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Lecture - 19 - Seepage Analysis

The document discusses capillary phenomenon in soils and seepage analysis. It defines capillary head and pore water pressure, and derives Laplace's equation for seepage flow through soils. It also discusses flow nets, which consist of flow lines and equipotential lines, and how to construct and use flow nets to analyze seepage.

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44 views13 pages

Lecture - 19 - Seepage Analysis

The document discusses capillary phenomenon in soils and seepage analysis. It defines capillary head and pore water pressure, and derives Laplace's equation for seepage flow through soils. It also discusses flow nets, which consist of flow lines and equipotential lines, and how to construct and use flow nets to analyze seepage.

Uploaded by

gotam's & co.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of Soil (CE2021)

Lecture – 18
Seepage Analysis

Dr. Soukat Das


Assistant Professor
National Institute of Technology Rourkela

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 1


Capillary Phenomenon in Soils
Upward force due to surface tension
acting around the periphery
= (2πr) × Ts cos α
Downward pull due to gravity on the
column of water = (πr2) × hc × γw

2 rTs cos    r 2 hc w


2Ts 4Ts
 hc  
r w d w

The capillary pore water pressure


(negative) is given as
uc = hc γw
21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 2
Capillary Phenomenon in Soils
Attempts have been made to relate the grain size and void ratio to the
capillary head.
Equation has been given by Hazen

where C = 0.01 × 10−3 to 0.05 × 10−3 (m2) and hcr = maximum capillary
rise (m)

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 3


Seepage Analysis
Flow of water through soil is not in one direction only.
It is not uniform over the entire area perpendicular to the flow.

Derivation of Laplace’s equation of continuity and some simple


applications of the equation
Procedure to construct flow nets and calculation of seepage in
isotropic and anisotropic soils
Seepage through various structures

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 4


Laplace’s Equation
In formulating the general flow equation for soils, the following
assumptions are made:
1. The soil medium is saturated, incompressible, homogeneous,
and isotropic with respect to permeability.
2. The flow is laminar and follows Darcy’s law.
3. Water is incompressible.

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 5


Laplace’s Equation
v x dy dz  v z dx dy
 v x   v z 
  vx  dx  dy dz   v z  dz  dx dy
 dx   dz 

 v x v z 
   dx dy dz  0
 dx dz 
v x v z
 0
dx dz

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 6


Laplace’s Equation
h h
v x  k x ix  k x ; v z  k z iz  k z
dx dz
where kx and kz are the hydraulic conductivities in the horizontal and vertical
directions, respectively.

v x v z  2h  2h
  0  kx 2  kz 2  0
dx dz dx dz

If the soil is isotropic with respect to the hydraulic conductivity;


 2h  2h
2
 2 0
dx dz
21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 7
Flow Nets
A Flow Net consists of two groups of curves:
Flow lines: Flow lines (streamlines) represent the path that a particle of water takes as it travels
through the soil mass.
Equipotential lines: Equipotential lines are lines that pass through points of equal head.
Total head

Head loss

Equipotential lines h = 0.5h

x
y Flow
Datum z lines
21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 8
FLOW NETS – Flow Lines
Flow lines: Flow lines /stream lines represent the path that a particle of water
takes as it travels through the soil mass.
The space between two adjacent flow lines is called a flow path. Discharge
through each flow path is equal. Total head

Head loss

Flow lines

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 9


FLOW NETS – Equipotential Lines
Equipotential lines: Equipotential lines are lines that pass through points of equal head.

The space between two adjacent equipotential lines represents a drop in head.
The space between two adjacent equipotential lines is called an equipotential space.
Total head

Head loss

Equipotential lines

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 10


FLOW NETS – Equipotential Lines
An equipotential line means potential head at all points is equal (i.e. total head is constant).

Water in a piezometer (placed at different points along an equipotential line) will rise to the same
elevation.
Total head

Head loss

Equipotential lines

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 11


DRAWING FLOW NETS

Head loss, Δh Equipotential lines

Water IN
Flow Lines

1. Flow lines and equipotential lines are at right angles to one another.
2. Flow lines are parallel to no flow boundaries.
3. Equipotential lines are parallel to permeable boundaries.
4. Discharge through each flow path is equal.
5. Head loss through each equipotential space is equal.
21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 12
Thank You

21-04-2024 Mechanics of Soil 13

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