Intropuction Lesson 6 examines the hydraulic turbines, specifically the impulse turbine and the reaction turbine. It enumerates the different classifications of hydraulic turbines; presents the schematic diagrams of impulse and reaction turbines; and explains the specific speed of hydraulic turbines. Again, the discussion includes sample problems that illustrate or analyze the system and design computations, The Key Terms and Concepts to Remember summarizes important definitions, Principles, and other details related to hydraulic turbines. The last portion features additional problems and a student's self-test to reinforce Lesson Osvectives At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: * define hydraulic turbine; ; enumerate the different classifications of hydraulic turbines; differentiate impulse turbine from reaction turbin ; draw the schematic diagrams of the systems for reaction turbine and impulse turbine; - ; * determine and calculate the effective head of reaction and impulse turbines from the schematic diagram: a ‘* calculate the friction loss in the penstock; * calculate specific speed and determine the types of hydraulic turbines in terms id; and ee = . ~~ ee « SSzDEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION Hydraulic turbines are water wheels In which the motion of water relative tg Ite bucket is essential to Its action, * | Hydraulic turbines are machines that convert the energy of an elevated water guppy, into mechanical energy through a rotating shaft. * Hydraulic loss is the loss in fluid power due to flow friction within the system, og + « Hydroelectric power plant is a facility where electric energy is Produced by hydroelectric generators. In this facility; a = Water is the main source of energy, = Kinetic energy and potential energy are converted to mechanical work. = Hydraulic turbine is the prime mover, =» Input power is the water horsepower, = Output power is the turbine horsepower. ¥ CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES 1. According to the action of water @. Impulse turbine. * b: Reaction turbine 2. According to the direction of water flow a. Radial outwatd b. Radial inward ©. Axial or parallel d. Mixed radial 3. - According to the position of shaft a. Vertical turbine b. Horizontal turbine IMPULSE TURBINE Impulse turbine is a hydraulic turbine or a prime mover in which fluid under Pressure enters a stationary nozzle where its pressure (potential) energy is converted to Velocity . (Kinetic) energy and absorbed by the rotor. «Its also known as tangential wheel or Pelton wheel. + The name Pelton is to acknowledge and honor its inventor Lester A, Pelton of California, The wheel passage is not completely filled with water. The water acting on whee! is always atmospheric. Itutilizes kinetic energy of high velocity jet.{tis used for high head above 200 ft but most commonly applied to heads above 700. ‘The range of head from 200 to 700 ft is used for small units. Heads of 5000 ft have been used in European installations. Impulse turbine's efficiencies vary from about 82% to 90%. The net effective head is measured at the bottom of the pitch circle of the runner with no consideration given to the water level at the tailrace (because there is no draft tube). REACTION TURBINE Reaction turbine'is a hydraulic turbine or a power-generation prime mover utilizing the steady flow principle of fluid acceleration, in which nozzles are mounted on the moving element. « Itis also known as the Francis type after James B. Francis, an American who developed this type of turbine runner. Itdevelops power from the combined action of pressure and velocity of the water. Itis a revised form of a centrifugal pump. The wheel passages are completely filled with water. The water acting on wheel under pressure is always greater than the atmospheric pressure. Energy used are both kinetic and pressure energy. 2 itis used for medium heads, usually employed for heads of 70 to 900 ft, and at times, up to 1100 ft. «Francis type may have either a horizontal or vertical shaft. «Efficiencies range from 90% to 94%. TYPES OF WATER TURBINE RUNNER 4. Propeller or axial turbine or Kaplan turbine is a special type of propeller turbine featuring variable-angle blades that can be changed with water flow to maintain high efficiency. 2. Francis orradial- and mixed-flow turbine is used for an intermediate range of heads. 3. Pelton or impulse turbine is used in the highest heads. SPECIFIC SPEED ‘The specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is the speed in rpm in which a geometrically similar or homologous turbine would operate to deliver one (1) brake horsepower under a head of one foot. = FYDRAULIO TURBINES [165 _¢, where N, = specific spoed, rpm 7 7 . > N = rpmatagiven head BP = brake power, Hp RANGES OF SPECIFIC SPEED Types of hydraulic turbines are classified in terms of the following specific speed ranges: |. Impulse, or Pelton wheel — used for highest heads, N, = 3.5 to 4.3 rpm . Francis runners — used for intermediate heads, N, 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 18 to 85 rpm Mixed-flow runners — used for medium to low heads, N, = 100 to 125 rpm . Propeller runners — used for lowest heads, N, = 110 to’ 150 rpm . Kaplan runners — with pivoted blades that can be angled for best efficiency at any load, N, = 80 to 150 rpm ‘ HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT A hydroelectric power plantis a facility where electric energy is produced by hydroelectric generators. Definition of Terms for a Hydroelectric Power Plant Gross head is the total difference in elevation between the water surface in the stream at the diversion and the water surface in the stream at the point where the water is returned after having been used for power. Net or Effective head is the head available for energy production after deducting losses in friction. Hydraulic efficiency is equal to the ratio of net head to gross head. Overall efficiency is equal to the hydraulic efficiency multiplied by the efficiency of the turbines and generators. The overall efficiency of hydroelectric plants operating at optimum conditions is usually somewhere between 60% to 70%. * Capacity is the maximum power that can be developed by the generator ata normal 1 head with full flow. Firm ot Primary powers the power which a plant is expected to deliver 100% of the time. Fora single hydroelectric power, it corresponds to the power developed when available water, including that derived from storage, is at a minimum, ‘Surplus or Secondary powers all power available in excess of firm power. yp tt00%) =n. SER Therefore, BP + FP = 1,n,WP = when Wee pact Hee 21 oon eee ba #2072. 38kW Then, Power re to the shaft, IP = nn, WP ara) i where Ny =E (100%)= : IP = (0.9622)(0.8485)(2972.38) = 2426.73 kW ~ d) Solving for the brake power, BP IP =BP +FP - BP=IP-FP BP = 2426.73 — 75 = 2351.73 kW ) Solving for the mechanical efficiency BP 351.73 b =BP (100%) = 100%) = 100%) = 96.91% Mn = Pp (100%) = ee )= 5426.73 10) For the over-all turbine efficiency, i nee we %) Za73 2 (100%) = 79.12% Checking: n, = 1,1, 1, = (96.22) (0.8485) (0.9691) = 79.12% Ex. 6.5] At a proposed hydroelectric plant site, the average elevation of headwater Is 600 m, The tailwater elevation is 480 m. The average annual water flow is determined to be equal to the volume flowing through a rectangular channel 4 m wide and 0.5 m deep with an average velocity of 5.5 m/s. Assuming that the plant will operate 350 days ina year, find ~ the annual energy in kW-hr that the plant site can develop if the hydraulic turbine that will be a Dil ie osused has an efficiency of 80% and generator efficiency of 92%. Consider a headwork loss of 4% of the available head. (ME Board Exam, Oct. 1986) Given: A hydroelectric plant HW elevation =600m TWeelevation = 480 m : Q=whv w=4m 1, 80% 1, = 92% Required: a) Generator power output b) Annual energy in kW-hr that the plant site can develop Figure: HW elevation = 600 m TWelevation = 480m Solation: Solving for the turbine gross head, H, = HW elevation — TW elevation = 600 - 480 = 120m Solving for the turbine effective head, Hy Hh, = H, - 0.04 H, = (0.96 Hg) = (0.96)(120) = 115.2 m Solving for the volume flow rate of water, Q=AV=whV = 4(0,6)(6.5) = 11 m/s LSE@) Solving for the generator power output, -ep- BQH 9, = 1 000(9.8086)(11)(118-2) (9 5.0.92) GP=WP runs “F900 TH 1000 : GP = 9146.22 kW ee by Solving for the annual energy developed, Annual energy = 9 146.22 kW (350 days) (24 hrs/day) ‘Annual energy = 76828 248 kW-hr ey Ex. 6.6] A Pelton-type turbine was installed 30 m below the head gate of the penstock. The head loss due to friction is 15% of the given elevation. The length of the penstock is 80 m and the coefficient of friction is 0.00093. Determine the diameter of the penstock and the Power output of the turbine. (ME Board Exam, April 1987) Given: hydroelectric plant Hq +hy= 30m hy = 0.15 (Hy +h) = 0.00093 L,= 80m Required: a) Diameter of the penstock b) Turbine power output Figure:Solution: Solving for the friction loss, h, = 0.15(30) = 4.5 m . Solving for the effective head of the turbine, Hy = Hy +h, +2, Hoy + hy = 30 Hyq = 30 - h, = 30- 4.5 = 25.5 m Solving for the velocity of water in the penstock, v= 29H, = 2(9.8066) (25.5) =22.36m/s ; Lv a) Solving for the diameter of the penstock, (Morse equation —> hy = 2f =) 2 pa2ttv? __2(0.00093)(80)(22.36)" _ 4 696 m ANSWER gh, 9.8066(4.5) i _PpgQk, b) Solving for the turbine water power, WP = 5000" where o-(f "Vv -(F)r (22.36) = 49.92 m®/s 4 pp = 1000(2-806)(48.82) 255) 4g. arnw ~ 1000 ANSWER. Ex. 6.7] A proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following data: Elevation of normal headwater surface 194m Elevation of normal tallwater surface 60m Loss head due to friction == Turbine discharge for full gate opening om Turbine efficiency at rated capacity tbe aanine.turbine is to be connected to a 60-cycle AC generator. Determine the a) number of poles of the generator; and b) kW output of the direct connected generator if the efficiency is 94 %. (ME Board Exam, Oct. 1985) Given: Ahydroelectric plant HW elevation = 194m n= 90% o 0 TWelevation = 60m Required: a) Type of turbine b) Number of poles of the generator c) Generator power output Solution: Solving for the gross head, H, = HW elevation — TW elevation = 194 — 60 = 134 m Solving for the effective head, Hyg =H, —h, = 134 - 6.5 = 127.5 m= 418.2 ft a) From the Turbine Chart (MRI), for the effective head of 418.2 ft Use Francis-type turbine. ANSWER, b) For the number of poles of the generator, N= ‘ot Consider the specific speed of the turbine, N, = NYBP Hea* ae HYDRAULIC TURBINES [189_ "where, from MRII Tables and Charts, for Francls-type turbine and head of 418, Feith : “+N, #32¢pm = POGH.» , _ 1000(9.6066)(5)(127.5 eee Bp =" 7000 1 a) (0.00)= 5626.54 kW = 7542.28 Hp Solving for the turbine'rpm from the equation of specific speed, 5 5 na lHar)iNA _(418.2)8 (32) | 605 55 a ver J7ez28. Pm Be 3 Therefore, solving for the number of poles, : & etna 33 pole: AN i 60683. Poles Use10 poles. ISWER, : ¢) Solving for the generator power output, GP = BPn, = 5626.54 (0.94) = 5288.95 kW ANSWER, 6,8] A Francis turbine is installed with a vertical tube. The pressure gauge located at penstock leading to the turbine casing reads 372.6 kPag, and velocity of water at the inlet is 6 m/s. The discharge is 2.5 m*/s. The hydraulic efficiency is 85%. The top of the draft tube is 1.5 m below the centerline of spiral casing while the tail race level is 2.5 m from Rr, the top of the draft tube. There is no velocity of whirl at the top or bottom of the draft tube ~ and leakage losses are negligible. Determine the a) total head or utilized head on Oe z pape: b) turbine BP; and c) mechanical efficiency of the turbine. Ss Given: Ahydroelectric plant ie eT, = 82% 4 Ti, = 85% 2 = 25 mis PC= 372.6 kPag wo = 6 mis ‘TWelevation Required: a) Turbine utilized head b) Mechanical efficiency of the turbine‘Solution: 4 ‘Solving for the effective head of the turbine, oP Myo 972600, (9) 42.43.63m MeFog) 200s 1o00(@.8066)” *2(@.8066) a). Solving for the utilized head of the turbine, Hy = Hyg n= 43.83(0.85)=37.26m = _ b) For the brake power of the turbine, pp = P9QHss , _ 1000(9.8086)(2. (4959), 22) eat ia ewe G00 7000 c) For the turbine mechanical efficiency, AS WN Tn : were n, = 10% Then, Ny = —t- = 0-82 — 96.47% Tan, 0.85(1.0) Solving for the indicated turbine power, 881.14 = 913.38 kW 0.9647 91998" IP=BP/n,, = Solving for mechanical friction power, FP = IP - BP = 913.38 - 881.14 = 32.24 KW KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER: z Water turbines convert the potential energy in water behind a dent ne: shaft work, ordinarily used to drive an electric generator. re * Kaplan turbine is a special type of propeller turbine featuring variable-angle| blades _ that can be changed with water flow to maintain high efficiency. «Francis or radial- and mixed-flow turbines are used for an intermediate range of heads. * Propeller turbines are built with fixed blades and variable-pteh blades. One disadvantage of most hydro plants is their dependence on the rate of flow ina river. * One method of storing water during low power-demand periods to supply energy during high-load periods of hydro plants Is to use the reversible pump TasPump turbines are usually physically larger thi and the motor generator Is more costly than ‘The horsepower developed by a hydraulic turbine may be calculated| byc an equation based on the definition of a horsepower, such as; P =. where P is the turbine output, in Hp; Q is the water flow, ofs; Hy, is the effective head, fp is the density of water, Ib/f®: and E is the turbine hydra efficiency. Anet effective head is the difference in the total head for the water entering the turbine casing and the total head leaving the draft tube, ae i . Specific speed is the speed of a hypothetical model turbine having the same Configuration as the actual turbine, when the model would be of the proper size to develop 1.Hp ata head of 1 ft. s ‘Speed factors the ratio of Peripheral velocity of the buckets to the velocity, the water jet. i Specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is given by the equation: N, NBR: Ha Pa where N, is the speciic speed, rpm; BP is the brake power of the turbine, Hp; and H,, is the effective head of the turbine, ft. , Lester A. Pelton is the inventor of the Pelton wheel of a hydraulic turbine, - Impulse turbine efficiencies vary from about 82% to 90%. The effective head of an impulse turbine is measured at the bottom of the pitch é Circle of the runner with no Consideration given to the water level at the tailrace. (because there is no draft tube), James B. Francis is the inventor of the reaction type of turbines. Francis-type reaction turbines are usually employed for heads of 70 to 900 and up 1100 ft Hydraulic turbines are water wheels in which the motion of water relative to its bucket is essential to its action. 3 In aydroelectrc power plant, water is the main source of energy. Hiyraulic turbines, classified in accordance wi turbines and feaction turbines. ith the action of water, are impulse The two Classifications of hydraulic turbines bas ed on the position of the shaft are the vertical turbine and th : '@ horizontal turbine, The gross head tailwater for a hy 4a ydroelectric plant is the difference between the headwater elevation and tallwater elevation,- Run-of-river plants are suitable only for streams that have a sustained flow The net or effective turbine head Is the difference of gross h head losses in the penstock. The hydraulic efficiency Is the ratio of net head and gross head. The overall efficiency of the turbine is equal to the hydraulic efficiency m' by the volumetric efficiency and turbine mechanical efficiency: The overall efficiency of a hydroelectric plant operating at optimum conditions ranges from 60% to 70%. Firm or primary poweris the power that a plant can be expected to deliver 100% of the time. ‘Surplus secondary power is the power available in excess of firm power. Hydroelectric plants are classified into run-of-river plant, storage-type plant, and pumped-storage plant. A storage-type plant is one with a reservoir of sufficient size to permit carry-_- over storage from the wet season to the dry season and, thus, todevelopa firm = _ flow substantially more than the minimum natural flow. : A run-of-river plant is one with a very limited storage capacity and can be used only as water comes. during the dry season or where other reservoirs upstream provide the necessary storage. ‘A pumped-storage plant is one that generates power for peak load but at off- peak, water is pumped from the tailwater poo! to the headwater pool for future use. Water tallrace is the channel into which the water is discharged after passing through the turbine. In impulse turbine, wheel passages are not completely filled with water. Water acting on impulse turbine wheels is always atmospheric. In reaction turbines, wheel passages are completely filled with water. ‘The energies used in reaction turbines are both kinetic and pressure energies. ‘Storage reservoir holds the water to run the plant. ‘A damis a concrete structure that creates the required head of the hydraulic turbine. {A spilway discharges water during extreme flood flow so that water in the reservoir does not overflow the dam. ‘An intake equipment consists of rocks and screens to keep trash from being \d head gate.Penstock conducts water to the turbine, Fore bay |s A fe ease ereueaualzing teservolr from which Be penstock sometimes - Turbines are hydraulic prime movers driving electric generators. Tallrace is a body of water where the turbine discharges the water. Itis a channel through which water is discharged after passing through the turbine. ‘Surge tank is a component that abso1 uring aon n rs water hammer during load fluctuations and serves as an auxiliary reservoir ‘during high load demands. Draff tubo isa conduit at the outlet ofthe turbine that conducts water away from » the turbine. » Dump powers hydropower in excess of load requirement that is made available ; by surplus water, Firm powers a power intended to be always available even under emergency conditions. Prime mover power is a maximum potential power constantly available for transformation into electric power. Cold reserve is a reserve-generating capacity in service but not in operation. Hot reserve is a reserve-generating capacity in operation but not in service. Reserve equipmentis the standby equipment or installed equipment in excess of that required to carry peak loads. ‘System reserve is a reserve-generating capacity and ready to take load. Generator of efficiency refers to the effectiveness of conversion of mechanical power into electrical power. Specific speed of the turbine runners the ‘speed in rpm in which a geometrically similar or homologous turbine operates to deliver one (1) brake power under a * head of one (1) foot. A storage reservoir (dam) is used to hold enough water to operate the plant for some duration of time. Arun-of-river station is a hydroelectric generating station that utilizes the stream flow without storage. The penstock is a conduit of water to the turbine. Adams the concrete structure that encloses the reservoir. iit sluice is a chamber that collects the mud and through which the mud is discharged.Trash rack \s a screen that prevents the leaves, branches, contaminants to enter into the penstock.. Valve is a component that ‘opens or closes the entrance of the water penstock, ‘Surge chamber is a’standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attached { the penstock so that the water will bé at atmospheric pressure. , Penstock is the chamber that leads water from the reservoir to the turbine. Turbine is the equipment that converts the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Pumped storage plant is a hydroelectric plant that involves the use of the off- peak energy to store water and to use the stored water to generate extra energy to cope with the peak load. ; Propeller-type hydraulic turbine is capable of operating with ne head of up be 70 ft. Peripheral coefficients the ato ofthe peripheral velocity of the iinet ond ts velocity of the jet. Generator speed is determined using the equation: nat, where N is the ~ rpm of the generator; fis the frequency of the generator, Hz;and Pisthe number _ of generator poles.pROBLEMS 4, Ahydroelectric plant ha: isdirectly coupled toa pa generator with an effciency of 96%. The genera 80%. The total gross head on rancis-type hydraulic turbine having an officiency of friction is 4% of the gross he irs turbine is 150 m, while the loss of head due to Francis-type turbine, and det ad. Check if the specific speed falls under that of Oct. 1989) termine the rated speed of the turbine. (ME Board Exam, 2/ The flow of a riv proposed to Pee on 3 rm'/s produces a total brake power of 5.400 KW. It is efficiency and specifi ries, one of which is twice the capacity of Ihe other. The respectively. pears re a are assumed 10 be SP afd 70 en of the turbine; poles on the generator for 60 Hz. (ME ltt aa ene and rinbet 2 3. eee weal is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under an effective head of mm. The ratio of the nozzle diameter ofthe pitch circle 1s > ‘Assuming an efficiency of 84%, what is the size of the wheel in meters? Assume @ speed ratio of 0.45. (ME Board Exam, Oct. 1995) e total head to the: center of stalled with a vertical draft tube. The ‘water at the inlet is 5 mis. 4, AFrancis turbine is ins the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 m and the velocity of The discharge is 2.1 m/s. “The hydraulic efficiency is 87% and overall efficiency is 84%. The velocities at the inlet and exit of the draft tube are 1m below the center the tallrace level s 3m from the top of the draft tube. fine of the spiral casing while of whirl and leakage losses, what is the total head on the Neglecting velocities rd Exam, Oct. 1995) turbine? (ME Boat 0.85 mis and is driving a water ‘160 rpm. Calculate the power friction is 540 N-m and m/s. (ME Board Exam, 5. From a height ‘of 65 m, water flows at the rate of turbine connect toanelectric generator revolving developed by the turbine if the total resisting torque due to the velocity of the water leaving the tu! ine blades Is 4.75 April 1989) \ roelectti e available head is 140 sor tocar: ‘ciency of the turbine (95%; efficiency of the i ; tage aalvered 4160 V- Determine the im; water flow 6. Inthe Maria Cri is one cubic mete! nie z,¥ generator is e Per ae soneralot viva, and vieestimated year income of asta pe Th the generated rect eneray 18 F-0-60 Per keh (ME Board ie pl \ ‘ Exam, April 1992) iStupenr’s Se.r-Test INSTRUCTION: Encircle the letter that represents the correct answer. "4, Aconcrete structure that creates the required head of the hydraulic turbine a) dam _ ©.) spillway c) penstock ‘d)tailrace .. A component that schon water during extreme flood flow so that water in the | reservoir does not overflow the dam. 2 a) dam b) spillway D_. o)penstock 4) tallrace 3. ‘Assmall equalizing reservoir from which the penstock s sometimes draws water a) turbine b) fore bay ; ) tailrace 4) spillway 9 "4, Ahydraulic prime mover driving electric generator is known as : a) turbine : b) penstock > ) spillway d)tallrace * _ , Itis a body of water where the turbine discharges water. It is a channel through which _ "water is discharged after passing through the turbine. a) tailrace b) penstock ) spillway c) dam 6. A component that absorbs water hammer during load fluctuations and serves as an auxiliary reservoir during high load demands. a) tailrace b) dam c) spillway d) surge tank - . 7. A conduit at the outlet of the turbine that conducts water er ay the turbine a) draft tube b) penstock : ©) tailrace d) spillway iz Ahydropower in excess of load requirement that is made available by surplus water E a) firm power b) dump power +s c) reserve power d) total power "_ 9 The power intended to be always avaiable even under emergency conditions, 8) firm power b) dump power __¢) prime mover power d) reserve power jd 10. A maximum potential power that is constantly available for transformation into esti o Power 2 a) firm power b) prime mover power c) dump power d) reserve poweree se ty In service but not In operation b) cold reserve » d) system reserve A or installed equipment in excess of that required to c. ~ ‘b)reserve equipment d) cold reserve 4 reserve-generating capacity and ready to take load -a) system reserve b) hot reserve c) cold reserve d) reserve equipment 14. Refers to the effectiveness of conversion of mechanical power into electrical a) turbine efficiency b) generator efficiency . _ ¢) mechanical efficiency d) hydraulic efficiency 45. The speed in rpm in which a geometrically similar or homologous turbine o} _ deliver one (1) brake power under a head of one (1) foot a) peripheral speed b) specific speed c) turbine speed d) water runner speed 16. A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 100 m abo ‘What is the minimum water flow in kg/s to produce a steady turbine output of 50 a) 50247 b) 50968 _c) 50672" ) 59465, 17. Areaction turbine develops 500 bHp. Flow through the turbine is 50 cfs. Water E 20 ps with a 100 ft pressure head. The elevation of the turbine above the tail water! is 10 ft. Find the effective head. a) 130.2 ft b) 120.2 ft c) 110.2 ft d) 116.2 ft 4 18. Ahydroelectric plant discharges water at the rate of 0.75 m°/s and enters the turbine: __ 0.35 m/s with a pressure of 295 kPaa, Runner inside diameter is 550 mm; speed 520 rpm; and the turbine efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine speed factor. ; a) 0.638 b)0.338 c) 0.836 4) 0.386 5 ei Rm