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PROVINCE OF KWAZULU-NATAL
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES

REVISION DOCUMENT
Solutions
August 2022

&

CONTENT & METHODOLOGY

WORKSHOP
Teachers Resource
August 2022
Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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INTRODUCTION

This document has been prepared as revision material for the Final Examinations for Grade
12 Life Sciences.

The materials have been arranged in such a way that studying can be undertaken topic-wise.
Within each topic, questions on the different sub-topics are arranged in the same sequence
as that in the 2021 Examination Guideline Document.

Questions were selected such that all the core concepts and core skills are assessed.

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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CONTENTS

No Topic Page
1. Reproduction 3…...13

2. Human Response to the Environment 14……27

3. Plant Response to the Environment 28……30

4. Endocrine System & Homeostasis 31……39

5. DNA: Code of Life 40……46

6. Meiosis 47……53

7. Genetics 54……65

8. Evolution 66……88

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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GRADE 12
PAPER 1

REVISION SOLUTIONS DOCUMENT

TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Ques
tion 1

1.1 C 
1.2 D 
1.3 D 
1.4 C 
1.5 B
1.6 D 
1.7 D 
(14)

Question 2
BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 The fusion of the sperm and egg outside the External fertilization
body
2.2 The development of the embryo inside an
incubated egg that is laid. Internal fertilization
2.3 The development of the embryo in the uterus
and the young are born alive. Vivipary
2.4 The complete development of the embryo inside
an egg in the female body. Ovovivipary
2.5 The development of the embryo in which very
little energy is used and parental care is Altricial
required.
2.6 The development of the embryo in which a lot of
energy is used and the young are able to move
directly after hatching. Precocial
2.7 Structure that provides nutrition to the embryo in
the amniotic egg Yolk Sac
2.8 Fluid filled bag around embryo Amnion
2.9 Structure in the sperm cell that contains
enzymes used to penetrate the ovum Acrosome
2.10 The liquid that surrounds the human embryo Amniotic fluid
2.11 A hollow ball of cells into which the fertilised
ovum develops Blastula/blastocyst
2.12 The lining of the uterus which is richly supplied

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
with blood vessels Endometrium
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2.13 Coiled tubular structure outside the testis that stores
sperms Epididymis
2.14 The part of the female reproductive system in which
fertilisation takes place Fallopian
tube/Oviduct
2.15 The name given to the embryo after it reaches 12
weeks Foetus
2.16 The hormone produced by the pituitary which controls Follicle Stimulating
growth of the Graafian follicle Hormone
2.17 Layer within the ovary that is responsible for formation
of ova through meiosis Germinal Epithelium
2.18 Another name for the period of pregnancy Gestation
2.19 The process by which the embryo becomes attached
to the uterine wall Implantation
2.20 The hormone which converts the ruptured follicle into
a corpus luteum Luteinizing Hormone
2.21 Type of cell division by which sperms are produced
Meiosis
2.22 The 28-day reproductive cycle in females involving
changes in the ovary and uterus Menstrual cycle
2.23 Tearing away of the endometrium lining of the uterine
wall, accompanied by the loss of blood Menstruation
2.24 The cell division by which the zygote becomes
multicellular Mitosis
2.25 Production of ova by meiosis Oogenesis
2.26 The hormone which starts the preparation of the lining Oestrogen
of the uterus for attachment of the fertilised ovum
2.27 Process by which an ovum is released from the ovary
in humans Ovulation
2.28 Gland in the brain that produces FSH and LH Pituitary/hypophysis
2.29 Combination of foetal and maternal tissue responsible
for gas exchange, nutrition and excretion Placenta

2.30 Hormone that maintains pregnancy Progesterone

2.31 The stage when sexual maturity is reached in males Puberty
and females
2.32 Production of spermatozoa by meiosis Spermatogenesis
2.33 Hormone responsible for secondary sexual
characteristics in males Testosterone
2.34 A hollow, rope-like tube which attaches the embryo to
the placenta Umbilical cord
2.35 The blood vessel that carries nitrogenous waste from
the foetus to the placenta Umbilical artery
2.36 The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
the placenta to the foetus
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. comUmbilical vein
2.37 The structure where testosterone is produced Testes
2.38 Sac-like structure that contains testes Scrotum
2.39 A gland that lubricates end of penis Cowper’s gland
2.40 Common tube for sperm and urine Urethra
2.41 A gland that produces alkaline medium of semen Prostate gland
2.42 A gland that provides nutrients for the sperms Seminal vesicle
2.43 A tube that transfers sperms to the urethra Vas deferens
(43 x 1) (43)

Question 3
3.1 Both A and B 
3.2 B only 
3.3 A only
3.4 None 
3.5 A only 
3.6 B only 
3.7 A only 
3.8 A only 
3.9 B only 
3.10 B only 
3.11 Both A and B 
3.12 None 
3.13 None 
3.14 Both A and B 
3.15 B only 
3.16 None 
3.17 B only 
3.18 None
(18 x 2) ( 36)

Question 4

4.1 Internal  fertilisation (1)

4.2 -Sperm are deposited inside the female body 
thereby increasing the chances of fertilisation 
- Gametes/zygotes are inside the body
therefore protected from the predators/ environmental dangers
(Mark first TWO only)
(2 x 2) (4)
4.3 - The eggs hatch inside the female’s body 
- and the young are born live  (2)
(7)

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Question 5
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- The (amniotic) egg is retained inside the mother’s body*
- to protect the embryo from predators
- The allantoisprotects the embryo
- by removing waste products
- The embryo is protected from shocks/sudden changes in
temperature/dehydration by the:
● Chorion
● Amnion
● Amniotic fluid inside the amniotic membrane
● Shell/outer covering
● Air pocket
Compulsory 1* + Any 4
Nourishment (N)
- The embryo receives nutrients
- from the egg yolk in the yolk sac
and from the albumen
(7)

Question 6

6.1 Internal fertilisation  (1)

6.2 Internal fertilisation 
increases the chances of fertilisation 
Ovovivipary / eggs retained inside the female’s body
where they are protected 
(Mark first TWO only) (2 x 2) (4)

To increase the chances of fertilisation/ the survival of the eggs/

number of offspring
- As eggs may be lost to predators/environmental factors etc.
- Since there is external fertilisation Any (2)
(7)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 7
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7.1 Cervix  (1)
7.2 - The site of fertilisation 
- The site of zygote division
- The transfer of the ovum/embryo to the uterus 
(1)
Any
(Mark first ONE only)
7.3 -Diploid cells in the ovary undergo mitosis
- to form numerous follicles
- Under the influence of FSH 
- one cell undergoes meiosis
- to form a (haploid) ovum  (4)
Any
7.4 -It is a hollow organ 
- It has a muscular wall
- It has a blood-rich lining/endometrium (1)
Any
(Mark first ONE only)
7.5 - No follicle will develop 
- No oestrogen produced 
- and no progesterone produced
- Therefore, the endometrium will not develop* to be shed during
menstruation
Compulsory mark*1 + Any 2 (3)
(10)

Question 8

8.1 (a) Vas deferens/sperm duct (1)

(b) Scrotum (1)
(c) Penis (1)

8.2 D Epididymis (2)

GUrethra (2)
E Testis (2)

8.3 A
B
E Any (2)
(Mark first TWO only)
(11)

Question 9

9.1 Vas deferens  (1)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
9.2- Sperm storage
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- Sperm maturation  (1)
Any
(Mark first ONE only)
9.3 - The semen will not contain sperm  because
- they are not transported
- but will contain all other secretions of the accessory glands
- / examples thereof
- the vasectomy occurred before the accessory glands
Any Two (2)
9.4 - The temperature of the testes inside the body will be too high
- No/abnormal sperm will be produced
- The man will be infertile/not able to reproduce (3)
9.5 - Under the influence of testosterone
- diploid cells/germinal epithelial cells
- in the seminiferous tubules/testes
- undergo meiosis
- to form haploid sperm cells  (4)
(7)
Question 10

10.1 - Must have regular menstrual cycles

- They must not become pregnant
- Diet  Any (2)
(Mark first TWO only)
10.2 - 250 females per group were used/1000 females participated
- Measurement was done for 5 cycles
(Mark first TWO only) (2)
10.3 Older groups of women have a higher (average) FSH level than the
younger groups OR
Younger groups of women have a lower (average) FSH level than
the older groups
Any (2)
(Mark first ONE only)
10.4 - The Graafian/developing follicles secretes oestrogenbut since
the number of follicles are low/depleted
- less/no oestrogen will be secreted (3)
10.5 - A high concentration of progesterone
- inhibits the pituitary gland/results in reduced FSH secretion
- This will decrease the validity of the investigation (3)
(12)

Question 11

11.1 Male fertility (1)

11.2 Measuring the sperm count (1)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
11.3
Age
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- Diet
- Exercise
- Activity level
- Lifestyle
- Occupation etc.
(Accept factors that are NOT related to health; race) Any
(Mark first TWO only) (2)

11.4 - TU inhibits the secretion of testosterone

- spermatogenesis cannot take place/no sperm will be produced (2)

11.5 - The higher temperature/pressure on the testes due to the tight

underwear
- could decrease the sperm count/sperm production/lead to the
production of abnormal sperm. (2)

11.6 - To determine if TU is still effective after 12 months

- To see if the sperm count returns to normal when the treatment
stops Any
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
11.7 - No sperm will be transported
- from the epididymis to the urethra
- Semen without sperm will be released (2)
Any
(11)

Question 12

12.1 Acrosome (1)

12.2 mitochondrion (1)

12.3 (a) 3 (1)

(b) 1 (1)
(c) 1 (1)

12.4 B- Nucleus (2)

12.5 Mitosis (1)

12.6 - After implantation the chorion

- develops many finger-like outgrowths
- called chorionic villi
- The endometrium
- together with the chorionic villi forms the placenta
- The umbilical artery
- and the umbilical veindevelops
- inside a hollow tubeto form the umbilical cord between the foetus
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
and the placenta Any (6)
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(14)

Question 13

13.1 (a) Pituitary gland/hypophysis (1)

(b) Graafian follicle (1)
(c) Ovulation (1)
(d) Corpus luteum (1)

13.2 Remains low/decreases (1)

13.3 - stimulates ovulation
- stimulates the development of the corpus luteum
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
(6)

Question 14

14.1 -A
-B
-E
Mark first TWO only (2)
14.2 -The scar tissue
-may partially block the Fallopian tube
- preventing the embryo from reaching the uterus/resulting in
implantation in the Fallopian tube (3)

14.3

(2)

14.4

(2)
(9)
Question 15

15.1 Progesterone maintains/thickens the endometrium✓ and therefore,

maintains the pregnancy✓ (2)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
15.2
(a) Progesterone
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(b) Development of gestational diabetes✓ (1)
15.3  Glucose levels were taken daily✓
 When the glucose level of a pregnant woman remains high
continuously it indicates the development of gestational (2)
diabetes. ✓
15.4 (Same) dosage/250 mg of progesterone✓
(Same) period of time for injection injections given between weeks
16 and 20 ✓
(Same) frequency of injections/weekly injections✓. (2)
Any 2
(Mark first TWO only)
15.5 Group B did not receive progesterone✓
If gestational diabetes develops in group A it would be due to the
progesterone treatment✓ (2)
(10)
Question 16

16.1 Chorion✓ (1)

16.2 - Acts as a shock absorber✓
- It prevents desiccation✓/dehydration
- It helps to keep the temperature within a narrow range✓
- It facilitates free movement✓ of the foetus (2)
Any
(Mark first TWO only)
- The zygote divides by mitosis✓
- to form a (solid) ball of cells✓
- called the morula✓
- which develops into a hollow ball of cells✓
- called the blastula✓/blastocyst (4)

16.3 - Acts as a micro-filter✓/protect against pathogens

- Removal of harmful metabolic waste✓
- Produces antibodies✓
- Maintains the endometrium✓ (2)
Any
(Mark first TWO only)
16.5 Umbilical vein✓ (1)
16.6 -In humans the developing foetus receives nutrients from the
mother’s✓ blood
- via the placenta✓/umbilical vein
- In oviparous organisms the developing embryo receives nutrients
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
from the yolk✓/albumen (3)
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(13)
Question 17

17.1 (a) Oestrogen (1)

(b) Progesterone (1)
17.2 - It increases
- the thickness of the endometrium/the blood vessels in the
endometrium/the amount of glandular tissue in the endometrium (2)
17.3 (a) Release of an ovum from the ovary/Graafian follicle (2)
(b) Day 14  (1)
(c ) LH/ Luteinising Hormone  (1)
17.4 - High levels of hormone B/progesterone will inhibit
- the secretion of FSH
OR
- No new ova/mature follicles
- are required during pregnancy (2)
17.5 The progesterone
- levels decreased
- because the corpus luteum degenerated (3)
17.6 - High levels of progesterone 
- stimulate the Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis to secrete a less FSH

To prevent the growth of a new follicle / ovulation during the
pregnancy
OR
- Low levels of progesterone  (4)
- stimulate the Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis to secrete a more
FSH 
-which stimulate the development of new follicles 
(17)

Question 18

18.1 Accept day 14 or day 15 (1)

18.2 Days 0 - 7 (1)

18.3 - Causes the follicle to burst open/stimulates ovulation

- Stimulates the formation of corpus luteum
(Mark first ONE only) (1)

18.4 - LH levels remain low up to day 12/13

- Then it increases sharply up to day 14
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
- After which it decreases and remains low (3)
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18.5 As the oestrogen level increases
the thickness of the endometrium also increases (2)

18.6 Maintain the increase in the thickness of the endometrium

for greater chance of implantation (2)

18.7 No (1)

18.8 The progesterone levels has dropped/not maintained/corpus

luteum has started to degenerate (2)
(13)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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TOPIC: Human response to environment
(Brain, neurons and spinal cord)
Question1

1.1 B 
1.2 C 
1.3 A 
1.4 A 
1.5 B 
(2x5) (10)

Question 2
DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 The part of the nervous system made up of cranial and Peripheral nervous
spinal nerves system
2.2 The part of the brain that receives impulses from the Cerebellum
maculae
2.3 The structure that connects the left and right hemispheres Corpus callosum
of the brain
2.4 The part of the brain that controls body temperature Hypothalamus
2.5 The part of the brain that regulates breathing Medulla oblongata
2.6 The branch of the autonomic nervous system that restores Parasympathetic
an increased heart rate back to normal
2.8 A part of the nervous system that consist of sympathetic Autonomic
and parasympathetic section
2.9 A functional gap between two consecutive neuron Synapse
2.10 Collective name for the membranes that the brain and Meninges
spinal cord
2.11 Neurons that carry impulses from receptors Sensory
2.12 A diseases characterized by the degeneration of brain Alzheimer
cells and memory loss
(10x1) (10)

Question 3

3.1 B Only 
3.2 A Only 
3.3 Both A and B 
3.4 B Only 
(4x2) (8)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 4
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4.1

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Question 5

5.1 Cerebellum  (1)

5.2 - High thought processes  / (intelligence/ memory/ reasoning)
- Interpretation of all senses 
- Controls all voluntary actions  (2)
(Mark the first TWO only)
5.3 Meninges 
Cranium  (1)
(Mark the first ONE only)
5.4 Heart muscles  (2)
Breathing muscles  (intercostal and diaphragm)
(6)

Question 6

6.1 (a) Myelin sheath (2)

(b) Axon
6.2 (a) A (2)
(b) C
6.3 D Synapse (2)

Question 7
7.1 Motor /efferent neuron (1)
7.2 C  B  A  (Must be in the correct sequence) (2)

7.3 - Impulse will be transmitted faster in neuron 1 / slower in neuron 2 (3)
- because of the presence of myelin sheath in neuron 1 / absence of
myelin sheath in neuron 2

7.4 - Impulses from the receptor/ sensory neuron

- will be transmitted to the central nervous system  but
- the impulse will not reach the effector  (3)

(9)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 8
8.1
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8.2

8.3

Question 9

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

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Question 10
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10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.6

10.7

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Question 11
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11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

EYE

Question1

1.1 B
1.2 B
1.3 D
1.4 D
1.5 A
5X2 (10)

Question 2

DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 A type of vision in which both eyes are used together to focus Binocular vision
on an object
2.2 The watery fluid that supports the cornea and the front Choroid
chamber of the eye
2.3 A structure in the eye that absorbs light to prevent internal Aqueous humor
reflection.
2.4 The series of changes that take place in the shape of the lens Accomodation
and the eyeball in response to the distance of an object from
the eye
2.5 A defect condition of the eye where a person can see nearby Myopia
objects clearly while distant objects are blurred.
1x5 (5)

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Question 3
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MATCHING COLUMNS
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3.1 A only
3.2 Both A and B
3.3 Both A and B
3.4 Both A and B
3.5 B only
2x 5= 10

Question 4

4.1
(a) A – Iris (2)

(b) E – Optic nerve (2)

(c) C –Choroid (2)

(d) D –Fovea / yellow spot (2)

(e) B- Cornea (2)

(10)

Question 5

5.1
(a) Sclera (1)

(b) Lens (1)

(c) Iris (1)

5.2 Pupillary mechanism

-In the bright light the circular muscles constrict

-The radial muscles relax and the pupil becomes

small

--Less light enters the eye

(4)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
5.3 Iris (1)
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5.4 Accommodation near vision

- Ciliary muscle contract

- Suspensory ligament becomes slackens

- Tension on the lens decreases

- Refractive power increased

- Image is formed on the retina (5)

(13)

Question 6

6.1
(a) Accommodation (1)

(b) Pupillary mechanism/ pupillary reflex (1)

6.2 (a) B and D  (mark the first TWO only) (2)

(b) A and B (mark the first TWO only) (2)

6.3 (a) (2)

C and D  (mark the first TWO only)
(b) (2)
A and C  (mark the first TWO only)
(10)

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Question 7
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7.1 Long-sightedness (1)

7.2 (a) The lens becomes cloudy/opaque/milky and there it does not (2)
allows the light to pass through
(b) Surgery  (mark first ONE only) (1)

7.3 The lens is less convex / the eye ball is too short / Cornea is
flat.
This causes the light rays to fall behind the retina
Therefore light rays are focused on the retina to form a clear
image (2)

7. Astigmatism (1)
4
The percentage of ( visually impaired) people suffering from
7. different visual defects
5

Rubric for assessing the graph

Title of the graph shows the relation
1
between the two variables (H)
Correct calculation to determine the 2:All 4 correct
proportion (C) 1:1-3 correct
Correct proportions for the labelled 2:All 4 sectors correct
sectors (P) 1:1-3 sectors correct (6)

(13)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 8
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8.1
(a) Curvature of the lens (1)

(b) Distance of the pencil (1)

8.2 Same light intensity

Same person doing experiement
Same person taking measurent
Using the same optic instrument
Time to focus on the pencil
Same eye
(2)
(Mark first TWO only)

8.3 To improve the validity of the procedure

To get results for the factors that is being tested so the

above factors do not interfere with the factors being tested 
(Mark any first TWO) (2)

8.4 As the distance increases curvature of the lenses

decreases
(2)

8.5 Ciiary muscle  (2)

suspensory ligament

(10)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
EAR
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Question1

1.1 A 
1.2 B 
1.3 C 
1.4 C 
1.5 B 
5X2 (10)

Question 2

2.1 Receptors that provide information about the gravitational Macullae

position of the head
2.2 A small device that is inserted in the ear to drain fluids caused Grommet
by a middle-ear infection
2.3 A structure in the ear that contains receptors that converts Cochlea
pressure waves into nerve impulse in the ear
2.4 A structure in the ear that absorbs excess pressure waves Round
from the inner ear window
2.5 A structure in the ear that transmits the nerve impulse to the Auditary
cerebellum for the balance of the body nerve
1x6 (10)

3. MATCHING

3.1 A only 
3.2 A only 
3.3 B only 
6

Question 4

4.1 (a) Semi-circular canal  (1)

(b) Auditory canal  (1)

4.2 (a) E - Oval window (2)

(b) D - Round window (2)

4.3 (a) Cerebellum (1)

(b) Hair cells/Organ of Corti (1)

(8)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 5
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
5.1 (a) F – Auditary nerve (2)

(b) G –Eustachian tube (2)

5.2 (a) B and C (2)

(b) E and F (2)

5.3 -Grommet will be inserted in the tympanic membrane

-Antibiotics (1)

5.4 Auditary canal (1)

5.5 -The ear wax can be removed from the auditory canal (2)
-to allow sound to reach the tympanic membrane/which allow the tympanic
membrane to vibrate freely. 
(12)
Question 6

6.1 (a) A - Cerebrum (1)

(b) B - Medulla oblongata (1)

(c) H - Eustachian (1)

6.2 G – Round window (2)

6.3 Hair cells/Organ of Corti (1)

6.4 -Part B controls vital processes, /heartbeat/breathing

- These processes will stop leading to death (2)

6.5 The impulses will be interpreted and sent to the skeletal muscles to
maintain balance (3)

6.6 -The oval window /Part F will not vibrate freely

- Fewer / no vibrations will be carried to the cochlea / inner ear
- Fewer / no pressure waves will form in the cochlea
- There will be less / no stimulation of the organ of corti/hair cells (4)

(15)

Question 7

7.1 (a) Auditary canal (1)

(b) Ossicles (1)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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7.2 - Collects the sound waves
- Directs the sound waves towards the auditory canal
(Mark first ONE only) (1)

7.3 -Part D / the ossicles do not vibrate freely

- Fewer / no vibrations will be sent to oval window / inner ear
- Fewer / no pressure waves will be set up in the cochlea
-The receptors/organ of Corti will be stimulated less/ not stimulated
- The cerebrum is stimulated differently/ not stimulated
-which leads to hearing loss Any (4) (4)

7.4 -Equalises pressure

-on the either side of the tympanic membrane
(2)

7.5 Grommet
(1)
7.6 C
(1)
7.7 - The cristae are stimulated
- To convert the stimuli to impulse
- The impulses are sent to the cerebellum  where they are
interpreted
- The cerebellum sends impulses to the skeletal muscles to maintain
balance Any (4) (4)
(15)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 8
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 9
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9.1

9.2
9.3

9.4

9.5

Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

Question 11
11.1 -The pinna of the ear traps sound waves
-The auditory canal directs the sound waves to the tympanic membrane
-causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate
-which causes the ossicles to vibrateand
-pass the vibrations to the oval window/ amplify the vibrations
-(Pressure) waves are set up in the inner ear / perilymph/endolymph
-The organ of Corti is stimulated
-and converts the stimuli into impulses
-which are transmitted by the auditory nerve
-to the cerebrum for interpretation Any (7)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
Topic Plant Growth Hormones
Solution
Question 1
1.1 B  (2)
1.2 A  (2)
1.3 B  (2)
(6)

Question 2
Description Term
2.1 Growth or bending reaction by plants in response to light Phototropism
stimuli.
2.2 The plant hormone that promote apical dominance Auxin
2.3 The plant hormone that causes leaves to fall off trees in Abscisic acid
Autum
2.4 A chemical that is used by farmers to kill weeds Herbicides
2.5 Promote sprouting of buds Gibberellins
2.6 Inhibition of the growth of lateral buds by auxins present in Apical
apical buds dominance
2.7 A movement of part of a plant in response to gravity Geotropism
2.8 Plant growth responses to external stimuli Tropism
2.9 A substance containing plant hormones used to kill Weed
unwanted plants killer/herbicide
2.10 Sharp structures found in plants for protection from Thorns
herbivores
(10X1) (10)

Question 3
3.1 A only  (2)
3.2 Both A and B  (2)
3.3 B only  (2)
(6)

Question 4

4.1 Rate of seed germination 

Percentage of seed germination  (2)

4.2 -Same amount of water 

-Same species!/type of seed 
-Same light intensity/darkness 
- Same temperature 
- Same time period (24 hours) for all 3 groups 
- Seed mixtures were treated in the same way /filtered and
rinsed with cold, distilled water for 2 minutes (Any 3)
(3)
(Mark first THREE only).

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4.3 Same volume /amount of gibberellins that the seeds were soaked in (1)
4.4 - So that the average percentage and rate of seed germination
could be calculated 
- in order to improve the reliability of the results (2)

4.5 - Seeds usually germinate under the soil  (2)

- in the absence of light
(10)
Question 5

51 Gibberellins stimulates cell elongation/cell enlargement/ growth in

stems/elongation of internodes
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)

5.2 (120 – 80) mm = 40 mm (3)

5.3 Increase the number of plants used in each treatment

Repeat the investigation
Increase the period of the investigation
(Mark first TWO only) Any (2)

5.4 Auxins diffused from the paste into the plants

inhibiting growth of the lateral branches
Once all the auxins were used up from the paste
the growth of the lateral branches increased  (4)

(10)

Question 6

6.1 To ensure unilateral light  / the plant receives light from one (1)
direction only
6.2 Auxins  AA/ Indole acetic acid (1)

6.3 Differences between plants A and plants B after two weeks

T

(Mark first TWO ONLY)

1 table (T) + (2 X 2) (5)
(7)

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Question 7

7.1 (a) Amount of abscisic acid 

(b) Seed germination (2)

7.2 Promotes seed dormancy/inhibits growth (1)

7.3 As the days increase the hormone concentration decreases (2)

7.4 - Decrease in abscisic concentration

- which allows seed germination/growth. (2)

7.5 - Same type of seeds.

- Same age of seeds 
- Same measuring instrument.
- Same person taking measurements
(Mark the FIRST TWO only) (2)

7.6 - As the setup was placed in the dark cupboard

- there was no effect of light
- Force of gravityacts on the seedlings
- the stem is negatively geotropic 
- hence it grows straight upwards (Any 4) (4)

(13)

Question 8

8,1 Geotropism/gravitropism (1)

8.2 - Auxins
- accumulate at the lowerpart of the stem
- because of gravity
- The higher concentration of auxins at the lower part of the stem
stimulates cell elongation/growth on the lower side of the stem
- The lower concentration of auxins at the upper part of the stem
inhibits cell elongation/growth on the upper side of the stem
(4)
(Any 4)

8.3 - The leaves and stem will be carried in such a way that they
receive maximum sunlight
- for photosynthesis
OR
- Exposes the flowers more favourably
- for pollination/seed dispersal (2)

8.4 The roots will grow downwards/towards gravity (1)

(8)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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TOPIC: ENDOCRINE AND HOMEOSTASIS

QUESTION1

1.1 B 
1.2 A 
1.3 D 
1.4 B 
1.5 C 
(5x2) (10)

QUESTION 2: BIOLOGICAL TERMS

DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 A gland whose secretion are transported through Endocrine gland
blood streams.
2.2 A system that is responsible for chemical Endocrine system
coordination in the body.
2.3 A hormone that stimulates ovulation in humans LH
2.4 The process of maintaining a constant internal Homeostasis
environment in the human body
2.5 A gland whose secretions are transported through Exocrine Gland
ducts.
2.6 A hormone that stimulates mammary gland to Prolactin
produce milk.
2.7 A hormone that is responsible for osmoregulation ADH
in the body.
2.8 Specialized cells in the pancreas that secretes Islets of
insulin and glucagon Langerhans
2.9 A hormone responsible for secondary sexual Testosterone
characteristics in males
2.10 A hormone that is responsible for maintaining salt Aldosterone
balance in the blood.
2.11 A gland that secretes FSH and LH in females. Pituitary
2.12 Chemical messengers produced by endocrine Hormone
glands.
2.13 A gland located in the neck that secretes thyroxin Thyroid gland 
hormone.
2.14 A hormone that controls the metabolic rate in the Thyroxin
body.
2.15 A hormone that increases the blood glucose level Glucagon
in the body.
2.16 A hormone that lowers the blood glucose level in Insulin
the body.
2.17 Promotes the secretions of hormones produced TSH
by thyroid glands.

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
2.18
f rom St anmorephysics. comNegative feedback
A mechanism that detects imbalances and
Downloaded
restores balance in the internal environment
2.19 A hormone responsible for growth and Growth Hormone
development in the body.
(19x1) (19)

QUESTION 3
3.1 None
3.2 A only
3.3 A only
3.4 A only
3.5 B only
(5 x 2) (10)

QUESTION 4
4.1 A – Pituitary gland (2)
D- Adrenal gland
4.2 a) C Pancreas
b) A Pituitary gland
c) B Thyroid gland
d) D Adrenal gland (8)
4.3 They respond to internal/external stimulus
They protect organisms  (2)
(Mark first TWO only)
(12)

Question 5
5.1 (1)

5.2

(3)

5.3

(2)
(6)

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Question 6
6.1 (a) Growth hormone  (1)
(b) Prolactin  (1)

6.2 (1)

(4)

6.3

(4)
(11)

Question 7
7.1 (1)

7.2

(3)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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7.3 f rom St anmorephysics. com

(3)

7.4

(4)

(11)

Question 8

8.1 (1)

8.2
(2)

8.3
(3)

8.4

(4)
8.5

(2)

(12)

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Question 9

9.1 (1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

9.2

(4)

(11)

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Question 10

10.1

(2)

10.2 (1)

10.3

(4)

10.4

(2)
(9)

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Question 11

11.1 (1)

11.2

(5)

11.3

(4)
(10)

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Question 12

12.1

(5)

12.2

(3)

(8)

Question 13

13.1 (1)

13.2

(3)

13.3

Any 5 (5)
(9)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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Question 14

Any (7) (7)

Question 15

(9)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
PAPER 2
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
Topic: DNA Code of Life

Question1

1.1 D
1.2 D
1.3 B
1.4 C
1.5 C
(10)

Question 2
DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 A tangled network of DNA and protein located within the Chromatin
nucleus network
2.2 The bonds that hold the two strands of a DNA molecule Hydrogen bonds
together.
2.3 The sugar found in DNA Deoxyribose
sugar
2.4 The analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals that may DNA Profiling
be related
2.5 The process whereby DNA makes an exact copy of itself DNA replication
2.6 The monomers of nucleic acids Nucleotides
2.7 The natural shape of a DNA molecule Double helix
2.8 Sections of DNA that carry hereditary information Gene
2.9 The sugar that forms part of a nucleotide in RNA Ribose
2.10 The process whereby mRNA is formed from DNA Transcription
2.11 Base triplets found on mRNA Codons
2.12 The cell organelle to which mRNA attaches during protein Ribosome
synthesis
2.13 The process of arranging amino acids according to the Translation
sequence of bases on mRNA
2.14 The organelle in a cell where translation occurs Ribosome
2.15 The triplet of bases found on a tRNA molecule Anticodon
2.16 The type of RNA containing anticodons tRNA
2.17 Bonds that join amino acids together Peptide bond
(17 X 1) (17)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 3
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
3.1 A only
3.2 Both A and B
3.3 A only
3.4 A only
3.5 B only
(10)

Question4

4.1 (a) Y (1)

(b) X (1)
4.2 4 (1)
4.3 A C T G (Must be in the correct order)  (1)
4.4 (DNA) replication
Transcription (Protein synthesis)  (2)
(6)
Question 5
5.1 (a) W – Nucleotide 
U – DNA (2)

(b) X - Phosphate/ phosphate ion

Y - Deoxyribose sugar (2)

(c) Hydrogen bond (1)

(d) V – Adenine (1)

5.2 Nucleus (1)

5.3 Interphase (1)
(8)

Question 6

6.1 DNA replication (1)

6.2 (a) Sugar (1)

(b) Phosphate (1)

6.3 (a) Guanine (1)

(b) Guanine (1)
(5)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 7
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
7.1 - The DNA is located in the nucleus
- and mitochondria and
chloroplasts any 2 (2)
7.2 - DNA is a double-strandedmolecule that
- forms a double helix
- It is made up of nucleotides
- Each nucleotide has a deoxyribose sugarmolecule
- a phosphate group and
- a nitrogenous base
- The bases are A, T, C and G
- which join to form complementary pairs/ (A to T & C to G)
- held by hydrogen bonds any 7 (7)
7.3 - The DNA (double helix) unwinds and
- unzips/hydrogen bonds break
- to form two separate strands
- Both DNA strands serve as templates
- to build a complementary DNA/(A to T and C to G)
- using free (DNA) nucleotides from the nucleoplasm
- This results in two identical (DNA) molecules
- Each consists of 1 original and 1 new strand any 6 (6)
(15)

Question 8

8.1 DNA Profiling (1)

8.2 Jennie (1)
8.3 -Jennie’s DNA profile /bands
matches DNA profile/ bands of the sample from the crime scene (2)
8.4 -Proof of paternity
- Tracing missing person
- identification of genetic disorders
-Establishing family relationships
- Matching tissues for organ transplants
- identifying dead persons/ animals. (1)

8.5 - Samples containing DNA can be planted/person was framed

- Human error during DNA profiling process
- Costly procedure
- Invasion of privacy any 2 (2)
(7)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 9
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
9.1 Mary (2)
9.2 There are no matching bands/ bars/ patter/ DNA profile
with both parents and Mary (2)
(4)
Question 10

10.1 Number of people found guilty/ convicted (1)

10.2 44 – 25 = 19 (2)
10.3  More criminals are found guilty when DNA evidence is
included in the investigation
 DNA found at crime scene
 can be compared to the DNA database
 making it easier/ Faster
 to identify suspects in the crime any 4 (4)
(7)
Question 11

11.1 Transcription (1)

11.2 mRNA (1)
11.3 -makes up the genes which carry hereditary information
-contains coded information for protein synthesis (2)
11.4 
A (DNA) B (RNA)
Double strand / Paired Single strand Unpaired
bases bases
Double helix/ helical Non- helical
Thymine  Uracil
(5)
11.5

(6)
11.6 - This will result in different tRNA molecules 
- bringing different amino acids 
- leading to the formation of a different protein.  (3)
(18)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 12
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
12.1 (a) GAC (1)
(b) ACU (2)

12.2 (Gene) mutation (1)

12.3 - CTC on the DNA changed to CAC

- Codons (on the mRNA) changed/GAG changed to GUG
- Anticodons (on tRNA) changed/CUC replaced by CAC
- which resulted in a different amino acid/ Val (4)

12.4 - The cells will not receive enough oxygen

- resulting in reduced cellular respiration/ a person lacking
energy/becoming tired/ anaemia (2)
(10)

Question 13

13.1 (a) Transcription (1)

(b) Translation (1)
13.2 (a) Nucleus (1)
(b) mRNA (1)
13.3 Chloroplasts
Mitochondria (2)
13.4 (a)
- The double helix DNA unwinds and
- (the double-stranded DNA) unzips/weak hydrogen bonds
break
- to form two separate strands
- One strand is used as a template
- to form mRNA
- using free (RNA) nucleotides from the nucleoplasm
- The mRNA is complementary to the DNA/ (A-U, G-C) (7)
- mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis

(b)
- Each tRNA carries an amino acid
- When the anticodon on the tRNA
- matches the codon on the mRNA
- the tRNA brings the (required) amino acid to the ribosome (6)
- Amino acids become attached by peptide bonds
- to form the (required) protein

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13.5 (a) TCG (1)
(b) Tyrosine
Valine (2)
13.6 Gene mutation (1)
13.7 - The anticodon will be GGA/not GAA
- The last amino acid would be proline instead of leucine
- resulting in a different protein/ no protein at all (3)
(20)

Question 14

14.1 Cytosine (1)

14.2 20% (2)
14.3 G A A U G U (2)
14.4 Glutamic acid - Cysteine (in that order) (2)
14.5 U A C (1)
(8)

Question 15

15.1 Protein synthesis (1)

15.2 Peptide bond (1)
15.3 63 (1)
15.4 15.4.1 Guanine (1)
15.4.2 (a) CAG (1)
(b) CCT (1)
15.4.3 CAU (1)
(7)

Question 16
-RNA is single stranded
-and is made up of nucleotideswhich comprise:
-ribose sugar
-phosphategroup
-nitrogenous bases which are
-adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine/ (A, U, G and C)
-The phosphate group is attached to the ribose sugar
- and the nitrogenous base is attached to the ribose sugar
-Bases on RNA are arranged in triplets
-as codons on mRNA 
-and anticodons on tRNA
-tRNA has a clover-leaf/hairpin structure
-tRNA has a place of attachment for an amino acidany (6) (6)

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Question 17
- mRNAforms
- during transcription/by copying the coded message from DNA
- and moves out of the nucleus
- and attaches to the ribosome
- During translation
- the anticodon matches the codon
- tRNA
- brings the required amino acidto the ribosome
- Amino acids become attached by peptide bonds
- to form the required proteinany (8) (8)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
TOPIC: MEIOSIS
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
Question1

1.1 C 
1.2 A 
1.3 A 
1.4 D 
(8)

Question 2
BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 The point of crossing over between two adjacent Chiasma
chromosomes
2.2 The splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division Cytokinesis
2.3 The failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis Non-disjunction
2.4 The structures in the cell that forms the spindle fibres. Centrioles
2.5 The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes are Metaphase I
aligned at the equator of the cell.
2.6 The division of the nucleus Karyokinesis
2.7 Exchange of genetic material between chromatids of Crossing over
homologous chromosomes
2.8 The point at which the two chromatids of a chromosome are Centromere
joined together
2.9 Site of meiosis in females Ovary
2.10 A genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of Down syndrome
chromosome number 21
2.11 The Structure formed by the centrioles during cell division Spindle fibres
2.12 The non-sex chromosomes in humans Autosomes
2.13 The condition in a cell where there is only one set of Haploid
Chromosomes
2.14 The structure that is responsible for the formation of spindle Centrosomes
fibres during cell division in animal cells and is made up of two
centrioles
2.15 The phase in the cell cycle during which the cell growth Interphase
occurs
2.16 Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes Homologous
(16 x 1) (16)

Question 3
MATCHING COLUMNS
3.1. None
3.2. B only
3.3. Both
3.4. B only
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
3.5 Both
Downloaded f rom St anmorephysics. com
3.6. B only
( 6x2) (12)

Question 4

4.1. (a) Centromere (1)

(b) Homologous chromosomes (1)
(c) Spindle fibres/ spindle threads (1)

4.2. Anaphase II (1)

4.3. 2, 1, 3 (2)

4.4. In metaphase I, the chromosomes arrange at the equator in

homologous pairs whereas in metaphase II, the chromosomes
arrange at the equator singly (2)
(Mark first ONE only)
(8)

Question 5

5.1. Anaphase II (1)

5.2 (a) Centriole (1)

(b) Centromere (1)
(c) Spindle fibre/ Spindle threads (1)

5.3 The chromatids separate/ centromere splits (1)

5.4 Crossing over (1)

5.5 Reduces genetic variation (1)

5.6 (a) Four/4 (1)

(b) 23 (1)
(08)

Question 6

6.1. Metaphase II (1)

6.2. Individual chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

(Mark first one only) (2)

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6.3. a) Cell membrane (1)
b) Spindle fibres (1)

6.4. - It contracts/shortens
- to pull the chromosomes/ daughter chromosomes/chromatids to
opposite poles of the cell (2)

6.5
Structure C in the final phase of Meiosis/ Telophase II
(unreplicated) chromosome/chromatid
/daughter chromosome

centromere

OR
Structure C in the final phase of meiosis/ Telophase II
(unreplicated) chromosome/chromatid
/daughter chromosome
centromere

Guideline for assessing the drawing

CRITERIA ELABORATION MARK

Heading (H) -Structure C in the final phase of 1
meiosis/Telophase II
Correct -Daughter chromosome/unreplicated 1
drawing (D) chromosome/chromatid/s drawn from
structure C only
Correct -One unshaded OR one 1
shading (S) -One with shaded tip unshaded
Labels (L) -Any correct label 1 (4)
(11)

Question 7

7.1. (a) Metaphase I (1)

(b) Telophase I (1)
7.2. (a) B (1)
(b) C (1)
(c) D (1)
7.3. Testis (1)
(6)

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Question 8
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- in prophase I of meiosis
- crossing over occurs
- between homologous chromosomes
- resulting in the exchange of genetic material
- leading to chromosomes with a mixture of maternal and paternal
genetic material

- In metaphase of meiosis
- random arrangement of chromosomes occur
- leading to chromosomes moving into gametes in different (5)
combinations Any 5

Question 9

9.1. Autosomes (1)

9.2. a) – One chromosome comes from the sperm/father

- and other comes from the ovum/mother (2)
b) – Shape
- Size/length
- Position of genes/alleles
- Genes coding for same characteristic
- Location of centromere
(Mark the first THREE only) (3)

9.3. - Gonosomes are not identical/chromosomes at position 23 are not

identical
- Individual 1 has XY gonosomes/is a male
- Individual 2 has XX gonosomes/ is a female (3)

(9)
Question 10

10.1. (a) Down syndrome (1)

(b) Anaphase I/II (1)
(c) Chromosomal aberration (1)
(3)
Question 11

11.1. - Due to non-disjunction/ non-separation of a chromosome pair

- during Anaphase I
- Two chromosomes moved to the one pole and
- none moved to the other pole (3)

11.2. - Gamete A will have 24 chromosomes/ extra chromosome

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
- and when it fertilises a normal ovum/ gamete with 23 chromosomes
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- the zygote will have 3 chromosomes at position 21/ 47 (3)
chromosomes

11.3. (a) Prophase I (1)

(b) – Adjacent chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross
- at a point called the chiasma
- There is an exchange of DNA segments/genetic material (3)
(10)

Question 12

OR

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Question 13
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13.1. Centromere (1)
13.2. Metaphase I (1)

13.3. - A pair of chromosomes with the same structure/location of

centromere/ length and
- the same sequence of genes
- One is of maternal origin and the other of paternal origin (3)

13.4. - Some chromatids have a mixture of genetic material from its

homologue
- as crossing over took place
- during Prophase I (3)
13.5. 48 arbitrary units. (2)
(10)
Question 14

14.1. Centriole (1)

14.2. Anaphase I (1)
14.3. - The spindle fibres contract
- The centromeres split
- Each chromatid is pulled to the opposite poles Any (2)
14.4. Crossing over (1)

14.5. It leads to (genetic) variation

(Mark first ONE only) (1)
14.6. 46/23 pairs (1)\
14.7. Structure B consists of two DNA molecules/ contains a double thread/
is made up of two chromatids
-because of DNA replication
- Structure C consists of one DNA molecule/ contains a single thread/
chromatid
- because it is unreplicated/ as a result of splitting of the chromosome
during anaphase 2 Any (3)
(10)
Question 15

15.1. a) Centriole (1)

b) Chromosome (1)
c) Cell membrane (1)
15.2. a) 2- Metaphase II (2)
b) 4- Prophase I (2)
c) 1- Anaphase I (2)
15.3. a) 2 (1)
b) 23 (1)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
c) 46 (1)
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(12)

Question 16

16.1. a) Meiosis/ Meiosis I (1)

b) Prophase I (1)
16.2. Ovary (1)
16.3. C- centromere (2)
16.4. 3/Three (1)
(6)
Question 17

17.1 (a) centromere (1)

. (b) Chiasma/chiasmata (1)
(c) Homologous chromosomes/ -chromosome pair/bivalent (1)
(d) Chromatid/ sister chromatid (1)

17.2 - Similar shape/ similar centromeres

. - size and
- genetic composition
(Mark first TWO only) (2)

17.3 - in prophase 1
. - Non-sister chromatids/ one chromatid of each homologous
chromosome
pair
- touch/ overlap
- at a point called chiasma
- DNA/ genetic material is crossed over/ swopped at the chiasma. (5)

17.4 (a) 21 (1)

.
(b) 42 (1)

(c) 21 (1)

(14)
Question 18
- When chromosome pair 21/chromosome 21 fail to separate
- during Anaphase
- the daughter cells (gametes) will have 24 chromosomes/an extra
chromosome
- when this gamete is fertilised by a normal gametes with 23 chromosomes.
- the zygote will have 47 chromosomes/3 chromosomes at position
21/Trisomy 21
(5)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
TOPIC: GENETICS
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Question1
Multiple choice questions:

1.1 C
1.2 C
1.3 C
1.4 B
1.5 A
(5x2) (10)

Question 2
Biological terms:

DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 The study of heredity and variation in organisms Genetics
2.2 All the genes that make up an organism Genome
2.3 Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus Alleles
2.4 The position of a gene on a chromosome Locus
2.5 The non-sex chromosomes in humans Autosomes
2.6 An inherited disorder where blood fails to clot properly Haemophilia
2.7 The number, shape and arrangement of all chromosomes in Karyotype
the nucleus of a somatic cell
2.8 A genetic cross involving one gene and its alleles Monohybrid
2.9 A genetic disorder where blood does not clot Haemophilia
2.10 The use of living organisms and their biological processes to Biotechnology
improve the quality of human life
2.11 The type of inheritance involving two alleles that are not Incomplete
dominant over one another dominance
2.12 Characteristics controlled by genes which are located on the Sex-linked
sex chromosomes
2.13 The type of inheritance involving alleles that equally Codominance
determine the phenotype of heterozygous offspring
2.14 An allele that is expressed phenotypically only in the Recessive
homozygous condition
2.15 The physical and functional expression of a gene Phenotype
2.16 The production of a genetically identical copy of an organism Cloning
using biotechnology
2.17 The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to Genetic
get desired changes engineering

2.18 A diagram showing the inheritance of genetic disorders over Pedigree

many generations diagram
2.19 An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in Recessive
the heterozygous condition

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
2.20 Organisms having two identical alleles at a given locus Homozygous
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2.21 An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype Dominant
2.22 An individual having two non-identical alleles for a Heterozygous
characteristic
2.23 A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular Gene
characteristic
23 x1 = (23)

Question 3
Matching Columns

3.1 Both A and B

3.2 None
3.3 A only
3.4 B only
3.5 A only
(4x2) (8)

Question 4

4.1 Incomplete dominance (1)

4.2 - The pink flower colour is an intermediate phenotype/ a blend of
red and white indicating that neither of the alleles is dominant (2)

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4.3

(6)
(9)

Question 5
5.1

(6)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
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5.2 - Normal females have two X chromosomes
- Normal males have one X and one Y
- The female always provides X in the egg
- If an egg cell is fertilized by an X bearing sperm a
female/girl is formed
- If an egg is fertilized by a Y bearing sperm
- a male/boy is formed
Any (5)
OR

(11)

Question 6

6.1 Co-dominance (1)

6.2
P1 Phenotype Black x White 
Genotype BB x WW 
Meiosis
G/gametes B,B x W,W 
Fertilisation
F1 Genotype BW ,BW ,BW ,BW 
Phenotype All black with patches of white

P1 and F1 
Meiosis and fertilization 
Any
Punnet square can also be used
(6)

(7)

Question 7
7.1 Purple  (1)

7.2 -When purple-flowering plants and white-flowering plants are crossed 

− all the offspring have purple flowers /have no white flowers

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(2)
7.3 The two alleles for a characteristic
− separate during meiosis so that
− each gamete contains only one allele for that characteristic (3)

7.4

(6)
(12)

Question 8
(1)
8.1 ffHh
8.2 (a) FfHh (2)
(b) 3 (1)
(c) h (1)
(d) Long fingers and continuous hairline  (2)
(7)

Question 9

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9.1 Dihybrid cross (1)

9.2 TTrr (2)

9.3 TR, Tr, tR, tr (4)

(7)
Question 10

-An individual inherits one allele from each parent

- The Y chromosome was inherited from the father
h
- and the recessive allele/X was inherited from the mother
h h
- since the mother has two recessive alleles/X X
- A son only nee
ds to get one recessive allele to be haemophiliacsince the
- Y-chromosome does not carry any allele to mask the haemophilia
allele (4)
ANY
Question 11

11.1 Pedigree diagram (1)

11.2 (a) 6 (1)

(b) 1 (1)

11.3 XGXg (2)

11.4 Unaffected /without Goltz syndrome (2)

11.5 - Pilusa is affected  XGY

- Anju is unaffected XgXg
- Males inherit the Y chromosome from Pilusa
- and inherit Xg from Anju (4)
(11)

Question 12
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12.1
f rom St anmorephysics. com 
(1)

(2)
12.2

Any (3)

12.3

(7)
(13)

Question 13

13.1 A change in the sequence of

nitrogenenous bases /nucleotides in a gene (2)

13.2 Nigeria % (1)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
39 746  x 100 =13 %
13.3
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305 733 (3)

13.4 (a) dd (1)

(b) Dd (1)
(8)

Question 14
14.1 The dominant allele is always expressed (in the phenotype)
when in the heterozygous condition
OR
- The dominant allele masks/hides the (phenotype of the)
recessive allele  (2)
14.2 (a) N (1)
(b) Tt (1)
14.3 - J is a taster and therefore must have one dominant allele/ T
- Individual K is tt
- Individual O is a non-taster/ is homozygous recessive/tt
- She must have inherited a recessive allele/t from each
parent
- Therefore, J must have one recessive allele /t
OR
- J is a taster and therefore must have one dominant allele  /T
- If J is homozygous dominant /TT
- and K is homozygous recessive /tt
- then it is not possible to have child (O) who is homozygous
recessive / tt
- as she must have inherited a recessive allele/t from each
parent Any (4)
(8)

Question 15
15.1 (a) 3 /Three (1)
(b) 2 /Two (1)

15.2 Hearing (1)

15.3 - Bob and Ann can both hear

- They have a child who is deaf /who has the genotype aa
- This means that each parent carries an allele for deafness
/are heterozygous/Aa
- but it is masked by the dominant allele /which is for hearing (4)

15.4 AA and Aa (2)

(9)

Question 16
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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
- Spine
16.1
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- Hips
(Mark first TWO only) (2)
16.2 - A change in the sequence
- of nitrogenous bases /nucleotides in DNA (2)
16.3 - To check for the gene mutation
- and if it results in the high bone density (2)
16.4 Produces high bone density /reduces the risk of bone fractures (1)
16.5

(3)
(10)

Question 17
17.1

17.2
17.3

Question 18
18.1 - The nucleus of the somatic cell is diploid/ has a full set of
chromosomes/has all the genetic material whereas
- the nucleus of the sperm cell is haploid/contains half the set
of chromosomes/ has half the genetic material
- The somatic cell carries the desired characteristic/straight
hair (3)

18.2 -To ensure that:

- The DNA (of the ovum)/characteristic of curly hair is
removed
- Only the desired DNA is present in the clone
- Correct number of chromosomes is present in the cloneAny (2)
18.3 (Horse) S  (1)
18.4 - To produce organisms with desired traitse.g. health,
appearance, nutritious, yield, shelf life etc.
- Conservation of threatened species
- To create tissue/organs for transplantAny (2)
(Mark first TWO only)
(8)
Question 19

19.1 IAIBi (3)

19.2 2 (1)

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19.3 - Any individual inherits one allele
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- from each parent (2)

19.4 - Each child

- has an equal/25% chance of having
- any blood group/ A, B, AB, or O. (3)
(9)

Question 20

20.1 (a) IBIBof IBi (2)

(b) ii (1)

20.2 - The baby inherited one allele for type O blood/i from each parentsince
- her genotype is ii
- Mr Phonela does not have an allele for O blood (3)

20.3 Blood type can be used to exclude a particular manas the parent
but it cannot confirm that a particular man is the father
Since a large portion of the population have the same blood type
Any (2)
(8)
Question 21

21.1 3/ Three (1)

21.2 - Complete dominance

- The allele for blood group B/ IB is dominantand
- the allele for blood group O/ i is recessive (3)

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21.3
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OR

(6)

(10)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
Question 22
22
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(6)

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Life Sciences Revision Document Solutions of 2022
TOPIC: EVOLUTION
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Question1

1.1 B
1.2 C
1.3 C
1.4 D
1.5 D
1.6 C
(6 x 2) (12 )

Question 2

DESCRIPTION TERM
2.1 A type of variation where there is a range of Continuous
phenotype for the same characteristics variation
2.2 Present day distribution of living organisms Biogeography
2.3 The selection of desirable characteristics by Artificial selection/
humans selective breeding
2.4 The process whereby new species are formed Speciation
2.5 The type of variation in a population with no Discontinuous
intermediate phenotype variation
2.6 An explanation describing evolution as consisting Punctuated
of long phases of little change alternating with Equilibrium
short phases of rapid change
2.7 The permanent disappearance of species from Extinction
earth
2.8 An explanation for something that has been Theory
observed in nature and which can be supported by
facts, laws, and tested hypothesis
2.9 Organisms with similar characteristics, able to Species
interbreed randomly and produce fertile offspring
2.10 Structured in different organism that have similar Homologous
basic plan which suggest that they share common structures
ancestor
2.11 The process that enables organisms with desirable Natural selection
characteristics to survive and reproduce in a
particular environment
2.13 Remains of life forms preserved in rocks, ice, and Fossils
dried sap trees
2.14 Change in the characteristics of species over time Biological
evolution
2.15 Large, pointed teeth in African apes that are used Canine
for tearing food
2.16 The part of the skull that houses the brain Cranium

2.17 Having a protruding jaw Prognathous

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2.18 A diagrammatic representation showing possible Phylogenetic
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evolutionary relationships between different tree/Cladogram
species
2.19 The opening in the base of the skull through which Foramen magnum
the spinal cord passes
2.20 Family to which humans belong Hominidae
2.21 An upright posture and walking only on two legs Bipedalism
2.22 The type of vision shared by apes and humans that Stereoscopic
allows for depth perception vision
2.23 The act of walking on all four limbs Quadrupedal

(23 x 1) (23)

Question 3

3.1 A only
3.2 B only
3.3 Both A and B
3.4 A only
3.5 Both A and B
3.6 A only
(6 x 2) (10)

Question 4

4.1 Genetic evidence (1)

4.2 1 – A C

2 – C OR A

3 – B B
(3)

(4)

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Question 5

5.1

(6)
11
5.2 246  x 100 = 4,47 % (Accept 4,5) (3)

5.3 Continuous variation (1)

5.4 There is range of intermediate phenotypes /the fat content % is a
range (1)
(11)

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Question 6
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6.1 - Crossing over
- Random arrangement of chromosomes
- Random mating
- Random fertilisation
- Chromosomal mutations
(Mark first THREE only) (3)
6.2 (a) Mutant gene /inherited from their ancestors (1)
(b) Influenced by altitude /level of oxygen (1)
6.3 - More haemoglobin present
- to allow for maximum absorption of the available oxygen
OR
- More oxygen will be available
- to meet their energy needs (2)
6.4 - Originally the amount of red blood cells was similar in all
humans /the Tibetans did not produce a large number of red
blood cells
- As a result of low oxygen content at high altitudes
- the redd blood cells tried to increase the amount of oxygen
absorbed
- As a result ancestral Tibetans produced more red blood cells
/developed ways of using oxygen more efficiently to increase the
availability of oxygen to the body
- This acquired characteristic
- was the passed on to their offspring (5)
- All Tibetans now produce more red blood cells /use oxygen
more efficiently to survive at high altitudes Any (12)

Question 7

7.1 (a) Gall size (1)

(b) Percentage of gallfly larvae killed (1)
7.2 - Nutrition/food
- Protection
- Space Any
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
7.3 - There is a range of (intermediate) values in gall size (1)
7.4 - Larvae in 30mm galls are eaten more
- since they are more visible to birds and
- contain more/larger larvae
OR
- Larvae in galls that are 25mm and smaller are eaten less
- since they are less visible to birds and
- contain fewer/smaller larvae (3)

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(6)
(13)
Question 8

8.1

(7)

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Question 9
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(a) - He would use his of use and disuse
- and law of iheritance of acquired characteristics
- The ancestor of spider monkeys had short tails
- to be able to hold onto tree branches
- As a result their tails became longer
- and this characteristic was passed on to the next generation Any (6)

(b) - Evolution occurs by natural selection

- There was variation in the ancestral population
- Some spider monkeys had short tails
- and some had long tails
- The spider monkeys with long tails were able to hold onto tree
branches /did not
- fall to the ground
- and survived /were not attacked by predators
- Those with short tails could not hold onto tree branches /fell on
the ground
- They died /were attacked by predators
- The characteristic for long tails was passed to the offspring Any (8)
(14)

Question 10

Question 11

11.1 - As the wings were used less

- they became reduced in size/less developed
- and could not be used for flying
- This acquired characteristic was passed on to the offspring (4)

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11.2 - Breeding at different times of the year
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- Species-specific courtship behaviour
- Adaptations to different pollinators
- Infertile offspring
- Prevention of fertilisation
(Mark first THREE only) Any (3)
(7)

Question 12

12.1 (a) (Species-specific) courtship behaviour (1)

(b) Length of the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tails (1)

12.2 - A larger sample size

- Increases the reliability of the investigation (2)

12.3 - To serve as a control

- so that it can be compared with the other groups
- and show that the tails length is the only factor that affects the
results /improves the validity of the investigation Any (2)

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12.4
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(6)

12.5 The longer the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tail, the higher the
mating success
OR
The shorter the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tail, the lower the (2)
mating success
(14)

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Question 13
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13.1

(2)

13.2

(1)

13.3
(2)

13.4

(2)

13.5

(7)

(14)

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Question 14
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14.1 (1)

14.2

14.3 (2)

14.4

(3)

14.5

(3)

14.6

(1)

(10)

Question 15

15.1 (3)

15.2

(3)

15.3

(2)

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15.4
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(2)

15.5

(7)

(17)

Question 16

16.1 1900 (1)

16.2

(3)
16.3

(Mark first TWO only) 1 for Table + Any 2 x 2 (5)

(9)

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Question 17
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17.1 - It is characterised by long periods of little or no change
- alternating with short periods of rapid change
- during which new species may form (3)

17.2 They contain toxinswhich kill the snakes

OR
Too largeto be swallowed Any (1)

17.3 - Having a small jaw

- means cane toads cannot be consumed
- thereby protecting the snakes from ingesting the toxins (3)

17.4 Since the snake’s jaws were used less /not used
the snakes developed smaller jaws
This characteristic (of a smaller jaw) was inherited by the
offspring
Over many generations the jaw of the snake became smaller (4)
(11)

Question 18

Any (6)
Question 19

19.1

(4)

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19.2
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(6)
Question 20

20.1 Biogeography (1)

20.2 - Similar organisms (3)
- that can interbreed
- to produce fertile offspring

20.3 - The original population /common ancestor once lived on a large

continent
- and became separated by continental drift/oceans - There was
no gene flow amongst the three populations*
- Each population experienced different environmental conditions
- and underwent natural selection independently
- The individuals in each population became different -
genotypically and phenotypically
- Even if the (three) populations are mixed again
- they would not be able to interbreed/produce fertile offspring -
forming the different species, the coyote, jackal, and dingo *
2 compulsory* + any 5 (7)
(11)

Question 21
MUTATIONS AND EVOLUTION IN PRESENT TIMES
- In a population of insects/bacteria/Hi viruses/Galapagos finches
- mutations are a source of variation
- which may make some organisms more resistant/better suited
- to insecticides/antibiotics/antiretroviral medication/drought
- Those individuals that are not resistant/suited will die whereas
- those that are resistant/well suited, will survive
- This is known as natural selection
- As a result, individuals of the future generations will be resistant to the
- insecticides/antibiotics/antiretroviral/adapted to drought
Any (8)

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Question 22

22.1 - It decreases the number of harmful bacteria the most

- thereby preventing disease in cattle/resulting in less medical
expenses
- Decreasing mortality/maintaining the number of cattle
- to sell/breed /increase profit (4)
22.2 - Natural selection occurs - There is variation/mutation in the
population of bacteria
- Some are resistant to antibiotics, some are non-resistant 
- When antibiotic is added to the animal feed
- The bacteria that are non-resistant are killed by the antibiotic
- Those that are resistant survive and reproduce
- The characteristic for resistance to antibiotics is passed on to the
offspring
- The next generation will have a higher proportion of antibiotic
resistant bacteria (6)
(10)

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Question 23

23.1 (1)

23.2

(2)

23.3

(2)

23.4 (1)
23.5

(2)
23.6

(5)
(13)

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Question 24

24.1
(1)

24.2 (1)
(1)

24.3 (1)
(1)

24.4
(2)

(2)

(6)
(15)

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Question 25

25.1

(1)

25.2

(7)
25.3

(2)

(10)

Question 26

26.1 Walking on two legs (2)

26.2
(2)

(2)

(2)
(8)

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Question 27

27.1

(7)
27.2

(4)

27.3

(3)

(14)

Question 28

28.1 (1)

28.2 (2)

28.3

(5)

28.4
(2)

(10)

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Question 29

29.1
(2)

(1)
29.2
(2)

29.3

(3)

(8)

Question 30

30.1
(2)

30.2

(3)

30.3 (1)

(1)
30.4

(3)

(10)

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Question 31

31.1

(2)

31.2
(2)

31.3

(1)

(2)

(7)

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Question 32

32.1 (a) -The foramen magnum was in a backward position in the ape-
like beings
- but in more forward position in modern humans (2)

(b) - Modern humans have larger cranium than ape-like beings

- Modern humans have less sloping forehead than ape-like
being
- Modern humans have cranium that is more rounded than
ape- like being Any (2)
32.2 Foramen magnum
- This shows a change from quadrupedalism in ape-like beings to
bipedalism in humans*
- This creates increased awareness of the environment in sensing
danger/food
- Freeing hands to use implements/carry offspring
- Exposure of large surface area for thermoregulation
- Display of sex organs/breast as part of courtship behaviour
1* compulsory + Any 1 (2)
Cranium
- This allows space for larger brain* in humans than ape-like beings
which makes the following possible:
- Better co-ordination of movement
- Processing of large amount of information
- Processing of information faster
- Development of spoken and written languages to communicate
1* compulsory + Any 1 (2)
(8)

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Question 33

33.1

(2)

(2)

(1)
33.2 (1)

33.3 (1)

33.4 (1)
33.5
(2)

(10)

Question 34

34.1 (1)

34.2 (1)
(1)

34.3 (2)

34.5
(1)

(1)

34.6 (1)
(1)

(9)

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Question 35

35.1 (1)

35.2
(2)

35.3 (1)
35.4

(2)

(6)

Question 36

36.1
(2)

36.2 (1)

36.3 (1)

36.4

(4)
(8)

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