MECHANICS1 DEVELOPMENT TUTORIALS

TUTORIAL 5
1. A mass of 120 kg is suspended from a cord attached to two light inelastic ropes
which form angles of 30° and 45° with the horizontal. Calculate the tension in
each rope.
ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

With base line A-A: ∑ F = 0

T1 sin 75° = 11772 sin 45°
T1 = 861.8 N
With base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
T2 sin 75° =11772 sin 60°
T2 = 10, 55 kN
2. A mass of 80 kg is suspended from a cord attached to two light inelastic ropes
with lengths of 3 m and 4 m respectively and their remaining ends are fixed 5 m
apart to the same horizontal beam. Calculate the tension in each rope.
ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done
before.

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 C:\WINDOWS\hinhem.scr
Calculate the inside angles using cosine rule.
a2 = b2 + c2 – (2bcCos A)
52 =32 + 42 – (2*3*4 Cos A)
A = 90°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 90°)/5 = (sin B)/3
B = 36,87°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 36,87)/3 = (sin C)/4
C = 53,13°
With a base line C-C: ∑ F = 0
TB = 784,8 sin 36,87°
TB = 470,9 N
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
TC = 784,8 sin 53,13°
TC = 627,8 N
3. The one end of each two light chains is connected to a mass of 160 kg. The other
two ends are then bolted 10 m apart to the same horizontal beam so that the mass
hangs freely. Calculate the tension in each chain when their lengths are 6 m and 8
m respectively.

ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

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Calculate the inside angles using cosine rule.
a2 = b2 + c2 – (2bcCos A)
102 =62 + 82 – (2*6*8 Cos A)
A = 90°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 90°)/10 = (sin B)/6
B = 36,87°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 36,87)/6 = (sin C)/8
C = 53,13°
With a base line C-C: ∑ F = 0
TB = 1569,6 sin 36,87°
TB = 941,8 N
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
TC = 1569,6 sin 53,13°
TC = 1,256 kN

4. Three forces in equilibrium are represented by the diagram. Calculate the

magnitude and direction of F and R.

3
 ANS: - The forces must be equilibrium; your assumption of direction of force
must follow that statement, but if we get a negative answer it means our
assumptions were wrong therefore we change the direction of a force,
The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

With a base line F-F: ∑ F = 0

TR sin 45° = 800 sin 75°
TR = 1,093 kN (compressive force)
With a base line R-R: ∑ F = 0
TF sin 45° = 800 sin 60°
TF = 979,8 N (tensile force)

5. Two light steel pipes AC and AB have their upper ends fixed together at A. AB is
16 m and BC is a horizontal distance of 12 m with AB and C in the same vertical
plane. Calculate the compressive force in each pipe if a mass of 336 kg is
suspended at A.
ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

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Calculate the inside angles using cosine rule.
a2 = b2 + c2 – (2bcCos A)
122 =122 + 162 – (2*12*16 Cos A)
A = 48,19°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 48,19°)/12 = (sin C)/16
C = 83,62°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin B)/12 = (sin 83,62)/16
C = 48,19°
With a base line A-C: ∑ F = 0
Fab sin 48,19° = 3296,2 sin 6,38°
Fab = 491,4 N
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
Fac sin 48 19° = 3296,2 sin 41,81°
Fac = 2,948 kN
6. The diagram in figure 5.9 shows a mass of 180 kg hanging on a wall crane.
Calculate the magnitude and nature of the force in each of the beams.

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ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

Calculate the inside angles using cosine rule.

a2 = b2 + c2 – (2bcCos A)
7,52 =202 + 152 – (2*20*15 Cos A)
A = 18,56°
Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 18,56°)/7,5 = (sin C)/15
C = 58,1°
Use sum of angles of a triangles.
C =180° – 18,56° -58,1°

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 C = 103,34°
With a base line a-b: ∑ F = 0
Fac sin 18,56° = 1766 sin 76,66°
Fac = 5,399 kN (compressive force)
With a base line c-a: ∑ F = 0
Fab sin 18,56° = 1766 sin 58,1°
Fab = 4,71 kN (tensile force)

7. A mass of 100 kg hangs freely on a light rope. A horizontal force is now applied
to the mass until the rope forms an angle of 30° with the vertical. Calculate the
tension in the rope and the magnitude of the horizontal force.

ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

Some of Vertical forces = O

T cos 30° = 981
T = 1,133 kN
Some of Horizontal forces = o
1133 sin 30° = F
F = 566,5 N

8. A specific position of a light piston, connecting rod and crank for a certain
internal combustion engine is shown in figure 5.10. Determine the magnitude of
the forces F and R respectively.

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 ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

Calculate the inside angles using cosine rule.

Use sine rule to find other angles.
(Sin 44°)/0,2 = (sin C)/0.08
C = 16,14°

Some of Horizontal forces = O

F cos 116,14°= 6200
F = 6,454 kN
Some of Vertical forces = O
R = F sin 16,14°
R = 6454 sin 16,14°
R = 1,794 kN

9. The ends of a light rope ABCD are connected to the same horizontal beam at A
and D. Masses of m kg and one kg are then suspended at B and C so that the rope
forms angles as shown in the diagram. Calculate the magnitude of the mass m atB.

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 ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

With a base line C-D: ∑ F = 0

Fbc sin 75° =9,81 sin 30°
Fbc = 5,078 N (tensile force)
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
F sin 60° = 5,078 sin 15°
F = 1,518 N (tensile force)
m = 0,155 kg

10. Two similar masses of (√3) ⅓ kg each are suspended from a light inelastic rope
ABCD. AB = CD = BC and AD = 2AB. Calculate the tension in each part of the
rope if A and D are in the same horizontal plane.

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 ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

CONSIDER A
With a base line B-C: ∑ F = 0
Fab sin 60° =50,97
Fab = 58,86 N
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
Fbc sin 60° = 50,97 sin 30°
Fbc = 29,43 N
CONSIDER B
With a base line B-C: ∑ F = 0
Fcd sin 60° =50,97
Fcd = 58,86 N
With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0

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 Fbc sin 60° = 50,97 sin 30°
Fbc = 29,43 N

11. Four light co-polar rods connected to the same point are in equilibrium as shown
in the diagram. Calculate the magnitude and nature of the forces in rods R and F
respectively. Assume that R is horizontal.

ANS ANS: - The forces must be equilibrium; your assumption of direction of

force must follow that statement, but if we get a negative answer it means our
assumptions were wrong therefore we change the direction of a force,
The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

Some of Horizontal forces = O

R = 100 sin 45° + 50 cos 30°
R = 114,01 N (compressive force)
Some of Vertical forces = O

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 F = 100 cos 45° - 50 sin 30°
F = 45,711 N (tensile force)

12. Calculate the magnitude and nature of the forces in the crane beam (B) and in the
tie rod (A) in the diagram if a mass of 100 kg hangs on the crane as indicated.
Assume that all the forces are in the same vertical plane.

ANS : - The forces must be equilibrium; your assumption of direction of force

must follow that statement, but if we get a negative answer it means our
assumptions were wrong therefore we change the direction of a force,
The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

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 With a base line B-B: ∑ F = 0
Fa sin 30° +1000 sin 15° =981 sin 30°
Fa = 463,4 N (tensile force)
With a base line A-A: ∑ F = 0
Fb sin 30° + 1000 sin 15° + 981 sin 60° = 0
Fb = 2,217 kN (tensile force)

13. Calculate the magnitude and nature of the two unknown forces in each of the
following cases. Assume in each case that the forces are co-polar and the point is
in equilibrium. [case (a) and case (b)]

ANS : - The forces must be equilibrium; your assumption of direction of force

must follow that statement, but if we get a negative answer it means our
assumptions were wrong therefore we change the direction of a force,

13
 The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

CONSIDER (a)
With a base line Z-Z: ∑ F = 0
Fc sin 60° + 2000 = 490.5 sin 30° + 1000 sin 30°
Fc = 1,449 kN (compressive force)

With a base line P-P: ∑ F = 0

Fd sin 60° + 2000 cos 60° = 1000 + 490,5
Fd = 566,4 N (compressive force)
CONSIDER (b)
With a base line Z-Z: ∑ F = 0
Fd sin 45° + 1500 = 500 sin 45° +1000 sin 45°
Fd = 621,3 N (tensile force )
With a base line P-P: ∑ F = 0
Fc sin 45° + 1500 sin 45° = 1000 + 500
Fc = 621,3 N ( tensile force)

14. The diagram shows a simple light pinjointed structure that is loaded and
supported as indicated. Calculate the magnitude and nature of the force in each
member of the structure. All internal angles are 60°. (Hint: consider each
connecting point separately and assume it to be in equilibrium).[ AB, AC, CB,
CD, DE, CE, BD]

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 ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

CONSIDER POINT A
Some of Vertical forces = O
Fab sin 60° = 2500

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 Fab = 2,887 kN (compressive force)
Some of Horizontal forces = O
Fac = 2887 cos 60°
Fac = 1,444 kN (tensile force)

CONSIDER POINT E
Some of Vertical forces = O
Fde sin 60° = 3500
Fde = 4,042 kN (compressive force)
Some of Horizontal forces = O
Fce = 4042 cos 60°
Fce = 2,021 kN (tensile force)

CONSIDER POINT C
With a base line c-c: ∑ F = 0
1444 sin 60° + Fbc sin 60° = 2021 sin 60°
Fbc = 577 N (tensile force)

Some of Vertical forces = O

577 sin 60° = Fcd sin 60°
Fcd = 577 N (compressive force)

CONSIDER POINT B
With a base line b-c: ∑ F = 0
Fbd sin 60° + 2000 sin 30° = 2887 sin 60°
Fbd = 1,732 kN (compressive force)

15. A certain light pinjointed frame loaded and supported vertically is shown in the
diagram. Assume each pinjoint to be in equilibrium under the influence of the

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 external force and the forces in the members of the frame and calculate the
magnitude and nature of the force in each member. [ BF, AF, GF, GE, HC, HD,
GH]

CONSIDER POINT A
Some of Vertical forces = O
Fbf sin 30° = 2000
Fbf = 4 kN (tensile force)
Some of Horizontal forces = O
Faf = 4000 cos 30°
Faf = 3,464 kN (compressive force)

CONSIDER POINT D
Some of Vertical forces = O

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 Fhc sin 30° = 1000
Fhc = 2 kN (tensile force)
Some of Horizontal forces = O
Fdh = 2000 cos 30°
Fdh = 1,732 kN (compressive force)

CONSIDER POINT L
Some of Vertical forces = O
Ffg sin 45° = 3866
Ffg = 5,467 kN (compressive force)
Some of Horizontal forces = O
Fge = 5467 cos 45 - 3464
Fge = 401,8 N (tensile force)

16. The diagram shows a horizontal overhead crane girder which carries a light,
frictionless pulley. The mass, of 163,4 kg, hangs motionless on a light inelastic
wire which is wound partly around the pulley and is also pulled sideways by
means of a drive rope as shown in the diagram. Calculate the horizontal forces F1
en F2 and then determine the magnitude and the direction of the reaction at the
pulley bearing C.

ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

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CONSIDER POINT b
Some of Vertical forces = O
F2 sin 60° = 1602
F2 = 1,849 kN (tensile force)

Some of Horizontal forces = O

F1 = 1849 cos 60°
F1 = 924,9 N (tensile force)
CONSIDER POINT c
Some of Vertical forces = O (↓as positive)
1849 sin 60° = Vc
Vc = 1,601 kN (downwards) ↓
Some of Horizontal forces = O (→as positive)
Hc =1849 +1849 cos 60°
Hc = 2,774 kN (eastwards) →

R = √ (16012 + 27742)
= 3,203 kN
α = tan-1(1601/2774)
= 30° (N.O.W)

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17. The diagram shows a mass which is suspended by means of a rope and a wall
crane. Points A, B, C and D are in the same vertical plane. Assume the rope to be
light and inelastic and the pulley at to be light and free of friction and calculate
(a) the magnitude and the nature of the force in the crane beam DC and the
rope AB respectively
(b) the magnitude and direction of the reaction at B.

ANS: - The construction of the sketch has to be done before.

CONSIDER (C)
With a base line b-b: ∑ F = 0
Fcd = 1200 sin 60°
Fcd = 1,039 kN (compressive force)
With a base line d-D: ∑ F = 0
Fbc = 1200 cos 60°

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 Fbc = 600 N (tensile force)
CONSIDER (B)

Some of Vertical forces = O (↓as positive)

600 sin 45° + 600 sin 30° = Vc
Vc = 724,3 N (downwards) ↓
Some of Horizontal forces = O (→as positive)
Hc = 600 cos 45°-600 cos 30°
Hc = 95,35 N (eastwards) →

R = √ (724,32 + 95,352)

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 = 730,5N
α = tan-1(724,3/95,35)
= 82,5° (N.O.E)

TUTORIAL 6 (A)

1. Calculate, in each of the following cases, the magnitude and the direction of the
reaction at the point A, assuming equilibrium in each case
(a)

SOLUTION

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 ΣM at A = 0
F 0,8 = 300 sin 30 *0.5
F = 93,75 N

Some of Vertical forces = O (↓as positive)

F = Vc
Vc = 93,75 N (downwards) ↓

Some of Horizontal forces = O ( west as positive)

Hc = 300 N
Hc = 300 N (westwards)

R = √ (3002 + 93,752)
= 314,3 N
α = tan-1(93,75/300)
= 17,35° (N.O.E)

(b)

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SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
F 1,2 = 900 sin 60 *0.8
F = 519,6 N
Some of Vertical forces = O (up as positive)
F – 900 sin 60 = Vc
Vc = 259,8 N (downwards) ↓

Some of Horizontal forces = O ( west as positive)

Hc = 900 cos 60
Hc = 450 N (westwards)

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 R = √ (4502 + 259,82)
= 519,6 N
α = tan-1(259,8/450)
= 30° (N.O.E)
(C)

SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
F cos 60 * 0.6 = 100 sin 45 *0.9
F = 212,1 N
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
F sin 60 + 100 sin 45 = Vc
Vc = 254,4 N (downwards) ↓

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 Some of Horizontal forces = O ( west as positive)
Hc = 100 sin 45 – 212,1 cos 60
Hc = 35,34 N (eastwards)

R = √ (254,42 + 35,342)
= 256,8 N
α = tan-1(254,4/35,34)
= 82,09° (N.O.W)

(d)

SOLUTION

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 ΣM at A = 0
F cos 30 * 1,4 = 1000*0.8
F = 659,8 N
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
1 kN= Vc
Vc = 1000 N (downwards) ↓
Some of Horizontal forces = O (east as positive)
Hc = F
Hc = 659,8 N (eastwards)

R = √ (10002 + 659,82)
= 1,198 kN
α = tan-1(1000/659,8)
=
56,58° (N.O.W)

(e)

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SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
F cos 45 * 7 = 300*9.81*12
F = 7,135 kN
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
300*9,81 – 7135 sin 45= Vc
Vc = 2102.2 N (upwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)

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 Hc = F cos 45
Hc = 5045,2 N (westwards)

R = √ (2102,22 + 5045,22)
= 5,466 kN
α = tan-1(2102,2/5045,2)
= 22,62° (S.O.E)

(f)

SOLUTION

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 ΣM at A = 0
F sin 75 * 16 = 80*9.81 sin 45*8
F = 287,3 N
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
80*9,81 – 287,3sin 30= Vc
Vc = 641,15 N (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 287,3 cos 30
Hc = 248,8 N (eastwards)

R = √ (641,152 + 248,82)
= 687,7 N
α = tan-1(641,15/248,8)
= 68,79° (N.O.W)

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 (g)

SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
(F sin 45 * 1,04)+ (36 cos 60 *0,2) + (F cos 45 * 0,2) + (10 sin 60 *0,2) + (10 cos
60*0,2) = (36sin 60 * 0,52)

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 F = 11,27 N

Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)

36 sin 60 – 11,27 sin 45 – 10 cos 60= Vc
Vc = 18,21 N (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 10 sin 60 – 36 cos 60 – 11,27 cos 45
Hc = 17,31 N (eastwards)

R = √ (18,212 + 17,312)
= 25,12 N
α = tan-1(18,21/17,31)
= 46,45° (N.O.W)

2. A light frame, of which all the internal angles are 60º is shown in the diagram.
Calculate the magnitude of the vertical reaction at F and the magnitude and the
direction of the reaction at A.

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 SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
(RF* 4)+ (9240 *√3) =12000*1 + 20000*3 +10000*6
RF = 29 kN
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
12000 + 20000 + 10000- 29000= Vc
Vc = 13 kN (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 9240
Hc = 9240 N (westwards)

R = √ (130002 + 92402)
= 15,95 kN
α = tan-1(13000/9240)

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 = 54,59° (N.O.E)

3. The following diagram shows a light pinjointed frame which is pivoted at A and
supported at D so that AD is horizontal. Calculate the magnitude and the direction
of the reaction at each support.

SOLUTION
ΣM at A = 0
(RD* 80)= 2000*34,65
RD = 866,25 N
Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
2000 sin 60 + 2000 sin 60 – 866,25= Vc
Vc = 2,598 kN (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 2000 cos 60 + 2000 cos 60
Hc = 2 kN (westwards)

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 R = √ (25982 + 20002)
= 3,279 kN
α = tan-1(2598/2000)
= 52,41° (N.O.E)

4. Calculate the magnitude, direction and point of application of the force necessary
to keep each of the following light beams in equilibrium.

(a)

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 SOLUTION

Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)

80 + 120 sin 60= Vc
Vc = 183,9 N (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (east as positive)
Hc = 120 cos 60
Hc = 60 N (eastwards)

R = √ (183,92 + 602)
= 193,5 N
α = tan-1(183,9/60)
= 71,93° (N.O.W)

ΣM at the left-hand end = 0

(80* 0,4)= 193,5 sin 71,93* X
X = 174mm from the left-hand end
(b)

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 SOLUTION

Some of Vertical forces = O (up as positive)

500 sin 45 + 200 sin 60= Vc
Vc = 526,8 N (upwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (east as positive)
Hc = 500 cos 45 -200 cos 60
Hc = 253,6 N (eastwards)

R = √ (526,82 + 253,62)
= 584,7 N
α = tan-1(526,8/253,6)
= 64,3° (S.O.W)
ΣM at the left-hand end = 0
(584,7sin 64,3* X)= 500 sin 45*0,5
X = 335,6mm from the left-hand end

(c)

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SOLUTION

Some of Vertical forces = O (up as positive)

300 sin 60 + 120= Vc
Vc = 379,8 N (upwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 250 -300 cos 60
Hc = 100 N (westwards)

R = √ (379,82 + 1002)
= 392,7 N
α = tan-1(379,8/100)
= 75,25° (S.O.E)

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ΣM at the left-hand end = 0
(392,7 sin 75,25* X)= 120*6 + (300 sin 60*2)
X = 3,264 mm from the left-hand end

5. The diagram shows a light horizontal rod AC, connected to a light rod BD by a
frictionless hinge at B, D being a smooth pivot point. The system shown in the
diagram is in equilibrium. Calculate-

(a) the vertical forces at A and B respectively.

SOLUTION

ΣM at A = 0
(5*9,81*1,4)= Fb*0,6
Fb = 114,5 N (Upwards)
ΣM at B = 0
(5*9,81*0,8)= Fa*0,6
Fa = 65,4 N (Downwards)
(b) the horizontal force at B.
SOLUTION

Fbd sin 60 = 114,5

Fbd = 132,2 N

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Hf = Fbd cos 60
= 132,2 cos 60
= 66,1 N to the left

(c) the magnitude and the direction of the reaction at A.

SOLUTION

Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)

5*9,81 – 114,5= Vc
Vc = 65,45 N (upwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 132,2 cos 60
Hc = 66,1N (westwards)

R = √ (65,452 + 66,12)
= 93 N
α = tan-1(65,45/66,1)
= 44,72° (S.O.E)

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 Tutorial B
1. A horizontal steel rod is 2,4 m long, has a mass of 10 kg and is supported at the
right-hand end and 400 mm from the left-hand end. A vertical concentrated load
of 150 N is applied at the left-hand end and a mass of 50 kg is suspended 600 mm
from the right-hand end of the beam. Calculate the magnitude of the reaction at
each support.

∑ML = 0
(98,1*0,8) +( 490,5*1,4) =(R*2) +(150*0,4)
R = 352,6 N

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

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150 +98,1+490.5-352,6 = L
L = 386 N
2. A uniform beam is 12 m long and has a mass of 50 kg. Masses of 40 kg and 30 kg
respectively are suspended at the two ends. Where should a support be placed to
keep the beam in horizontal equilibrium?

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

392,4+490,5+294,3 = R
R = 1177,2 N
∑ML = 0
(294,3*12) +( 490,5*6) =(R*X)
X = 5,5 m from the left end
3. A uniform horizontal beam has a mass of 40 kg and length of 14 m. The beam
rests on two supports, one at the right-hand eng and the other 4 m from the left-
hand end. The beam carries vertical concentrated loads of 200 N at the left-hand
end; 2m from the right-hand end 2000 N and 7 m from the left-hand end 500 N.
Calculate the magnitude of the reaction at the each support.

∑MR = 0
(L*10) =( 392,4*7) +(500*7) +(2000*2) +(200*14)
L = 1,305 kN

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∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)
200 +500+392,4 +2000 -1305 = R
R = 1,788 kN
4. A uniform beam with a length of 24 m and mass of 180 kg rests horizontally on
two supports, one 5 m from the left-hand end and the other 4m from the right-
hand end. Vertical concentrated loads of 2,24 kN and 1,68 kN are applied at the
left-hand end and 9 m from the right-hand end respectively. Calculate the
magnitude of the vertical concentrated loads to be applied at the right-hand end of
the beam so that the reaction at the right-hand support will be 6,888 kN.

∑ML = 0
(1765,8*7) + (1680*10) +(F*19) =(6888*15) +(2240*5)
F = 4,493 kN
5. A uniform beam has a length of 20 m and rests horizontally on a support at the
right-hand end and a second support which is 4 m from the left-hand end. The
beam carries vertical concentrated loads of 5 kN and 2 kN and 4 kN at the left-
hand end and 10 m and 14 m from the left-hand end respectively. Calculate
(a) the reaction at each support
(b) the magnitude of the additional concentrated load to be applied at the left-
hand end so that the there will be no reaction at the support at the right-
hand end.

43
(a)∑ML = 0
(2000*6) +( 4000*10) =(R*16) +(5000*4)
R = 2 kN
∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)
5+2+4-2 = L
L = 9 kN
(b)
∑ML = 0
(F*4) +( 5*4) =(2*6) +(4*10)
R = 8 kN
6. During the experiment a light horizontal rod AB with a length of 200 mm, was
connected to a second horizontal rod BD, 360 mm long, by means of a frictionless
hinge at B. Rod AB was supported at A and a mass of 1 kg suspended 12 cm from
the A. BD was supported at point C, 12 cm from B and an additional mass was
suspended at D so that the two rods were kept in horizontal equilibrium. Calculate
the magnitude of the respective vertical reactions at A and the magnitude of the
mass at D.

∑MB = 0
(9,81*0,08) =( L*0,2)

44
L = 3,924 N

∑MD = 0
(9,81*0,44) =( 3,924*0,2) +( R *0,24)
R = 8,829 N

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

9,81+m = 3,924 +8,829
m = 300 g
7. A uniform beam of length 16 m and mass 32 kg rests horizontally on two
supports, one 3 m from the left-hand end and the other 2 m from the right-hand
end. Vertical concentrated loads of 1,5 kN and 1,3 kN are acting at the left- and
right-hand ends respectively. A uniform distributed load of 100 N/ m rests on the
beam from a point of 6 m from the left-hand up to the right-hand end. Calculate
the reaction at each support.

∑MR = 0
(1300*2) +( L*11) =(313,92*6) +(1000*3) +(1500*14)
L = 2,117 kN

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

1500+1000+1300+313,92-2117 = R
R = 1,997 kN
8. A uniform beam, 16 m long, rests horizontally on two supports, one at the left-
hand end and the other 4 m from right-hand end. The beam carries vertical

45
 concentrated loads of 500 N, 1,5 kN and 2 kN at points respectively 4 m, 9 m and
16 m from the left-hand end, as well as a uniform distributed load of 1,5 kN/m
over the first 6 m from the left-hand end and uniform distributed load of 500 N/m
over the first 7 m from the right-hand end. Calculate the reaction at each of the
supports.

∑ML = 0
(9000*3) +( 500*4)+(1500*9)+(3500*12,5)+(2000*16) =(R*12)
R = 9,854 kN

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

9000+500+1500+3500+2000-9854 = L
L = 6,646 kN

9. A uniform beam with a mass of 1 Mg and a length of 25 m rests horizontally on

supports at the left-hand end and 5 m from the right-hand end, respectively. A
uniform distributed load of 5,25 kN/m rests on the beam for the first 8m from the
left-hand end and a second uniform distributed load of 6 kN/m rests on the beam
for the first 4 m from the right-hand end. In addition a mass of 3,4 Mg is hanging
from the beam at a point of 10 m from the right-hand end.
(a) Calculate the reaction at each support

46
 (b) Find the distance from the right-hand end at which an additional
concentrated load of 30 kN may be applied, so that the reactions at the
supports are equal.

(a)
∑ML = 0
(9810*12,5) +( 33354*15)+(24000*23)+(42000*4) = (R*20)
R = 67,15 kN

∑FDOWN = ∑FUP (equilibrium)

42000 +24000+ 33354 +9810- 6715 = L
L = 42,02 kN

(b)
∑M at right hand end = 0
(69582*25) +( 69582*5)=(24000*2)+(42000*21) + (30000*x)
+(9810*12,5)+(33354*10)
x = 23,38 m from the right hand end

10. The diagram shows a combination-lever in equilibrium. Calculate the force in the
member P.

47
CONSIDER FIRST LEVER
∑MA = 0
(200 sin60*0,9) =( Z*0,4)
Z = 390 N

48
CONSIDER SECOND LEVER
∑MB = 0
(390*0,5) =( R*0,3)
R= 649,5 N

CONSIDER THIRD LEVER

∑MC = 0
(649,5*0,3) = (P*0,2)
P= 974,3 N

TUTORIAL C

1. The diagram shows two levers ABD and EG which are connected by a light
connecting rod (DE) and frictionless pin joints so that DB and EG are horizontal.
The levers are hinged at B and F. If the system is in equilibrium, Calculate-
(a) the force in link GH

49
SOLUTION
CONSIDER SIDE ppp:-

ΣM at B = 0
(200*0,8) +100 sin 30*0,3= Fed sin 60*0,5
Fb = 404,2 N (downwards)
CONSIDER SIDE zzz:-

50
ΣM at F = 0
(404,2 sin 60*0,5 = Fgh sin 45*0,2
Fgh = 1,238 kN (compressive to G)

(b) the magnitude and direction of the reaction at B

CONSIDER SIDE ppp:-

Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)

404,2 sin 60 + 200 sin 30- 100 sin 30= Vc
Vc = 400 N (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 100 cos 30 + 404,2 cos 60 – 200 cos 30
Hc = 115,5 N (westwards)

51
 R = √ (4002 + 115,52)
= 416,3 N
α = tan-1(400/115,5)
= 73,9° (N.O.E)

2. Calculate the magnitude of the force in the rod FG and the magnitude and
direction of the reaction at pivot point B.

CONSIDER SIDE PPPPP:-

ΣM at B = 0
(40 sin 30*0,5) = (Fcd * 0,2) +(30 sin 45 * 0,1) +( 80 sin 60*0,5)
Fcd = 133,8 N (downwards)

52
CONSIDER SIDE DDDDD:-
ΣM at E = 0
(133,8 sin 70* 0,4)+ (20 sin 70* 0,2) = (Fgf cos 30 * 0,1)
Fcd = 624,1 N (downwards)

CONSIDER SIDE PPPPP:-

Some of Vertical forces = O (down as positive)
133,8 – 30 sin 45 - 40 sin 30= Vc
Vc = 92,59 N (downwards)
Some of Horizontal forces = O (west as positive)
Hc = 40 cos 30 + 30 cos 45 – 80
Hc = 24,15 N (eastwards)

R = √ (92,592 + 24,152)
= 95,7 N
α = tan-1(92,59/24,15)
= 75,8° (N.O.W)
3. Calculate the magnitude of the force F and the magnitude and direction of the
reaction at the pivot A of each of the following laminae which are in equilibrium.

(a)

53
∑MA = 0
(5 cos45*0,8) +( 10 sin 60*0,3) +(10 cos60*0,8) =(F cos30*0,8)+(5 sin45*0,8)+(4*0,6)
F = 6,057 kN

∑Vc = 0
4+6,059 sin 30 +5 sin 45- 10 cos 60=Vc
Vc = 5,565 kN south

∑Hc = 0
5 cos 45 + 10 sin 60- 6,059 cos 30 = Hc
Hc = 6,949 kN west

R = (5,5652+6,9492)
= 8,902 kN

tan = (5,565/6,949)
 = 38,69 N.o.E

(b)

54
∑MA = 0
(F sin 45*0,1) +( 30 sin 30*0,1) +(20 sin 60*0,02) =(30cos30*0,04)+(20 cos 60*0,1)+(40
sin 60*0,04)
F = 22,32 N

∑Vc = 0
40 sin 60 +20 cos 60 -10 -22,32 sin 45-30 sin 30=Vc
Vc = 3,858 N south

∑Hc = 0
40 cos 60 +20 sin 60- 30 cos 30 – 22,32cos 45 = Hc
Hc = 4,443 N east

R = (3,8582+4,4432)
= 5,885 kN

tan = (3,858/4,443)
 = 40,97 N.o.W

(c)

55
∑MA = 0
(F* 28,28) =( 600*10) +(500*20) +(1000*14,142)+(2000*20)
F = 2,48 kN

∑Vc = 0
1000 +2000 +500 sin 45 +600 sin 45 -2479,9=Vc
Vc = 1297,9 N south

∑Hc = 0
500 cos 45 + 600 cos 45 = Hc
Hc = 777,817 N west

R = (1297,92+777,8172)
= 1,513 kN

tan = (1297,9/777,817)
 = 59,07 N.o.E
(d)

56
∑MA = 0
(F* 4) +( 400*1,732) +(200 cos 30*1,732) =(800*3)+(500*2) +(1000*1)+(200sin30*3)
F = 926,8 N

∑Vc = 0
800 +1000 +200 sin 30 +500 sin 30 +600 sin 30 – 926,8 =Vc
Vc = 1523,2 N south

∑Hc = 0
500 cos 30 + 600 cos 30- 400 – 200cos 30 = Hc
Hc = 379,4 N west

R = (1523,22+379,42)
= 1,57 kN

tan = (2523,2/379,4)
 = 76 N.o.E

(e)

57
∑MA = 0
(300 sin 30 *0,6) +( F sin 45*0,2) =(400 sin 50*0,4) +(200 sin 60*0,4)
F = 720,2 N

∑Vc = 0
400 sin 50 +720,2 sin 45 -200 sin 60 -300 sin 30=Vc
Vc = 492,47 N south

∑Hc = 0
720,2 cos45 +200 cos60 – 400 cos50 – 300 cos30 = Hc
Hc = 92,34 N east

R = (492,472+92,342)
= 501 N

tan = (492,47/92,34)
 = 79,38 N.o.W

(f)

58
∑MA = 0
(120 sin30*2,4) = (Fcd*0,6)
Fcd = 240 N
∑ME = 0
(F sin60* 0,4) = (240*1)
F = 692,8 N

∑Vc = 0
240 -120 sin30=Vc
Vc = 180 N south
∑Hc = 0
120 cos30 = Hc
Hc = 103,9 N east

R = (1802+103,92)
= 207,7 N
tan = (180/103,9)
 = 60 N.o.W
(g)

59
∑MA = 0
(196,2*4) +( 520 sin60*8) +(100*4) =(F*8)+(520 cos60*3)
F = 500,9 N

∑Vc = 0
100 +196,2 +520 sin60 =Vc
Vc = 746,5 N south

∑Hc = 0
520 cos60 +500,9 = Hc
Hc = 760,9 N west

R = (746,52+760,92)
= 1,066 kN

tan = (746,5/760,9)
 = 44,45 N.o.E

60
 CHAPTER 8 CENTROIDS

1. (c)

Area1 = 0,5*1200*1200 Y1 = 1200/3

= 720000 m2 = 400 m
Area2 = 4002 Y2 = 400/2
2
= 160000 m = 200 m

 = (A1*Y1)-(A2*Y2)/At
= (720000*400)-(160000*200)/560000
= 457,1 mm

(d)

61
 Area1 = 15*12 X1 = 15/2 Y1 = 12/2
= 180 m2 = 7,5m =6m
Area2 = *3,52 X2 = 4 Y2 = 4
= 38,485 m2 =4m =4m

 = (A1*X1)-(A2*X2)/At
= (180*7,5)-(38,485*4)/141,52
= 8,452 m

 = (A1*Y1)-(A2*Y2)/At
= (180*6)-(38,485*4)/141,52
= 6,544 m

(f)

M1 = 0,5**2002*1 X1 = (200)-84,88
= 62832 mm2 = 115,12 mm
M2 = 200*400*2 X2 = 400/2+200
= 160000 mm2 = 400 mm
M3 = 100*400*3 X3= 100/2+600
= 120000 mm2 = 650 mm
M4 = 0,5*400*200*4 X4= 200/3+700
2
= 160000 mm = 766,7 mm

62
  = (M1*X1)+(M2*X2)+ (M3*X3)+ (M3*X3)/Mt
=(62832*115,12)+(160000*400)+(120000*650)+(160000*766,7)/{502832}
= 540,8 mm
(g)

V1 = 10*10*4 X1 = 4/2
2
= 400 m =2m
V2 = *52*6 X2 = 6/2 + 4
= 471,2 m2 =7m
V2 = 0,333**52*7 X2 = (7/4)+10
= 183,1 m2 = 11,75 m

 = (V1*X1)+(V2*X2)+(V3*X3)/Vt
= (400*2)+(471,2*7)+(183,1*11,75)/{1054}
= 5,93 m from left end
(i)

63
 Area1 = 2*24 X1 = 24/2 Y1 = 2/2
= 48 cm2 = 12 cm = 1 cm
Area2 = 1*8 X2 = 1/2 Y2 = 8/2 +2
= 8 cm2 = 0,5 cm = 6 cm
Area3 = 1*14 X3 = 16/2 Y3 = ½+2
= 14 cm2 = 8 cm = 2,5 cm
Area4 = 1*8 X4 = 16-0,5 Y4 = 8/2+2
= 8 cm2 = 15,5 cm = 6 cm
Area5 = 0,5*9*8 X5 = 9/3 +16 Y5 = 8/3 +2
= 36 cm2 = 19 cm = 4,667 cm
Area6 =  * 72 X6 = 16/2 Y6 = 10
= 153,9 cm2 = 8 cm = 10 cm
Area7 =  * 62 X7 = 16/2 Y7 = 10
= 113,1 cm2 = 8 cm = 10 cm

 = (A1*X1)+(A2*X2)+(A3*X3)+(A4*X4)+(A5*X5)+(A6*X6)-(A7*X7)/At
= (48*12)+(8*0,5)+(14*8)+(8*15,5)+(36*19)+(153,9*8)-(113,1*8)/154,8
= 117,98 mm
 = (A1*Y1)+(A2*Y2)+(A3*Y3)+(A4*Y4)+(A5*Y5)+(A6*Y6)-(A7*Y7)/At
= (48*1)+(8*6)+(14*2,5)+(8*6)+(36*4,667)+(153,9*10)-(113,1*10)/154,8
= 48,77 mm
(j)

64
 M1 = 1,333**503*2 X1 = (100/20)+250
= 1047000 mm2 = 300 mm
M2 = 1,333**253*1 X2 = 50/2
= 65433 mm2 = 25 mm
M3 = *102*200*1,5 X3= 200/2+50
= 94248 mm2 = 150 mm
 = (M1*X1)+(M2*X2)+ (M3*X3)/Mt
= (1047000*300)+(65433*25)+ (94248*150)/{1207*103}
= 273,4 m from RIGHT

(k)

V1 = *32*12 X1 = 12/2
= 339,29 m2 =6m
V2 = 0,333**32*10 X2 = 10/4 + 12
= 94,15 m2 = 14,5 m
V2 = *1,752*15 X2 = 15/2
= 144,3 m2 = 7,5 m
 = (V1*X1)+(V2*X2)- (V3*X3)/Vt
= (339,29*6)+(94,15*14,5)- (144,3*7,5)/{289,14}
= 8,019 m from P

65
(n)

Area1 = 2*8 X1 = 2/2+4 Y1 = 8/2

2
= 16 m = 5m =4m
Area2 = 0,5*6*8 X2 = 6/3+4 Y2 = 8/3
= 24 m2 =6m = 2,667 m
Area3 =  * 22*8 X3 = 4/2 Y3 = 8/2
= 100,5 m2 =2m =4m
Area4 =  * 1,52*8 X3 = 4/2 Y3 = 8/2
= 56,55 m2 =2m =4m

Area5 =  * 1,072*1,5 X5 = 4+4 Y5 = 2

= 5,395 m2 =8m =2m

 = (A1*X1)+(A2*X2)+(A3*X3)-(A4*X4)-(A5*X5)/At
= (16*5)+(24*6)+(100,5*2)-(56,55*2)-(5,395*8)/78,56
= 3,421 m

 = (A1*Y1)+(A2*Y2)+(A3*Y3)-(A4*Y4) )-(A5*Y5)/At
= (16*4)+(24*2,667)+(100,5*4)-(56,55*4)-(5,395*2)/78,56
= 3,73 m

66
2. The diagram shows a thin uniform plate with one corner folded back. The centre
of gravity is 3,48 m from the vertical edge AB. Calculate the length of the side b.

Area1 = 5*b X1 = b/2

= 5b m2 = 0,5bm
Area2 = 0,5*5*5 X2 = 5/3 + b
= 12,5 m2 = (1,666+b)m

 = (A1*X1)+(A2*X2)/At
3,48 = (5b*0,5b)+(12,5*[1,66+b])/{5b+12,5}
b = 3,002 m
3. The diagram shows a uniform lamina suspended at point A. Calculate the position
of the centre of gravity and the angle.

67
Area1 = 6*8 X1 = 6/2 Y1 = 8/2
2
= 24 m = 3m =4m
Area2 = 0,5*4*6 X2 = 6/3 Y2 = 4/3 +8
= 12 m2 = 2m = 9,333 m
Area3 =  * 1,452 X3 = 3 Y3 = 4
= 6,605 m2 = 3m = 4m

 = (A1*X1)+(A2*X2)-(A3*X3)/At
= (24*3)+(12*2)-(6,605*3)/29,395
= 2,592 m

 = (A1*Y1)+(A2*Y2)-(A3*Y3)/At
= (24*4)+(12*9,333)-(6,605*4)/29,395
= 6,177 m

 = TAN-1( 2,592/6,177)
= 22,76

68
 TUTORIAL 9

1. A horizontal force of 20 N is just enough to pull a mass of 5,6 kg over a

horizontal surface at a constant velocity. Calculate the coefficient of friction

Solution:
F = F
20 = 5,6*9,81*
 = 0,364

2. A mass of 20 kg rests on a rough horizontal surface. A horizontal force of 50 N is

necessary to just start the motion of the body and a horizontal force of 40 N is just
enough to keep the body moving at a constant velocity. Calculate the coefficient
of friction of-
(a) static friction
(b) kinetic friction

Solution:
(a) F = F
50 = 20*9,81*
 = 0,255
(b) F = F
90 = 20*9,81*
 = 0,46

69
3. The rectangular contact surface of a steam slide valve is 400 mm long and 240
mm wide and the steam pressure on it is 900k Pa. Assume a coefficient of friction
of 0,15 and calculate the force required to move the valve.

Solution:
Area = B*H
= 0,24*0,4
= 0,096 m2
Pressure = force/Area
F = 9,375 MN
4. A young man having a mass of 60 kg is pulling horizontally on a rope which is
attached to a body resting on a horizontal surface. What is the largest mass of the
body which the young man can pull over the surface if the coefficient of friction
between his shoes and the floor is 0,45 and that between the body and the surface
is 0,35.

Solution:
Consider a man
F = Fu
F = 60*9,81*0,45
F = 264,9 N

70
Consider a body
F = Fu
264,9 = m*9,81*0,35
m = 77,14 kg
5. A brake shoe is pressed against a rotating brake disc with a force of 15000 N at a
radius of 120 mm. Calculate the braking torque being generated if the coefficient
of friction is 0,32

Solution:
Fu = F*
= 15000*0,32
= 4800 N
T = Fu*R
= 4800*0,12
= 576 N.m
6. A horizontal shaft having a diameter of 100 mm and a mass of 82 kg rotates in
two bearings which are 4,2 m from each other. A pulley on the shaft has a mass of
22 kg and is fixed 1,8 m from the left-hand bearing. The total effective vertical
downwards force in the belt drive of the pulley 520 N. Assume a coefficient of
friction of 0,25 between the shaft and the bearings and calculate the braking
torque caused by the friction in each bearing.

71
Solution:
∑ML = O
(735,8*1,8)+(804,4*2,1) = (R*4,2)
R = 717,5 N
Forces down = Forces up
735,8+804,4-717,5= L
L = 822,7 N
Tr = 717,5*0,25* 0,05
= 8,969 N.m
Tl = 822,7* 0,25*0,05
= 10,28 N.m
7. A body having a mass of 12 kg will just slide down an incline which is 25 to the
horizontal. What horizontal force will be necessary to just move the body over a
similar horizontal surface?

Solution:

72
Consider sketch 1
F = mg sin25
 = tan 25
= 0,47
Consider sketch 2
F = F
F = mg*
= 12*9,81*0,47
= 55 N

8. A certain body rest on a flat bar 2 m in length. How high must one end of the bar
be lifted above the other end so that the body will slide down the bar if the
coefficient on friction is 0,3?
Solution:

mg sin = (mg cos)

 = tan -1 0,3
= 16,69

h = 2 sin 16,69
= 574,4 mm
9. A body having a mass of 14 kg rests on a surface inclined 20 to the horizontal.
Assume a coefficient of friction of 0,5 and calculate the force parallel to the
surface, to-
(a) pull the body down the surface
(b) pull the body directly up the surface

73
Solution:

Consider body downwards:

F = (mg cos20*)-(mg sin20)
F = ( 14*9,81*cos20*0,5)-(14*9,81 sin 20)
F = 17,56 N
Consider body upwards:
F = (mg cos20*)+ (mg sin20)
F = (14*9,81*cos20*0,5) + (14*9,81 sin 20)
F = 111,5 N
10. A wooden block having a mass of 3 kg is placed on an inclined surface having a
coefficient of friction of 0,4 and forming an angle of 15 to the horizontal.
Determine the force, applied to the block at an angle of 25 to the horizontal to-
(a) pull the body upwards
(b) pull it downwards
(c) push the body upwards
(d) push it downwards

74
 Solution:
Consider a:
F = ( mg cos15)-(F sin 10)
= (3*9,81 cos15) –(F sin 10)
= [(28,43)- F 0,174]0,4
F cos10 = ( mg sin15)+(F)
= (3*9,81 sin15) + [(28,43)- F 0,174]0,4
F = 18,01 N
Consider b:
F = ( mg cos15)-(F sin 10)
= (3*9,81 cos15) –(F sin 10)
= [(28,43)- F 0,174]0,4
F cos40 = ( mg sin15)+(F)
= (3*9,81 sin15) + [(28,43)- F 0,174]0,4
F = 3,56 N
Consider c:
F = ( mg cos15)+(F sin 40)
= (3*9,81 cos15) +(F sin 40)
= [(28,43)+ F 0,643]0,4
F cos10 = ( mg sin15)+(F)
= (3*9,81 sin15) + [(28,43)+ F 0,643]0,4
F = 37,32 N
Consider d:
F = ( mg cos15)+(F sin 10)
= (3*9,81 cos15) +(F sin 10)
= [(28,43)+ F 0,174]0,4
F cos10 = -( mg sin15)+(F)
= -(3*9,81 sin15) + [(28,43)+ F 0,174]0,4
F = 4,103 N

75
11. A body having a mass of 48 kg is pushed at a constant velocity directly up an
incline of 30 to the horizontal by a force of 573 N which pushes downwards on
the body at an angle of 20 to the incline. Calculate the angle of friction and the
coefficient of friction.
Solution:

F = ( mg cos30)+(573 sin 20)

= (48*9,81 cos30) +(573 sin 20)
= [603,8]µ
573 cos20 = ( mg sin15)+(F)
= (48*9,81 sin30) + [603,8]µ
µ = 0,5019
 tan =0,5019
 = 26,65
12. The coefficient of friction between a sliding body and a surface AB can be
determined by using apparatus as shown in the diagram, assuming the pulley a A
to be light and without friction. Assume that m =83 g, m1 = 200g,  = 10 and for
constant motion to the right the hanging mass C = 110 g. Calculate the coefficient
of friction between the sliding mass and the surface AB.

76
 Solution:
Consider C:
T = mg
= 0,11*9,81
= 1,0791 N
Consider m and m1:
T = (mg sin 10)+(Fµ)
1,079= (0,283 sin 10)+(0,283 cos10*µ)
µ = 0,271
13. The diagram shows two masses connected by a light inelastic cord passing over a
light frictionless pulley. Calculate the force F required to keep the system on the
point on motion to the right if the coefficient of friction is 0,25 for both surfaces.

Solution:
Consider 3 kg:
T = (mg sin 60)+(mg cos30*µ)
= (3*9,81sin60)+(3*9,81 cos30*0,25)
= 31,859 N
Consider m and m1:
T = (mg sin 30)-(Fµ)+(F cos20)
31,859= (2 sin 30)+[(2 cos30)-(F sin20)*0,25]+(F COS 20)
F= 23,02 N

14. In the following diagram the rope is assumed to be light and inelastic and the
pulley light and frictionless. AB is horizontal and the coefficient of friction is
equal for both bodies. Assume that the system is on the verge of moving to the
left and calculate the coefficient of friction.

77
 Solution:
Consider 50 kg:
T = Fµ
= 50*9,81*µ
= 490,5µ
Consider 10 kg:
T = (mg sin 60)-(Fµ)+(68,9 cos30)
490,5µ= (10*9,81 sin 60)-[(10*9,81 cos60)+(68,9 sin30)*µ]+(68,9 cos30)
µ= 0,252

15. The diagram shows tow bodies connected by a light inelastic cord and to which a
force F is applied. Calculate-
(a) the magnitude of the force F to keep the system on the point of motion up
the incline
(b) the tension in the connecting cord if the force F is removed while the
system is at rest.

78
 Solution:
Consider 2 kg:
T = Fµ+ mg sin 15
= (2*9,81cos 15)*0,2+(2*9,81 sin15)
= 8,868N
Consider 15 kg:
T+(mg sin 15)+(Fµ)=(F cos30)
8,868+(1,5*9,81 sin 15)+[(1,5*9,81 cos15)-(F sin30)*0,4]=(F cos30)
F = 17,23 N
Consider 2 kg:
T = -Fµ+ mg sin 15
= -(2*9,81cos 15)*0,2+(2*9,81 sin15)
= 1,288 N

16. A certain body is on the point of sliding directly down a decline of . Show that
tan =
Solution:

Consider sketch 1
F = mg sin
(mg cos) = mg sin
 tan =

79
17. Calculate the tension in the cord and the magnitude of F when B is on the point of
moving.
(a)

Solution:
Consider 10 kg:
T = mg *µ
= 10*9,81*0,3)
= 29,43 N
Consider 15 kg:
F cos32 = (mg –F sin32)+(F)
= (25*9.81-F sin20)0,3+(10*9,81*0.3)
F= 102,3 N

(b)

80
 Solution:
Consider 5 kg:
T = (F cos20)-(F)
= (F cos20)-(mg + F sin20)
= (F cos20)-(5*9,81+F sin20)0,25
= (F 0,939)-(12,26+F 0,086)
Consider 8 kg:
T = F+(F)
(F 0,939)-(12,26+F 0,086) = {(F 0,939)-(12,26-F 0,086)}+{(13*9,81)+(F sin20)0,2}
F = 71,44 N
Substitute F to 5 kg equation
T = (F 0,939)-(12,26+F 0,086)
= (71,44*0,939)-(12,26+71,44*0,086)
= 48,77 N
(c)

Solution:
Consider 2,5 kg:
T = mg sin28 +(mg cos28)µ
= (2,5*9,81 sin 28) +(2,5*9,81 cos28*0,26)
= 17,14 N
Consider 5 kg:
F cos25 = (mg cos28 –F sin25)+T-( mg sin28)
= (5*9.81 cos28-F sin25)0,26+17,14-( 5*9,81 sin28)

81
 F= 5,291 N

TUTORIAL 10

1. The speed of the vehicle increases uniformly from 4 m/s to 8 m/s during 12
seconds. Calculate the acceleration and the distance traveled after 12 seconds

Solution:
a = (v-u)/t
= (8-4)/12
= 0,33 m/s2
S = ut + 1/2at2
= (4*12) +(0,5*0,33*122)
= 72 m
2. A motor vehicle has an initial velocity of 18 km/h and accelerates for 40 seconds
at 0,2 m/s2. Calculate-
(a) the final velocity in km/h
(b) the displacement during acceleration

Solution:
a = (v-u)/t
0,2 = (v-5)/40
= 13 m/s
= 46,8 km/h
S = ut + 1/2at2

82
 = (5*40) +(0,5*0,2*102)
= 360 m
3. A vehicle moves over a winding road as follows: For the first minutes it travels at
a constant speed of 54 km/h; for a further 5 minutes at 42 km/h and the last 12
minutes at 84 km/h. Calculate the average speed for the whole journey

Solution:
S = ut
= 15*20
= 300 m
S = ut
= 11,67*5
= 58,33 m
S = ut
= 23,33*12
= 280 m
St = 280 +58,33 +300
= 638,33 m
S = ut +(0,5*a*t2)
638,33 = u 37
u = 17,25 m/s
= 62,11 km/h
4. A particle has an initial velocity of 24 m/s and a constant deceleration of 3 m/s2.
Determine-
(a) the displacement after 6 s
(b) the velocity after 10 s

83
 Solution:
S = ut + 1/2at2
= (24*6) +(0,5*-3*62)
= 90 m
a = (v-u)/t
-3= (v-24)/10
= -6 m/s

5. A vehicle starts from rest with uniform acceleration and for the first 5 seconds it
covers a distance of 30 m. Calculate the time taken for the vehicle to increase its
velocity from 36 km/h to 108 km/h if the acceleration is unchanged

Solution:
S = ut + 1/2at2
30 = (0*5) +(0,5*a*52)
a = 2,4 m/s2
a = (v-u)/t
2,4 = (30-10)/t
t = 8,33 sec

84
6. Two stations are 2 km away from each other. A train starts from rest at one station
and has a uniform acceleration for the first three quarter of the distance, followed
immediately by a uniform deceleration for the remaining part of the journey. If
the train takes 4 minutes to complete the whole journey, calculate the
acceleration, the deceleration and the maximum velocity reached

Solution:
St = 2000 m
Tt = 240 sec
S1 = 1500 m
S2 = 500 M
T1 = 180 sec
T2 = 60 sec
S = ut + 1/2at2
1500 = (0*180) +(0,5*a*1802)
a = 0,09259 m/s2
S = ut + 1/2at2
500 = (16,67*60) +(0,5*-a*602)
a = -0,2778 m/s2
7. A car travels between two stations, A and B, 4 km from each other. It starts from
rest at A and accelerates uniformly until it obtains a speed of 72 km/h. This car
maintains until it is uniformly decelerated, coming to a stop at B. The time taken
for the whole journey is 5 minutes, and the magnitude of the acceleration is half

85
 that of the deceleration. Calculate the acceleration and the distance the car travels
at constant speed

Solution:
NOTE: a3 =2a1 and t1 = 2t3 and S1 =2S3
t1 +t2+t3 =300 sec
S1+ S2 +S3 = 4000 m
St = {(t2 +tT)/2}*V
4000 = {(t2+300)/2}*20
t2 = 100 sec
2t3 + t2 + t3 = 300
3t3 + 100 = 300
t3 = 66,67 sec
t1 = (2t3)
t1 = 2*66,67
= 133,3 sec
a = (v-u)/t
= (20-0)/133,3
a = 0,15 m/s2
S2 = {(v+u)/2}*t2
= {(20+20)/2}*100
= 2 km
8. A certain vehicle starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated over a distance of
0,75 km, reaching a speed of 72 km/h. The speed then remains constant until the
brakes are applied, bringing the vehicle to rest 6 km from the starting point and 6
minutes after motion started. Calculate-

86
 (a) the distance the vehicle traveled at constant speed
(b) the magnitude of the retardation in m/s2

Solution:
t1 +t2+t3 =360 sec
S1+ S2 +S3 = 6000 m
St = {(t2 +tT)/2}*V
6000 = {(t2+360)/2}*20
t2 = 240 sec
S2 = {(V+U)/2}*t2
= {(20+20)/2}*240
= 4,8 km
S1 ={(v+u)/2}*t1
750 = {(20+0)/2}*t1
t1 = 75 sec
t3 = 360 -75-240
= 45 sec
a = (v-u)/t
= (0-20)/45
a = -0,444 m/s2
9. A vehicle starts from rest with a uniform acceleration until it reaches a speed of
129,6 km/h after traveling a distance of 540 m. This speed is maintained for a
period of time after which the vehicle decelerates until it comes to rest. The length
of the journey was 9,45 km and it took 4, 75 minutes to complete. Calculate-
(a) the acceleration of the vehicle in m/s2
(b) the distance the vehicle traveled-

87
 I.with a constant speed
II. while being decelerated

Solution:
v2 =u2 +2as
362 =02 +2a540
a = 1,2 m/s2
St = {(t2 +tT)/2}*V
9450 = {(t2+285)/2}*36
t2 = 240 sec
S2 = {(V+U)/2}*t2
= {(36+36)/2}*240
= 8,64 km
a = (v-u)/t1
1,2 = (36-0)/t1
t1 = 30 sec
t3 = 285 – 30- 240
= 15 sec
S3 = {(V+U)/2}*t3
= {(0+36)/2}*15
= 270 m
a = (v-u)/t
= (0-20)/15
a = -2,4 m/s2
a = 1:2

88
10. During the sixth and tenth second of observation of a body which moves with a
uniform acceleration, distances of 15 m and 23 m respectively, were covered.
Calculate-
(a) the initial velocity of the body at the beginning of the observation
(b) the total distance the body moved after eight second of observation

Solution:
S6 –s5 =15 m
S6 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S6 = u6 + (1/2 a62)
= 6u + 18a……….(1)
S5 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S5 = u5 + (1/2 a52)
= 5u + 12,5a……….(2)
6u +18a-5u -12,5a =15
a5,5 + u = 15
u = 15-5,5a………(3)
S10 –s9 =23 m
S10 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S10 = u10 + (1/2 a102)
= 10u + 50a……….(4)
S9 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S9 = u9 + (1/2 a92)
= 9u + 40,5a……….(5)
10u +50a-9u -40,5a =23

89
 a9,5+ u = 23
u = 23-9,5a………(6)
(6) = (3)
23 – 9,5a = 15 – 5,5a
a = 2 m/s2
11. A particle moving with uniform acceleration covers a distance of 7,25 m during
the half second which follows on the fourth second of observation and then moves
27 m during the eleventh second of observation. Calculate the distance the
particle moved during the sixth second.

Solution:
S4,5 –s3,5 =7,25 m
S4,5 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S4,5 = u4,5 + (1/2 a4,52)
= 4,5u + 10,13a……….(1)
S3,5 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S3,5 = u3,5 + (1/2 a3,52)
= 3,5u + 6,13 a……….(2)
4,5u +10,13a-3,5u -6,13a=7,25
a4+ u = 7,25
u = 7,25-4a………(3)
S11 –s10 =27 m
S11 = ut + (1/2 at2)
S11 = u11 + (1/2 a112)
= 11u + 60,5a……….(4)

90
 S10= ut + (1/2 at2)
S10 = u9 + (1/2 a92)
= 10u + 50a……….(5)
11u +60,5a-10u -50a =27
A10,5+ u = 27
u = 27-10,5a………(6)

(6) = (3)
27 – 10,5a = 7,25 – 4 a
a = 3,038 m/s2
Substitute a in equation (6)
U = 27 -10,5(3,038)
= 4,899 m/s
S = ut +(1/2)at2
= 4,899*6+(0,5*3,038*36)

12. A man drives his car (length 5 m) along a train (length 125 m). Both vehicles are
running at the same velocity and in the same direction. The front of the car is right
opposite the rear end of the train. At a certain instant the train is retarded at a rate
of 0,3 m/s2 and at the same time the car is accelerated at a rate of 0,06 m/s2. How
long will it take for the car to just pass the train?

Solution:
Consider the car:
S = ut +1/2at2
(x +125) = ut + {(1/2)(0,06)t2}
(x+125) = 0,03 t2

91
Consider the train:
S = ut +1/2at2
x = ut +{(1/2)(-0,3)t2}
x = -0,15 t2
x=x
0,03 t2 - 125 = -0,15 t2
0,18 t2 = 125
t = 26,35 sec
13. Two trains B and C, each 200 m in length, are traveling in the same direction on
two parallel straight railway lines. At a certain instant B has a speed of 90 km/h
and a deceleration of 0,1 m/s2 and C has a speed of 18 km/h and an acceleration of
0,2 m/s2 and the front end of B is in line with the rear end of C.
(a) How long will it take before B will just have passed C?
(b) What is the velocity of B at that instant?

Solution:
Consider the B:
S = ut +1/2at2
(x +400) = 25t + {(1/2)(-0,1)t2}
(x+400) = 25t -0,05 t2
Consider the C:
S = ut +1/2at2
x = 5t + {(1/2)(0,2t2}
x = 5t +0,1 t2
x=x
25t -0,05 t2 - 400 = 5t +0,1 t2

92
0 = 0,15 t2 -20t +400
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t = 24, 5 sec
t = 108,8 sec

93
 TUTORIAL 11
1. A body is projected vertically downwards with an initial velocity of 8,5 m/s from
a height 784,8 m above the ground. Assume the value of the gravitational
acceleration as 9,81 m/s2 and calculate-
(a) the velocity of the body when it reaches the ground
(b) the time taken to reach a point of 300 m above the ground

Solution:
h = ut +(0.5at2)
784,8 = 8,5t +4,905t2
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t = 11,81 sec
v2 = u2 +2gh
= 124,4 m/s
h = ut +(0.5at2)
484,8 = 8,5t +4,905t2
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t = 9,113 sec
2. A body is projected vertically upwards from ground level with an initial velocity
of 400 m/s. Calculate-
(a) the time taken to reach the ground
(b) the velocity when the body is 1,8 km above the ground level
(c) the time taken to reach a vertical height of 2,5 km

94
 Solution:
v2 = u2 +2gh
= 4002+(2*-9,81h)
h = 8,155 km
h = ut +(0.5at2)
8155=400t-4,905t2
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t = 40,77 sec
Therefore t = 2t
= 81,54 sec
h = 6355 m
v =(2*9,81*6355)
= 353,1 m/s
h = ut +(0.5at2)
2500=400t-4,905t2
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t1= 6,87 sec
t2= 74,73 sec
3. A projectile is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 40 m/s. Two
seconds later a second projectile is also projected vertically from the same point
with the same initial velocity. Calculate-
(a) the maximum height reached by each body
(b) the time taken to reach maximum height

95
 (c) the time taken for each projectile to return to the point of projection
(d) the time taken and distance moved by each projectile when they pass each
other

Solution:
v2 = u2 +2gh
0 = 402+(2*9,81*h)
h = 81,55 m

v = u + gt
0 = 40 +9,81t
t = 4,078 sec

h = 81,55 m
t = 4,078 sec
t total = 4,078*2
= 8,156 sec
It therefore means that it took:
Consider first projectile:
t = 4,078 +1
= 5,078 sec
Consider second projectile:
t = 4,078 -1
= 3,078 sec

96
Therefore h = ut + 0,5gt2
h = 4,905 m from the point of maximum height downwards
Therefore h = 81,55 + 4,905
= 86,46 m
And from the ground h = 81,55- 4,905
= 76,46 m

4. A body is projected vertically upwards from a point 40 m above the ground level
and reaches a maximum height of 190 m above the ground level. Calculate-
(a) the velocity with which the body was projected
(b) the time taken for the body to reach ground level
(c) the velocity of the body when it is 12 m above ground level

Solution:
v2 = u2 +2gh
0 = u2+(2*-9,81*150)
u = 54,25 m/s

v = u + gt
0 = 54,25 +9,81t
t = 5,53 sec

v =(2*9,81*190)
= 61,06 m/s

97
v = u + gt
61,06 = 9,81t
t = 6,224 sec

Therefore t total = 6,224 + 5,53

= 11,75 sec
h = 178 m
Therefore v = (2*9,81*178)
= 59,1 m/s

5. A stone is dropped from rest into a well and 4 seconds later it is heard to strike the
water level in the well. Assume that the constant speed of sound is 341,4 m/s and
determine the depth of the water level in the well

Solution:
Sound :
V = 341,4 m/s
Stone:
h = ut +(0.5at2)
h=4,905t2
Sound;
h = vt
= 341,4t
t1 = (4-t)
h = 341,4(4-t)
= 1365,6 -341,4t

98
 Therefore h = h
0 =4,905t2 +341,4t -1365,6
t = [-b+/-(b2-4ac)]/2a
t1= 3,793 sec
t2= 0,207 sec
h = 0,5*9,81*3,7932
= 70,57 m
6. A body is dropped from a point of 150 m above the ground level. At the same
instant another body is projected vertically upwards, from a point on the ground
and under the first body, with an initial velocity of 80 m/s. Calculate-
(a) the time taken before the bodies collide
(b) the height of the point of collision above the ground level

Solution:
Dropped projectile:
(150 –h) = 0,5*9,81t2
h = - 4,905t2 +150

Projected upwards;
h = 80t+ 0,5*9,81t2
= 80t+ 4,905t2
h=h
0 = 9,8t2 + 80t -150
Therefore t = 1,572 sec by using quadratic equation.

99
 h = 150 – (4,905(1,5722)
= 137,8 m
7. A body is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 80 m/s from a
point 45 m above the ground level. A little while later a second body falls freely
from rest from the same point. The bodies strike the ground level at the same
time. How long after the first body is projected should the second body be
dropped?

Solution:
v2 = u2 +2gh
0 = 802+(2*9,81*h)
h = 326,2 m
h total = 326,2 +45
= 371,2 m
v = u +gt
t = 80/9,81
= 8,155 sec
h = ut +0,5*gt2
371,2 = 0,5*9,81t2
t = 16,854 sec

v = (2*9,81*450
= 29,71 m/s

100
Therefore v = u +gt
tb = 29,71/9,81
= 3,029 sec
Therefore t total = 16,85 – 3,029
= 13,83 sec

101
 TUTORIAL 12

1. The set of rear wheels of a certain locomotive are each 2 m in diameter and each
of the set of front wheels has a diameter of 400 mm. The locomotive is traveling
at 60 km/h. Calculate the angular velocity of each of the sets of wheels in r/min
and rad/s

Solution:
Ratio = R/r
= 1/0,2
=5

Rear wheels:
a = v/r
= 16,67/1
= 16,67 rad/s
Therefore:
a = 16,67 x (60/2)
= 159,2 r/min

Front wheels = a x ratio

b = 16,67 x 5
= 83,35 rad/s

102
b = a x ratio
= 159,2 x 5
= 796 r/min

2. A flywheel which is rotating at 180 r/min is brought to rest during 20 s by a

uniform retardation. Calculate the angular retardation in rad/s2 and the number of
revolutions made by the flywheel while it is retarded

Solution:
 =(2-1)/t
= (0-18,85)20
= -0,9425 rad/s2

n = {(n1+n2)/2}t
= {(180 +0)/2}0,333
= 30 revolutions

3. The armature of a certain electrical motor is rotating at 4000 r/min and the pulley
keyed to the shaft has a diameter of 120 mm. The armature and the pulley is then
brought to rest by a uniform retardation after rotating through 400 revolutions.
Calculate the angular retardation of the armature in rad/s2 and the linear
retardation of the belt passing round the pulley, in m/s2. Assume no belt slip.

103
Solution:
n = {(n1+n2)/2}t
400 = {(4000 +0)/2}t
t = 0,2 min
t = 12 sec

 =(2-1)/t
= (0-1111,1)12
= -92,59 rad/s2

a=xr
= 92,59 x 0,06
= 5,56 ms/s2

4. A certain flywheel has a diameter of 750 mm and is uniformly accelerated from

42 r/min to 1090 r/min during 1,5 min. calculate-
(a) the acceleration in rad/s2
(b) the speed of the flywheel, in r/min, after if has made 527,5 revolutions
(c) the linear speed of a point on the circumference of the wheel at the instant
when it is rotating at 400 r/min

104
Solution:
 =(2-1)/t
= (114,1- 4,398)90
= 1,219 rad/s2
22 = 12 + 2
= (4,3982 + 2x1,219x527,5x2)
= 8099,8
2 = 89,99 rad/s
= 859,4 r/min

2 = 400 r/min
= 41,89 rad/s
V = 2 x r
= 41,89 x 0,375
= 15,71 m/s

5. One end of a light inelastic rope is fixed to a certain lift and the other end is
wound around the overhead winding drum which is 600 mm in diameter. The
drum is now uniformly accelerated from 3 rad/s to 11 rad/s during 4 s.
(a) the angular acceleration of the drum and the linear acceleration of the lift
(b) the number of revolution made by the drum during 4 s
(c) the speed and the increase in height of the lift at the end of the 4s

105
Solution:
 =(2-1)/t
= (11-3)4
= 2 rad/s2

a =xr
= 2 x 0,3
= 0,6 m/s2

n = {(n1+n2)/2}t
= {(3 +11)/2}4
= 4,456 revolutions

V = 2 x r
= 11 x 0,3
= 3,3 m/s

S = ut + (1/2at2)
= (0,9x 4) +( 0,5 x0,6 x16)
= 8,4 m

6. During a certain experiment a flywheel having a diameter of 1,05 m was

accelerated uniformly from rest to 80 r/min. This speed was then maintained
constant until the flywheel was brought to rest by a constant retardation. The
flywheel swain motion for 12 min and rotated through 720 revolutions. Calculate-
(a) the number of revolutions the wheel made at 80 r/min
(b) the maximum speed of wheel, in rad/s and the angular acceleration in
rad/s2
(c) the maximum peripheral speed in m/s and the peripheral acceleration

106
Solution:
 = {(t2+t)/2}
720 = {(t2+12)/2}80
t 2 = 6 min
= 360 min

t1 + t2 + t3 =12 min
3t3 +t2 = 12 -6
t 3 = 6/3
= 2 min
= 120 sec

t 1 = 12 -2 – 6
= 4 min
= 240 sec

n = {(n1+n2)/2}t
= {(80+80)/2}6
= 480 revolutions

 = 80 x(2/60)
= 8,378 rad/s

107
 =(2-1)/t
= (8,378 -0)240
= 0,03491 rad/s2

V = 2 x r
= 8,378 x0,525
= 4,397 m/s

a =xr
= 0,03491 x 0,525
= 0,0183 m/s2

7. The drawbridge (AB) shown in the diagram is pivoted at A and the point B is to
be lifted through 90 during 2 min. During the first 30s B moves with uniform
angular acceleration; for the next 70s the angular velocity remains constant and
for the remaining period B is uniformly retarded to come to rest vertically above
A. Calculate-
(a) the maximum angular and linear velocities of B
(b) the angular acceleration and retardation of B
(c) the linear acceleration and retardation of B
(d) the angle in degrees, through which B moved during acceleration, constant
velocity and retardation.

108
Solution:
 = {(t2+t)/2}
1,5713 = {(70=120)/2}
= 0,01654 rad/s

V = 2 x r
= 0,01654 x 40
= 0,6614 m/s

 =(2-1)/t
= (0,01654 -0)30
= 0,0005512 rad/s2

109
a =xr
= 0,0005512 x 0,40
= 0,02205 m/s2

 =(2-1)/t
= (0-0,01654)20
= 0,000827 rad/s2

a =xr
= 0,000827 x 40
= 0,0331 m/s2

8. The two pulleys of a certain belt drive have diameters of 750 mm and 1,2 m
respectively. The larger pulley rotates at 120 r/min and is then uniformly
accelerated to 160 r/min during which it makes 50 revolutions. Calculate-
(a) the final velocity of the belt in m/s, and the final angular velocity of the
smaller pulley in rad/s
(b) the angular acceleration of the smaller pulley in rad/s2
(c) the final linear acceleration of the belt in m/s2

110
Solution:
Ratio = D/d = R/r
= 1,2/0,75 = 0,6/0,375
= 1,6 = 1,6

a1 =12,57 rad/s

a2 = 16,76 rad/s
V=xR
= 16,67 X 0,6
= 10,05 m/s
b2 = a1 x ratio
= 16,67 x 1,6
= 26,81 rad/s

n = {(n1+n2)/2}t
50 = {(120+160)/2}t
t = 0,357 min
= 21,43 sec

 =(2-1)/t
= (16,67-12,57)21,43
= 0,196 rad/s2

 = a x ratio
= 0,196 x 1,6
= 0,3125 rad/s2
a = r
= 0,3125 x 0,375
= 0,1173 m/s2

111
9. During an experiment with a model flywheel, one end of a light inelastic rope is
fixed to a pin on a the shaft which has a diameter of 50 mm. The rope is wound
around the shaft and free end is then tied to amass of 2 kg so that the mass hangs
freely. When the mass is released from rest, it descends with constant acceleration
through a distance of 1,57 m during 16 s whilst the flywheel completes exactly 10
revolutions. Calculate-
(a) the constant linear acceleration of the descending mass and the constant
angular acceleration of the flywheel
(b) the linear final velocity of the mass at the end of the 16 s and the angular
velocity of the flywheel in rad/s and r/min, respectively, at that moment.

Solution:
a = (v-u)/t
= (0,1963-0)/16
= 0,01227 m/s2
 = a/r
= 0,01227/0,025
= 0,4906 rad/s2
V = (2as)
= (2 x 0,01227 x 1,57)
= 0,196 m/s

112
 2 = v/r
= 0,196/0,025
= 7,851 rad/s
2 =7.851 x(60/2)
= 74,98 r/min

10. A certain lifting system is presented by the diagram. The gear A on the motor
shaft has 20 teeth and is meshed to gear B which has 100 teeth and is fixed to a
winch drum C. A mass m hangs on a light inelastic rope which is wound around
the drum and fixed to it. At a given time A rotates at 600 r/min and is then
accelerated during 15 s to 1200 r/min. Calculate-
(a) the number of revolutions and radians through which B rotates during its
acceleration respectively
(b) the respective angular velocity of B, in r/min and rad/s at the start and at
the completion of its acceleration period
(c) the linear starting velocity and final velocity of the mass
(d) the angular acceleration of A and B and the linear acceleration of the
mass m

113
 Solution:

RATIO = 100/20
=5
a1 = 62,83 rad/s
a2 = 125,7 rad/s
t = 15 sec

a = {(n1+n2)/2}t
= {(600+1200)/2}(15/60)
= 225 revolutions
= 225 x 2
= 1413,7 radians

b = 225/5
= 45 revolutions

b = 1413,7/5
= 282,7 radians

a1 = 62,83/5
= 12,57 rad/s
a1 = 600/5
= 120 r/min
a2 = 125,7/5
= 25,14 rad/s
a2 = 1200/5
= 240 r/min

114
U = a1 x r
= 12,57 x 0,1
= 1,257 m/s

V = a2 x r
= 25,14 x 0,1
= 2,514 m/s

 =(2-1)/t
= (125,7-62,83)15
= 4,19 rad/s2

 = a / ratio
= 4,19 / 5
= 0,838 rad/s2
a = r
= 0,838 x 0,1
= 0,0838 m/s2

115
TUTORIL 13

4. Calculate the work done to pull a body having a mass of 600 kg a distance of 70 m
directly up an inclined plane of 1 in 20. The coefficient of friction between the body and
plane is 0.2.
Solution:

F = F + mgsin
= (600 x 9.81 x 0.2) + (600 x 9.81/20)
= 1472 N
W=Fxs
= 1472 x 70
= 103.005 kJ
6. Calculate the work required to move a motor car, mass 1.2 Mg over a distance of 500m
directly down a slope of 1 in 100. Assume a constant tractive resistance of 200 N.
Solution:

F + mgsin = Ft
F = 200 – (1200 x 9.81/100)
= 82.28 N
W=Fxs
= 82.28 x 500
= 41.14 kJ

116
8. The constant tractive resistance of a motor car with a mass 1.1 Mg is 360 N. Calculate
the power required to drive this car at a speed of 72 km/h
(a) on a horizontal road
(b) directly up an incline of 1 in 25
Solution:

F= Ft
= 360 N
P=Fxv
= 360 x 20
= 7.2 kW

F = mgsin + Ft
= (1100 x 9.81/25) + 360
= 791.64 N
P=Fxv
= 791.64 x 20
= 15.83 kW
10. A train, mass 225 Mg, takes 80s to move 800 m at a constant speed directly up an
incline of 1 in 120. The constant tractive resistance is 75 N/Mg mass of the train.
Calculate:
(a) the work done to overcome gravitational resistance
(b) the work done due to tractive resistance
(c) the power required, in kW

117
F = mgsin
= (225000 x 9.81/120)
= 18.394 kN
W=Fxs
= 18394 x 800
= 14.72 MJ

F= Ft
= 75 x 225
= 16.875 kN
W=Fxs
= 16875 x 800
= 13.5 MJ
WTOTAL = 14.72 + 13.5
= 28.22 MJ
P=W
t
= 28.22 x 106
80
= 352.75 kW
11. A mass of 10 Mg is lifted a vertical distance of 240 m, during 4 min by a cable having
a mass of 12 kg/m, which is wound around a drum mechanism
(a) calculate power required
(b) also determine the work done to lift the mass and the applicable length of cable from
a depth of 240 m to a depth of 100 m with a constant velocity

118
Solution:

Fcable = (12 x 240 x 9.81)

= 28.253 kN
Flift = (10000 x 9.81)
= 98.1 kN
FTOTAL = 28.253 + 98.1
= 126.353 kN
Work done is the total area under the graph:
i.e. area of rectangle + area of triangle
W = (98.1 x 240) + (0.5 x 240 x 28.253)
= 26.934 MJ
P=W
t
= 26.934 x 106
4 x 60
= 112.2 kW

Work done is the sum of the areas under the curve:

i.e. area of rectangle + area of rectangle + area of triangle
W = (98.1 x 140) + (11.772 x 140) + (0.5 x 140 x 16.481)
= 16.54 MJ

119
12. A mine cage, mass 5 Mg, is lifted vertically from depth of 300 m to ground level by
means of a steel cable having a mass of 15 kg per mater length. Calculate:
(a) the average power required to bring the cage to the surface in 4 min
(b) the work done to lift the cage from the depth of 300 m to 150 m depth
Solution:

Fcable = (15 x 300 x 9.81)

= 44.145 kN
Flift = (5000 x 9.81)
= 49.05 kN
FTOTAL = 44.145 + 49.05
= 93.195 kN
Work done is the total area under the graph:
i.e. area of rectangle + area of triangle
W = (49.05 x 300) + (0.5 x 300 x 44.145)
= 21.337 MJ
P=W
t
= 21.337 x 106
4 x 60
= 88.9 kW

120
Work done is the sum of the areas under the curve:
i.e. area of rectangle + area of rectangle + area of triangle
W = (49.05 x 150) + (22.073 x 150) + (0.5 x 140 x 22.072)
= 12.2 MJ
17. A certain mass is lifted vertically by means of a light inelastic cord which is partly
wound around a drum with a diameter of 1.5 m. The constant force in the cord is 20 kN.
Calculate:
(a) the torque applied to the drum
(b) the work done if the drum is rotated through 80 revolutions
(c) the power required if the speed of the rope is 0.4 m/s
Solution:
s = 2 x r
= 2 x 80 x 0.75
= 376.991 m
W=Fxs
= 20 x 103 x 376.991
= 7.54 MJ
P= F x v
= 20 x 103 x 0.4
= 8 kW
18. Calculate the power required to move a vehicle with a tractive resistance of 280 N
over a horizontal surface at a constant speed of:
(a) 18 m/s
(b) 90 km/h
Solution:
(a) P= F x v
= 280 x 18
= 5.04 kW
(b) P= F x v
= 280 x 25
= 7 kW

121
19. A certain locomotive uses 520 kW to pull a train of mass 180 Mg over horizontal rails
at a constant speed. The constant tractive resistance is 200 N per Mg mass of train.
Calculate the maximum constant speed with which the locomotive can pull the train:
(a) over horizontal rails
(b) directly up an incline of 1 in 20
Solution:

F= Ft
= 200 x 180
= 36 kN
P=Fxv
520 x 103 = 36000 x v
v = 14.444 m/s
v = 52 km/h

F = mgsin + Ft
= (180000 x 9.81/20) + 36000
= 124.29 kN
P=Fxv
520 x 103 = 12429 x v
v = 4.184 m/s
v = 15.06 km/h

122
20. The power of 340 kW is used to pull a train with maximum constant speed of 60
km/h directly up an inclined plane of 1 in 180. The tractive resistance against motion
amounts to 80 N/Mg mass of the train. Calculate the mass of the train
Solution:

P=Fxv
340 x 103 = F x 16.667
F = 20400 N
F = mgsin + Ft
20400 = m x 103 x 9.81 + 80 m
180
20400 = 54.5 m + 80 m
m = 151.7 Mg

123
TUTORIAL 14

3. A bullet with a mass 28 g and horizontal velocity of 700 m/s strikes a sand bag and
becomes imbedded in it. Calculate-
(a) the impulse of the bullet on the sandbag
(b) the average impulsive force of the bullet if it comes to rest on 0.02s
Solution:
Impulse = m x v
= 0.028 x 700
= 19.6 kg.m/s
F x t = m.v
F = 0.028 x 700
0.02
= 980 N
4. A man, mass 82 kg, drives a car of mass 1.2 Mg at 96 km/h. The car collides directly
against a solid barricade and comes to rest in 1.2 seconds. Calculate-
(a) the total momentum of the car and the driver just before impact
(b) the force that will fling the man forward
Solution:
Momentum = m (v – u)
= (0.082 + 1.2) x 26.667
= 34.19 Mg.m/s
F x t = m.v
F = 82 x 26.667
1.2
= 1.822 kN
5. Calculate the constant effective force required to accelerate a train, mass 360 Mg, from
18 km/h to 90 km/h during 2 minutes. (Ignore tractive and other resistances to motion)
F x t = m (v – u)
F = 360000 (25 – 5)
2 x 60
= 60 kN

124
11. A motor car, mass of 1.5 Mg, has a constant tractive resistance of 250 N. Calculate
the total force required to give the car a constant acceleration from rest to 48 km/h on a
horizontal road-
(a) in 40s
(b) over a distance of 360 m
Solution:
v = u + at
13.333 = 40a
a = 0.333 m/s2
F = Ft + ma
= 250 + 1500 x 0.333
= 750 N
v = u2 + 2as
2

13.3332 = 720a
a = 0.247 m/s2
F = Ft + ma
= 250 + 1500 x 0.247
= 620.4 N

12. Calculate the total constant force needed to accelerate a vehicle with a mass 1.8 Mg
and tractive resistance of 360 N from 18 km/h to 108 km/h over a distance of 0.8 km-
(a) on a horizontal plane
(b) directly up the incline of 1 in 20
Solution:
v2 = u2 + 2as
302 - 52 = 1600a
a = 0.547 m/s2
F = Ft + ma
= 360 + 1800 x 0.547
= 1.345 kN

125
Up the incline:
F = Ft + ma + mgsin
= 360 + (1800 x 0.547) + (1800 x 9.81/20)
= 2.228 kN

13. A student and his motor cycle has a total mass of 160 kg. Calculate the acceleration
when he free wheels down a hill of 1 in 18 if-
(a) there is no resistance to motion
(b) there is a constant tractive resistance of 30 N
Solution:
No resistance to motion:
F + mgsin = 0
F = mgsin
= (160 x 9.81/18)
= 87.2 N
F = ma
87.2 = 160a
a = 0.545 m/s2
Tractive resistance of 30 N:
F + mgsin = Ft
F = 30 - 87.2
= -57.2 N
F = ma
57.2 = 160a
a = 0.3575 m/s2

126
14. Calculate the force applied by a diesel unit on a train, total mass of 200 Mg and
tractive resistance 50 N/Mg of the train’s mass, to accelerate the train uniformly from rest
to 42 km/h over a distance of 1 km-
(a) directly upwards against a plane of 1 in 100
(b) down a plane of 1 in 200
Solution: upwards against plane:
v2 = u2 + 2as
11.6672 = 2000a
a = 0.0681 m/s2
F = Ft + ma + mgsin
= (50 x 200) + (200000 x 0.0681) + (200000 x 9.81/100)
= 43.24 kN
Down a plane:
F = Ft + ma - mgsin
= (50 x 200) + (200000 x 0.0681) - (200000 x 9.81/200)
= 13.81 kN

16. The velocity of a vehicle is uniformly reduced from 72 km/h to 24 km/h over a
distance of 250 m while moving directly down a decline of 1 in 25. The mass of the
vehicle is 1.5 Mg and its tractive resistance is 400 N. The retardation is uniform.
Calculate the total constant braking force required
Solution:

v2 = u2 + 2as
6.6672 – 202 = 500a
a = -0.711 m/s2

127
F = Ft + ma - mgsin
= (400) + (1500 x -0.711) - (1500 x 9.81/25)
= -1.255 kN
17. The tractive resistance of a train having mass of 300 Mg is 45 kN. Calculate-
(a) the total force required to accelerate the train uniformly from 18 km/h for 1.5 minutes
and over a distance of 800 meters, while it is moving directly up an incline of 1 in 150
(b) the rate of uniform deceleration when this force is removed
Solution:

Up an incline:
s = ut + 0.5 x at2
800 = 5 x 90 + 4050a
a = 0.08642 m/s2
F = Ft + ma + mgsin
= (45000) + (300000 x 0.08642) + (300000 x 9.81/150)
= 90.55 kN
The force is removed:
Solution:
Ft + ma + mgsin = 0
(45000) + (300000 x a) + (300000 x 9.81/150) = 0
a = 0.2154 m/s2

18. A jet plane, mass of 6 Mg, flying horizontally at 960 km/h, fires four rockets
instantaneously at a point ahead. Each rocket has a retarding force of 2.5 k N on the
plane and this force lasts for 1.5 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the plane in km/h after
the 1.5 seconds. (Air resistance and driving force are not to be considered)

128
Solution:
Total Ft = 2.5 x 4
= 10 kN
On the horizontal road:
F = Ft
= 10 kN
F = ma
10000 = 6000a
a = -1.667 m/s2
v = u + at
= 266.667 + (-1.667 x 1.5)
= 264.167 m/s = 951 km/h
20. A mass of 4 kg is placed on a smooth horizontal plane. This mass is connected to a
light inelastic cord passing over a light frictionless pulley and the other end of the cord is
connected to a mass of 500 g, hanging vertically. Assume that the cord is parallel to the
plane and that the system is then released from a position of rest
Calculate-
(a) the acceleration of each body
(b) the tension in the rope during motion of the system
(c) the velocity of the system after 4s
(d) the velocity after motion of 1.2 m
Solution:

For 4 kg body:
T = ma
= 4 x a------------------ (1)
For 0.5 kg body:

129
mg = T + ma
0.5 x 9.81 = T + 0.5a
4.91 = T + 0.5a---------------- (2)
4.91 = 4a + 0.5a
a = 1.09 m/s2
Tension in the rope:
T = ma
= 4 x 1.09
= 4.36 N
Velocity of the system:
v = u + at
= 0 + (1.09 x 4)
= 4.36 m/s
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + (2 x 1.09 x 1.2)
= 2.616
v = 1.617 m/s
21. A light, inelastic cord connects mass of 4.5 kg to a smaller mass of 0.68 kg. The
larger body is then placed on a smooth horizontal plane with the cord passing over a
frictionless pulley so that the smaller mass hangs vertically and accelerates uniformly
downward when the system is released from rest. The cord makes an upward angle of 100
with the horizontal plane. Calculate-
(a) the acceleration of the system from rest
(b) the force in the cord when the system is in motion
(c) the velocity of each body after 3s
Solution:

130
For 4.5 kg body:
Tcos100 = ma
0.985T = 4.5a
T = 4.569a------------- (1)
For 0.68 kg body:
mg = T + ma
0.68 x 9.81 = T + 0.68a
6.671 = T + 0.68a---------------- (2)
6.671 = 4.569a + 0.68a
a = 1.271 m/s2
The force in the cord:
Tcos100 = ma
Tcos100 = 4.5 x 1.271
T = 5.807 N
v = u + at
= 0 + (1.271 x 3)
= 3.813 m/s
22. The diagram shows a mass of 181 kg being uniformly accelerated from rest directly
up an incline of 25028’ by means of a light inelastic cord passing over a frictionless
pulley and connected to a hanging mass of 91.5 kg. The constant frictional resistance of
the heavier body is 125 N. Calculate-
(a) the acceleration of each body
(b) the tensile force in the cord during motion of the system
Solution:

131
For 181 kg body:
T = Ft + ma + mgsin
= 125 + 181a + (181 x 9.81 x sin25.467)
= 888.497 + 181a------------------- (1)

For 91.5 kg body:

mg = T + ma
91.5 x 9.81 = T + 91.5a
897.615 = T + 91.5a---------------- (2)
897.615 = 888.497 + 181a + 91.5a
a = 0.033461 m/s2

T = 888.497 + 181a
= 888.497 + 181 x 0.033461
= 894.553 N

132
 TUTORIAL 15

1. A loaded lorry of mass 8 Mg speeding along at 54 km/h in neutral, starts to

ascend a slope of 1 in 40. The tractive resistance to motion is 60 N/Mg of the
mass of the loaded lorry. Calculate the distance that it will move up the slope
before stopping.

Solution:
Energy gained = Energy lost
Ep + Fts = Ek
mgh + Fts = 0,5mv2
1962 s + 480 s = 900000
S = 368,6 m
2. Calculate the braking force required to reduce the speed of a car of mass 720 kg
from 108 km/h to 36 km/h over a distance of 30 m.

Solution;
v = 30 m/s
u = 10 m/s
s = 30 m

133
Energy gained = Energy lost
Ft s = (0,5 mv2 – 0,5mu2)
Therefore Ft = 9,6 kN

3. A loaded bus has a mass of 20 Mg and a constant tractive resistance of 64 N/Mg

mass. The unit moves in neutral gear from rest directly down a decline slope of 1
in 70 over a distance of 400 m and then moves over a horizontal surface until it
comes to rest. Calculate the velocity of the loaded bus when it reaches the bottom
of the slope after 400 m and then calculate the distance it will still travel before
coming to rest

Solution:
M =20 Mg
Ft = 64 x 20
= 1280 N
Energy gained = Energy lost from 1 to 2
Ek + Ft s = Ep
(o,5 20000v2) + (1280 x 400) = (20000 x 9,81 x 400)
V = 7,805 m/s

Energy
Ek lost = 1280 s
S = (0,5 x20000 7,8052)/1280
= 475,8 m

134
 4. A car, mass 2 Mg, maintains a constant velocity of 54 km/h while traveling with
neutral gear directly down a slope of 1 in 20, the tractive resistance remains
constant. Calculate the effective power required to move the car at the same
constant speed directly up the slope.

Solution:
m = 2000 kg
v = 15 m/s
sin0 = (1/20)

Energy lost Energy gained

mgh = 0,5mv2
14715 = 1000(225-u2)
U =14,501 m/s
Ep gained = mgh
= 14715 J
Ek gained = 0,5 m(v2 –u2)
= 14721 J
POWER = (Total energy gained/t)
= (14721+147,5)/1
= 29,346 kW

5. A car, mass 1,4 Mg and having a constant tractive resistance of 180 N is

uniformly accelerated during 20 sec from rest to 42 km/h directly up an incline of
1 in 50. Calculate the average power required during the journey

135
Solution:
a = (v-u)/t
= (11,67/20)
= 0,584 m/s2
v2 = u2 +2as
11,672 = 2 0,584 s
S = 116,6 m

Egained = Elost
(0,5 x1400 x11,67 2) + (1400 x 9,81 x(1/50)116,6) + 180x116.6 = 0
W = 148348 J
P = W/ t
=148348/20
= 7,417 kW

6. A vehicle moves in a neutral gear over 400 m from rest directly down a slope of 1
in 30, then moves 40 m horizontally after which it ascends an incline of 1 in 40
until finally coming to rest. Tractive resistance against motion is 54N/Mg mass of
the vehicle. Use law of conservation of energy and calculate-

(a) the velocity of the vehicle when it reaches the bottom of the downward
slope
(b) the distance traveled by the vehicle up the incline of 1 in 40 before it came
to rest.

136
Solution:

From 1 to 2
Egained = Elost
Ft s + Ek = Ep
54x 1x 400 = ( 0,5 1000 v2) = 1000 x9,81 (1/30)400
V = 14,78 m/s
= 53,2 km/h
From 2 to 3
Egained = Elost
Ft s + Ek = Ep
54x 1x 40 =( 0,5 1000 v2) V = 14,78 m/s
V = 2,078 m/s

From 3 to 4
Egained = Elost
Ft s + Ep = Ek
54x 1x s +1000 x9,81 (1/40)s =(0,5 1000 2,0782)
S = 7,22 m

7. The usable power of a locomotive is 380 kW and the total mass of the train is 300
Mg. The tractive and frictional resistance totals 70 N/Mg mass of the train. What
will the maximum constant speed of the train be when moving directly up an
slope of 1 in 200?

137
Solution:
Ft +Fg = F
F = 300000 x9,81 (1/200)+ 21000
F = 35,715 Kn

POWER = FV
V = 380/35,7115
= 10,639 m/s
= 38,3 km/h

7. A light inelastic cord carries two masses and passes around two light pulleys as
shown in the following diagram. When the system is released from rest the
smaller mass moves downwards over a distance of 1,02 m during 4 seconds. Use
the law of conservation of energy to calculate the loss in energy due to frictional
resistance in the pulleys.

138
9. The diagram shows two light winging drums fixed together and supporting two
hanging masses by means of cords wound around the drums. When the system is
released from rest the smaller mass moves downwards with constant acceleration
through 4 m during 10 seconds. Calculate, for the instant at the end of the 10
seconds-
(a) the velocity in m/s, of each mass and the angular velocsity of the
drum in rad/s
(b) the change in potential energy of each mass
(c) the change in kinetic energy of each mass
(d) the amount of energy absorbed by the resistance against motion

139
10. The diagram shows two small masses in the same vertical plane and hanging on
two light inelastic cords. Mass A is pulled back through an angle of 45 and
released from rest. After A has collided ventrically with the stationary mass B, the
mass B swings through 30 before starting to return. Ignore any further motion
and use conservation energy method calculate-
(a) the velocity of the mass A immediately before the collision of masses.
(b) The velocity of the mass B when it has made an angle of 30 with the
vertical

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11. The diagram shows a mass of 4,5 kg which can hang vertically on a light rod
pivoted smoothly at P. The mass and rod are pulled through an angle of 60 and
released from rest. Calculate-
(a) the velocity of the mass just before it collides with the obstruction at that
point C.
(b) the angle  through which the mass and rod will continue to swing if it lost
12 J of energy after hitting the obstruction at C.

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