes B. No

2. Immunization

14. Do you know about how vaccination works:

A. Know nothing at all B. Know a little bit C. Know some

D. Know more than some E. Know it well ( )

15. Do you immunize each broiler:

A. Yes B. No ( )

16. Do you disinfect the chicken house before immunization:

A. Yes B. No ( )

17. Where do usually you buy vaccine (single choice):

A. Epidemic prevention station B. Official pharmacy ( )

C. Sales representative E. Directly from manufacturers

18. Do you only use vaccine approved by the government:

A. Yes B. No ( )

27
19. When do you choose to immunize broilers:
A. Daytime B. Night ( )

20. Do you immunize broilers in accordance with provisions of the manual

A. Yes B. No ( )

21. Do you immunize broilers in accordance with immunization program regulated by the government:
A. Yes B. No ( )

22. How many immunization doses does each broiler delivered have:
________________times

23. Date of the first dose: the______ day Date of the second dose: the______ day Date of the third
dose: the______ day Date of the fourth dose: the______ day

24. The immunization cost of every broiler delivered: _______________TZS

25. Effectiveness of immunization afterwards:

A. Very much B. Very

C. Somewhat D. A little E. Not at all ( )

26. Does any immunization failure happen:

A. Yes B. No ( )

27. Do you keep immunization records or files:

A. Yes B. No ( )

28. Is there immunization service available in the local community:

A Yes B. No ( )

3. Disinfection

29. Which disinfection measures do you take on your chicken farm:? (Tick all appropriate)
A. Disinfection tank in front of chicken farm B. Sterilizing room in front of chicken farm

C. Staff should change clothes or take a shower when entering farm

D. Staff should wear rubber shoes when entering farm ( )

E. Keep disinfection records or files

Are the farm and utensils disinfected regularly

A. Yes B. No ( )

30. How often are the chicken houses disinfected: every___ days

31. Which disinfection methods do you adopt (tick all appropriate)

A. Empty house disinfection ( )

B. Item disinfection ( )

28 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
C. Disinfection tank ( )

D. Farm disinfection ( )

E. Spray disinfection with chicken ( )

F. Protective disinfection on staff ( )

G. Drinking water disinfection ( )

H. Vehicles disinfection ( )

32. Effectiveness of disinfection:

A. Very much B. Very C. Somewhat D. A little

E. Not at all ( )

33. Costs of each broiler delivered in cycle:____________________TZS

34. Is chicken house disinfection service available in the local community
A Yes B. No ( )

4. Cleaning

35. Do you clean chicken houses regularly:

A. Yes B. No ( )

36. How often do you clean chicken houses: every___________ days

37. Effectiveness of cleaning:

A. Very much B. Very C. Somewhat D. A little

E. Not at all ( )

38. Were the broilers infected after cleaning:

A. Yes B. No ( )

39. Cleaning cost of each broiler delivered:________________TZS

40. Indicate what elements are observed during the daily checks:
a) Reduced food and water intake ______ h) Changes in activity

b) Abnormal feather condition __________ i) Abnormal droppings

c) Feather condition and cover _________ j) Thermal comfort behaviour

d) Behavioural changes k) Abnormal respiratory sounds___

e) Lameness and inability to rise _______ l) Body condition ________

29
5. Safe disposal

41. How do you dispose died chickens and used bottles? _______________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

42. Do you think of having compensation for safe disposal:

A Yes B. No ( )

43. Would you like to accept and pay for insurance for your farm?

A Yes B. No ( )

44. If yes, what amount do you will to pay for a chicken __________________TZS

45. If no, why? ____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Part 4: Contingency Plan

46. Describe your procedures for specific emergencies (e.g. power failure, fire, flooding, water interruptions,
generator failure etc.):_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

47. Have you ever heard the importance of feeding chicken using pig/cattle/fish feeds
a) Yes b) No_________?

48. Do feed your chickens with pig/cattle/fish feeds? a) Yes=1, b) No=2_____________

49. If yes explain________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

50. If no explain why________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Part 5: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

51. Have you ever heard about Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)? a) Yes=1 b) No=2____________

52. If yes, can you explain? __________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

30 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
53. If yes, to what extent do you apply them in your daily farming activities?

a) Always = 1 b) Sometimes = 2 c) not always = 3 d) Not at all = 4________________

54. What motivated you applying them? _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

55. It is required to support farmers with training on Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), do you wish
to participate? a) Yes = 1, b) No = 2____________

56. Do you think after training, you will be able to comply with? a) Yes=1, b) No=2____________

57. If yes, explain ___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

58. What other incentives to you need to apply the set Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

59. Can you evaluate the motivation incentives to comply with the standard operating procedures as listed
in the table below?

Motivation to comply SA A N D SD

Price differentiation (complied higher prices)

Training is provided will motivate compliance

Contract farming may facilitate farmers comply

Market information will enable farmers compliance

Compensations for complied farmers can promote

complies

Labelling of feeds and related inputs

60. Have you ever attended training on Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs?

A. Yes B. No ( )

61. If yes, how many times? ____________________

62. If no, why? ______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

63. If training was available, would you attend? A. Yes B. No ( )

64. If available training is payable, are you willing to pay? A. Yes B. No ( )

65. If yes how much are you willing to pay for at least five days of training? ____________________TZS

31
66. If no, why? ____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Part 6. Production information

67. Is broiler production your main economic activity:

A. Yes B. No ( )

68. Number of years of experience in broiler production:_________years

69. Chicken flock size: ___________

70. In what way are the broilers reared. A. Ground-rearing B. Cage-rearing

71. What kind of ground-rearing do you use:

A. Cage-free landing B. Net-rearing

C. Hybrid-rearing on ground ( )

72. How do you feed your chickens __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

73. Feed (costs of each broiler delivered: __________________TZS

74. Utility (water and electricity) cost of each broiler delivered per cycle:___________TZS

75. Total number of employees:_________

76. Production cost for delivering DOC ________TZS

77. Feed cost _________ TZS Utility cost _________ TZS Employed labor cost _________ TZS

78. Average selling price________________TZS

79. Average cost for medication per cycle ______________TZS

80. Have you got any question?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

32 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken
 LIST OF POULTRY STAKEHOLDERS IN DAR ES SALAAM AND KILIMANJARO REGIONS
S/N NAME REGION DISTRICT WARD/Enterprise Position PHONE NUMBER
1 Aisha Kazi Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 654865020
2 Anna Faustini Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 789475250
3 Ansila Temba Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 754308476
4 Asia Hiza Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 657424868
5 Asia Mohamedi Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 677293411
6 Betha Mwaringo Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 692730543
7 Bibiana Ngowi Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 716432003
8 Consesa Kavishe Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 754898138
9 Cyprian Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mkoani Small scale Broiler Keeper 0657358620\ 0684737743
10 Delnever Shirima Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 715857163
11 Elizabeth Mwongola Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 656177597
12 Frida Joeli Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 712511023
13 Grace .O. Shao Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 714132563
14 Grace Kayanda Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 710475544
15 Grace Kezilahabi Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 679243390
16 Habiba Said Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 789975890
17 Halima Juma Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 675820616
18 Happy Andrews Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 692348413
19 Herieth Seligendo Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 757081749
20 Honorina Mumburi Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 752604340
21 Janeth .A. Lungama Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 686866410
22 Jenifa Peter Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 675293632
23 Judith Mathao Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 659836062
24 Juma Chacha Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mkoani Small scale Broiler Keeper 744440995
25 Lucy .E. Mashingia Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 715010922
26 Lucy Mtenga Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 714320515
27 Maria Kalongoti Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 782042232
28 Martha Kagusa Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 759605823
29 Mery John Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 694008100
30 Minza Ngasa Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mkoani Small scale Broiler Keeper 694361552
31 Monica Daniel Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 627878512
32 Nasra Seleman Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 786837150
33 Ndeku .R. Mushi Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 715114088
34 Nurdin Thabiti Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mkoani Small scale Broiler Keeper 659188161
35 Peter .R. Matoke Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mkoani Small scale Broiler Keeper 767399145
36 Philomena Ndimno Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 654673693
37 Pili Mbwambo Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 684719622
38 Recho Benjamini Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 692946346
39 Restituta Massawe Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 753080590
40 Rofina Yohana Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 655899064
41 Sara Mgeni Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 757344868
42 Selina Saidi Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 712831216
43 Severina Mdowanga Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 653265858
44 Simplorosa Mtalo Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 753787839
45 Stela Swai Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 758382088
46 Tatu Salum Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 689828444
47 Theresia Mwandelile Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 715315540
48 Theria Shirima Dar es salaam Ubungo Malamba mawili Small scale Broiler Keeper 654819517
49 Frida Mtitu Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 755002134
50 Upendo Emmanuel Msuya Dar es salaam Kinondoni Boko kwa Mpemba -Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 716770711
51 Veneranda Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 692409298
52 Victoria .F. Mbaga Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 673638900
53 Victoria .F. Urio Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilungule-Bunju Small scale Broiler Keeper 682572070
54 Yastinta Mrema Dar es salaam Ubungo Msigani Small scale Broiler Keeper 758025502
55 Yusta .A.Ngowi Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 717338156
56 Zaituni Marieni Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 714305654
57 Ziada .S. Mwadile Dar es salaam Ubungo Msingwa Small scale Broiler Keeper 712230059
58 Humphrey Mtenda Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa Small scale Broiler Keeper 719541548
59 Perpetua Paul Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 657883076
60 Bisiti Tajiri Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 713445051
61 Sabrina S. Mahanga Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 786124864
62 Dafroza Gervas Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 715657989
63 Rehema Omary Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 682220437
64 Mary Mvanda Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mivumoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 713427824
65 Joina Anatory Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kisanga Small scale Broiler Keeper 745062976
66 Mariam Juma Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa Small scale Broiler Keeper 712284126
67 Agnes Philipo Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 687001181
68 Gloria Kachende Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 787052473
69 Maria Simon Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 654200987
70 Halfani A. Mohamed Dar es salaam Kinondoni Salasala Small scale Broiler Keeper 682811644
71 Saraphiner Mgunda Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 788765821
72 Doris Christian Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 672511809
73 Prisca Christian Dar es salaam Kinondoni Kilimahewa juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 769363091
74 Elinaike Shoo Dar es salaam Kinondoni Salasala Small scale Broiler Keeper 654995221
75 Fatuma Singo Dar es salaam Kinondoni Salasala Small scale Broiler Keeper 684642220
76 Vumilia Naftari Dar es salaam Kinondoni Wazo Small scale Broiler Keeper 653589900
77 Edith Ulasa Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 712527697
78 Rose Mchau Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 656038647
79 Mwanjaa Selemani Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 658424927
80 Patrick Schela Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbez Juu Small scale Broiler Keeper 620554095
 81 Josephina Michael Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Ndumbwi Small scale Broiler Keeper 766330811
82 Martha Komba Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 762218087
83 Hidaya Chanyoya Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Ndumbwi Small scale Broiler Keeper 688126586
84 Suzana Chambago Dar es salaam Kinondoni Jogoo Small scale Broiler Keeper 762783277
85 Zaina A. Kusingi Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 672717135
86 Ritha L. Munis Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 715526296
87 Debora Sanga Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 716887148
88 Anna Lema Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 785405740
89 Janeth Kessy Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 652593659
90 Rebeca Maoma Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 655802525
91 Nia Said Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Mtoni Small scale Broiler Keeper 745678568
92 Happy Mwarabu Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 715028611
93 Fatuma Hassani Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Ndumbwi Small scale Broiler Keeper 717293858
94 Husna Shabani Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 719467403
95 Sophia Nyati Dar es salaam Kinondoni Mbezi Ndumbwi Small scale Broiler Keeper 687301638
96 Elizabeth John Dar es salaam Kinondoni Jogoo Small scale Broiler Keeper 713627034
97 Gloria Raphael Dar es salaam Ubungo Kimara Baruti Small scale Broiler Keeper 715819756
98 Kombe Mziray Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 654992724
99 Asha Athumani Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure B Small scale Broiler Keeper 0654285933
100 Athumani Piason Spuji Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0746392079
101 Pendo Kyando Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure Small scale Broiler Keeper 0713220295
102 Farida Rajabu Dihenga Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0787163419
103 Martha Maige Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0787361582
104 Rehema Mwaifumba Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0765087436
105 Pendo Nataly Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0715229391
106 Fausta Thomas Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure B Small scale Broiler Keeper 0764762948
107 Esther J Supila Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure B Small scale Broiler Keeper 0693072074/0718392393
108 Claudia Mgyabusi Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754435498
109 Roida Konga Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0765993301
110 Mery James Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754859548
111 Zoona Mapunda Dar es salaam Ubungo Kimara Baruti Small scale Broiler Keeper 0712437791
112 Devotha Kamala Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0787123655
113 Songoro Mndeme Dar es salaam Ubungo Kimara Baruti Small scale Broiler Keeper 0788365797/0712435739
114 Zenitha Kapurula Dar es salaam Ubungo Kimara Baruti Small scale Broiler Keeper 0713605640
115 Ramla Iddy Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0652561474
116 Joseph Mahundi Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0744130276/0657202230
117 Willhemina Massawe Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0652796010
118 Evah Mhombele Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0767152277
119 Evodia Gabriel Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure A Small scale Broiler Keeper 0718333930
120 Jean Biseko Dar es salaam Ubungo Golani Small scale Broiler Keeper 0625123612
121 Serena Chuwa Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure B Small scale Broiler Keeper 0715449082
122 Joyce Lweganwa Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0715348997
123 Fortunata Komanya Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0717610910
124 Mariam Simba Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0655557719
125 Pamela S. Rwejuna Dar es salaam Ubungo Golani Small scale Broiler Keeper 0759390270/0713524918
126 Haika Urassa Dar es salaam Ubungo Golani Small scale Broiler Keeper 0742350774
127 Merru Rweyongoza Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0783046788
128 Christina Benatus Dar es salaam Ubungo Mavurunza Small scale Broiler Keeper 0712693895
129 Esther Alex Simfukwa Dar es salaam Ubungo Golani Small scale Broiler Keeper 0764646570
130 Mboma Nyarusi Dar es salaam Ubungo Kimara Baruti Small scale Broiler Keeper 0673616045
131 Niaely Mkilamwele Dar es salaam Ubungo Kilungure B Small scale Broiler Keeper 0744801321
132 Yustina Salvatory Mkaka Dar es salaam Ilala Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0752653445
133 Simon Petro Maharage Dar es salaam Ilala Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0787828747
134 Subira Petro Nyaruba Dar es salaam Ilala Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0655382934
135 Irene M. Nguruwe Dar es salaam Ilala Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0767266546
136 Asia Salum Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0768201670
137 Devotha Msobi Mwailembe Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0712354747
138 Farida Shaban Bilaly Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0715228264
139 Zena Omary Abdalah Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0654584346
140 Amina Salvanu Kinyonga Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0712897064
141 Marina Hamis Farajala Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0657620976
142 Grace Joseph Wambui Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0683067742
143 Mwajuma Haji Mambo Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0653816349
144 Rachel Mwaluko Mkweji Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0712588523
145 Sarah Luhala Dar es salaam Ilala Kwasinga-Buyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0762018889
146 Mercy Luiham Koola Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0683005078
147 Msongola Orphanange Trust Fund Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0628707093
148 Boke Magasi (Kipara) Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0755366070/0710451767
149 Grace Kilasi Ndeje Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0756452701
150 Jovini Kato Anacret Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0685326634
151 Amon Christian Mulaki Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0652670855
152 Mariam Salum Mtalika Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0717171780/0689880364
153 Frida Andrea Nzali Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0718385552
154 Tatu Said Liganga Dar es salaam Ilala Yangeyange-Msongola Small scale Broiler Keeper 0718500007/0685500007
155 Laurencia Matimo Dar es salaam Ilala Kitunda Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 0783379169
156 Marco M. Matari Dar es salaam Ilala Kitunda Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 0764291299
157 Dorica Samson Mwita Dar es salaam Ilala Kitunda Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 0745043165
158 Agnes Mwita Dar es salaam Ilala Kitunda Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 0718875718
159 Maria Charles Dar es salaam Ilala Kitunda Kati Small scale Broiler Keeper 0789435816
160 Leah Kuku Farm Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0759717771
161 Juliana Anthony Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0747577721
162 Jane Goodluck Mariki Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0752404500
163 Edith Waya Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0784342388
164 Mama Kadogoo Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0762998503
165 Mama Kimaro Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Njiapanda Small scale Broiler Keeper 0717605051
166 Leah stela B. Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Sokoni-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0756606558
167 Irene Paul Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Sokoni-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0764861949
168 Amani Tarimo Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0755715884
169 Grace Kihwelu Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0755715885
170 Ombeni Matoru Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754079766
171 Mama Selemani Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754465751
172 Mama Ezekieli Kuku Farm Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Mizani-Njiapanda Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754501087
173 Mariam Msemwa Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0717785154
174 Neema Mshana Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Njiapanda Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754599178
175 Eva Bibi Kuku Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Njiapanda Small scale Broiler Keeper 0754480347
176 Esther Shirima Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Njiapanda Small scale Broiler Keeper 0787792913
177 Irene Mosha Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Zilipendwa-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0767883879
178 Penuel P Asenga Kilimanjaro Moshi DC Nyawenda-Makuyuni Small scale Broiler Keeper 0768337994
180 Mama Zuu Buther Kilimanjaro Moshi MC Manyema Small scale Broiler Keeper 0757561856/0769232657
181 Paschal Lazaro Kilimanjaro Moshi MC Manyema Small scale Broiler Keeper 0759063328
182 Kuku shop Moshi (Godfrey) Kilimanjaro Moshi MC Agakhan Road Small scale Broiler Keeper 0783599154
183 JND Agrofood Limited (Jesca Massawe) Kilimanjaro Moshi MC Rindi Road Small scale Broiler Keeper 0653476505
184 Interchick Tanzania Limited Dar es salaam Kinondoni Interchick Broiler enterprise 0718069063
185 Kukupoa Dar es salaam Kinondoni Broiler enterprise 0717808212
186 Twiga Kuku Dar es salaam Kinondoni Broiler enterprise 0784223126
187 Luc Battel -Director Dar es salaam Frostan Broiler enterprise 0688 637 696
188 Tanzania Poultry Farm Dar es salaam
189 Msigani Poultry Farm Hatchery Dar es salaam Ubungo
190 Reginald N Minja Dar es salaam Kinondoni Livestock officer 0784894173
191 Albina James Kigongo Dar es salaam Kinondoni Extension officer 0715467332
192 Lulu Jacson Maleko Dar es salaam Kinondoni Extension officer 0713309517
193 Michael Vitus Komba Dar es salaam Kinondoni Extension officer 0717739206
194 Zuberi luwono mtima Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0718509328
195 Suleiman Ally Katalambo Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0717000769
196 Ally Omary Vulu Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0685149544
197 Sultan Mbwela Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0658848930
198 Musa Makuka Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0787714286
199 Juma Said Mwinyi Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0785652566
200 Shaban Dumwe Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0656400087
201 Seph Ally Pirimo Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0784740686
202 Ayubu Bakari Mpendu Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0719849044
203 Jumanne Saidi Kishoka Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0715991317
204 Juma Maoka Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0656861917
205 Juma Mjungu Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0715220107
206 Idd Makita Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0713510307
207 Yusufu Kishoka Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0714150930
208 Hassan Sozigwa Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0713687536
209 Amiri Abdallah Dar es salaam Ilala Kisutu Proccessor 0717183769
 Poultry Subsector in Tanzania:

Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken

Dr. Rogers A. Lumenyela and Prof. Provident Dimosso.

Think Tank Limited

40 | Poultry Subsector in Tanzania: Compliance with Standard Operating Procedures in Raising Healthy Broiler Chicken