Electricity

Electricity
The flow of electrons (or ions)
Electricity is a form of energy. One
which is very important in our daily
lives for both convenience as well as
a necessity. It is however one of the
most dangerous forms of energy if
not handled properly. Heat energy is
a bi-product of electricity. However
not all materials can accommodate
this form of energy. As a result of this
we can categorize all materials as
either: conductors or insulators.
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators

⬡ these are materials ⬡ these are materials

which allow the which oppose the
flow of electricity. flow of electricity.
These materials These materials
generally have low would have high
resistance. resistance.
Examples of conductors: Copper, Iron, Stagnant water, Gold

Examples of insulators: Rubber, wood, concrete, soil

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Conductors and insulators are equally important
in our daily lives. This is because conductors
which do not have insulators covering them
would be dangerous as if you were to come
into contact with it, you would be shocked.
Therefore insulation is needed to prevent
exposure to electrical shock.
As a result of the danger conductors and
electricity possess, safety features have to be
taken in order to prevent damage or possible
death.
Safety measures
taken in dealing
with electricity:
 Make sure the main switch is off before
handling any circuit.

⬡ This is to avoid electrical shock(In

handling circuits, whether it is
repairing or adjusting parts there is a
strong possibility of electrical shock
and therefore the flow of current
should be stopped to avoid this).

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Wear insulated/protective
clothing.
⬡ Wearing insulated
clothing such as rubber
gloves, shoes with
rubber soles would help
to prevent body parts
from coming into direct
contact with electricity.
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⬡ Check wires for broken insulation.
∙ (Wires with broken insulation can
cause exposure to electrical shock
as skin can come into contact with
the conductor inside of the wire)
⬡ Ensure that your hands or protective
clothing is free of moisture.
⬡ Use child safety outlet caps in the
home.

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Circuit Symbols
⬡ Electricians when preparing plans on how to wire
houses and buildings would need to construct a
“map” of sorts to outline how the wires and bulbs
and other devices would be positioned. As a result
of this a standard set of symbols have been
developed to represent different electrical devices
in a circuit.
⬡ Page 63-66 (Active Science book 2), draw
symbols in your notebooks
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Types Of Circuits
There are two main types of circuits;
Parallel circuits and Series circuits.
 Parallel Vs Series
Series Parallel

There is only one pathway for the current There is more than one pathway for the current

Current flows through one bulb and then the Current flows to each bulb directly along its own
next pathway

They have the same current flowing in all parts of The current is divided when it comes to a
the circuit junction.

Can be turned on and off by a single switch Switches can be put to either turn off all the
circuit or just part of it
With two or more bulbs they have to share the With two or more bulbs, each bulb gets the full
voltage of the battery and as a result the bulbs voltage of the battery and therefore the bulbs
are dimmer are brighter however the battery dies faster
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Series Parallel

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Circuit Overload
⬡ Circuit overload- this occurs when a circuit is supplied with more
current than it is designed to handle.
⬡ Circuit overload is very dangerous as it can result in damage to the
parts which make up a circuit. As heat is a bi- product of electricity
circuits are designed with sufficient insulation to handle a certain
amount of heat produced by a certain amount of current. If the
maximum safe amount of current a circuit is designed to handle is
exceeded the parts and insulation on the wires can get hotter than
should be and an electrical fire would result.
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 How can a circuit be overloaded?
⬡ Bad wiring- damaged or old wires can have
broken insulation or weakened insulation
and this can result in electrical shock to
persons who touch the wires or electrical fire
if the wire gets too hot.
⬡ Too many connections- if too many
appliances are plugged into one socket, you
may be pulling more current from that socket
than it can safely supply.
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Electrical safety devices
⬡ Fuses- contain a thin metal wire which melts if the current
exceeds a safe limit which the fuse would be set to. When this
thin metal wire melts it would break the circuit/ cut power.

⬡ Circuit Breakers/ trip switches- these do not contain fuse

wires. The current passes around an electromagnet. As the
current increases the magnetic field becomes more powerful
and eventually would pull apart the contacts on a switch
breaking the circuit/ cutting power.

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Fuses and Circuit breakers:

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Electrical safety devices
⬡ Surge protectors- if there is a surge of electricity due to
lightning the surge protector would shut off protecting the
devices plugged into it.

⬡ Lightning rods- these would be position at the highest point on

buildings that are in areas prone to lightning strikes. The
lightning would be attracted to these metal rods and strike
them rather than the building. Usually lightning rods would
have earth wires which would transmit the electricity into the
ground.
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Surge protectors and Lightening rods:

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 Reading Electrical Meters
⬡ When we use electricity in the home, we have to pay for the energy we use. This energy is
the energy given up by electrons when a current flows through a circuit.
⬡ How can we know how much energy each device will use?
⬡ The values such as 40 watts and 60W that are shown on devices are values of electric
power. Power is the rate of using electricity. That is:
⬡ Power= energy/time
⬡ The unit of power is called the watt and the symbol= W. Named after Scottish scientist
James Watt.
⬡ Energy is measured in joules. One watt means the same or is equal to one joule per
second.
⬡ We can calculate the power in a circuit using the equation:
⬡ Power = voltage X current

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Types Of Electrical Meters:

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spectrum. absorption of light.

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orange.

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Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear sky Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been associated
yellow is found between green on the optical with sacrifice, danger and
green and orange. spectrum. courage.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear sky Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been associated
yellow is found between green on the optical with sacrifice, danger and
green and orange. spectrum. courage.

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