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Transaction and Its Properties

A transaction is a sequence of database operations that are executed as a single unit to ensure data integrity and consistency. Transactions follow ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Atomicity ensures all-or-nothing execution. Consistency maintains valid data states. Isolation protects concurrent transactions from interfering. Durability makes changes survive failures.

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55 views

Transaction and Its Properties

A transaction is a sequence of database operations that are executed as a single unit to ensure data integrity and consistency. Transactions follow ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Atomicity ensures all-or-nothing execution. Consistency maintains valid data states. Isolation protects concurrent transactions from interfering. Durability makes changes survive failures.

Uploaded by

Ilaha Latifova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transaction and its Properties

A transaction, in the context of databases and computer systems, is a sequence of one or more operations or
commands that are executed as a single, indivisible unit of work. Transactions are used to ensure data
integrity, consistency, and reliability in a database management system. They follow the ACID properties,
which stand for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, to guarantee that database operations are
performed reliably and that the database remains in a consistent state, even In the presence of failures or
concurrent access by multiple users or processes.

Let’s explore the properties of transactions:

1. Atomicity:
- Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit. It follows the “all or nothing”
principle.
- If any part of a transaction fails (e.g., due to an error or system crash), the entire transaction is rolled
back, and the database returns to its state before the transaction started.
- This property guarantees that the database remains in a consistent state, even in the face of partial
failures.

2. Consistency:
- Consistency guarantees that a transaction brings the database from one consistent state to another.
- The database should satisfy all integrity constraints (e.g., foreign key relationships, unique constraints)
both before and after the transaction.
- If a transaction violates any integrity constraint, it is aborted, and the database remains unchanged.

3. Isolation:
- Isolation ensures that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other.
- Transactions should be executed as if they are the only ones accessing the database, even when multiple
transactions are running concurrently.
- Different isolation levels (e.g., Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable)
control the level of isolation and determine the extent to which one transaction can see the changes made by
other concurrent transactions.

4. Durability:
- Durability guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its effects are permanent and will survive any
system failures.
- This property is typically achieved by writing the transaction’s changes to non-volatile storage (e.g.,
disk).
- Even if the system crashes after a transaction is committed, the changes made by that transaction should
not be lost.

These ACID properties collectively ensure the reliability and integrity of data in a database system. They are
essential for applications where data accuracy and consistency are critical, such as banking systems, airline
reservations, and healthcare databases. By adhering to these properties, database systems can provide a high
level of data assurance and reliability, even in complex and high-concurrency environments.

Other main concepts of a transaction in the context of database management and computer systems are as
follows:

1. Start and End Points: A transaction begins with a “start” point, where it initiates a series of
database operations, and ends with an “end” point, signifying its completion. The start point often
involves marking the beginning of the transaction, and the end point involves either committing the
transaction (if successful) or rolling it back (if it encounters an error).

2. Database Operations: Transactions consist of one or more database operations, such as reading
data, inserting records, updating data, or deleting records. These operations are executed as a single
unit of work within the transaction.
3. Commit and Rollback: Transactions can either be committed or rolled back. Committing a
transaction means that all its changes are made permanent in the database. Rolling back a transaction
means that any changes made by the transaction are undone, returning the database to its previous
state.

4. Transaction Manager: In a database management system, there is typically a transaction manager


responsible for overseeing transactions. It ensures that transactions follow the ACID properties and
manages their execution and coordination.

Understanding these core concepts is essential for designing and implementing reliable and consistent
database systems, particularly in scenarios where data integrity and accuracy are critical, such as financial
systems and e-commerce platforms.

Example:

Imagine a banking system where a customer transfers money from one account to another. To maintain data
integrity, a transaction involving these operations should be atomic (either both debiting and crediting
accounts happen or neither), consistent (the sum of account balances remains constant), isolated (other
transactions don’t interfere), and durable (the transaction remains intact even after a system crash).

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