VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi,Karnataka - 590 018

A Technical seminar report on

“INTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by

YADUNANDAN K N USN: 1KI20EC043

Under the Guidance of

Prof. RUDRESH M D M.Tech.,(Ph.D.)
Associate Professor,
Dept. of ECE,
K.I.T,Tiptur-572 201.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Kalpataru Institute of Technology
Tiptur - 572 201.
April 2024
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018.
KALPATARU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Tiptur-572 201.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Tecnical seminar report entitled “INTEGRATION OF

ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT” is carried
out by YADUNANDAN K N(1KI20EC043), the bonafide students of Kalpataru
Institute of Technology, Tiptur in partial fulfillment for the award of "Bachelor of Engi-
neering" in department of "Electronics and Communication Engineering" of the Visves-
varaya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that
all the corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated
in the report deposited in the departmental library. The technical seminar report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Prof. RUDRESH M D M.Tech.,(Ph.D.) Dr. YOGANANDA G S M.Tech.,Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Associate Professor and HOD
Dept. of ECE, K.I.T., Tiptur. Dept. of ECE, K.I.T., Tiptur.
 ABSTRACT

In this paper, we proposed a home energy management system (HEMS) that includes
photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicle (EV), and energy storage systems (ESS). The pro-
posed HEMS fully utilizes the PV power in operating domestic appliances and charging
EV/ESS. The surplus power is fed back to the grid to achieve economic benefits. A
novel charging and discharging scheme of EV/ESS is presented to minimize the energy
cost, control the maximum load demand, increase the battery life, and satisfy the user’s-
traveling needs. The EV/ESS charges during low pricing periods and discharges in high
pricing periods. In the proposed method, a multi-objective problem is formulated, which
simultaneously minimizes the energy cost, peak to average ratio (PAR), and customer
dissatisfaction. The multi-objective optimization is solved using binary particle swarm
optimization (BPSO). The results clearly show that it minimizes the operating cost from
402.89 cents to 191.46 cents, so that a reduction of 52.47

Keywords: Home energy management system,Demand Side Management,real-time pric-

ing,binary particle swarm,optimization.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who helped and guided
us in completing the technical seminar.
We are grateful to Dr.YOGANANDA G S, Associate Professor and Head of
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for encour-
aging us to aim higher. We would like to express our gratitude to our Project
guide Prof.RUDRESH M D ,Associate Professor in Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for constant support and guidance.
We are grateful to our Principal Dr. G D Gurumurthy , at KIT Tiptur and
encouraging us to aim higher.
We are also thankful to all faculty members of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for their assistance and encourage.

YADUNANDAN K N (1KI20EC043)

ii
 Contents

Abstract i

Acknowledgements ii

List of Figures iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

List of Tables 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

3 METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 SYSTEM MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 Concept of HEMS (HOME MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS) . . . . . 7
3.2 Architecture of HEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1 HEMS COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 ALGORITHM DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.1 HEMS MAIN ALGORITHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 15
4.0.1 CASE STUDY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.0.2 IMPACT OF APPLYING THE HEMS ON HOUSE-1 . . . . . . . 17
4.0.3 IMPACT OF APPLYING THE HEMS ON HOUSE-2 . . . . . . . 19
4.0.4 COMPARISON OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM . . 21

5 CONCLUSION 22

REFERENCES 23

iii
 List of Figures

3.1 HEMS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Proposed charging algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Proposed discharging algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 The schematic diagram of a neighborhood supplied from the same trans-
former. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Appliances priority list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Appliances simulation parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Operation schedule of controlled appliances in Home-1. . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5 Total household load demand with and without applying HEMS in Home-1. 18
4.6 Reduction results of Home-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.7 Operation schedule of controlled appliances in Home-2. . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.8 Total household load demand with and without applying HEMS in Home-2 20

iv
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

The significant concerns about energy and the environment encourage increasing the mar-
ket share of electric vehicles (EVs) as an alternative solution to traditional vehicles. As
EVs (also referred to as Plug-in EV (PEV)) technologies are growing up, home charging
activities are arising as new load consumption. Unmanaged residential load consumption
and the irregular charging activities of EVs can exacerbate peak demand, cause potential
overload, and damage local distribution transformers.
Home energy management systems (HEMS) introduce a solution to shrink energy con-
sumption growth in the residential sector. Deploying demand-side management strategies
side-by-side with the evolving communication systems and smart metering technologies is
considered the main factor contributing to increasing the interest in HEMS. The HEMS’s
core functions are monitoring, controlling, re-scheduling, and optimizing home energy
usage by balancing energy produced and consumed. By communicating with house-
hold appliances, home energy resources, and network operators, the installed HEMS can
manage energy consumption by re-scheduling home appliances operation periods with-
out affecting the homeowner’s convenience. Therefore, the oversight of energy usage in
homes can permit consumers to reduce their energy costs in parallel with restricting the
overloading that can be occurred in the distribution sector. This positive effect shared
between homeowners and the distribution network is so-call “a win-win situation.’
Smart grid technologies such as small-scale renewable energy sources (RES) and res-
idential energy storage systems (ESS) offer new opportunities for more energy manage-
ment flexibility. However, these technologies problem is to engage them together with
home appliances without breaking network constraints. Practically, numerous residential
sectors do not have such technologies for the reasons of technical or economic problems.
With the absence of alternative energy sources like RES or ESS, which offer more flexi-
bility to the management of home energy, the energy management systems suffer more

1
difficulty to cover the load consumption without exceeding the local transformer capacity
limit. Additionally, EV multi-trips per day with urgent charging requirements between
trips, especially during peak load or high tariff periods, make home Energy management
harder. Utilizing EVs in HEMS offers an alternative solution to home energy resources in
the absence of RES and ESS. However, the frequent charging/discharging cycles of EV
battery organized by HEMS mainly accelerate the battery degradation and hence reduce
its lifetime.
From a financial aspect, battery replacement cost is the largest maintenance expense
an EV owner will incur. As a result, HEMS is greatly affecting the total cost of own-
ership (TCO) of EV.The TCO of EV is affected by many factors. However, two main
factors are closely related to utilizing EVs in HEMS, namely EVs charging cost and bat-
tery replacement cost. The charging/discharging extra cycles due to the contribution of
the battery in supplying the household load demand represents an extra degradation to
the vehicle’s battery that would be avoided without utilizing HEMS. Accordingly, the
battery degradation factor should be included in HEMS studies to decide whether the
home discharging activities are more profitable than the cost associated with battery
degradation or not. This factor may prevent utilizing the discharging process in some
cases due to their uselessness. In contrast, EV charging cost is considered as a positive
supporting point of utilizing EVs in HEMS. The management system is designed to acti-
vate charging processes at low tariff periods, except urgent charging cases, in comparison
with the uncoordinated charging processes that occur in the absence of HEMS.
The recently published researches that are concerned with exploiting EVs in home
energy management can be classified into three categories:

1. The first category concentrates on utilizing the RES side by side with ESS and
EVs to improve the efficiency of the home energy system, increase the homeowner
profits and reduce the energy.

2. The second category is related to engaging RES with EVs to provide the optimal
management of home energy.

3. The third category concentrates on utilizing EVs in home energy management sys-
tems in the absence of RES and ESS.

2
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) appears to have sales momentum in major personal vehicle
markets but are still at the early market stage. Opportunities to accelerate PEV adop-
tion can be discovered through comprehensive total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis.
Understanding the cost-effective electric ranges of PEVs for consumers, manufacturers,
and the society is critical for any discussion of PEV mass markets. This study expanded
the traditional TCO approach by (1) fully considering heterogeneous consumer driving
patterns, (2) quantifying the charging inconvenience and range anxiety cost of battery-
electric vehicles (BEVs), and (3) monetizing both tangible and intangible PEV policies.
Uncertainties were handled through Monte Carlo simulation.[1]
In this study, we model and solve the scheduling problem embedded in a home energy
management system (HEMS), which enables users to overcome the major obstacles in
implementing demand response programs. The problem aims to find the minimum en-
ergy cost while taking into account the time-varying prices, generation from renewable
sources, usage demands for each appliance in household, battery storage capacity and
grid constraints. Due to the uncertainties in supply, demand and electricity price, a
stochastic optimization approach is utilized.[2]
In this paper, a new framework is proposed for optimal energy resource management in a
smart home comprising of controllable and non-controllable appliances and local renew-
able resources. Here, the smart home can procure the required energy through both the
spot and contractual markets under Real-Time Pricing (RTP) mechanism. Uncertainties
in the production of renewable resources, spot market price and non-controllable appli-
ances, modeled by sets of scenarios, are considered. Controllable appliances are classified
into two groups of continuous and interruptible. [3]
This article presents optimal strategies in the home energy management system (HEMS)
integrating solar power, energy storage, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability for prede-

3
termined scenarios. The proposed system aims to address the demand response schemes,
both real-time pricing and emergency load curtailment, V2G mode of operation. In the
interruption event, the HEMS operates in the vehicle-to-home mode to ensure supply
continuity. The control algorithms are experimentally implemented on the created hard-
ware platform of EV and home batteries, solar power, and household loads with preset
priorities. Both ac and dc charging technologies for EVs are considered. The HEMS
simultaneously optimizes the scheduling of charging and discharging of EVs and home
battery. Results on operation under predetermined scenarios have confirmed the validity
of the proposed HEMS.[4]
An operative and versatile household energy management system is proposed to develop
and implement demand response (DR) projects. These are under the hybrid generation
of the energy storage system (ESS), photovoltaic (PV), and electric vehicles (EVs) in the
smart grid (SG) to minimize electricity bills, reduce carbon emissions, maximize UC and
reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAR). We used our proposed hybrid genetic particle
swarm optimization (HGPO) algorithm and existing algorithms like a genetic algorithm
(GA), binary particle swarm optimization algorithm (BPSO), ant colony optimization
(ACO), wind-driven optimization algorithm (WDO), bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA)
to schedule smart appliances optimally to attain our desired objectives.[5]
This study proposes an efficient energy management method to systematically manage
the energy consumption in the residential area to alleviate the peak to average ratio and
mitigate electricity cost along with user comfort maximization. We developed an effi-
cient energy management scheme using mixed integer linear programming (MILP), which
schedules smart appliances and charging/discharging of electric vehicles (EVs) optimally
in order to mitigate energy costs. In the proposed model, consumer is able to generate
its own energy from microgrid consisting of solar panels and wind turbines. We also
consider an energy storage system (ESS) for efficient energy utilization. [6]
A Time-of-Use (TOU)-tariff scheme, helps residential customers to adjust their energy
consumption voluntarily and reduce energy cost. The TOU tariff provides flexibility
in demand, alleviate volatility caused by an increase in renewable energy in the power
system. However, the uncertainty in the customer’s behavior, causes difficulty in pre-
dicting changes in residential demand patterns through the TOU tariff. In this study,
the dissatisfaction model for each time slot is set as the energy consumption data of the
customer. Based on the actual customer’s consumption pattern, the user sets up a model
of dissatisfaction that enables aggressive energy cost reduction. In the proposed Home

4
Energy Management System (HEMS) model, the efficient use of jointly invested offsite
photovoltaic (PV) power generation is also considered. The optimal HEMS scheduling
result considering the dissatisfaction, cost, and PV curtailment was obtained.[7]

This article presents a predictive home energy management system (HEMS) for a res-
idential building with integration of a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), a photovoltaic array,
and a heat pump. A stochastic model predictive control (MPC) strategy is applied in
the HEMS in order to minimize the home’s electricity cost and reduce the PEV battery
degradation cost. Moreover, the MPC ensures that home load demand, PEV battery
charging requirements, and household thermal comfort conditions are met. The MPC
operates in real-time and thus minimizes the effects of gap between the forecasted and
real data on the HEMS performance by updating its control decisions and the forecast
data as the stochastic parameters are realized in each time step.[8]

The concept of the residential energy hub (REH) including electrical and thermal
energy storage system has been developed as a good scheme for optimizing the residen-
tial energy systems. Although the optimal operation of REHs has received a great deal
of attention, there is a research gap to propose a stochastic-based optimization model,
which simultaneously concerns the uncertainties of renewable energy resources and elec-
tricity prices. This article tries to fill such a research gap by introducing a probabilistic
scenario-based model that concerns the renewable energy sources’ uncertainties as well
as electricity price’s uncertainties. The proposed scenario-based model for optimization
of REH operation cost is validated by the comparison of test results and Monte Carlo
simulation (MCS)-based ones. .[9]

The withdrawal of the purchase subsidy and the spread of Covid-19 have had a signif-
icant effect on Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions regarding electric vehicles (EVs).
Therefore, it is worthwhile analyzing the factors influencing EV purchase decisions from
the consumer’s perspective. We use a consumer-oriented model to analyze the total cost
of ownership over 5- and 10-year holding periods in China for internal combustion engine
vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs).
We include consumer usage habits and non-monetary costs to reflect consumer charac-
teristics. The results show that the small BEVs will achieve parity before 2025, while
medium-sized and large BEVs will do so around 2030. Regarding PHEVs, large and
medium-sized models show better performance. Even though BEV and PHEV purchase
costs will fall by 31percent–36percent and 16percent–18percent, respectively. [10]

5
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

With the absence of renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage systems (ESS),home
energy management systems (HEMS) suffer more difficulties to schedule the household
demand without affecting the homeowner’s lifestyle or exceeding distribution transformer
maximum loading. The problem is more complicated when considering other practical
situations like multi-trips and urgent charging activities of electric vehicles (EV) during
the peak periods. HEMS strategy is proposed to coordinate the operation of the house-
hold load demand, including charging/discharging activities of EVs batteries in homes
that are not integrated with RES nor ESS. The proposed strategy is intended to reduce
the daily energy cost, peak-to-average ratio (PAR), and alleviate stresses on the distribu-
tion transformer while maintaining the homeowner’s convenience. Unlike most previous
studies, the proposed strategy considers EV multi trips and battery degradation associ-
ated with home discharging activities.The proposed strategy coordinates the operation of
various household appliances while the charging algorithm tackles the problem of urgent
charging related to multi-trips requirements. Furthermore, by using battery degradation
cost and energy tariff, the proposed strategy investigates the economic feasibility of home
discharging activities of EVs. The strategy is applied to a residential neighborhood with
three houses with various numbers of residents and various load profiles. The results
proved the proposed strategy’s effectiveness in reducing the energy cost and PAR while
maintaining the transformer loading limit even if there are charging activities during
peak or high tariff periods.

6
3.1 SYSTEM MODELING

3.1.1 Concept of HEMS (HOME MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS)

Under the smart grid paradigm, the AMI devices enable a reliable two-way commu-
nication between power utilities and home consumers. It provides an opportunity for
economic incentives of smart home to manage the demand-side resources by shifting
their electricity usage during peak-load periods in response to the changes in electricity
prices. The economic incentives include the saving in electricity bill, the improvement in
utilization efficiency of household appliances and residential energy conservation. Hence,
smart HEMS is defined as the optimal system providing energy management services in
order to efficiently monitor and manage electricity generation, storage, and consumption
in smart houses. With the communication and sensing techniques in HANs, the infor-
mation collection for energy consumption from all household appliances can be provided,
and the remote real time monitoring and control for different operational modes of smart
home devices can even be achieved by a personal computer or smart phone. Besides,
HEMS can provide not only the optimum utilization status of home appliances, but also
energy storage and management services for distributed energy resources (DERs) and
HESS.
Among different types of buildings, smart homes have been the subject of great re-
search interest, particularly from the energy efficiency point of view. Smart homes offer
better quality of life and efficiency by taking advantage of remote monitoring and self
adaptive context-aware mechanisms, in order to identify needs and preferences of resi-
dents, and also to coordinate appliance operation. Wired and wireless sensor and actuator
networks are deployed on smart homes, being collected sensor data and contextual infor-
mation stored in a central platform. This entity is also responsible for processing acquired
information, enabling an optimized management and actuation of household appliances,
for the sake of residents’ comfort and energy efficiency.

7
3.2 Architecture of HEMS

Figure 3.1: HEMS Architecture

3.2.1 HEMS COMPONENTS

The in-home infrastructure of HEMS is composed of smart HEMS center, smart meters,
communication and networking system, HESSs and other smart devices. With these
smart infrastructures, HEMS can access, monitor, control and optimize the performance
of various DERs, EVs, household appliances and equipment. Furthermore, HEMS is
capable of supporting full integration of smart appliances and smart home as well as
two way interaction with users and electric power utilities. Many attractive features of
smart grid such as cost- effectiveness, flexibility, provision of differentiated services an
user friendly advanced smart power technology with open standard assessment can also
be implemented via the HEMS.

8
Communication and networking system

So far, various HEMSs have been designed based on different communication schemes
with hardware implementation, such as power line communication, ZigBee,BACnet ,
Bluetooth and human–machine interface systems. Extensive investigations have been
done on communication and networking technologies for HANs with the support of ac-
tive sensor networks which compose of sensor and actuator components, HEMS can inte-
grate diversified physical sensing information and control various household devices.Based
on the evaluation analysis of various communication technologies, ZigBee is chosen to
demonstrate the proposed HEMS.ZigBee, a wireless communication technology that
is developing rapidly in recent years,has laid solid foundation on networking, security
and software-related technical standards.ZigBee makes use of the world’s most common
2.4G–2.4835 GHz frequency band. In terms of the low energy consumption and dura-
bility, ZigBee is with the low power consumption, low cost technology and can support
a large number of characteristics of the network nodes, and thus can be used in a wide
range of industrial applications.

Smart meters

Smart meters are the advanced energy meters that measure the energy consumption
of a consumer and provide additional information to power utilities using a two-way
communication scheme. As a result, customers are able to make optimal decisions to
schedule the electricity usage of in-home appliances as well as actions of DERs and
HESS.As the foundation of data acquisition, data processing and advanced metering
equipment management, smart meters are the latest techniques blended with computer
science, modern communications and measurement techniques. Main functions of smart
meters include the following :

1. Measuring the multi-period and multi-mode power rates of active and reactive
energy metering usage.

2. Supporting two-way communication, sending data information and accepting in-

struction information, such as real-time information query, real-time electricity
standard rates, meter upgrade program settings, etc.

3. Enabling the response in terms of the requirements to achieve smart load shedding
and cooperating with smart meter and smart interactive terminals during the is

9
 landing transition when a failure happens on the main power grid;

4. Collecting data with smart gas meters, water meters and other versatile value-added
services.

Smart HEMS center

Smart HEMS center, analogue to the brain of entire smart electricity home, is the core of
HEMS and implements the smart energy management. Smart HEMS center is located in
user’s houses as a home appliance. Main functions of smart HEMS center are as follows

1. Receiving a large amount of data sent by smart meters, main control panel, and real
time display. The control commands issued by the consumer are sent to all house-
hold equipment. Consequently, the automated demand response can be achieved;

2. Providing a friendly human-machine interface and supporting user’s real-time brows-

ing, online monitoring, task setting and other functions to arrange the usage of
electricity;

3. With high scalability, the smart HEMS center can set water, electricity, gas, and
other indoor controls;

4. Integrating DERs, energy storage devices and electricity regulator of EVs as well
as analyzing and forecasting distributed generations to achieve the optimal control
of DERs.

Home appliances

Various household appliances and energy storage devices can be thoroughly analyzed and
modeled based on the device characteristics and preference usages. In order to implement
the optimal coordinated appliance scheduling strategies, the smart home appliances can
be divided into two categories:

1. Non-schedulable home appliances, e.g. refrigerator, printer, microwave, television,

hair dryer;

2. Schedulable home appliances, which can be scheduled for optimal operation or

switched on/off at any time, e.g. washing machine, air conditioner, iron, water
heater,EVs.

10
The appliances which can complete a task without any manual control, such as air con-
ditioner and water heater, are schedulable. While non-schedulable appliances, such as
lights, computers and televisions, rely on manual control to complete a task and are
needed only when the users are home. The non interruptable appliances are constrained
by fixed operation period called ‘hold-time’.As a unique load, the EV becomes more im-
portant and extensive as the part of HEMS. Experts expect that the amount of EVs will
be increased in the following years, which helps to reduce air pollutants and greenhouse
gas emissions.

3.3 ALGORITHM DESIGN

3.3.1 HEMS MAIN ALGORITHM

The proposed strategy aims to reduce energy costs, PAR, and prevent the local distri-
bution transformer from exceeding its rated capacity. The combination of charging and
discharging processes, including FPR and VPR, provides a suitable scheduling scheme
for smart home appliances and maintains the user’s convenience. Unlike most studies
in the literature, EV multi-trips, urgent charging considerations, and battery degrada-
tion are considered in this strategy. The proposed strategy operates with the following
considerations:

1. Network service providers send day-ahead tariff data at the beginning of each day.

2. The transformer capacity is assumed to be equally distributed among the end-users

connected to the LV side of the same local distribution transformer.

3. The home charging/discharge unit is powered with a variable charging/discharging

control system to adapt the output power.

4. The vehicle’s initial SOC is known once the vehicle is plugged into the charg-
ing/discharging control unit.

5. After arriving from a trip, the following question must be answered: Is there any
next trip? [y/n]. What is the expected next trip distance? [mile]. What is the
next trip departure time? The strategy procedure is explained in Fig. 3.2, and the
main steps are summarized as follows:

11
Step 1: Gathering the system’s initial data, receiving the day ahead real time price signal
(RTP), demand limit, home appliances priorities, and finally initialized the mathematical
models of home appliances and EV.
Step 2: Starting the daily time sweep with a time resolution of 5 minutes. (288-time
slots)
Step 3: In the first stage of this step, update the ON/OFF-status of each controlled appli-
ance and sort the ON-status appliances based on priority rank. In the second stage,start
the operation of ON-status controlled appliances and calculate the total expected load.
Step 4: Check of the vehicle arrival by examining the connectivity status (cEV). If EV
is connected (cEV = 1): Updating the battery SOC at the arrival instant and check for
any next trip through the user interface. If EV does not arrive (cEV = 0): Switch to
Step 6.

Step 5: This step consists of two separate cases depending on the next trip situation
as follows: Case 5.a (Multi-Trips Mode): Based on the user-defined distance, this case
starts with the computation of SOC required for the next trip (SOCnexttrip) from (4)
and (5). The (SOCnexttrip) then is compared with the amount SOC stored in the ve-
hicle battery (SOCi) at time slot i. Based on the previous data, two different paths are
expected: Path-1:This path is selected if the SOCi is less than the SOCnexttrip. The
energy available in the EV battery is insufficient to cover the traveling requirements of
the next trip. As a result,the EV has automatically been assigned as a high priority load,
and the urgent charging sub-algorithm described in the next section is launched.
Path-2: This path is selected if the SOCi is greater than the SOCnexttrip. In this case,
the vehicle battery has excessive energy available for discharging activities. However, the
discharging algorithm described in Fig. Step 6: The final step in the proposed HEMS
algorithm is dedicated to preventing the Pexpload,i from exceeding the home DL. The
ON-status appliance usually operates upon request until the Pexpload,i exceeds the DL.
If this happens, the HEMS algorithm will start shedding the lowest priority appliance
one by one and re-arrange the new priority list.

12
Figure 3.2: Proposed charging algorithm

13
Figure 3.3: Proposed discharging algorithm

14
Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.0.1 CASE STUDY DATA

The system under study in this paper is shown in Fig. 4.1. It contains three houses in a
neighborhood served by a 25 kVA single-phase transformer. These houses host not only
different loads but also different numbers of occupants. A single person occupies House-
1 while two persons occupy House-2, and House-3 is occupied by four residents. The
three houses are equipped with several domestic appliances, including ordinary household
appliances, washing machines, dishwashers, water heaters, and EVs with different battery
capacities.

Figure 4.1: The schematic diagram of a neighborhood supplied from the same trans-
former.

In this paper,the pre-defined appliance’s priority of all three houses is supposed to

be as shown in Table 1.Since the homeowner completely imposes the operation priority
of the controlled appliances, the entire data in Table 1 are typically assumed. Addition-
ally, the simulation parameters of different controlled appliances, including the EV, are
assumed.The three houses’ first trip arrival times are assumed to be compatible with
the uncontrolled load profiles portrayed. Multi-trip cases are assumed for House-2 and
House3,while House-1 has only one trip per day.

15
 Figure 4.2: Appliances priority list

In this work, all analysis, simulations,and results have been implemented using MAT-
LAB script for 24 hours with 5 minutes time resolution.This section introduces the vali-
dation of the proposed HEMS strategy with the associated impacts on the three houses
individually and on the local distribution transformer to prove its effectiveness. For each
house,the output results are validated by displaying the final scheduling operation of the
controlled appliances,including EV,and the associated total household load demand with
and without applying HEMS.

Figure 4.3: Appliances simulation parameters.

16
4.0.2 IMPACT OF APPLYING THE HEMS ON HOUSE-1

Figure 4.4: Operation schedule of controlled appliances in Home-1.

Fig. 4.4 clarifies the operation schedules of controlled appliances in House-1. The EV
is assumed to arrive at the beginning of the violet region at 17:45 with assumed 47 per-
cent SOC stored in the vehicle battery. Once the vehicle arrived and is plugged into
the charger, the connectivity status (cEV ) turns into “1” and asks the operator for any
upcoming trip.Since there is no defined next trip in the case shown in Fig. 3.6 and
the vehicle battery SOC is greater than SOCmin., the HEMS was supposed to start the
discharging algorithm.However, the discharging algorithm was prohibited in the violet
region because of the low energy cost during this period. As soon as the high tariff
period starts (displayed in the orange region), the discharging process also starts (at
18:05). The system decided to discharge with FPR as the total household load demand
(uncontrolled appliances plus WH) is greater than the maximum discharge power rate
(3.3 kW as stated in Table 3).

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Figure 4.5: Total household load demand with and without applying HEMS in Home-1.

In this context, the benefits of applying the proposed HEMS to House-1 are demon-
strated in Fig. 4.5. The discharging and charging regions (orange and green) are em-
bedded in this figure to illustrate the effect of charging and discharging activities on the
total household load demand during different periods. Without using the HEMS, the
DL of House-1 is exceeded (it reaches 13 kW) since the various appliance’s operation
sequence is not controlled. In contrast, with the proposed HEMS, the energy stored
in the EV battery partially or wholly covers the home energy requirements during the
high tariff period (orange region). The HEMS prevented non-urgent charging activities
in this period. It is also responsible for suppressing the household load demand below
the DL by rescheduling the operations of the controlled appliances based on the priority
rank.According to these results, the proposed strategy succeeded in reducing PAR by
45.3percent as stated in Table 4.

THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF HOUSE-1

The previous analysis and discussions are devoted to introducing the technical impacts
of the proposed HEMS strategy in House-1. Now it is the turn of the financial aspects.
The EV is assumed to arrive with 47precent SOC, and a single trip is imposed by the
vehicle owner of this house. Thus, referring to, about 27percent SOC can be used in home
discharging activities, which is equivalent to 4.32 kWh of discharged energy as estimated.
Accordingly, the battery degradation cost associated with discharging process is 0.1343
e while the average energy cost saving related to this charging process.

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 Figure 4.6: Reduction results of Home-1.

4.0.3 IMPACT OF APPLYING THE HEMS ON HOUSE-2

Figure 4.7: Operation schedule of controlled appliances in Home-2.

Figure 4.7 illustrates the operation schedules of different appliances in House-2. The EV
arrived at the beginning of the yellow region (low tariff period) at 17:05 with assumed
SOC of 37percent.The user intended to have a new trip at 18:30 with an intended trav-
eling distance of 25 miles. The HEMS starts calculating the required SOC for the next
trip using (2) and (3), and the result was 53percent.Once the required SOC is calcu-
lated,HEMS compares the calculated value with the original SOC. Accordingly, in the
yellow region, the HEMS immediately starts the urgent charging algorithm to fulfill the
required charging before the next trip. In this region, the charging algorithm starts at
17:05 with 6.6 kW-FPR since the household load is 1.7 kW and the available power below
the DL is suitable to start charging with maximum power rate.Once the household load
is increased to 4.3 kW at 17:25, the charging process automatically switched to VPR to

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adapt to the newly available power. Later at 17:50, the HEMS turns ON the WH to
maintain the pre-defined values hot water level. At this instant, the total load reaches
8.3 kW, and since the WH has a higher priority rank than EV, as stated in Table 2, the
EV charging is paused until the load value is dropped again. The EV charging process
returns at 18:00 and reaches the required SOC at the yellow region’s end. During the
violet region, the vehicle battery can neither charge nor discharge as its SOC is almost
enough to cover the next trip mobility at 18:30. The EV arrived from the second trip
at 19:30 with 35percent SOC at the beginning of the orange region. Since the EV ar-
rived during a high tariff period with reasonable SOC, the discharging process starts with
VPR. .

Figure 4.8: Total household load demand with and without applying HEMS in Home-2

THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF HOUSE-2

EV has arrived from the second trip with 35percent SOC, which means there is about
15percent SOC available to activate the discharging process. Thus, the total discharged
energy from the vehicle battery during this period was 3.6 kWh, while the associated
energy saving and battery degradation cost are 0.2844 e and 0.1119 e respectively. The
daily energy costs (including EV charging and discharging costs) with and without uti-
lizing HEMS are 4.1943 e and 5.3405 e respectively. Finally, the total cost incurred with
utilizing HEMS is 4.3062 e. The financial impacts associated with utilizing HEMS in
House-2 with the percentage reductions are detailed in Table 4.

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4.0.4 COMPARISON OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYS-
TEM

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Chapter 5
CONCLUSION

The comprehensive home energy management system is intended to deal with economic
charging, urgent charging between trips, and discharging activities of EVs in houses that
are not integrated with RES nor ESS. The proposed strategy reduces the daily energy
cost, PAR, and inhibits the overloading of local distribution transformer, which maintains
the transformer health. With considering the battery degradation factor, the proposed
strategy also investigates the economic feasibility of EV home discharging activities. From
the system operators’ point of view, the HEMS proposed strategy completely prevents
the local distribution transformer from exceeding its capacity limit with around 45per-
centage reductions in PAR of all houses. Thus, the proposed strategy directly affects the
distribution sector since it prevents loading limit violation of the local distribution trans-
former. On the other hand, from the users’ point of view, the proposed strategy achieved
around a 12percent reduction in the daily energy cost with different daily situations. In
addition,the proposed strategy can assess the feasibility of home discharging activities
and prevent it if required. In the near future, the expected substantial drop in battery
prices and increase in energy prices will encourage the exploitation of EVs in HEMS
Currently, solutions given for charging electric vehicles allow offering a wide coverage
at home, using low voltage systems. Additionally, there are many appliances that demand
electric energy and the grid have to support them. For one hand, short term needs
could be covered by residential RES. On the other hand, within a period of long time,
perhaps demand cannot be met only with the current RES technology. Improvement in
RES systems and network will be needed. A suitable combination of systems based on
renewable energy,storage devices, smart devices and EVs will allow to obtain significant
benefits in terms of operating costs, environmental impact (by reducing oil consumption)
and reliance on the power grid. Additionally, smart technologies that will emerge in the
future will provide more flexibility and economic possibilities.

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