Agriculture and Fishery Arts Majorship Agricultural Economics - is an applied field of

economics concerned with the application of

Agriculture - it is an art and science of economic theory in optimizing the production
systematic production of useful plants and and distribution of food.
animals for human consumption.
Farm Engineering - It is the application of
As an Art - Because of the aesthetic importance engineering techniques to agriculture.
of plants, usually for decorative purposes.
PLANT PRODUCTION
As a Science - Because of the involvement of
scientific knowledge for better production. PLANTS - are multicellular organisms that
typically produce their own food from inorganic
Farming - Is the cultivation of land for the matter through the process of photosynthesis.
production of crops, the raising of animals for
egg, milk and meat, the production of fruit and 4 BASIC PARTS OF THE PLANTS
other horticultural and agronomical crops.
Roots - the underground part of the plants.
BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
Stem- allows the plant to grow upright, and is a
Horticulture - Is the science and art of growing transport system for the water and minerals
and using fruits, vegetables, flowers, coming from the ground.
ornamental plants and grasses to enhance our
living environment and to diversify human diets. Leaf - in botany, any usually flattened green
outgrowth from the stem of a vascular plant. As
Olericulture - is the science of vegetable the primary sites of photosynthesis, leaves
growing, dealing with the culture of non-woody manufacture food for plants, which in turn
(herbaceous) plants for food is the production ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals.
of plants for use of the edible parts.
Parts of the Leaf Apex - the tip of the leaf
Pomology - Pomology (from latin pomum (fruit)
+ -logy) is a branch of botany that studies and Margin - the edge of the leaf
cultivates fruit. Midrib - the large central vein
The denomination fruticulture—introduced Base - where the petiole attached, if petiole is
from Romance languages (from Latin fructus absent, attaches directly to the stem.
and cultura)—is also used.
Petiole - also called stalk, attaches the blade to
Floriculture, or flower farming - is a discipline the stem.
of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of
flowering and ornamental plants for gardens Stipule - the two appendages at the base of the
and for floristry, comprising the floral industry. petiole, (often absent) Blade- the main body of
the leaf
Landscape Horticulture – growing of
ornamental plants for mass effects in garden. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Staple food - is one that is regularly consumed FLOWER- the reproductive structure of
in large quantities as to form the basis of a flowering plants: also called bloom/blossom
traditional diet and which serves as a major
a. Pistil - also called carpel, it is the female part
source of energy and nutrients.
which is consists of the following:
Animal Industry - is the branch of agriculture
Stigma - a sticky surface at the end of the pistil
concerned with animals that are raised for
tat catches t pollen grains.
meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products and
other raw product for industry.  Style - the neck of the pistil; the structure
between the ovary and stigma
 Ovary - where the ovule resides collective fruits, are fruiting bodies formed from
a cluster of fruiting flowers, the inflorescence.
Ovule - where the eggs are produces and seeds
develop c. Simple - A fruit that develops from a single
ovary in a single flower. Simple fruits may be
b. Stamen- the male part which is consists of: fleshy or dry.
Anther - produces and holds up the anther SEEDS - the product of the ripened ovule
Filament - stalk that holds up the anther gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which
occur after fertilization.
c. Petals - highly colored part of the flower, may
contain perfume and nectar glands. Seed Structure:

Corolla - the collection of petals in a flower. Embryo - an immature plant from which a new
plant grows under proper conditions.
d. Sepals - small green structures on the base
that protect the flower bud Cotelydons - food supply of the embryo.

Calyx - is a group of sepalse. Seed coat or Testa - outer covering of the seed;
a tough, hard, outer coat, the testa protects the
Pedicel - the stem of the flower seed from fungi, bacteria and insects; it has to
be split open by the radicle before germination
f. Receptacle - the place where floral organs are
can proceed.
attached and originate
Hilum - the scar left on the seed coat
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWER
Micropyle - tiny pore in the testa opposite the
a. Complete Flower - 4 basic parts are present
tip of the radical; it admits water to the embryo
In order for a flower to be considered complete, before active germination.
it must have sepals, petals, at least one stamen
MODE OF REPRODUCTION
and at least one pistil.
Sexual Reproduction - plants that develop from
b. Incomplete Flower - 3 basic parts are present
seed or spore after undergoing union of sexual
Any flower missing one or more of those four gametes.
crucial parts is considered to be incomplete.
Asexual Reproduction - plants by which
c. Perfect Flower - 2 sexual reproductive organ reproduce by any vegetative means without the
are present. union of sexual gametes.

d. Imperfect Flower - 1 sexual reproductive PRACTICE IN CROP PRODUCTION

organ is present.
Selection of Seeds - one of the primary
requisite for successful farm crop production is
FRUIT - is the seed-bearing structure in good quality seed. A seed is fertilized ripened
flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) ovule of a flowering plant that contains an
formed from the ovary after flowering. embryo capable of germination to produce a
new plant.
CLASIFICATION OF FRUITS
In selecting seeds, you must consider the
a. Aggregate - develops from a single flower following factors:
with many ovaries.
Viability - seeds that can germinate and
b. Multiple - fruit develops from group of tightly produce strong healthy plants that are
clustered flowers. Multiple fruits, also called considered viable seeds.
Damage free - seeds should be whole and free Rag-doll Method - The ragdoll germination test
from any damage either by insects or involves placing a known number of seeds in a
mechanical elements. moist paper towel, rolling up the towel and
seeds to place inside a plastic bag, and assessing
True to type - seeds should be of the same the number of seeds that germinate over the
variety and should have uniform shapes and next few days.
sizes.
Seed box Method - plant a number of seeds in a
Free from seed borne diseases - seed should be seed box and water them. After several days,
come from disease free plants (free from pest count the seeds that germinated and compute
and pathogens). A number of diseases could be for the percentage of germination using this
seed transmitted. formula:
Free from weed mixture - seed should be free Percentage germination = number of deeds
from weeds and other foreign or inert matter germinated X 100
Mature - seeds should come from fully ripened Number of seeds sown
fruits. Mature seeds have fully developed
embryos. They can be distinguished by their
size, texture and color. LAND
PREPARATIO
CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF PLANTS
FROM SEEDS

Proper Number of Seeds to be planted

- Soil Fertility
N
-
-
Availability of Water
Tilling Capacity of the Crop Land
Seed density=Number of seeds per meter of
row
preparation is
(%of germination)×(% of expected emergence) done in
accordance with
Testing the viability of Seed

Seed quality testing involves measuring,

examining, evaluating, and checking seeds to
determine conformity with standards of
requirements.
the requirement
Seed Testing - is done to assess seed lot of crops,
attributes and determine overall quality and
value for seedling production and storage. Seed
must be tested before planting to make sure
whether they
that they will be germinate and produce strong
and healthy plants. grow
Common Methods of Testing Seed Viability
under dry land
Dish Method - also known as dinner plate
method which the germination is done thru
placing the seeds in plate line the dish with
or wet land
moistened, tissue paper, then place a number
of seeds. systems.
In preparing the used in crop
site for production.
planting, the Farm
following implements -
activities should accessories
be done: pulled by
- Clearing animals or
- Plowing mounted to
-Harrowing machineries to
- Raise make the
seedbeds work easier
FARM Farm tools -
TOOLS, objects that are
IMPLEMENTS usually light
AND and are used
EQUIPMENTS without the help
Farm of animals and
Equipment - machines
These are Preventive
machineries maintenance -
an activity or and are used
operation done without the help
to prevent of animals or
malfunction of machines.
tools and Bolo is used for
equipment and cutting tall
it is done to grasses and
prolong the weeds and
useful life of chopping
tools and branches of
equipment trees.
Repair - to Crowbar is used
restore to good for digging big
condition holes and for
something digging out big
broken or stones and
damaged stumps.
Hand Tools Pick-mattock is
Hand tools are used for
usually light digging canals,
breaking hard loose soil,
topsoil and for moving soil
digging up from one place
stone and to another
tree stumps. and for mixing
Grab-hoe is soil media.
used for Rake is used for
breaking hard cleaning the
topsoil ground and
pulverizing soil. levelling the
Spade is used topsoil.
LAND PREPARATION
for removing Land preparation - is done in accordance with

trash or soil,
the requirement of crops, whether they grow
under dry land or wet land systems.

digging canals In preparing the site for planting, the following

activities should be done:

or ditches and - Clearing

- Plowing

mixing soil - Harrowing

media. - Raise seedbeds

FARM TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

Shovel is used Farm Equipment - These are machineries used

in crop production.
in removing Farm implements - accessories pulled by

trash, digging
animals or mounted to machineries to make the
work easier
Farm tools - objects that are usually light and Hand fork - is used for inter row cultivation.
are used without the help of animals and
machines Pruning shears - is for cutting branches of
planting materials and unnecessary branches of
Preventive maintenance - an activity or plants.
operation done to prevent malfunction of tools
and equipment and it is done to prolong the Axe - is for cutting bigger size post.
useful life of tools and equipment Knife - is for cutting planting materials and for
Repair - to restore to good condition something performing other operations in horticulture
broken or damaged Sprinklers - for watering seedlings and young
plants.

Hand Tools Water pails - for hauling water, manure and

fertilizers
Hand tools - are usually light and are used
without the help of animals or machines. Sprayers - are for spraying insecticides, foliar
fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides
Bolo - is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds
and chopping branches of trees. Wheel barrow - is used for hauling trash,
manures, fertilizers, planting materials and
Crowbar - is used for digging big holes and for other equipment.
digging out big stones and stumps.
Sickle - is a hand-held agricultural tool with a
Pick - mattock is used for digging canals, variously curved blade typically used for cutting
breaking hard topsoil and for digging up stone weeds.
and tree stumps.
Farm Implements
Grab-hoe - is used for breaking hard topsoil
pulverizing soil. Plows - these are farm implements either pulled
by a working animal or a tractor. The low is
Spade - is used for removing trash or soil, specifically used for tilling large areas, making
digging canals or ditches and mixing soil media. furrows and inter row cultivation.

Shovel - is used in removing trash, digging loose Harrow - the native wooden harrow is made of
soil, moving soil from one place to another and wood with metal teeth and pulled by a carabao
for mixing soil media. while the disc harrow is made of metal
mounted to a tractor.
Rake - is used for cleaning the ground and
levelling the topsoil. Rotavator - The Rotavator is an implement
mounted to a tractor used for tilling and
Spading fork - is used for loosening the soil, pulverizing the soil.
digging out root crops and turning over the
materials in a compost heap. Ways of Planting Seeds

Light hoe - is used for loosening and levelling Direct Seeding - the method involves planting
soil and digging out furrows for planting. seeds in an area where they will grow until they
are ready for harvesting.
Hand trowel - is used for loosening the soil
around the growing plants and putting small Indirect Seeding - in this method, the seeds are
amount of manure fertilizer in the soil. planted in seedbeds or seed boxes to produce
seedlings, which are then transplanted in the
Hand cultivator - is used for cultivating the field soon as they have three or more leaves.
garden plot by loosening the soil and removing
weeds around the plant. Irrigation and Water Supply Irrigation - the
artificial application of water to the land or soil
Drainage - the natural or artificial removal of Organic Fertilizer - these are known as natural
surface and subsurface water in a given area fertilizer because they are man-made. It is come
from plant or animal materials that are used
Types of Irrigation: either through direct incorporation into the soil
A. Surface Irrigation or Flood Irrigation - is the or through composting.
application of water by gravity flow to the Animal manure - this contains high amounts of
surface of the field. organic material valuable to the growth of
Basin irrigation - are flat areas of land, crops. Manure should be dried or composed
surrounded by low bunds. The bunds prevent before it is applied to the soil as fertilizer.
the water from flowing to the adjacent fields. Green Manure - is produced by planting
Basin irrigation - is commonly used for rice leguminous crops over the areas for planting.
grown on flat lands or in terraces on hillsides.
Compost - it is an organic material consisting
Furrow irrigation - are small channels, which mostly of animal manure and crop residues.
carry water down the land slope between the
crop rows. Water infiltrates into the soil as it Inorganic Fertilizer - also referred to as
moves along the slope. synthetic fertilizer, is manufactured artificially
and contains minerals or synthetic chemicals.
Border irrigation - are long, sloping strips of These are commercially prepared fertilizers sold
land separated by bunds. They are sometimes by agricultural suppliers.
called border strips.
 -Complete fertilizer- this contains the three
B. Localized Irrigation - Localized irrigation
major element needed by plants - Nitrogen
systems apply water directly where the plant is
(N)Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K).
growing thus minimizing water loss through
 -Compound Fertilizer- this contains two of
evaporation from the soil. Such localized
the major elements
irrigation systems include drip irrigation and
 -Straight or single-element fertilizer- this
sprinkler irrigation.
contains only one of the three major
DRIP IRRIGATION - Drip irrigation is sometimes elements.
called trickle irrigation and involves dripping
2 Types of Nutrients
water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20
liters/hour) from a system of small diameter Macro Nutrients - Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
or drippers.
Micro Nutrients - Iron, Manganese, Copper,
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION - is a method of Molybdenum, Chlorine and Boron
applying irrigation water which is similar to
natural rainfall. The Three Major Elements

SUB-IRRIGATION - also known as seepage  Nitrogen

irrigation, is a method of irrigation where water  Phosphorus
is delivered to the plant root zone from below  Potassium
the soil surface and absorbed upwards. The
Application of Fertilizer
excess may be collected for reuse.
1. Broadcast Method - this is done by scattering
MANUAL IRRIGATION - using buckets or hand
fertilizer uniformly around each plant.
sprinkler. Manual irrigation systems are easy to
handle and there is no need for technical 2. Side dressing application - fertilizer are at
equipment. close to the seeds or around the established for
easy absorption of the elements.
FERTILIZER – are substances added to the soil to
increase its fertility.
3. Foliar Application - this is done by dissolving Plant Diseases - are abnormal conditions in
fertilizer in water and spraying it on the leaves plants that are manifested through sign and
or foliar parts of the plant rather on the soil. symptoms. They are one of the dangers that
may naturally occur in crop production.
Types of Soil Texture
Types of Micro-organisms and Pathogens
 sand, with coarser or larger particles
 Bacteria - these are microscopic
 silt, with medium sized particles organisms that depend on plants for
 clay, with the finest or smallest particles. food. They enter the host plant either
thru wounds or through the cracks of
the epidermis. It may cause rooting of
the roots, stems, fruits, leaves, wilting,
Sandy Soil - 85% sand. and death of the entire plants.
Sandy Loam Soil - 45-85% sand, 0-50% silt, 20%  Viruses - these are infectious or
clay. pathogenic organisms that are too small
to seen by naked eye. They are highly
Loam Soil - 23-53% sand, 20-50% silt, 5-27% infectious and can be easily transmitted
clay. to healthy plants by mere plant
movement or through insects with
Silt Loam Soil - 0-5% sand, 50-88% silt, and 0-
sucking mouth parts.
27% clay.
 Nematodes - these are microscopic eel-
Clay Loam Soil - approximately 20-40% sand, like roundworms that feed on the roots
18-52% silt and 27-40% clay. and on the underground parts of many
kinds of crops.
CONTROL OF PLANT PESTS AND DISEASE
Types of Plant Diseases
Pest - is a collective term that refers to
organisms that injure or damage plants.  Blight - cause plants to quickly turn
brown as if they had been burned.
Insect Pests - are insects that cause damage to  Canker- causes open wounds on woody
human and human concern. plant stems
 Damping off- a fungal disease that
TYPES OF INSECT PEST
causes young plants and seedlings to
a. Chewing Insects - these insects take their rot off at the soil level
food by biting off and eating up the leaves and  Galls - round swellings or growth on
other parts of the plants. Examples: cabbage plants
worms, cut worms, bean, pod borer, squash  Leaf Spots - ring of different shades of
bugs and caterpillar. brown, green, or yellow that make
spots on leaves
b. Sucking Insects - these insects have tube-like
 Mildew - grow on leaf surfaces (both
mouth parts, which they can insert into leaves
upper and lower)
and stems to suck juice of succulent plants.
 Mosaic - caused by viruses that make
Examples are the aphids, leaf hopper, scale
the leaves have irregular mottled areas
insects, and mealy bugs.
with patters ranging from dark green to
c. Siphoning Insects - they have coiled tube that light green to yellow to white
dip into liquid food such as nectar and draw it  Root Rot - causes plants to decay and
in. die
 Rust - causes small spots on leaves that
d. Sponging Insects - have two sponge-like resembles yellow, orange, brown or red
structures that collect liquid food and move it rust mainly on the underneath side of
into the food canal. the leaves
  Smut - a black powdery disease that Quincunx Method - this method is used when
causes blister that burst open releasing fillers are desired. This is also referred to as
black spores. diagonal system of planting.
 Wilts - disease that blocks the uptakes
Rectangular method - this method is also called
of water in plant stems causing it to wilt
alternate system.
Pest and Diseases Control Methods
Hexagonal method - this is also called triangular
a. Chemical Control - using either insecticides or system of planting
pesticides
POULTRY
b. Cultural Control - involves sanitation,
- The term poultry generally refers to
removing insect breeding and hiding areas and
domesticated birds raised to satisfy human
using insect resistant plant varieties
needs, examples of poultry species are
c. Mechanical Control - using physical controls chickens, ducks, quails, and pigeons. This
such as traps, screens, washing plants with species are raised mainly for their eggs and
soapy water. meat.

d. Natural Method - using natural barriers to

control insects such as rivers, woods, mountains Characteristics of Different Poultry Species
and natural predatorse.
Common Name
e. Quarantine - physical isolating insects from
Scientific Name Incubation Period (days)
healthy plants
 Egg Weight (grams) Chicken Callus gallus
f. Combined Method - using a combination of
domesticus 21 58
control methods is called Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) or Integrated Control  Duck Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos) 28 80- 83
Methods of propagating Trees  Muscovy (Culrina moschata) 35-57 70
 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 28 80- 90
Propagation - refers to the reproduction and  Pigeon Columba livia 18 17
multiplication of plants from their ancestral  Quails Coturnix coturnix japonica 18 10- 15
species.  Guine fowls Numida meleagridis 26-28 40
 Ostrich Sthruthio australis/camelus 42 1400
Sexual Propagation - is the most natural way of
 Peafowl Pavo cristatus 28 95
propagating plants. Many of our plants are
reproduced from seeds. BROILER MANAGEMENT

Asexual propagation - this can be achieved  Broiler - is a meat chicken processed at the
without the help of a sex organs of the plant. age of 7-12 weeks when it reaches 2 1⁄2 to 3 1⁄2
pounds live weight
Natural asexual propagation - is the process of
multiplying by using growing parts like the bulb,  Fryer - is a meat chicken usually marketed at
suckers, tuber, root stock, runner, and rhizome. 12-20 weeks
Artificial asexual propagation - these are  Capon - are male chickens that have been
production of multiplication of plants using the castrated and they are harvested at 4- months
part and buds of selected mother parts and old.
applying the different methods like cutting,
layering, budding, grafting and marcotting.  Chick - is a newly hatched or a very young
chicken
TECHNIQUES IN PLANTING FRUIT TREES
 Cock - is a male chicken at least 1 year old
Square Method - this method is commonly used
by most fruit tree growers. LAYING MANAGEMENT
Feeds given to layers are called laying mash or Fisheries - refers to all activities relating to the
layer mash. act or business of fishing culturing, preserving,
processing, marketing, developing, conserving
Layer Mash 1 - given to layers 18-42 weeks old and managing aquatic resources and the fishery
Layer Mash 2 - given to layers 42 weeks old areas, including the privilege to fish or take
until they are culled. aquatic resource.

Culling - is the process of removing undesirable

chickens from the flock. Undesirable chickens in BRANCHES OF FISHERY
a laying flock include those that are sick,
injured, deformed, and unable to lay eggs. 1. Fish Culture - the human effort of raising the
maximum productivity of fish and other fishery
Following are the benefits of proper and regular aquatic products and maintaining the supply of
culling: these products to satisfy human needs.
Increased egg production 2. Fish Capture - branch of fishery science that
 Lower risk of contamination from sick deals with the scientific method of catching fish
chickens as well and the type of fishing gear used.

3. Fish Preservation - branch of fishery science

 Lower cost of egg production
that deals with the scientific method of
 More space for the remaining layers preserving fish and other fishery aquatic
products to prevent spoilage.
 Additional income from the sale of culls
EXTERNAL PARTS OF FISH AND THEIR
LIVESTOCK FUNCTION
- Are domesticated animals raised in an 1. Operculum/gill cover - part of the fish that
agricultural setting to produce labor and covers the gills
commodities such as meat, eggs, milk,
fur, leather, and wool. The term is 2. Scales - part of the fish that cover the body
sometimes used to refer solely to those
3. Lateral lines - lines along the body of the fish
that are bred for consumption, while
used to help the fish adapt itself to its new
other times it refers only to farmed
environment
ruminants, such as cattle and goats.
4. Fins - part of the fish that used for swimming,
Bovine - is a term relating to cattle
balancing and propelling in water
Caprine - is a term relating to goats
5. Eyes - part of the fish that used for seeing
Equine - is a term relating to horses, mules,
6. Mouth - part of the fish that used for
zebras, and asses
swallowing objects, particularly food
Herd - is a grouping of a single species of
7. Anus - part of the fish that serves as an
livestock. They maybe exceptions to the term’s
excretory organ of the fish where the waste
usage outside of cattle, horses, asses, swine,
matter coming from the body of fish passes out.
and rabbits.
8. Caudal Peduncle - part of the fish that
Ovine - is a term relating to a sheep
connect the body and the tail9. Nostril - part of
Porcine - is a term relating to swine the fish that used for smelling

FISHERY ARTS INTERNAL PARTS OF FISH AND THEIR

FUNCTION
1. Spine – the primary structural framework Phases or Aspects of Fish Culture
upon which the fish’s body is built. It connects
to the skull at the front of the fish and the tail at Fish Cultivation - the rearing of fish under
the rear. The spine is made up of numerous controlled or semi- controlled condition
vertebrae, which are hollow and which protect Fish Propagation - the process of increasing fish
the delicate spinal cord. life either by natural or artificial means of
2. Spinal cord – the part that connects the brain reproduction.
to the rest of the body and relays sensory Fish Conservation - the scientific means of
information from the body to the brain, as well utilizing fish and other fishery aquatic
as instruction from the brain to the rest of the products/resources.
body.
TYPES OF FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE
3. Brain – the control center of the fish where
both automatic functions and higher behaviours On culture system basis
occur. All sensory information is processed
1. Traditional
here.
2. Improved traditional
4. Lateral line – one of the fish’s primary sense 3. Continuous stocking and harvesting
organs. It detects underwater vibration and is
On the basis of intensity
capable of determining the direction of their
source. 1. Extensive
2. Semi-intensive
5. Swim or air bladder – a hollow, gas-filled
3. Intensive
balance organ that allows a fish to conserve
4. Super-intensive
energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy in
water. On the species composition basis
6. Kidney – filters liquid waste materials from 1. Mono culture
the blood. These waste are then passed out the 2. Poly culture
body
Some aspects to look on to ensure good quality
7. Stomach and intestines – break down food fingerlings for stocking
and absorb nutrients.
1. Right fish to culture
8. Pyloric caeca – finger like projection located 2. Should not be inbred
near the functions of the stomach and the 3. Should be fast growth
Intestine. It known to secrete enzymes that aid 4. Should not be stunted
digestion. It may also function to absorb 5. Should be hardy and disease resistant
digested food or do both. 6. Right size to stock
7. Should be monosex
9. Liver – it assists digestion by secreting
enzymes that break down fats, and also serves Water quality parameters that needs to be
as storage area for fats and carbohydrates. monitored and managed
10. Heart – circulates blood throughout the  Physical - total suspended and dissolved
body. solids. turbidity, color, odors, temperature
 Chemical - pH, alkalinity, hardness,
11. Muscle – provide movement and
conductivity, dissolved gases
locomotion. These are parts of the fish that are
usually eaten. They compose the fillet of the  Biological - algae, microbes (bacteria,
fish. protozoa, fungi, etc.)

12. Gonad - hormone-secreting sexual gland of CHARACTERITICS FRESH FISH STALE FISH
a fish.
1. Odor - Fishy Foul or sour decomposed due to enzymatic and bacterial
reactions. Breakdown or protein occurs
2. Gills - Bright red Light pink which result to putrid odor.
3. Slime - Clear and appear few on the fish skin BODY FORMS OF FISH
Cloudy and plenty on fish skin
- Fish vary widely in form and in shape
4. Eyes Clear, transparent, bright and but their parts both internal and
protruding Cloudy and Sunken external are almost the same.
5. Flesh Firm and elastic, the fingermarks do Fusiform - This is the most common form with
not remain in fish flesh Soft and flabby, elongated and slender body tapering towards
fingermarks remains in the fish flesh the head and tail. Examples are milkfish, yellow
6. Skin and color - Shiny and bright Dull and fin tuna, big eyed round scud, oceanic bonito,
pale striated murrel, Indian sardine, herring and
others.
7. Scales Stick - tightly to fish skin Loose and are
easily removed Compressiform - This compressed laterally with
wide, flat, and circular-like body. Examples are
8. Vent Pinkish and reddish Brownish the moonfish, slip mouth, asaitic thread fish,
spadefish and others.
9. Ph 6.0 to 7.0 Below 6.0
Depressiform - Have a thin, flat and strongly
10. test Sink in water Float in water
depressed body form and having very low and
Characteristics of Fresh and Stale Crustacean broad bodies. Example: sting ray.

Changes of Fish after Death CHARACTERISTICS FRESH CRUSTACEAN STALE

CRUSTACEAN
-The fish starts to die the moment they are
removed from the water. Several changes in 1. Odor Mild and sweet Foul or offensive
them occur such as the following;
2. shellsfish/claws/carapace Adhere tightly to
Change in color - The color of gills, skin and the flesh loose and easily removed
flesh starts to fade after death. And if no
3. Meat (cooked) Texture is firm Soft and
preservative action is applied to the fish the
flabby
color becomes pale.
4. Color (cooked) Bright red Dull red
Rigor mortis - This occurs a few hours after
the death of the fish. Fish in this state are 5. Eyes Clear and protruding Cloudy and
characterized by the stiffness of the fish sunken
body due to the formation of lactic acid
caused by bacteria. Taeniform - It is ribbon like and elongated body
form of fish. Example: hair tail.
Autolysis - It is the self-digestion in the fish
muscle tissue by enzymes due to Anguilliform - It has elongated body usually
continuous digestion even in fish death. At round fish, and snakelike. Example: swamp eel.
this time enzymes can no longer control Globiform - It has s short roundish body and
digestion, thus softening of fish tissues globular. Example: puffer fish. This fish can
occur. Bactria also helps in digestion where inflate itself with water or air, thus can become
change of flavor and odor is noticed in the globular. Its ability of inflation is used for
fish. The fish I the state of autolysis is defense as it is adapted to rapid swimming.
considered stale.
SALTING
Putrefaction - In this state the fish are
totally spoiled. Their muscle tissues
 Salting - is one of the fish curing methods. Salt Liming - is a preventive measure or remedial
is the main preservative agent used in fish process to increase alkalinity of the ponds and
curing to lengthen the shelf-life and other improve aquatic organism survival, optimize
fishery products. Salt is used in almost all growth and ensure desirable water quality.
method of fish preservation except in icing, Lime is commonly applied on pond bottom. To
refrigeration and freezing. achieve maximum efficiency, lime should be
raked and plowed in the soil. Waters that
need liming are those that do not turn green
when fertilizer is added to the pond water.

FERMENTING Amount of lime to be used when soil or

water is analysed
- This method has two products, namely fish
paste or bagoong and fish sauce or patis. Formula: QL= DpH - ApH × 0.5 tons/ ha ×
Fish are dry salted and left to ferment so area
that protein hydrolizes to produce paste 0.1 NVL
and sauce. Some fish processors apply
papain to make the fermentation period Where:
shorter and faster, sardine, herring, shad,
silverside and slip mouth are common QL = quantity of required lime
species fermented. DpH = desired pH

ApH = actual average pH reading of the

DRYING AND DEHYDRATION pond soil

Drying and dehydration - may be similar since NVL = neutralizing value of lime
they involve on the removal of moisture For agriculture lime = 1
content. However, when pertaining to fish
curing, it is necessary to distinguish them. For quicklime = 1.73

FISH SMOKING For hydrated lime = 1.35

Smoking or smoke-curing - is a method of A = Area of the pond (in hectare)

preserving fish by the application of smoke with
Example:
the aid of salting, drying and heat treatment.
Salting and drying reduce the amount of QL (Agricultural lime)= DpH – ApH x 0.5 tons/ ha
moisture available to spoilage organisms while x area
the treatment with the smoke is primarily used
to impart attractive color and distinctive flavor 0.1 x NVL
to the finished product.
QL = (6.8 – 6.5) x 0.5 tons/ ha x 1 ha
FISH CANNING
0.1 x 1
- Of all fish processing methods, canning
= 0.3 x 0.5 tons/ha x 1 ha
is still the best, though its procedure is
complicated. Caning retains the original 0.1
flavor of the food; improves the
nutritive value of the products, it = 1.5 tons agriculture lime
lengthens the shelf-life of the products
B. Stock Sampling
and easily facilitates transport.
Stock sampling - is important for estimating
Lime Computation
average fish weights and standing cropweight. It
is also needed to adjust daily feed ration for the 9. Water supply canal – for supplying water to
fish. the different compartments.

Average Body Weight (ABW) Types of Improved Freshwater Fishponds

Layout
= total weight at a particular time (g)
1. Conventional – consist of one sluice gate and
total number of fish samples long water supply canal. This supplies the
different compartments.

2. Radiating – have one sluice gate; wide and

short supply canal; and secondary gates in the
Common Units of a Fishpond different compartments.

1. Nursery pond (NP) – for the rearing of fish fry 3. Progressive – consist of one sluice gate; long
to fingerlings size. The most suitable place is supply canal and a secondary gates provided to
where it can be easily supplied with fresh, different compartments of progressively
unpolluted water all the time and at elevation increasing areas.
where it can be readily drained even during
ordinary low tide. The size of the NP depends 4. Specialized – has one sluice gate; one or two
primarily on the fingerling requirements of the drainage gates. Two secondary gates
rearing ponds based on the maximum yearly compartment; and a large supply and catching
targeted production. canal/pond.

2. Transition pond (TP) - for the storage or

acclimatization of fingerlings. It is located
adjacent to the nursery pond in order to have
an effective and easy transfer of fry. Its pond
bottom is constructed a little bit lower than that
of the nursery pond.

3. Rearing pond (RP) – for raising fingerlings up

to marketable size. It is the largest
compartment in the pond system.

4. Breeding pond – for confining breeders.

5. Hatching pond – for depositing eggs until

these are hatched.

6. Catching pond (CP) – for confining and

catching fry, fingerlings and fish of marketable
size. It is constructed at the gate inside the
pond where it is intended to be used.

7. Head pond – for storing reserve water.

8. Feed pond – for producing food such as lab-

lab, lumut or plankton. In fishpond areas where
natural foods not grow well and supplementary
feeding is necessary, one of the RP‘sor NP‘s
could be utilized as a feed pond. It should be a
separate compartment ideally located near the
pond where supplementary feeding is intended.