1.

development of pneumograph
a. bettorio 1914
he detected deception with a pneumograph, and instrument that graphically measures the
inhalation, he demonstrated the changes of in breathing patterns by noting the changes in
respiration expiration ratio during deception.
b. harold burtt 1918
he determine the respiratory changes where the indication of deception. he found out the changes
in systolic blood pressure where of greater value in determining deception than the changes in
respiration

2. development of galvanograph
a. luigi galbani 1791
he is an Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin
reflex (GSR) or galvano meter which records electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms (the
lowest current even recorded) the GSR reflected emotional changes in persons skin resistance
through electricity

b. sticker (1897)
he made the first suggestion for using galvanograph for detecting deception based in the works
of several pre dessesors. he theorized that galvanic skin reflex
is influenced by existing mental impression and that will have no effect upon it.

c. Veraguth (1907
-he was the first one to use the term "psychogalvanic reflex". He believed that the electrical
phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat glands.

3. Development of cardio-sphymograph
a. angelo mosso (1895)
he studied fear and its influence on the heart. His observation subsequently formed the basis for
detecting lies. He also developed the sphygmomanometers and "scientific cradle", which was
designed to measure the flow of blood while a person lay on his back in a prone position.
b. cesare lombroso (1836-1909)
- he employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception, which is known a
hydrosphymograph,this instrument measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects
were asked about their involvement or knowledge of specific crime.

c. William Multon Marshton 1915

he was considered as the father of modern pole
he delt with the sphecknometer and mid researcher of the usefulness of sphe
in detecting lies, which was used to obtain periodic discontinues blood pressure reading during
the course of a test
-he also experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance changes and a gripping
device to record tension.

d. john larson (1921)

he developed the instrument that continually and simultaneously measures blood pressure, pulse
and respiration.
-he design the first two recording channel polygram in the history. the first mechanical core of
detecting deception does not only have a recording pen for cardios phymograph, pneumograph
and galvanograph but it has also mascular
for the thighs

e. leonarde killer (1949)

he invented the killer polygraph which is an improvement of lalson apparatus with components
for recording blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration changes a galvanometer also known as
the galvanic skin reflex or electrodermal response generally referred to as the GSR.
-he also demised a metal bellows and design a kymograph that fold a constant speed, a chart
paper under recording pens from a rule of chart paper located inside the instrument

4. Development of questioning technique

a. killer 1942
-he developed the relevant and" irrelevant test"
the theory of this test is that guilty subjects reacts only to relevant question and innocent subject
shows no reaction

b. john
he developed the reviewed control question
consisting of a known line incorporated into relevant/irrelevant test. the theory of the test to
stimulate
innocent subject to identify the general nervous
and guilt comples reactor and to improve contact between innocent and guilty subject. he also
discovered the guilty complex test administered to the overly responsive subject

c.
boxter conceive the psychological set theory that forms the basis of a zone comparison technique
that provide constant monitoring of the subject reactivity and design to disclose outside issue

d. daniel defoe
wrote an essay entitled "an effectual scheme" for the immediate preventing of Street robberies
and suppressing and all other disorder of the night which recommends taking of the pulse as a
method of identifying a criminal

e. richard o archer
the first polygraphist to record simultaneously or regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing
pattern. he was the first one to record simultaneously
two galvanic skin reflexes

OTHER PIONEERS IN THE FIELD OF DECEPTION DETECTION

1. Francis Galton
he developed the match a claimed psychological test known as "the word association test"
whereby the patient is presented where a group of words sufficiently separated in time to allow
the patient to otter his first thought generated by the word.

2. allen bill
an American inventor who developed a device called psychological stress evaluator (PSE) this
instrument detect slight trembling in the voice; this maybe interpreted as a method to determine a
person is telling the truth

KNOWN METHOD OF DECEPTION DETECTION

a. the ancient method
-ordeal
is define as severe test of character
or endurance of trying course experience. a medieval judicial trial which the accused was
subjected to a physical test such as walking over burning object or immersing the hand in
scalding water, the result being considered a devine judgement of guilt or innocent.

1. the red hot iron ordeal

placing the hot iron into the tongue of the suspect and guilt is established when tongue gets burn
or blister

2. ordeal of the balance

-by balancing through walking or runs or ropes

3. ayorbida
hindu book of health and science the earliest known reference of a method for detecting
deception which is the bases for the invention of polygraph machine
4. the observation method through facial expression
a. blushing
b. paleness
c. procused sweating of head
d. deletion of an eyes and elevation of eyelids
f. twitching of the lips
g. failure to look the inquirer straight into the eye
h. excessive activity of an adams apple
through the dryness of the throat
i. rolling of an eyeballs from one direction to another

REGULAR POLICE METHOD

1. THE 5w's and 1 H
2. THE 3i's which stand for;
a. information gathering to records scene, surveillance, background investigation and intelligent
check
b. investigation through interview and interrogation and confession and admission
c. instrumentation (criminalistic or Police sciences)

ASSIGNMENT:
ADMISSION
CONFESSION
INTERVIEW
INTERROGATION

E. work association method by Francis Galton

F. truth serum test/intoxication method
was introduced by doctor Edward Mandel house US phy
US president windrow Wilson this method involved the intravenous injection for oral taking
various drugs, such as dibromide morphine ether, chlorophyll, sodium amital or scopolamine
this method is base on the theory that intervention through interrogation, is meant impossible
after the dosage of any of these drugs has been appropriately administered, which the depresses
the ceveral to the
consciousness
receptive State or the twilight zone the objective of the test

INTOXICATION
this method employ alcohol beverages as stimuli to obtain through. a person whos statement to
be taken is allowed to take alcohol beverage to intoxication level . the power to control the body
is diminished begins profounding investigation

THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

a. the nervous system
serving as the activator of the body system, the nervous system, through the brain and all the
nerves tissues, receipt, evaluate, integrates and restore
brought to the body from the environment, and at the same way, the system send out the
messages to the body's part and organs or specific response.
ex:Stimulus is given by way of freaking a needle into the finger the brain, serving as the highest
head quarter for the system, is now activated and does awaken as the freaking start with the
finger, such as stimulus is immediately reserve by the receptor this receptor as the senses, which
converge energy to reset and transmit from;
1. sight
2. hearing
3. smell
4. test ( involving tongue)
5. touch (through skin and muscle)
6. ESP
the six sense through mind and memory)
7. kinitisis
a very important sense which give information above move
8. equilibrium sense (which informs another part of the body movement of the body hid space)

POLYGRAPH
from two greek words 'polly' which many or more 'graphos' which means writing
is define as scientific deception detection with use or aim of a polygraph

polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording bodily changes occuring in the blood
pressure/pulse rates, respiration and an electrical properties of a skin (GSR) which are indicative
of emotional excitement especially in lying when questioned

deception- is an act of deceiving or misleading which is usually accompanied by lying

lying - is the uttering or conveying, pulse
or creating a false or misleading impression with the intention wrongfully effecting the acts,
opinion or affection by another
detection - is the act of discovering the existence or present of something hidden or obscured
emotion- is the complex state of feelings, involving conscious experience internal or external
physical responses and power to motivate the organism to action
fear- is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person's defensive
power
stimulus - is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the
receptors
reaction - is any activity aroused in an organism by stimulus, which is a mental processes
response - is any reaction, usually a muscular or gradual processes, that depends on the
stimulation
specific response - is one that exhibited by the subject to a particular question, which is a
deviation from his norms
subject - refers to any person under going polygraph examination he maybe a suspect,
complaints, witness or the victim or relative of the victim
polygraph examiners/ polygrapist - is the whole process of questioning or the taking the one
charts from a series of questions or all of the charts or use in the test
polygraph charge/polygraph - refers to the recorded tracing of all the emotional patterns
permanently on the charts or graphs from series of questions
disturbance -refers to the conflict between what is true and the attempted deception that creates
internal battle in the mind
normal response - it is a tracing exhibited by the subject when irrelevant question is being ask or
no questions at all
pre test interview - an interview of the subject before the actual test or instrumentation
galvanograph- polygraph component responsible for producing the graphic recording of skin
resistance
kymograph- motorized mechanism that moves strip charts paper and specified rate the current
standard in PDD is six inches per minute
suppression - initial respiratory response to orienting an arousal, characterized by breathing that
is shallower or slower than tracing average

A. PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING in understanding more the psychology applying, we attempted to

include this study of different kinds of lie's which are as follows;
1. white lying benign lying- this kind of lie is the most common of all which is intended to
protect or maintain harmony, friendship, athome, in the office or elsewhere
2. pathological lying - this is a lie made by person who cannot distinguish right from wrong
3. red lie- this involves political interest and motives
because this a part of communist propaganda strategy by means of propaganda, brainwashing,
and blackmailing via espionage and treason
4. black lie- a lie which accompanies pretention and hypocrisy intriguing can cause dishonor or
discredit one's good image

TYPES OF LIE

a. direct denial - direct denial of the act in questions that creates an emotional sense of
disturbance, disturbance refers to the conflict between what is true and attempted deception that
creates the battle of of mind
b. lie of omission - type of lie that people usually used because it is simple to tell individual who
make use of this type will tell the truth while omitting details that could create possible troubles
c. lie of publication - is the most difficult type of lie that is subject could used in an interview
d. lie of minimization- this type of lie individual will accept that something has occurred but
down place the implication this type of lies could be used in this subject wanted to stay close to
the truth however he covers the truth for his/her benefits
e. lie of exaggeration - is a lie open used to exaggerate things for the hope of obtaining some
advantage this is open found on resume applicants exaggerate his experiences, knowledge, skills
and length of service

C. TYPES OF LIAR

a. PANIC LIAR
it is one who lies in order to avoid consequences of a confession
-he/she is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is a serious blow to his/her ego
-he/she believes that confession will just make rhe matter worst
b. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
-someone lied for spare years
-this person is practical liars and lies when it has a higher "pay off" that telling the truth
C. TOURNAMENT LIAR
-Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected
-this person views an interview as another contest and wants to win
-this person realizes that he/she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the
satisfaction of hearing him/her confession
-he wants that people will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person
D. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
-the most difficult type
-this person has no conscience. He show no regret for dishonesty and no manifestation of guilt

Understanding subjects, age and characteristics to further enhance the study of psychology of the
lie of person it is also necessary to understand subject
Which are as follows;

1. 7 to 12 years fantastic subject

13 to 19 distinction of fantasy and reality at this level, the subject is at the age of limitation and
idolatry his/her ego may start to develop

20 to 25 years his/her ego begins to lessen

Because he/she thinks he is not important person. subject like him are idealistic and be
principled. they become responsible and sometimes conscious of their neighbors. The girl may
begin to marry at this age and became sociable. The degree of exposure on the society depends
on how they brought up socially, morally and spirituality including family, friends and other
individual influences

20 -60- they serve as best witnesses they open possessed materialism, maturity and responsibility
intellect is fully developed and intelligence is well coordinated with memory

61 to death - their memories are fading because some of their senses are defective. they are no
longer good witnesses. They need perspective because they might start to act like
children(senility), they are irritable and sensitive.
SOME SIGNS OF LIES AND DECEPTION
Generally, when a person becomes defensive due to fear of detection, one can point out that any
of sign here in enumerated indicates lies, guilt or deception
Such as;
1. Stammering
2. Swearing to or before that he did not commit the crime
3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else
4. Subject refuses to answer question through alibis and excuses
5. He is at all time absent minded
6. He is always requesting for repeatation of question.
7. He open as counter question and counter queries
8. He open as permission to go to comfort room

THE INSTRUMENT USED IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION IS CALLED A POLYGRAPH

It was define as instrument or device capable of producing recording of physiological
phenomenon that maybe use as the basis for the application of reliable technique for diagnosing
truth or deception. The instrument itself does not detect lies or deception; it only records the
physiological/psychological changes that occurs with the subject thst tells a lie or deception. It is
examiners who detected through the use or aim of the polygraph instrument

A. The pneumograph component - a device that record respiration and what are the 3 traditional
channels of thr modern polygraph use in PDD. Most polygraphs use to pneumogrph recordings
abdominal and thoracic the sensor are the traditional convoluted rubber tube the mercury strain
gates or the newly by piezoelectric. This components record changes occuring in the respiratory
or breathing system.
1. The pneumographic tube is the corrugated stretchable rubberized tube or apparatus that is to
be attached to the subjects, chest or stomach or both. Inhalation will cause the tube to stretch and
subsequently create an upward tracing or movement of the pneumopen unto the polygraph
charts. Exhalation are the downward tracing
2. The beaded chain- is a free willing string and stainless beads with a hook with passing the
pneumograhic tube unto the subject chest and stomach

B. THE CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT

- The cardiographic component record the changes occuring in the human circulatory system,
such as the blood pressure and pulse rate. Cardiograph general term for any recording of heart
activity in PDD the used of the blood pressure cuff to monitor relative arterial blood pressure
changes and pulse weive is more precisely describe as spimographic (recording of arterial pulse
or occlusion plethysmography partial bracket of circulation to measure volume changes in the
body parts) the term cardiograph is the psycho physiological and medical literature most open to
refers to electro cardiograph

3 attachment
-The uncuffed- shall be attach to the subjects arm
-hand pump bulb causes the arm cuff to inflict in order to produce blood pressure and pulse rates
-the aneurin blood pressure metagates - measure and monitors bp readict while the polygraphic
testing is going on

The attachment of the cuff to the subject arm must be centered so we can have a normal recorded
pattern of the blood as to produce clearer and precise pressure

C. THE GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT

the galvanographic components
Sometimes called that the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) components, record the changes occuring
in the nervous excretory system it has been studied that the brain's activity and electrical charges
have been recorded through the epidermal skin reflexes passed through different nerves of the
human body.

-finger electron's are special types of sensitive metal plates to be attached to the subject and
joints of both the index and ring fingers for the recording of the electrical charges (ohms) from
the brain through the skin
KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Motorized mechanism that moves strip chart paper at specified rate the current standard is six
inches per minute

CHART MARKINGS
-Is very important part of the polygraph techniques examiner the examiners may have the best
training, use the most advance method and run miles a chart of tracing yet the value of his e is
without proper markings

To facilitate evaluation, and interpretation of chart , markings is made with the use of sign and
symbol to enable the examiners to determine the following;
1. Exact time of the test commence and terminated
2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanigraph readings
3. Particular point where each question ask started and ended. Corresponding identification of
the questions, and the type of time of answer given by the subject
4. Duration and amplitude of reaction patterns
5. Any instruction given or repetition of question made
6. Any movement, cough tracing by the suspect or outside destruction that occured
7. Mechanical adjustment or readjustment made
8. Extremeous factors affecting test chart such as
Paper jumps
9. Time interval between questions
10. Chart number, name of subject, time, date, and place taken and the name and signature of the
examiners

B. SIGN AND SYMBOLS (COMMONLY USED)

X/60/1.5A- First markings of examiner on the chart

XX/60/1.5A- examiners mark after the test
X-start of the test
XX-end of the test
60-millimeter of mercury shown in sphygmomanometer dial
1.5-ohms of skin electrical resistance
A or M- refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier used
II-particular point where each question begins and end (also called stimulus mark)
+- yes answer to question
-no answer to question
A- adjustment
T- subject talked instead of answering with single yes or no
R- subject request for repetition of question
C- coughing
N- noise
S- sight by the subject
Pj- paper jam
SN- subject sniffed
BI- breathing instruction
OS- tracing changed caused by outside stimulus
M-movement
IM-movement instruction
L- laugh
B- used to signify belch
C+- increase in galvo sensitivity
C- decrease in galvo sensitivity
Y- yawn
IS- ink stop of lies
CT- clearing of throat
CHART INTERPRETATION
-The most important single factor in polygraph testing is chart interpretation. The accuracy of the
instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon examiner ability to diagnose truth or
deception by reading and interpretation of the subject charts. The changes or deviation from the
normal recording of the pneumograph, cardiograph, and galvo tracings which appears as the
subject answers at test question is refers to as response. A response constitute a deviation from
the subject norm the most significant and dependable indicator of deception is stimulus response
and with such response occur in two or more charts this response refered to as specific response.

-The general rule in chart interpretation;

1. There must be specific response
2. To be specific, it must form a deviation from the norms
3. The specific response must appear in at least to test chart
4. The base indication of deception is the simultaneously specific in the three tracing of the
charts

What is the relevants of the test charts?

It is the bases of the examiners findings which contains the reaction of the subject during the test.
a. Change in pneumo tracing
Which may fall into the category of specific response when accompanied by a response in the
cardio or even the galvo tracing are as follows;
1. Change in rhythms or regulatory
the normal breathing is 18 cycle per minute usually a change and rate will be either a decrease
with increase amplitude causing an irregularity in the respiration pattern of barrying duration.
This rate volume changes are due to the need of oxygen to compensate for an accelerated heart
action or for previous suppression breathing.

2. Change in amplitude or volume

In normal respiration an average of above 1 point of air is inhale and exhale during a single cycle
known as tidal air but the lungs are not completely depilated during the normal exhalation, there
is still remaining the residual air. In what is known as sighs there is an increase in the residual
volume causing the recorded inspiration is go higher than the expiration stroke lower than the
normal breathing.

3. Change in inspiration, expiration rate

A normal expiration, the time consume in inspiration and expiration has a ratio of 3 to 5 which
means the inspiration takes only 3 feet as low as the expiration.

-The simplest method for determining changes is vertical line to the apex
Before and after question stimuli and then measure the distance through the vertical line

HIPERBENTILATON
The subject usually attempt to be
The examiner From making the interpretation from the pnuemo pattern he result to the regular
deep breathing in an attempt to beat the test. Hiperb may appear in to stimulus is which upon
from mechanism of the body. which is stores an oxygen it maybe because prolonged suppression
of the breathing such that the deficit oxygen has to be compensated when the danger has passed

SUPPRESSION OR SHALLOW BREATHING may

Anticipated shock or an attempt to control a reaction to a shock
Which suppression of breathing
With the crucial question, it begins highly significant particularly when accompanied by similar
in the blood pressure tracing.

Respiratory block
It is an exaggerated form of suppression in which there is usual shortening of both inspiration
and expiration stroke that appears as straight line
Respiratory block or holding a breath through/ two more than or through/ two cycle usually
indicates an attempt to beat the test.

Galvo tracing
To galvo tracing which maybe indicative of deception or vertical rise point of deception only,
double settled responses, long duration or degree of response following the point of deception
and the planging of galvanograph tracing. In most cases, the galvo tracing which is measure of
increase or decrease of the subject skin resistance, rise and falls with each stimulus.

Cardio tracing
Which takes the form of specific response and considered indication of deception
1. Increase and decrease of the blood pressure
This is easily learn by the threat of cardio tracing
An increase in blood pressure is indicative by a rise in the cardio tracing and a decrease by a fall
with every stimulus, the blood pressure tracing tend to have a slight increase and decrease of the
magnitude and duration of the rise and fall of the cardio tracing that is taken into consideration in
comparison most particularly between relevant and control questions
2. Increase in blood pressure only this indicated by a sustain rise in the blood pressure tracing
during a crucial question and return to the norm when the subject is release from that stimulus by
the introduction of a irrelevant question
3. Decrease only in a blood pressure when there is a fall of the cardio tracing or after a crucial
question from a level of small tracing a decrease in blood pressure is indicated, this necessity
make mechanical adjustment when the tracing fail to return to its former level
4. An increase or decrease pulse rate is easily recognize as the cardio pattern becomes close
together, and with the decrease of pulse rate result, the cardio pattern becomes fall apart
5. Increase nor decrease of amplitude when the cardio pattern becomes taller, there is an increase
in amplitude; a decrease in height in the pattern is a decrease of amplitude
6. Is the possession or disappearance of diacritic notes tends to change position depending upon
the blood pressure in the system too much air will have the notes up to bottom, two liter air will
place it on the top and diastolic stroke during the rise in blood pressure. The diacritic notes tends
to go top at the diastolic and upon return upon the tracing to its original level, the diacritic notes
may change its position at times of disappeared in time
7. Extra systole the premature or brenticole when the
Fundamental Of the heart is maintain cause of extra systol to appear, it is highly indicative of
deception, except when the entire carjacked tracing has it, which may indicative of carjack
trouble

Relevant question
Question Related to the subject matter under investigation
Irrelevant - not related
Control question

TEST PROCEDURE
A. The examination room
1. Lie detector test should be conducted in quite private room
2. Select a room would not the usual police surroundings would no distractions with the subject
view
3. Select a room without any windows at all
4. The interrogation should contain no ornaments, pictures, or other objects which would distract
the attention of a person being tested
5. This suggestions refers to the present within the subject which of small loose objects such as,
clips or pencil the he maybe incline to pick up and further distract during the course of
interrogation
6. noise such as ringing a telephone or the conversation of person outside the examination room,
the present of arresting officer or other spectators in the room itself, may produce disturbance
and distraction which will interfere with the satisfactory of diagnosis of deception

IMPORTANT REMINDERS;
1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test
2. Do not tell the subject everything but you know about the offense or about him
3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test
4. For some reason, it must temporarily taken, the investigator must continue investigating the
case
5. Do not depend or must screaming of possible suspect to produce a real or the guilty one
6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will be side whether one is innocent or guilty the court
will make the decision
7. If the test is indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person confesses after the
test do not think that the investigation is over.

4 phases of polygraph examination

1. Preliminary preparation - initial interview with the investigator handling the case or person
requesting it
2. Pre test interview with the suspect - the primary purpose of the pre test interview is to prepare
or condition the subject for the test
A. The appraisal of subject constitutional rights
B. Obtain subject consent to undergo polygraph test by signing the statement of consent
C. Taking a personal data of the subject
D. Determining his/her suitability of the subject
E. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case

Who rights of the subject

1. The rights to remain silent
2. Anything you say maybe use in favor or against you
3. The right to have a lawyer of his/her own choice
4. The right to refuse

3. Post test interview- the purpose of the post test interview is to obtain confession

Midterm possible question

Person who always pretends? Kinds of lie
Raise hormones? Capillaries, arteries, brain or what?