BLUETOOTH

MADE BY : HARSH JHA

M.Tech( WNC)
2023WNC02
 CONTENTS
❑ What is Bluetooth?
❑ Origination & History
❑ The Concep
❑ Generations
❑ Ecosystem
❑ Security
❑ Versions
❑ Applications
❑ Challeneges
❑ Future Aspects
 WHAT IS
BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY ?

⮚ Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless communication

standard that enables devices to exchange data over short distances
without the need for cables or wires.

⮚ Bluetooth technology is a versatile and powerful wireless technology

that has revolutionized the way we connect devices. It is expected to
play an even greater role in our lives in the future.
 BLUETOOTH ORIGIN

⮚ In the 10th century, King Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson,

known for his blue-gray tooth, united the Scandinavian
tribes.
⮚ In the 1990s, Ericsson engineers, led by Jaap Haartsen,
sought to develop a wireless technology to connect devices
without cables.
⮚ Inspired by Harald's unifying efforts, they named the
technology "Bluetooth," a temporary placeholder that
became permanent.
⮚ In 1999, the first Bluetooth specification was released,
marking the debut of this now-essential technology.
WHAT BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
OFFERS?

⮚ Convenient and easy to use

⮚ Eliminates the need for cables
⮚ Low power consumption
⮚ Secure
⮚ Widely compatible
 THE CONCEPT

Four Key Working Principles of Bluetooth Technology

❑ Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): FHSS mitigates interference by rapidly

switching between frequencies, making it difficult for jammers or interferers to disrupt the
signal.
❑ Master-Slave Architecture: This hierarchical structure ensures efficient communication
management, with one device, the master, controlling the exchange of data with one or more
slave devices.
❑ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): TDMA divides the transmission time into slots,
assigning each slot to a specific user, allowing multiple devices to share the same frequency
band without interference.
❑ Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH): AFH enhances interference avoidance by dynamically
adjusting the hopping pattern based on real-time interference conditions, ensuring reliable
communication even in crowded environments
Key Features of Bluetooth Technology

⮚ Low Power Consumption: Bluetooth technology is designed

for low power consumption, making it ideal for battery-powered
devices like smartphones, wearables, and smart home
accessories.

⮚ Security: Bluetooth incorporates security features like

authentication and encryption to protect data transmission from
unauthorized access and eavesdropping.

⮚ Standardization and Interoperability: Bluetooth technology is

standardized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),
ensuring compatibility and interoperability between devices from
different manufacturers.
 WORKING OF BLUETOOTH

➢ Data Preparation and Packing: The data to be transmitted is first prepared and
formatted into packets, which are the basic units of data transfer in Bluetooth.

➢ Link Establishment: Before data transmission begins, the Bluetooth devices establish a
connection, exchanging information about their capabilities and security parameters.

➢ Channel Selection: Using a technique called frequency hopping spread spectrum

(FHSS), Bluetooth devices rapidly hop between frequencies in the 2.4 GHz ISM band,
minimizing interference and ensuring reliable communication.

➢ Packet Transmission: Packets containing the data are transmitted using a master-slave
architecture. The master device, typically the initiating device, controls the
communication and sends packets to the slave device, which can be a headset, speaker,
or other Bluetooth-enabled device.

➢ Packet Reception and Decoding: The slave device receives the packets, decodes them,
and extracts the original data.
 WORKING OF BLUETOOTH

➢ Acknowledgment and Error Checking: To ensure data integrity, Bluetooth employs

acknowledgment and error checking mechanisms. If errors are detected, the data is
retransmitted until successful reception.

➢ Link Termination: When communication is complete, the Bluetooth devices gracefully

terminate the link, freeing up resources for future connections.

➢ Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH): In crowded environments, Bluetooth devices

employ AFH to dynamically adjust their hopping patterns, avoiding frequencies that are
experiencing interference and ensuring reliable communication.

➢ Security: Bluetooth incorporates various security measures, including authentication,

encryption, and bonding, to protect data from unauthorized access.

➢ Profile Usage: Bluetooth profiles, such as the Headset Profile (HSP) and the Hands-Free
Profile (HFP), define the purpose and functionality of Bluetooth devices, ensuring
compatibility and interoperability between different brands and models.
 Bluetooth Profiles:
Defining Purpose and Functionality

Some of the most common Bluetooth profiles include:

• HSP (Headset Profile): HSP enables basic communication between a Bluetooth

headset and a mobile phone, allowing users to make and receive calls hands-free.
• HFP (Hands-Free Profile): HFP extends the functionality of HSP, providing
additional features like voice dialing, call waiting, and call history access.
• A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile): A2DP allows high-quality stereo
audio streaming between Bluetooth devices, enabling wireless music playback from
smartphones to speakers or headphones.
• AVRCP (Audio/Video Remote Control Profile): AVRCP enables remote control
of Bluetooth audio devices, allowing users to adjust volume, play, pause, and skip
tracks from a distance.
 Bluetooth Profiles:
Defining Purpose and Functionality

• PAN (Personal Area Networking Profile): PAN allows Bluetooth devices to form a
personal area network (PAN), enabling data sharing and internet connectivity
between devices.
• SPP (Serial Port Profile): SPP emulates a serial port over Bluetooth, allowing
devices to communicate using traditional serial protocols.
• HID (Human Interface Device Profile): HID enables Bluetooth devices to act as
human interface devices, such as keyboards, mice, and game controllers.
• GATT (Generic Attribute Profile): GATT is a profile used in Bluetooth Low
Energy (LE) devices, providing a flexible and extensible way to define and manage
data attributes.
 BLUETOOTH ECOSYSTEM

The Bluetooth ecosystem comprises a vast array of products, including:

• Smartphones and tablets

• Wireless headsets and speakers
• Wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers
• Smart home appliances and accessories
• Automotive systems
• Medical devices
• Industrial and manufacturing equipment and many more
 BLUETOOTH ECOSYSTEM

• Bluetooth technology has fostered a thriving ecosystem of devices, applications, and

services that have revolutionized the way we connect and interact with the world around
us.
HISTORY and GENERATIONS
 GENERATIONS

Bluetooth technology has evolved through several generations, each offering

improved performance and capabilities. Here's a brief overview of the main Bluetooth
generations:

• Bluetooth 1.0: Released in 1999, the first Bluetooth generation offered a data rate
of 721 kbps and a range of up to 10 meters.
• Bluetooth 1.1: Released in 2001, Bluetooth 1.1 introduced error correction
and increased reliability.
• Bluetooth 1.2: Released in 2003, Bluetooth 1.2 enhanced data transfer rates to 1
Mbps and introduced Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) support.
 GENERATIONS

• Bluetooth 2.0: Bluetooth 2.0: Released in 2004, Bluetooth 2.0 focused

on improving power consumption and introducing new profiles for applications like
wireless headsets and hands-free car kits.
• Bluetooth 2.1: Released in 2007, Bluetooth 2.1 further improved data transfer rates
to 2.1 Mbps and introduced Secure Simple Pairing (SSP) for enhanced security.
• Bluetooth 3.0: Released in 2009, Bluetooth 3.0 introduced high-speed data transfer
rates of up to 24 Mbps using High Speed (HS) mode, while maintaining backward
compatibility with earlier Bluetooth versions.
• Bluetooth 4.0: Released in 2010, Bluetooth 4.0 introduced Low Energy (LE)
technology, significantly reducing power consumption and enabling a wider range
of applications, particularly for wearable devices and smart home technologies.
 GENERATIONS

• Bluetooth 5.0: Released in 2016, Bluetooth 5.0 doubled the data transfer rate of
Bluetooth LE to 2 Mbps, extended range up to 4 times, and introduced new features
like mesh networking for enhanced connectivity.
• Bluetooth 5.1: Released in 2019, Bluetooth 5.1 introduced Direction Finding,
enabling precise location tracking of Bluetooth devices, and improved connection
stability for certain applications.
• Bluetooth 5.2: Released in 2020, Bluetooth 5.2 introduced LE Audio, a new audio
codec designed for low power consumption and high-quality audio, and enhanced
connection stability for audio devices.
• Bluetooth 5.3: Released in 2021, Bluetooth 5.3 introduced several improvements,
including enhanced privacy features, lower power consumption for LE Audio, and the
ability to locate devices even when they are not actively transmitting.
 GENERATIONS

Bluetooth Launch Data Rate Modulation Key Features

Version Year (Mbps) Scheme
Bluetooth 1.0 1999 0.721 GFSK Basic communication and
data exchange capabilities

Bluetooth 2.0 2004 2.1 EDR GFSK Enhanced data rate (EDR)
for faster data transfer

Bluetooth 3.0 2009 24 HS mode High Speed (HS) mode for

(theoretical) even faster data transfer

Bluetooth 4.0 2010 1 BLE GFSK Bluetooth Low Energy

(BLE) for low-power devices
and applications
 GENERATIONS

Bluetooth 5.0 2016 2 BLE2 GFSK Bluetooth Low Energy 2

(BLE2) for improved
performance and
efficiency
Bluetooth 5.1 2019 2 BLE2 GFSK with Direction Finding for
Direction Finding determining the direction
of other Bluetooth devices
Bluetooth 5.2 2020 2 BLE2 GFSK with Enhanced Attribute
Enhanced Attribute Protocol (EATT) for more
Protocol (EATT) efficient data transfer
Bluetooth 5.3 2021 2 BLE2 GFSK with LE LE Audio and periodic
Audio and periodic advertising for new features
advertising such as audio sharing and
broadcasting
 CURRENT SCENARIO

• Bluetooth technology is ubiquitous in today's world, with over 5 billion devices

shipped annually. It has become an essential component of our daily lives, connecting
a wide range of devices and enabling a variety of applications.
• Bluetooth is the most widely used wireless technology in the world, with over 4
billion active users.
• Bluetooth is expected to continue to grow in popularity, with projections of over 7
billion active users by 2025.
• Bluetooth LE is the fastest-growing segment of the Bluetooth market, driven
 WiFi - Bluetooth

Here are factors that contribute to the lack of interference between Bluetooth
and Wi-Fi:

• Different power levels: Bluetooth devices typically transmit at a lower

power level than Wi-Fi devices.
• Different transmission patterns: Bluetooth devices use a more
directional transmission pattern than Wi-Fi devices, focused in a particular
direction helps to reduce interference from other devices.
• Intelligent channel selection: Both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices use
intelligent channel selection to avoid channels that are already in use by
other devices.
 WiFi V/S BLUETOOTH

Feature Wi-Fi Bluetooth

Frequency band 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz 2.4 GHz
Range Up to 300 meters Up to 10 meters
Data rate Up to 9.6 Gbps Up to 3 Mbps
Latency 1-10 milliseconds 5-10 milliseconds
Power consumption High Low
Number of Up to 256 Up to 7
connected devices
Security WPA2, WPA3 AES-128, AES-256
Applications Internet access, streaming Wireless headphones, speakers,
video and audio, file sharing, keyboards, mice, printers, smart
gaming home devices
 CONNECTION MECHANISM

❖ Inquiry:
❑ The initiating device sends out an inquiry request to discover all Bluetooth
devices within range.
❖ Pairing:
❑ Once the initiating device has discovered the desired Bluetooth device, it can
initiate a pairing process.
❑ The pairing process involves exchanging security keys and verifying the
identity of both devices.
 CONNECTION MECHANISM

❖ Connection:
 The connection establishment process involves negotiating the communication
parameters, such as the data rate and frequency hopping sequence.
 Once the connection is established, the two devices can start exchanging data.

❖ Authentication and encryption:

 Bluetooth connections can be authenticated and encrypted to protect the data being
exchanged.
❑ Encryption ensures that the data being exchanged cannot be read by unauthorized
parties.

❖ Link management:
❑ Bluetooth connections are managed by the link manager on each device.
❑ The link manager is responsible for maintaining the connection, ensuring reliable
data transfer, and handling errors.
 BLUETOOTH SECURITY

Bluetooth security is based on:

❑ Authentication
❑ Encryption
❑ Pairing
❑ Bonding
 BLUETOOTH SECURITY

Bluetooth Security Vulnerabilities

❑Bluejacking: Sending unsolicited messages to nearby Bluetooth devices

❑Bluesnarfing: Gaining unauthorized access to data stored on nearby Bluetooth devices
❑Bluebugging: Taking control of a nearby Bluetooth device

Protecting Yourself from Bluetooth Vulnerabilities

❑Keep your Bluetooth devices up to date with the latest security patches
❑Use strong passwords and PINs for your Bluetooth devices
❑Be cautious about pairing with unknown devices
❑Disable Bluetooth when you are not using it
 APPLICATIONS

Bluetooth is used in a wide variety of applications, including:

❑ Wireless headsets
❑ Hands-free car kits
❑ Wireless speakers
❑ Wireless keyboards and mice
❑ Mobile file transfer
❑ Smart home devices
❑ Wearables [Image representing the different applications of Bluetooth]
 FUTURE

Potential Future Applications of Bluetooth

❑ Bluetooth-enabled medical devices
❑ Bluetooth-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication
❑ Bluetooth-powered smart cities
❑ Bluetooth-enabled wearables for health and fitness monitoring

Future trends include:

❑ Increased data rates
❑ Lower power consumption
❑ Longer range
❑ New applications
 CHALLENGES

Challenges for the Future of Bluetooth

❑ Ensuring the security and privacy of Bluetooth devices
❑ Developing new standards to accommodate future applications
❑ Maintaining compatibility with existing Bluetooth devices
Thank you !