See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/362946333

Character Association and Path coefficient Analysis among Diverse Genotypes of

Forage Maize (Zea mays L.)

Article · August 2022

CITATIONS READS

2 201

5 authors, including:

Tejaskumar Borkhatariya Praful Sondarava

Junagadh Agricultural University Anand Agricultural University
6 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS 2 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Rumit Patel
Anand Agricultural University
24 PUBLICATIONS 81 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Tejaskumar Borkhatariya on 26 August 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022)

ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130

ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Character Association and Path coefficient Analysis among Diverse Genotypes
of Forage Maize (Zea mays L.)
Tejaskumar H. Borkhatariya1*, Dipakkumar P. Gohil2, Praful M. Sondarava1, Rumit Patel3
and Kuldeep M. Akbari1
1
M.Sc. (Agri.), Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
B.A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand (Gujarat), India.
2
Research Scientist & Head, Main Forage Research Station, AAU, Anand, (Gujarat), India.
3
Research Associate, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
AAU, Anand (Gujarat), India.
(Corresponding author: Tejaskumar H. Borkhatariya*)
(Received 29 May 2022, Accepted 28 July, 2022)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)
ABSTRACT: Forage crops are highly important, especially for the countries like India which has a large
livestock population. Therefore in the present investigation,fifty elite genotypes of forage maize (Zea mays
L.) were evaluated for the study of character association and path coefficient analysis during Kharif-2021 at
Main Forage Research Station, AAU, Gujarat, India. Results revealed that days to 50% tasseling, days to
50% silking, number of leaves per plant, plant height, stem thickness, leaf length, leaf width, leaf: stem ratio
and dry matter content had a significantly positive correlation with green fodder yield at both genotypic as
well as phenotypic level. The highest correlation of plant height (rg = 1.043) and stem thickness (rp = 0.819)
with green fodder yield was found at genotypic and phenotypic levels, respectively. The path coefficient
analysis revealed positive direct effects of such yield contributing traits, like days to 50% tasseling, days to
50% silking, number of leaves, stem thickness, leaf length, dry matter content and crude protein content.
The highest positive direct effect was observed from leaf length. Therefore, selecting the plant with more
number of leaves, higher leaf length and good stem thickness will ultimately increase the green fodder yield.
Keywords: Forage maize, Character association, Path analysis, Correlation coefficient, Fodder quality.

INTRODUCTION feed due to its high content of protein, good palatability

and good digestibility (Ballard et al., 2001). Forage
India is ranked first in milk production contributing
maize also holds sufficient nutritional quality when we
23% of the global milk production. Milk production in
compare it to other non-leguminous fodders (Mahdi et
the country has grown at a compound annual growth
al., 2011).Identifying the genetic compositions that are
rate of about 6.2% to reach 209.96 million metric
superior in green fodder yield is the main problem
tonnes in 2020-21 from 146.31 million tonnes in 2014-
faced by forage maize breeders. Green fodder yield is
15 (Economic survey, 2022). Milk production is
influenced by various metric traits and it is the
heavily reliant on the availability of high-quality
consequence of numerous complex morphological and
fodder. Also, an insufficient supply of high-quality feed
physiological processes that take place at different
and fodder is the primary factor lowering milch animal
stages of growth. To select better genotypes with higher
productivity in India (Kumari et al., 2022). On all India
green fodder yield and good nutritional quality, it is
basis, there is an overall deficit of 11.24% in green
critical to understand how these economically
fodder availability in the country. Total green fodder
beneficial traits are related to other characteristics.
availability is 734.2 million metric tonnes against the
Correlation analysis identifies relationships between
requirement of 827.19 million metric tonnes. The major
different agronomical qualitative traits in genetically
source of green fodder in India is cultivated land,
diverse populations for crop improvement (Silva et al.,
followed by pasture land and forests (Roy et al., 2019).
2016).
To meet the needs of an ever-increasing livestock
While going for selection in forage crops, a breeder
population, fodder production and productivity must be
must know about the direction and magnitude of the
increased.
association between the forage yield and its
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a dual-purpose crop that
contributing traits. Correlation measures the extent and
produces kernels for human consumption as well as
direction (positive or negative) of the relationship
fodder for livestock. It is an excellent source of animal
between two or more variables, while path analysis
Borkhatariya et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022) 829
partitions correlations into direct and indirect effects. as suggested by Dewey and Lu (1959) at both
The estimates of correlation and path coefficients help phenotypic and genotypic levels. The data were
breeders to understand the roles and relative analysed using the “Variability” package (Popat et al.,
contributions of various traits in determining the growth 2020) in the R-studio.
behaviour of crop cultivars under specific
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
environmental conditions (Shahbaz et al., 2007). The
aim of this study was to determine the relationships Fodder yield is a complex character that is influenced
between various forage maize characters and to identify by a number of other traits, each of which has either a
the direct and indirect effects of yield contributing positive or negative association with green fodder yield,
characters on green fodder yield. with direct as well as indirect effects. It is important to
remember that whenever two traits are correlated,
MATERIAL AND METHODS
selecting for one trait would ensure selection for the
Experimental site. The experiment was conducted other automatically. As a result, choosing the best traits
during Kharif-2021 at Main Forage Research Station, in this study that correlated with yield would lead to a
Anand Agricultural University, Anand (22° 35’ N, 72° higher yield in forage maize. Determining appropriate
55’ E), Gujarat, India. The soil texture of the selection methods for the yield components requires
experimental location at Anand centre is sandy loam, knowledge of the mechanisms of association, causes
with a pH range of 8.1 to 8.5. It has low organic matter, and effects relationships, which forms the basis for
nitrogen and cation exchange capacity, while it has a achieving rational improvement in fodder yield and its
medium phosphorus content and it is moderately rich in components.
potash. Association between forage traits. The genotypic
Experimental design and material. Fifty diverse correlation coefficients and phenotypic correlation
forage maize genotypes were evaluated in a randomized coefficients for various traits are given in Tables 1 and
complete block design with three replications. Each 2, respectively. Results indicated that all the traits,
genotype was planted in a single row of 5.0 m in length, except CP and ADF, had a positive and significant
30 cm apart, with a 10 cm plant-to-plant spacing. To correlation at the genotypic level with green fodder
avoid damage and border effects, the experiment was yield per plant. CP and ADF also had a significant, but
surrounded by border rows. The recommended negative genotypic correlation with green fodder yield.
agronomical and plant protection practices were Earlier negative genotypic correlation for ADF content
followed for the successful raising of the crop. in forage maize was found by Kapoor and Batra (2015).
Observations recorded and characters investigated. While at the phenotypic level, all the traits, except three
Observations were recorded on five randomly selected quality traits viz., CP, NDF and ADF; were found
plants from each entry for thirteen different traits viz., positively and significantly correlated with green fodder
days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of yield per plant. Thus, selection based on these traits will
leaves per plant, plant height (cm), stem thickness (cm), result in improving the green fodder yield in forage
leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf: stem ratio, dry maize genotypes. These results were in harmony with
matter content (%), crude protein content (%)[CP], the findings of Kapoor and Batra (2015) as well as
neutral detergent fibre content (%)[NDF], acid Rathod et al. (2021) for number of leaves, plant height,
detergent fibre content (%)[ADF]and green fodder yield stem girth, leaf length and leaf width. Kapoor and Batra
per plant (g). The sample collected from each genotype (2015) as well as Naharudin et al. (2021), also observed
was chopped and air-dried for three days followed by non-significant phenotypic correlations for quality
oven drying at 100º C till the attainment of constant parameters, which was in accordance with the present
weight and then dry matter content was calculated from investigation.
the data. After that, the sample was powdered and The genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation
scanned with “FOSS NIR System” (Model: 5000 coefficients among various yield component traits viz.,
composite) following the standard analytical protocol to days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of
estimate all the quality parameters such as CP, NDF leaves per plant, plant height, stem thickness, leaf
and ADF. length and leaf width were significantly positive. Crude
Statistical analysis. The data collected were analysed protein content was found negative but significantly
for correlation and path coefficient study. Genotypic correlated with all the characters except with leaf: stem
and phenotypic coefficients of correlation were ratio at the genotypic level. Also, acid detergent fibre
calculated from genotypic and phenotypic co-variances content had a negative and significant genotypic
and variances as described by Singh and Chaudhry correlation with most of the traits, except dry matter
(1985); Johnson et al. (1955). Direct and indirect content and neutral detergent fibre content.
effects were calculated by the path coefficient analysis

Borkhatariya et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022) 830

 Table 1: Genotypic correlation coefficients among various traits of forage maize genotypes.
DS NOL PH ST LL LW LSR DM CP NDF ADF GFYPP
DT 0.955** 0.593** 1.003** 0.907** 0.835** 0.913** 0.354* 0.139 -0.496** -0.262 -0.894** 0.892**
DS 0.565** 0.968** 0.880** 0.802** 0.855** 0.336* 0.225 -0.695** 0.053 -0.684** 0.901**
NOL 0.649** 0.733** 0.357* 0.632** 0.127 0.101 -0.498** -0.027 -2.183** 0.599**
PH 1.044** 0.934** 0.945** 0.164 0.198 -0.926** 0.514** -1.998** 1.043**
ST 0.813** 0.847** 0.182 0.217 -0.570** 0.315* -1.839** 0.941**
LL 0.914** 0.119 0.125 -0.433** 0.209 -2.084** 0.828**
LW 0.204 0.187 -0.399** 0.303* -0.828** 0.887**
LSR -0.071 0.142 -0.229 -1.394** 0.282*
DM -1.081** 2.484** 3.919** 0.351*
CP -2.021** -2.788** -0.674**
NDF 7.999** 0.638**
ADF -0.401**
*, **Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance; DT= days to 50% tasseling, DS= days to 50% silking, NOL= number of leaves per plant,
PH= plant height (cm), ST= stem thickness (cm), LL = leaf length (cm), LW= leaf width (cm), LSR: leaf: stem ratio, DM= dry matter content
(%), CP= crude protein content (%), NDF= neutral detergent fibre content (%), ADF= acid detergent fibre content (%), GFYPP= green fodder
yield per plant (g)

Table 2: Phenotypic correlation coefficients among various traits of forage maize genotypes.
DS NOL PH ST LL LW LSR DM CP NDF ADF GFYPP
DT 0.929** 0.435** 0.620** 0.644** 0.650** 0.699** 0.258** 0.110 -0.149 -0.001 -0.085 0.801**
DS 0.406** 0.615** 0.639** 0.623** 0.648** 0.261** 0.175* -0.199* 0.026 -0.072 0.802**
NOL 0.501** 0.498** 0.269** 0.396** 0.079 0.024 -0.036 -0.076 -0.058 0.477**
PH 0.747** 0.675** 0.609** 0.146 0.134 -0.037 0.003 0.014 0.781**
ST 0.711** 0.704** 0.177* 0.054 -0.032 -0.034 -0.071 0.819**
LL 0.719** 0.161* 0.058 0.002 -0.054 -0.055 0.735**
LW 0.200* 0.140 -0.109 -0.001 -0.071 0.739**
LSR -0.031 0.084 -0.079 -0.080 0.240**
DM -0.419** 0.492** 0.313** 0.188*
CP -0.392** -0.272** -0.140
NDF 0.268** 0.066
ADF 0.019
*, **Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance; DT= days to 50% tasseling, DS= days to 50% silking, NOL= number of leaves per plant,
PH= plant height (cm), ST= stem thickness (cm), LL = leaf length (cm), LW= leaf width (cm), LSR: leaf: stem ratio, DM= dry matter content
(%), CP= crude protein content (%), NDF= neutral detergent fibre content (%), ADF= acid detergent fibre content (%), GFYPP= green fodder
yield per plant (g)

The maximum positive genotypic correlation characteristics were controlled by genes with
coefficient was observed between NDF and ADF (rg = pleiotropic effect or controlled by multiple genes that
7.999), followed by dry matter content and ADF (rg = are linked (Chen and Lubberstedt 2010).
3.919). While the highest negative and significant Path coefficient analysis. The partitioning of the total
correlation coefficient was found between CP and ADF correlation coefficient into direct and indirect effects
(rg = 2.788), followed by number of leaves per plant for green fodder yield revealed positive direct effects of
and ADF (rg = 2.183). The highest value of positive many yield contributing traits, like days to 50%
and significant phenotypic correlation was observed tasseling (2.3479), days to 50% silking (0.8148),
between days to 50% tasseling and days to 50% silking number of leaves (1.5062), stem thickness (0.6432),
(rp = 0.929), followed by stem thickness and green leaf length (3.5755), dry matter content (2.1036) and
fodder yield per plant (rp = 0.819). Whereas dry matter crude protein content (0.7623) [Table 3]. Similarly, the
content and CP (rp = 0.419) exhibited the highest positive direct effect of days to 50% tasseling was
value of negative and significant correlation at the found by Rathod et al. (2021). While, Kapoor and Batra
phenotypic level, followed by CP and NDF (rp = (2015) as well as Kapoor (2017) for number of leaves;
0.392). Kapoor and Batra (2015); Kapoor (2017); Rathod et al.
The highest correlation of plant height (rg = 1.043) and (2021) for stem girth; Kapoor (2017); Rathod et al.
stem thickness (rp = 0.819) with green fodder yield per (2021) for leaf length; Rathod et al. (2021) for dry
plant was found at genotypic and phenotypic levels, matter content; observed positive direct effects. Thus,
respectively. While the highest negative correlation of the improvement in yield contributing characteristics
green fodder yield per plant was observed with crude such as number of leaves, stem thickness and leaf
protein content (rg = 0.674, rp = 0.140).Significant length will help to improve green fodder yield directly
correlations between fodder yield as well as various as well as indirectly.
yield contributing traits suggest that these

Borkhatariya et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022) 831

 Table 3: Path coefficient analysis
lysis for direct (bold) and indirect effects on green fodder yield per plant (g) in
for forage maize genotypes.
Genotypic
correlation
DT DS NOL PH ST LL LW LSR DM CP NDF ADF
with
GFYPP
DT 2.3479 0.7784 0.8936 -3.5218 0.5832 2.9866 -3.0698 -0.1364 0.2917 -0.3771 0.0733 0.0424 0.892**
DS 2.2430 0.8148 0.8507 -3.3979 0.5661 2.8682 -2.8768 -0.1295 0.4731 -0.5286 -0.0149
0.0149 0.0324 0.901**
NOL 1.3930 0.4602 1.5062 -2.2793 0.4717 1.2762 -2.1231 -0.0489 0.2118 -0.3789 0.0074 0.1035 0.599**
PH 2.3559 0.7888 0.9781 -3.5099 0.6712 3.3380 -3.1793 -0.0632 0.4162 -0.7035 -0.1438
0.1438 0.0947 1.043**
ST 2.1288 0.7172 1.1044 -3.6626 0.6432 2.9061 -2.8476 -0.0701 0.4572 -0.4346 -0.0882
0.0882 0.0872 0.941**
LL 1.9612 0.6536 0.5376 -3.2768 0.5228 3.5755 -3.0736 -0.0459 0.2626 -0.3289 -0.0587
0.0587 0.0988 0.828**
LW 2.1427 0.6969 0.9506 -3.3173 0.5445 3.2670 -3.3638 -0.0784 0.3937 -0.3030 -0.0847
0.0847 0.0393 0.887**
LSR 0.8313 0.2739 0.1912 -0.5759 0.1170 0.4261 -0.6842 -0.3853 -0.1500 0.1076 0.0642 0.0661 0.282*
DM 0.3256 0.1833 0.1516 -0.6944 0.1398 0.4463 -0.6295 0.0275 2.1036 -0.8216 -0.6952
0.6952 -0.1858 0.351*
CP -1.1615 -0.5650 -0.7487 3.2392 -0.3667 -1.5427 1.3370 -0.0544 -2.2672 0.7623 0.5641 0.1318 -0.674**
NDF -0.6147 0.0435 -0.0400 -1.8028 0.2027 0.7495 -1.0178 0.0884 5.2247 -1.5364 -0.2799
0.2799 -0.3793 0.638**
ADF -2.0989 -0.5575 -3.2879 7.0137 -1.1827 -7.4506 2.7862 0.5368 8.2448 -2.1183 -2.2391
2.2391 -0.0474 -0.401**
*, **Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance; DT= days to 50% tasseling, DS= days to 50% silking, NOL= number of leave
leaves per plant,
PH= plant height (cm), ST= stem thickness (cm), LL = leaf length (cm), LW= leaf width (cm), LSR: leaf: stem ratio, DM= dry matter content
(%), CP= crude protein content (%), NDF= neutral detergent fibre content (%), ADF= acid detergent fibre content (%), GFYPP= green
g fodder
yield per plant (g).

Fig. 1. Path diagram depicting genotypic correlation and direct effects of yield attributes on green fodder yield per
plant in forage maize [*, **Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance; DT= days to 50% tasseling, DS= days to 50%
silking, NOL= number of leaves per plant, PH= plant height (cm), ST= stem thickness (cm), LL = leaf length (cm), LW= leaf
width (cm), LSR: leaf: stem ratio, DM= dry matter content (%), CP= crude protein content (%), NDF= neutral detergent fibre
content (%), ADF= acid detergent fibre content (%), GFYPP= ggreen fodder yield per plant (g)].

However, negative direct effects were observed for Further, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking,
such traits as plant height (-3.5099),
3.5099), leaf width ((- number of leaves per plant, stem thic
thickness, leaf length
3.3638), leaf: stem ratio (-0.3853),
0.3853), NDF ((-0.2799) and and dry matter content had a true relationship with
ADF (-0.0474).
0.0474). It ultimately indicated that the positive green fodder yield per plant by establishing a
significant correlation
lation of most of these traits with green significant positive association and positive direct effect
fodder yield per plant was due to indirect effects on green fodder yield. Thus, selection for these traits
generated through other characters mainly. The will be more rewarding for the improvement of green
negative direct effect of leaf width and leaf: stem ratio fodder yield per plant in forage maize.
was observed by Kapoor (2017), also Kapoor and Batra
CONCLUSION
(2015)) reported a negative direct effect of ADF on
green fodder yield. Results of the present investigation lead to the
The highest positive direct effect on green fodder yield conclusion that selection for the traits like days to 50%
per plant was observed from leaf length followed by tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of leaves per
days to 50% tasseling and dry matter content. Although plant, plant height, stem thickness, leaf length, leaf
plant height had the highest negative direct effect, the width, leaf: stem ratio and dry matter content
co could
positive correlation with green fodder yield was due to improve green fodder yield as they had a positive
the positive indirect effects via leaf length and other correlation. As per path analysis, selection for the plant
important traits. with more number of leaves, higher leaf length and
Borkhatariya et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022) 832
View publication stats

good stem thickness will efficiently increase the green Johnson, H. W., Robinson, H. F., & Comstock, R. E. (1955).
fodder yield. At the same time selection for higher Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in
crude protein content and acid detergent fibre content soybeans. Agronomy Journal, 47(7): 314-318.
can adversely affect the progress in breeding for Kapoor, R. (2017). Variability and character association
studies in fodder maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Forage
improving green fodder yield due to the strong negative Research, 43(1): 67-69.
association of these traits with it. However, balancing Kapoor, R., & Batra, C. (2015). Genetic variability and
different quality parameters is also an important task association studies in maize (Zea mays L.) for green
while practising the selection for various quantitative fodder yield and quality traits. Electronic Journal of
traits to improve green fodder yield in forage maize. plant breeding, 6(1): 233-240.
Overall, selection for the plant height in forage maize Kumari, J., Sood, V. K., Mishra, P., Kumar, S., Sanadya, S.,
can lead to higher production of green fodder as it had & Sharma, G. (2022). Genetic Variability and
the highest positive correlation with it. Association Analysis for some Forage and Seed yield
Related Traits in F4and F5Generations of Oat (Avena
FUTURE SCOPE sativa L.). Biological Forum – An International
Journal, 14(2): 1-9.
The current investigation provided information Mahdi, S. S., Badrul, H., Bhat, R. A., Aziz, M. A., Lal, L.,
regarding the association between different traits in Intikhab, A., & Shibana, B. (2011). Effect of nitrogen,
forage maize and the combination of the various zinc and seed rate on growth dynamics and yield of
characteristics investigated can be further used in the fodder maize (Zea mays L.) under temperate conditions.
breeding programme to develop elite genotypes of Plant Archives, 11(2): 965-971.
forage maize with higher production of green fodder. Naharudin, N. S., Sin, M. A., & Saleh, G. (2021). Genetic
The selection for those particular traits identified with a Variance and Correlation of Forage Yield and Quality
Traits in Tropically Adapted Maize. Sains
positive effect on yield can directly or indirectly be
Malaysiana, 50(1): 45-52.
helpful in improving the fodder production in maize. Popat, R., Patel, R. & Parmar, D. (2020). Variability: Genetic
Acknowledgement. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. D. P. Variability Analysis for Plant Breeding Research,
Gohil (major advisor) and to my advisory committee https://cran.r-
members for giving me proper guidance throughout the project.org/web/packages/variability/variability.pdf
course of the study. I also sincerely thank Anand Agricultural Rathod, S. D., Shinde, G. C., & Shinde, S. D. (2021). Genetic
University for providing the necessary resources for the variability and path coefficient analysis studies in forage
present study. maize genotypes (Zea mays L.). Journal of
Conflict of Interest: None. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1): 2764-2768.
Roy, A., Agarwal, R., Bhardwaj, N., Mishra, A., & Mahanta,
REFERENCES S. K. (2019). Revisiting National Forage Demand and
Ballard, C. S., Thomas, E. D., Tsang, D. S., Mandebvu, P., Availability Scenario. In: Indian Fodder Scenario:
Sniffen, C. J., Endres, M. I. & Carter, M. P. (2001). Redefining State Wise Status (Eds. Roy, A. K., Agrawal,
Effect of corn silage hybrid on dry matter yield, nutrient R. K., & Bhardwaj, N. R.). ICAR- AICRP on Forage
composition, in vitro digestion, intake by dairy heifers, Crops and Utilization, Jhansi, India, p. 1-21.
and milk production by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Shahbaz, A., Oki, M. Y., & Adachi, T. (2007). Path and
Science, 84(2): 442-452. correlation analyses of the factors affecting biomass
Chen, Y., & Lubberstedt, T. (2010). Molecular basis of trait production of brassica cultivars under phosphorus-
correlation. Trends in Plant Science, 15(8): 454-461. deficiency stress environment. Communications in Soil
Dewey, D. R., & Lu, K. (1959). A correlation and path Science and Plant Analysis, 38(19-20): 2659-2679.
coefficient analysis of components of crested Silva, T. N., Moro, G.V., Moro, F.V., Santos, D. M. M. D., &
wheatgrass seed production. Agronomy Journal, 51(9): Buzinaro, R. (2016). Correlation and path analysis of
515-518. agronomic and morphological traits in maize. Revista
Economic survey (2022). Retrieved from Ciencia Agronomica, 47(2): 351-357.
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook Singh, R. K., & Chaudhary, B. D. (1985). Biometrical
_es2022/files/basic-html/page277.html methods in quantitative genetic analysis.Kalyani
publishers, New Delhi, India.

How to cite this article: Tejaskumar H. Borkhatariya, Dipakkumar P. Gohil, Praful M. Sondarava, Rumit Patel and Kuldeep M.
Akbari (2022). Character Association and Path coefficient Analysis among Diverse Genotypes of Forage Maize (Zea mays L.).
Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(3): 829-833.

Borkhatariya et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 14(3): 829-833(2022) 833