NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF FINLAND

Strength and stability of

structures
Composite steel and concrete structures
Foreword
The Ministry of the Environment publishes the recommendations for strength and stability re-
lated to the design of composite steel and concrete structures in the National Building Code of
Finland. The instruction contains a compilation of all the National Annexes concerning the de-
sign of composite steel and concrete structures.

The beginning of each National Annex presents those clauses in the standard where national
choice is permitted, and where such a choice has been made.

Helsinki, 20 December 2016

Head of the Buildings and Construction unit

Building Counsellor Teppo Lehtinen

2
Contents

1. Scope 4

2. Design of structures
2.1 Execution documents 4
2.2 Content of the structural designs 4
2.3 Execution classes 6
2.4 Durability and design working life 6

3. Execution
3.1 Execution planning 6
3.2 Construction products 7

4. Execution supervision and the conformity of structures

4.1 Execution supervision 7
4.2 Conformity of structures 8

5. References 8

6. National annexes to Eurocodes SFS-EN 1994

National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings 9

National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules.

Structural fire design 12
NCCI 1 for standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2: Fire design of concrete filled hollow sections 15

3
1. Scope
These instructions provide additional information when applying the Ministry of Environment Decree
on load-bearing structures in the design and execution of composite steel and concrete structures. A
solution pursuant to these instructions is considered to meet the requirements set for load-bearing
structures.

These instructions are applied when composite steel and concrete structures are designed pursuant
to standards SFS-EN 1994 and their Finnish national annexes, and executed pursuant to standards
SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975 and SFS-EN 1090-2.

For precast concrete elements manufactured pursuant to harmonised European product standards,
the supplementary rules concerning design and manufacture presented in the product standards are
followed.

2. Design of structures
2.1 Execution documents

Standards SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975 and SFS-EN 1090-2 provide instructions on the preparation of the
execution documents and the execution specification for composite steel and concrete structures.

Usually, the execution documents include, at a minimum, the following:

- construction drawings
- requirements pursuant to standards SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975 and SFS-EN 1090-2, such as the
execution classes and tolerance classes
- if necessary, steelwork not covered by SFS-EN 1090-2 (such as the fire protection work for the
steel structure).
- other documents to be adhered to or references to other documents.

2.2 Contents of the structural designs

Usually, the structural designs for composite steel and concrete structures present, at a minimum,
the following to the extent applicable to the design task:
a) consequences class
b) exposure classes and the planned service life of the structure
c) the R/E/I/M fire resistance class for the structural components
d) the adopted characteristic loads and load class

4
e) complete information on the dimensions and location of the structures
f) execution class
g) tolerances/tolerance class
h) as regards concrete and reinforcement, the matters presented in the concrete structures part
of the National Building Code of Finland
i) as regards steel parts, the matters presented in the steel structures part of the National Build-
ing Code of Finland
j) the necessary casting holes and water, steam and air removal holes
k) support for reinforcements used inside the steel parts
l) supports used during construction and their removal, taking into account the prerequisites for
the creation of a composite steel and concrete structure.

The following are also presented for factory-made construction components (included in manufac-
turing or installation drawings):
m) the information required for the assessment of the suitability and design
n) the CE labelling method adopted for the prefabricated elements and fabricated steel products
(M1, M2, M3a or M3b)
o) the weight and centroid location for the structural component
p) the minimum support surfaces
q) lifting eyes and their placement
r) handling, support and lifting instructions if necessary.

The tolerances to be used are determined for each project. In composite steel and concrete struc-
tures, it is possible to use tolerance class 2 pursuant to standard SFS-EN 13670 for the concrete struc-
tures and partial factors reduced according to the manner presented in standard SFS-EN 1992. In this
case, it should be ensured that all the prerequisites related to their use are met.

Normally, the tolerances presented in standard SFS-EN 1090-2 are applied to deviations in terms of
frame location and the cross-sections of composite construction beams and columns. As regards the
concrete parts of composite constructions, the tolerances presented in standard SFS-EN 13670 and
its national application standard SFS 5975.

The thickness of the concrete cover on the reinforcements is determined from the outer surface of
the concrete cross-section. The thickness of the steel part is not considered.

The supporting of the steel parts, such as the reinforcement used inside composite columns, is done
by means of fastening welds or by using sufficiently robust spacers or a similar approach that results
in the reinforcement concrete cover values being implemented in the completed structures. This
applies to both factory and worksite manufacture.

5
2.3 Execution classes

The execution class is selected on the basis of standard SFS-EN 1990 and the consequences classes
(CC1, CC2 and CC3) and risk factors related to the implementation. In composite steel and concrete
structures, the execution classes for steel parts are determined according to the steel structures sec-
tion of the National Building Code of Finland, whereas the execution classes for concrete parts are
determined according to the concrete parts section.

There is no one single execution class for composite constructions; instead, the execution class of a
composite steel and concrete structure is determined separately for both concrete and steel. The
requirements for the steel structure execution classes are presented in standard SFS-EN 1090-2. The
requirements for the concrete structure execution classes are presented in standards SFS-EN 13670
and SFS 5975.

2.4 Durability and design working life

In order to achieve the planned service life of composite steel and concrete structures, the section of
the National Building Code of Finland on concrete parts is applied to the concrete parts and concrete
reinforcement, and the section on steel parts is applied to the steel parts.

The exposure classes for concrete parts are selected according to standard SFS-EN 206, and the envi-
ronmental exposure classes are selected according to standard SFS-EN ISO 12944-2.

3. Execution
3.1 Execution planning

The work plans for the execution of composite steel and concrete structures are drawn up on the
basis of the execution documents in adherence with standards SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975 and SFS-EN
1090-2.

Usually, the work plans for the execution of composite steel and concrete structures present, at a
minimum, the following to the extent applicable to the design task:
- the required execution drawings
- work phase plans pursuant to standards SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975 and SFS-EN 1090-2 as re-
quired by the execution documents
- quality documents pursuant to standards SFS-EN 1090-2 and SFS-EN 13670 and the latter’s
supplementary standard SFS 5975.

6
As regards concrete structures, a separate concreting plan is drawn up for the execution of structures
in execution classes 2 and 3.

An installation plan is drawn up concerning the installation of fabricated structural members and
elements.

3.2 Construction products

The characteristics of the building products, materials and supplies used in composite steel and con-
crete structures are demonstrated by means of the CE label if they are covered by the scope of the
harmonised product standard or if the manufacturer has acquired the European Technical Approv-
al/Assessment for its product. Otherwise, they are demonstrated according to the Act on the Type
Approval of Certain Construction Products (954/2012).

The characteristics of the materials and supplies presented in clauses 3.2 of the concrete structures
and steel structures sections of the National Building Code of Finland are central in terms of the reli-
ability of composite steel and concrete structures. In addition to these, key products in terms of reli-
ability include the following:
- composite slabs
- composite beams
- joint components that are used for the composite effect.

4. Execution supervision and the suitability of

structures
4.1 Execution supervision

The inspections related to the supervision of the execution of concrete structures are drawn up with-
in the scope required by the execution documents, while applying standards SFS-EN 13670, SFS 5975
and SFS-EN 1090-2.

During the execution of the structures, the responsible work supervisor or a separately appointed
specialist work supervisor will supervise that the plans and instructions concerning the manufacture
of composite steel and concrete structures and the installation of the steel/concrete elements are
followed and that the appropriate documents are prepared for the work.

If it is observed during the execution that a structure or detail does not meet the requirements laid
down in the plans and execution documents, the occurrence locations and causes of the deviations
are analysed. In this case, it is determined whether the deviation can be approved without a repair. If
7
necessary, calculations are used to demonstrate that the reliability level required by standards SFS-
EN 1994 and their National Annexes is achieved. If it cannot be demonstrated that the deviation is
acceptable without a repair, the repair will be carried out to the necessary extent. The deviation and
corrective action will be recorded in the quality control documents.

The quality control material is documented and compiled into a single entity.

4.2 Conformity of structures

When applying these instructions, the suitability appraisal for structures is based on the composite
steel and concrete structures being designed appropriately pursuant to standards SFS-EN 1994 and
their national annexes, and on the composite steel and concrete structures being executed and in-
spected pursuant to the execution documents.

5. References
If the version of a reference has not been specified, the latest edition of the reference (with amend-
ments) is applied.

SFS-EN 206 Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity

SFS-EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2: Technical re-
quirements for steel structures

SFS-EN 1990 Eurocode. Basis of structural design

SFS-EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Part 1-1: Gen-
eral rules and rules for buildings

SFS-EN 1994-1-2 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Part 1-2: Gen-
eral rules. Structural fire design

SFS-EN ISO 12944-2 Paints and varnishes. Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective
paint systems. Part 2: Classification of environments

SFS-EN 13670 Execution of concrete structures

SFS 5975 Execution of concrete structures. Use of standard SFS-EN 13670 in Finland

8
6. National annexes to Eurocodes SFS-EN 1994
National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings

As regards standard SFS-EN 1994-1-1, the recommended values set forth in standard
SFS-EN 1994-1-1 and all the annexes to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-1 are followed unless
otherwise stated in this National Annex.

The Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) is presented in italics.

National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1994-1-1:

– 2.4.1.1(1)
– 2.4.1.2(5)P
– 2.4.1.2(6)P
– 2.4.1.2(7)P
– 3.1(4)
– 3.5(2)
x 6.4.3(1)h
– 6.6.3.1(1)
x 6.6.3.1(3)
– 6.6.4.1(3)
– 6.8.2(1)
– 6.8.2(2)
x 9.1.1(2)P
– 9.6(2)
– 9.7.3(4), Note 1
– 9.7.3(8), Note 1
x 9.7.3(9)
– B.2.5(1)
– B.3.6(5).

A national choice has been made in the clauses marked •.

Indirect demonstration of lateral torsional buckling resistance in building

beams

6.4.3(1)(h)
The Table 6.1 concerning IPE and HE profiles may also be used for similar welded pro-
files. Profiles where If,z,w/If,z,hr шϬ͘ϵĂŶĚϬ͘ϵϱчhw/hhr чϭ͘ϬϱĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽ
rolled profiles. If,z,w is the transverse second moment of area of the flange in a welded
9
profile and If,z,hr is the transverse second moment of area of the flange in a rolled an IPE
or HE profile. Respectively, hw is the height of the welded profile and hhr is the height
of the rolled IPE or HE profile. If,z = b3tf/12, when using the notation from Figure 1.1 of
SFS-EN 1993-1-1.

Design resistance

6.6.3.1(3)
Where studs are arranged in a way such that splitting forces occur in the direction of
the slab thickness, the design resistance of the studs is determined on the basis of
shear tests in accordance with section B.2 of Annex B to SFS-EN 1994-1-1.

Deflections

7.3.1
Deflections are calculated according to clause 7.3.1 of SFS-EN 1994-1-1 and they need
to be below the limits stated in Table 1. The table presents the recommended maxi-
mum values for final deflections and displacements caused by characteristic loads in
statically loaded composite constructions, unless other limits are more suitable due to
the type or intended purpose of the structure or the nature of the activity.

Table 1. Maximum values for the deflections and displacement of composite construc-
tions at the serviceability limit state
wmax = wi + wlt+ wst - wc
Deflection is calculated from the characteristic load combination according to expression
(6.14) in SFS-EN 1990 with expressions (1.1) and (1.2)
Recommended deflection limits for wmax wlt + wst
Beams and slabs in roofs L/200 L/250
Beams and slabs in floors, normal L/250 L/300
Beams and slabs in floors that support columns L/400 L/500
Deflections of structures supporting easily crack-
L/400 L/500
ing walls after wall installation

Horizontal displacement of a structure

- Buildings of up to 2 storeys H/150
- Other buildings H/400
where:
L is the span width of the structure
H is the height of the building in the section considered
wc is the pre-camber of steel member
wi is the long-term deflection caused by the own weight of the structure
wlt is the long-term deflection caused by the quasi-permanent share of vari-
able actions

10
wst is the immediate and reversible deflection caused by the short-term
share of actions

Bending wlt is calculated from the actions

Qlt Qk,lt,1  ¦ \0,i Qk,lt,i (1.1)

i !1
where:
Qk,lt,1 is the long-term part of the dominant variable action
Qk,lt,i is the long-term part of the simultaneous other variable actions.

Bending wlt is calculated from the short-term variable actions

Qst ¦ \1,i Qk,st,i (1.2)

i t1
where:
Qk,st,1 is the short-term part of the dominant variable action
Qk,st,i is the short-term part of the simultaneous other variable actions.

For composite constructions, a pre-camber is required that eliminates at least the

bending wi.

Scope

9.1.1(2)P
The upper limit for the ratio defining the narrowly spaced webs, br/bs is 0.6. Figure 9.2
of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1 contains additional clarifying instructions.

When the vertical sides of the rib are shaped, the maximum rib width br is used.

Longitudinal joint shear for slabs without end anchorage

9.7.3(9)
In expression (9.8) of the standard, the resultant Nc ĐĂŶďĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďLJʅREd provided
that ʏu,Rd is specified by taking into account the appropriate longitudinal shear re-
ƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌʅis 0.5, provided the product
specification for the composite sheeting reliably indicates that the additional re-
ƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͕ĂŶĚʅis 0 in
other cases.

11
National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules.
Structural fire design

As regards standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2, the recommended values set forth in standard
SFS-EN 1994-1-2 and all the annexes to standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2 are followed unless
otherwise stated in this National Annex.

The Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) is presented in italics.

National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2:

x 1.1(16)
x 2.1.3(2)
– 2.3(1)P, Note 1
– 2.3(2)P, Note 1
x 2.4.2(3), Note 2
x 3.3.2(9), Note 1
x 4.1(1)P
x 4.3.5.1(10), Note 1.
A national choice has been made in the clauses marked •.

Scope

1.1(16)
When designing in accordance with standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2, the highest strength
class of concrete is C50/60.

Parametric fire exposure

2.1.3(2)
No values are given for the average ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌŝƐĞȴɽ1 and for the maximum tem-
ƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌŝƐĞȴɽ2 during the cooling phase of fire.

The requirement for the separation function is only based on a standard fire and on tem-
perature limits set by it.

The fire safety requirement is also deemed to be satisfied if the building is designed and
executed based on design fire scenarios which cover the situations likely to occur in the
said building. The satisfaction of the requirement is attested case-by-case taking into
consideration the properties and use of the building.

12
Member analysis

2.4.2(3), Note 1
When using the partial factors from standard SFS-EN 1990 and the Ministry of Envi-
ronment Decree 3/16 concerning its application, Figure 2.1 in standard SFS-EN 1992-1-
2 will change as presented in Figure 1.

0,9
Șfi
0,8

0,7
ȥ = 0,9
0,6 ȥ = 0,8
ȥ = 0,7
0,5 ȥ = 0,6
ȥ = 0,5
0,4
ȥ = 0,4
ȥ = 0,3
0,3
ȥ = 0,2
0,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

Qk,1 / Gk

Figure 1. dŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĨĂĐƚŽƌɻfi as a function of the load ratio of the

nominal values of dominant variable action and permanent action Qk,1 / Gk according
to the load combination rules presented in the Ministry of Environment Decree 3/16
concerning the application of standard SFS-EN 1990.

2.4.2(3), Note 2
Approximate values are not used.

Normal weight concrete

3.3.2(9), Note 1
An upper limit value in accordance with expression (3.6a) in Standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2
is used for the thermal conductivity Oc of normal weight concrete.

Introduction

4.1(1)P
Advanced calculation methods may be used in Finland. Their validity is verified in ac-
cordance with clause 4.4.4.

13
Structural behaviour

4.3.5.1(10), Note 1
The values 0.5 and 0.7 times the system length L are used for the buckling lengths Lei
and Let.

Annex H
A simple calculation model for concrete filled hollow sections exposed to fire
all around the column according to the standard temperature-time curve

Annex H is not used.

Instead of Annex H, the document NCCI 1 that follows this National Annex may be used.

14
NCCI 1 for standard SFS-EN 1994-1-2: Structural fire design of
concrete filled steel hollow section columns

Area of application for the method

The simple design method set out in this document may be used for the fire design of
concrete filled steel hollow section columns; its principles are pursuant to clause 4.3.5.1
of SFS-EN 1994-1-2. The method concerns columns exposed to standard fire exposure
on each side in the same way. The simple method described below is only used when
designing columns in laterally braced frames. The column's modified slenderness O
(SFS-EN 1994-1-1, clause 6.7.3.3(2)) may be at most 2. The wall thickness of the col-
umn’s steel tube must meet the slenderness criterion demonstrated in Table 6.3 of SFS-
EN 1994-1-1.

Method description

The method is based on the use of design temperatures for the column's material parts,
steel profile, its concrete filling and related reinforcement, which are used to determine
the compression strength Nfi.pl.Rd for the column cross-section and the effective bending
stiffness (EI)fi.eff for the column.

The steel profile design temperatures Ta.30, Ta.60, Ta.90 and Ta.120 are presented as aver-
age temperatures in Tables 1 and 2 corresponding to standard fire R30, R60, R90 and
R120.

The concrete fill design temperatures are presented as equivalent temperatures Tc.equ.30,
Tc.equ.60, Tc.equ.90 and Tc.equ.120 in expressions (1.1) and (1.2), corresponding to standard
fire R30, R60, R90 and R120.

The temperatures for the reinforcement contained in the concrete fill, Ts, are presented
in Tables 3a–5b corresponding to standard fire R30, R60, R90 and R120. In the case of
square columns, the temperatures Tsc for the corner bars of the cross-section (Tables
4a and 4b) and Tsm for the side centre bars (Tables 5a and 5b) are presented separately.
In round columns, each rod is assumed to be at the same temperature (Tables 3a and
3b).

The effective bending stiffness (EI)fi.eff used for a column exposed to fire is the bending
stiffness defined with the reduction coefficients Ma.T, Ms.T and Mc.T. The reduction factors
and design temperatures related to this method are method-specific values that are
used together in order to achieve acceptable correlation with the results from the col-

15
umn fire exposure tests. The values for the reduction factors are given in Tables 8a and
8b.

The compression resistance Nfi.Rd for an axially loaded column during a fire is always
calculated by using the buckling curve c in clause 6.3.1 of SFS-EN 1993-1-1. The effec-
tive length of the column exposed to fire may differ from the effective length of a simi-
lar column at normal temperature. The rules concerning this are given in Table 9.

The compression resistance Nfi.Rd.G for an eccentrically loaded column is calculated as a

function of eccentricity efi from expressions (1.9) and (2.0), by first defining the bending
resistance Mfi.pl.Rd and axial compression resistance Nfi.Rd for the column.

Design temperatures

The design temperature for the pipe profile of a column cross-section is calculated as a
function of the cross-section’s outer diameter D or side dimension b by applying Tables
1 and 2.

Table 1. Average temperature Ta oC for round pipe profiles as a function of outer di-
ameter D
Standard fire R30 R60 R90 R120
620  955+
0,8 820+ 1,5
Ta(D) § 510-D · § 510-D · 1015
95× ¨ ¸ 4,18 510-D 20× ¨ ¸
© 370 ¹ © 290 ¹
Limiting condi- 135 d D d 510 165 d D d 510 200 d D d 510 270 d D d
tions 510

Table 2. Average temperature Ta oC for square pipe profiles as a function of outside

dimension b
Standard fire R30 R60 R90 R120

650+ 860+ 970+

Ta(b) 400-b 400-b 1,5
45× 30× § 400-b · 1025
5× ¨ ¸
280 350 © 200 ¹
Limiting conditions 120 d b d 400 150 d b d 400 200 d b d 400 250 d b d 400
When b > 400, the temperatures corresponding to dimension b = 400 are used

16
For round columns, the equivalent temperature of the concrete cross-section is calcu-
lated as a function of the pipe’s outer diameter D with the expressions:

­șc.equ.30 ' '0,64 NXQ d '

°
°șc.equ.60 ' '0,66 NXQ d ' d 
°
® (1.1)
0,58
°șc.equ.90 ' ' NXQ d ' d 
° 2
°̄șc.equ.120 ' '' NXQ d ' d 

For square columns, the equivalent temperature of the concrete cross-section is calcu-
lated as a function of the pipe’s outside dimension b with the expressions:

­șc.equ.30 E EE 2 NXQ d E d 

°
°șc.equ.60 E E0,69 NXQ d E d 
°
® (1.2)
2
°șc.equ.90 E EE NXQ d E d 
° 2
°̄șc.equ.120 E EE NXQ d E d 

In the case of round cross-sections, the temperatures of the reinforcement bars in the
concrete cross-section are determined according to Tables 3a and 3b. The tempera-
tures of the corner bars of square columns are determined according to Tables 4a and
4b, and the temperatures of the bars in the centres of the sides are determined accord-
ing to Tables 5a and 5b.

D b
T sc

Ta T c.equ Ts h Tc.equ Tsm

us us
Ta us

Figure 1. Design temperatures Ta, Tc.equ and Ts (round columns), Tsc and Tsm (square col-
umns)

17
Table 3a. Reinforcement temperatures Ts oC in round composite columns in the case of
standard fires R30 and R60
R30 standard fire R60 standard fire
Steel profile diameter, D [mm] Steel profile diameter, D [mm]
us [mm] 140 200 250 350 500 140 200 250 350 500
20 370 335 320 310 310 645 570 540 520 520
30 307 260 245 232 232 592 487 455 427 427
40 245 185 170 155 155 540 405 370 335 335
50 217 142 132 120 120 515 357 312 277 270
60 190 100 95 85 85 490 310 255 220 205
80 - 80 65 55 55 - 265 185 140 130
110 - - 35 35 35 - - 120 85 75

Table 3b. Reinforcement temperatures Ts oC in round composite columns in the case of

standard fires R90 and R120
R90 standard fire R120 standard fire
Steel profile diameter, D [mm] Steel profile diameter, D [mm]
us [mm] 140 200 250 350 500 140 200 250 350 500
20 815 715 680 650 635 920 820 780 745 715
30 772 645 597 560 537 890 760 705 655 622
40 730 575 515 470 440 860 700 630 565 530
50 710 537 457 407 372 845 660 580 497 462
60 690 500 400 345 305 830 620 530 430 395
80 - 100 330 250 210 - 575 460 335 295
110 - - 250 150 115 - - 385 235 190

Table 4a. Reinforcement temperatures Tsc oC in the corner bars of square composite
columns in the case of standard fires R30 and R60
R30 standard fire R60 standard fire
Steel profile side dimension, b [mm] Steel profile side dimension, b [mm]
us [mm] 140 180 220 300 500 140 180 220 300 500
20 395 390 385 385 385 660 640 630 625 625
30 302 290 287 287 287 575 537 522 517 517
40 210 190 190 190 190 490 435 415 410 410
50 167 142 142 142 142 465 372 345 332 332
60 125 95 95 95 95 440 310 275 255 255
80 - 75 65 55 55 - 270 180 150 150
110 - - 30 30 30 - - 100 75 75

18
Table 4b. Reinforcement temperatures Tsc oC in the corner bars of square composite
columns in the case of standard fires R90 and R120
R90 standard fire R120 standard fire
Steel profile side dimension, b [mm] Steel profile side dimension, b [mm]
us [mm] 140 180 220 300 500 140 180 220 300 500
20 820 780 765 765 765 915 875 855 855 855
30 755 690 667 662 662 872 802 767 760 760
40 690 600 570 560 560 830 730 680 665 665
50 672 547 497 472 472 810 685 610 577 577
60 655 495 425 385 385 790 640 540 490 490
80 - 445 335 270 270 - 575 475 365 365
110 - - 230 155 145 - - 415 250 215

Table 5a. Reinforcement temperatures Tsm oC in the centre bars of square composite
columns in the case of standard fires R30 and R60
R30 standard fire R60 standard fire
Steel profile side dimension, b [mm] Steel profile side dimension, b [mm]
us [mm] 140 180 220 300 500 140 180 220 300 500
20 285 250 240 235 235 560 480 445 415 410
30 230 192 180 175 175 517 412 355 337 332
40 175 135 120 115 115 475 345 265 260 255
50 155 115 97 92 90 410 320 240 210 207
60 135 95 75 70 65 450 295 215 160 160
80 - 65 50 40 40 - 215 165 105 100
110 - - 30 30 30 - - 130 80 60

Table 5b. Reinforcement temperatures Tsm oC in the centre bars of square composite
columns in the case of standard fires R90 and R120
R90 standard fire R120 standard fire
Steel profile side dimension, b [mm] Steel profile side dimension, b [mm]
us [mm] 140 180 220 300 500 140 180 220 300 500
20 740 650 495 535 535 870 770 715 625 615
30 710 592 475 455 450 842 722 650 550 532
40 680 535 455 375 365 815 675 585 475 450
50 667 507 412 322 305 802 647 545 420 390
60 655 480 370 270 245 790 620 505 365 330
80 - 450 330 195 170 - 600 465 300 250
110 - - 245 135 100 - - 395 240 160

Calculating compression resistance and effective bending resistance in a cross-section

The compression resistance for a column cross-section during a fire, pursuant to clause
4.3.5.1(4) of SFS-EN 1994-1-2, is calculated from the expressions (1.3a) - (1.3d):

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N fi.pl.Rd =N fi.a.Rd +N fi.s.Rd +N fi.c.Rd (1.3a)

N fi.a.Rd =k y.ș (șD I \ $D Ȗ0ILD (1.3b)

N fi.s.Rd =k s.ș (șV I VN $V Ȗ0ILV (1.3c)

N fi.c.Rd =kc.ș (șFHTX I FN $F Ȗ0ILF (1.3d)

The effective bending stiffness for a column cross-section during a fire, pursuant to
clause 4.3.5.1(5) of SFS-EN 1994-1-2, is calculated from the expressions (1.4a) - (1.4d):

(EI) fi.eff =ija.ș (, Dș ijVș (, Vș ijFș (, Fș (1.4a)

(EI)a.ș =k (Dș (șD (D , D (1.4b)

(EI)s.ș =k (Dș (șV (D , V (1.4c)
f c.ș (șFHTX f ck
(EI)c.ș =EFVHFș (șFHTX , F , F N (Fș șFHTX ,F (1.4d)
İc1.ș șFHTX İF

In the expressions, (EI)a.T, (EI)s.T and (EI)c.T are the nominal bending stiffness values of
the steel cross-section, reinforcement and concrete cross-section, and Ia, Is and Ic are
the second moments of area for the cross-section parts. The reduction factors for the
mechanical properties of steel materials are pursuant to Table 6 and the reduction fac-
tors of the mechanical properties of concrete are pursuant to Table 7.

The values for the adjustment coefficients Ma.T are given in Table 8 and the values for
adjustment coefficients Ms.T are given in Table 9. Coefficient Mc.T = 1.2 in all cases.

Table 6. Reduction factors for the mechanical properties of steel materials pursuant to
SFS-EN 1994-1-2 and SFS-EN 1992-1-2
Tempera- Structural steel and hot rolled reinforce- Cold formed reinforcement rods
ture ment rods
Ta, Ts kEa.T, kEs.T ky.T, ks.T kEs.T ks.T
20 1 1 1 1
100 1 1 1 1
200 0.9 1 0.87 1
300 0.8 1 0.72 1
400 0.7 1 0.56 0.94
500 0.6 0.78 0.4 0.67
600 0.31 0.47 0.24 0.4
700 0.13 0.23 0.08 0.12
800 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.11
900 0.0675 0.06 0.05 0.08
1000 0.045 0.04 0.03 0.05
1100 0.0225 0.02 0.02 0.03
1200 0 0 0 0
Ea.ș E Es.ș f sy.ș
k Ea.ș = , k Es.ș = s.ș k Es.ș = , k s.ș =
Ea Es Es f sk
f ay.ș f sy.ș
k y.ș = , k s.ș =
fy f sk

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Table 7. Reduction factors for the material properties of concrete pursuant to SFS-EN
1992-1-2
Tc kc.T kH. T kHu.T kEc = kc.T/kH.T
20 1 1 1 1
100 1 1.6 1.125 0.625
200 0.95 2.2 1.250 0.432
300 0.85 2.8 1.375 0.304
400 0.75 4 1.500 0.188
500 0.6 6 1.635 0.100
600 0.45 10 1.750 0.045
700 0.3 10 1.875 0.03
800 0.15 10 2.000 0.015
900 0.08 10 2.125 0.008
1000 0.04 10 2.250 0.004
1100 0.01 10 2.375 0.001
1200 0 - - 0
f İ I N IFN IFN
kc.ș = c.ș ; kİș = Fș ; EFVHFș = Fș = Fș =k (Fș
fck İc1 İc1.ș Nİș İF İF
H c1 = 0.0025

Table 8a. Values of reductiont coefficient Ma.T according to pipe profile size
Square pipe profiles,
Standard Round pipe profiles, outer diameter D
outside dimension b
fire
135 165 200 220 250 273 t 323 d 150 t 180
R30 0.45 0.5 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.45 0.60
R60 - 0.4 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.45 0.60
R90 - - 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 - 0.45
R120 - - 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 - 0.35

Table 8b. Values of reduction coefficient Ma.T according to rod placement

us [mm] 30 40 50 t 60
Ms.T 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

Compression resistance of an axially loaded column

The compression resistance of a column Nfi.Rd is calculated as a buckling resistance from

the expression

N fi.Rd =Ȥ Ȝș 1 fi.pl.Rd (1.5)

where Ȥ Ȝș is the reduction factor depending on the column’s relative slenderness

ratio Ȝș ; it is always calculated according to the European buckling curve c (SFS-EN
1993-1-1 clause 6.3.1).
relative slenderness ratio Ȝș is

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 N fi.pl.R
Ȝș (1.6)
N fi.cr
where Nfi.pl.R is the resistance of the cross-section pursuant to clauses (1.3a..d), when
the partial factors JM.fi.a, JM.fi.s and JM.fi.c have a value of one. Nfi.cr is calculated as a
function of the column’s effective length Le.T and effective bending stiffness (EI)fi.eff dur-
ing a fire
ʌ 2 (, fi.eff
N fi.cr = 2
(1.7)
Le.ș

Table 9. When each floor of a laterally supported frame forms a separate fire com-
partment, the effective lengths Le.T depend on the position of the column, floor height
L and the assumptions regarding the end supports
Le.T = EL E
Continuous columns, top floor exposed to fire 0.7
Continuous columns, middle floor exposed to fire 0.5
Continuous columns, bottom floor exposed to fire 0.6
Single floor columns, E depends on the column end fasteners and is the same as at the
normal temperature

Accounting for the interaction of the moment and the axial load

The bending of the column during a fire is accounted for as the eccentricity efi of the ax-
ial load Nfi.Ed, which is

M fi.Ed
e fi = (1.8)
N fi.Ed

where Mfi.Ed is the highest bending moment occurring along the length of the column
that is exposed to fire and Nfi.Ed is the axial load related to the load case that corre-
sponds to moment Mfi.Ed. The compression resistance Nfi.Rd.G of an eccentrically loaded
column is calculated as a share of the resistance Nfi.Rd of an axially loaded column:

N fi.Rd.į =ȋ1 IL5G , ȋ  Ǻ fi  Ǻ fi 2 Ȥ Ȝș (1.9)

1 N fi.pl.Rd -N fi.c.Rd
Ǻ fi  H fi (2.0)
Ȥ Ȝș M fi.pl.Rd

where Nfi.pl.Rd is the compression resistance of a column cross-section according to ex-

pression (1.3a) and Nfi.c.Rd is the compression resistance of a concrete cross-section ac-
cording to expression (1.3d).
The bending resistance Mfi.pl.Rd for a column exposed to fire is calculated in the same
manner as clean bending resistance at normal temperature; however, the design

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strengths used for material components are ky.T(Ta)fy/JM.fi.a (steel profile), ks.T(Ts)fsk/JM.fi.s
(reinforcement) and kc.T(Tc.equ)fck/JM.fi.c (concrete).

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