WATER SUPPLY

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities,

commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals,
usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Public water supply systems
are crucial to properly functioning societies. These systems are what
supply drinking water to populations around the globe. Aspects of
service quality include continuity of supply, water quality and water
pressure. The institutional responsibility for water supply is arranged
differently in different countries and regions (urban versus rural). It
usually includes issues surrounding policy and regulation, service
provision and standardization.The cost of supplying water consists, to
a very large extent, of fixed costs (capital costs and personnel costs)
and only to a small extent of variable costs that depend on the amount
of water consumed (mainly energy and chemicals). Almost all service
providers in the world charge tariffs to recover part of their
costs.Water supply is a separate topic from irrigation, the practice and
systems of water supply on a larger scale, for a wider variety of
purposes, primarily agriculture.
Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after
appropriate treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface
water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. The water
treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection
through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then
either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be
elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related
to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue
water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in
a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being
discharged into a river, lake, or the sea or reused
for landscaping or irrigation

A water supply network or water supply system is a system of

engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water
supply. A water supply system typically includes the following:

1. A drainage basin (see water purification – sources of drinking

water)
2. A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the
water accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from
an underground aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using
uncovered ground-level aqueducts, covered tunnels, or
underground water pipes to water purification facilities.
3. Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred
using water pipes (usually underground).
4. Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water
towers. Smaller water systems may store the water
in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to
store water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to
reach the upper floors.
5. Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping
stations may need to be situated at the outlet of underground or
aboveground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is
impractical).
 6. A pipe network for distribution of water to consumers (which
may be private houses or industrial, commercial, or institution
establishments) and other usage points (such as fire hydrants)
7. Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or
aboveground ditches in some developing countries) are
generally found downstream of the water consumers, but the
sewer system is considered to be a separate system, rather than
part of the water supply system.
Water supply networks are often run by public utilities of the water
industry.
During the beginning of the 21st Century, especially in areas of urban
and suburban population centers, traditional centralized infrastructure
have not been able to supply sufficient quantities of water to keep up
with growing demand. Among several options that have been
managed are the extensive use of desalination technology, this is
especially prevalent in coastal areas and in "dry" countries
like Australia. Decentralization of water infrastructure has grown
extensively as a viable solution including Rainwater
harvesting and Stormwater harvesting where policies are eventually
tending towards a more rational use and sourcing of water
incorporation concepts such as "Fit for Purpose".

Continuity of water supply is taken for granted in most developed

countries but is a severe problem in many developing countries,
where sometimes water is only provided for a few hours every day or
a few days a week; that is, it is intermittent. This is especially
problematic for informal settlements, which are often poorly
connected to the water supply network and have no means of
procuring alternative sources such as private boreholes. It is estimated
that about half of the population of developing countries receives
water on an intermittent basis.

Water supply policies and regulation are usually defined by one or

several Ministries, in consultation with the legislative branch. In
the United States the United States Environmental Protection Agency,
whose administrator reports directly to the President, is responsible
for water and sanitation policy and standard setting within the
executive branch. In other countries responsibility for sector policy is
entrusted to a Ministry of Environment (such as
in Mexico and Colombia), to a Ministry of Health (such as
in Panama, Honduras and Uruguay), a Ministry of Public Works
(such as in Ecuador and Haiti), a Ministry of Economy (such as in
German states) or a Ministry of Energy (such as in Iran). A few
countries, such as Jordan and Bolivia, even have a Ministry of Water.
Often several Ministries share responsibilities for water supply.
The cost of supplying water consists, to a very large extent, of fixed
costs (capital costs and personnel costs) and only to a small extent of
variable costs that depend on the amount of water consumed (mainly
energy and chemicals). The full cost of supplying water in urban areas
in developed countries is about US$1–2 per cubic meter depending on
local costs and local water consumption levels. The cost of sanitation
(sewerage and wastewater treatment) is another US$1–2 per cubic
meter. These costs are somewhat lower in developing countries.
Throughout the world, only part of these costs is usually billed to
consumers, the remainder being financed through direct or
indirect subsidies from local, regional or national governments (see
section on tariffs).[citation needed]
Besides subsidies water supply investments are financed through
internally generated revenues as well as through debt. Debt financing
can take the form of credits from commercial Banks, credits from
international financial institutions such as the World Bank and
regional development banks (in the case of developing countries),
and bonds (in the case of some developed countries and some upper
middle-income countries).
Water supply and sanitation require a huge amount of
capital investment in infrastructure such as pipe networks, pumping
stations and water treatment works. It is estimated that in developing
countries investments of at least US$200 billion have to be made per
year to replace aging water infrastructure to guarantee supply, reduce
leakage rates and protect water quality.[18]
International attention has focused upon the needs of developing
countries. To meet the Millennium Development Goals targets of
halving the proportion of the population lacking access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015, current annual
investment on the order of US$10 to US$15 billion would need to be
roughly doubled. This does not include investments required for the
maintenance of existing infrastructure.[19]
Once infrastructure is in place, operating water supply and sanitation
systems entails significant ongoing costs to cover personnel, energy,
chemicals, maintenance and other expenses. The sources of money to
meet these capital and operational costs are essentially either user
fees, public funds or some combination of the two.[20] It is also
important to consider is the flexibility of the water supply system.
Ancient systems included wells, storage reservoirs, canals and
aqueducts, and water-distribution systems. Highly advanced systems
appeared c. 2500 bc and reached their peak in the Roman aqueduct
system.
INVESTIGATION ON WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment is any process that improves

the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The
end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow
maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being
safely returned to the environment. Water treatment
removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their
concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.
This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to
benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.Water contamination is
primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from
enterprises. The effluent from various enterprises, which contains
varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water
resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion
of organic and inorganic contaminants at the initial discharge.
Chandrasekhar Rao Mission Bhagiratha is a project aimed at reducing
the burden of diseases caused by drinking contaminated water and
improving the living standards of the people.

Drinking water treatment

Water contamination is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated
wastewater from enterprises. The effluent from various enterprises,
which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers
or other water resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion
of organic and inorganic contaminants at the initial discharge.
Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes,
processes dealing with paper and pulp, textiles, chemicals, and from
various streams such as cooling towers, boilers, and production lines
Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of
contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes
from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human
consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse
health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are
associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or
animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic
bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. The removal or destruction
of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the use of
reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids, to
remove bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi,
and minerals including iron and manganese. Research including
Professor Linda Lawton's group at Robert Gordon University,
Aberdeen is working to improve detection of cyanobacteria.[2] These
substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed
countries who do not have access to effective water purification
systems.
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment
of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It
is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the
treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution
and to keep the pipes clean.[3]
Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other
uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line
treatment process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion
exchange.

Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and
eliminates contaminants from wastewater and converts this into
an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to
the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the
environment or is reused for various purposes (called water
reclamation).[4] The treatment process takes place in a wastewater
treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are
treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For
domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage),
the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment. For industrial
wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate Industrial
wastewater treatment, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after
some form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater treatment
plants include Agricultural wastewater
treatment and leachate treatment plants.

Processes commonly used in wastewater treatment include phase

separation (such as sedimentation), biological and chemical processes
(such as oxidation) or polishing. The main by-product from
wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated
in the same or another wastewater treatment plant.[5]: Ch.14 Biogas can
be another by-product if anaerobic treatment processes are used.
Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water.[6] The main
purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be
able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the
options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct
treatment process is used on the wastewater. Bangladesh has officially
inaugurated the largest single sewage treatment plant (STP) in South
Asia, located in the Khilgaon area of the city. With a capacity to treat
five million sewage per day, the STP marks a significant step towards
addressing the country's wastewater management challenges.[7]
The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "sewage
treatment".

Industrial water treatment

Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial
processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing
so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets
water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it.
Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean
more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling
towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm,
dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow,
and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal consequence. Water
treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the
manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the
product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor
water treatment can cause defective products.
In many cases, effluent water from one process can be suitable for
reuse in another process if given suitable treatment. This can reduce
costs by lowering charges for water consumption, reduce the costs of
effluent disposal because of reduced volume, and lower energy costs
due to the recovery of heat in recycled wastewater.
SELF SUPPLY OF WATER
Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both
community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) or self-
supply designs.[31] Such designs may employ solar water
disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful
waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component
of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an
oxide photocatalyst, typically supported TiO2 in
its anatase or rutile phases.[32] Despite progress in SODIS technology,
military surplus water treatment units like the ERDLator are still
frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style Reverse
Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) are portable, self-
contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for
public use.
For waterborne disease reduction to last, water treatment programs
that research and development groups start in developing
countries must be sustainable by the citizens of those countries. This
can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the
research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of
many locations.
Energy Consumption: Water treatment plants can be significant
consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's
electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality
water over long distances, treating that water to a high standard.[34] In
areas with high quality water sources which flow by gravity to the
point of consumption, costs will be much lower. Much of the energy
requirements are in pumping. Processes that avoid the need for
pumping tend to have overall low energy demands. Those water
treatment technologies that have very low energy requirements
including trickling filters, slow sand filters, gravity aqueducts.
A 2021 study found that a large-scale water chlorination program in
urban areas of Mexico massively reduced childhood diarrheal disease
mortality rates.
CURRENT STATUS OF MISSION BHAGIRATHA

Bhagiratha is a safe drinking water project for every village

in Telangana State, with a budget of ₹43,791 crores. The project is
the brainchild of then-Telangana Chief Minister, K. Chandrashekar
Rao, that aims to provide piped water to 2.32 crore people in 20 lakh
households in urban and 60 lakhs in rural areas of Telangana. The
ambitious project will supply clean drinking water to all households
in the state through water sourced from the River Godavari
(53.68 TMC) and the River Krishna (32.43TMC). The bulk supply is
expected to be completed by May 2018, and intra-village, intra-
locality works will be completed by December 2018.The project
Contractor is to take care of the maintenance of the entire water
network for 10 years, at no additional cost to the government. A
reservoir was built in this village at a cost of Rs1,212 crore as part of
Mission Bhagiratha to divert Godavari water from the Mallanna Sagar
reservoir . In this project designed to meet the population of 2048 in
1,921 villages in Siddipet, Janagama, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri , Medchal
Malkajigiri , Medak (part), Suryapet (part) districts, on April 10,
2023, Telangana State Minister T. Harish Rao and Errabelli Dayakar
Rao started the trial run.
The project is divided into 26 sectors, comprising 25,000 habitations.
While its estimated cost is ₹42,853 crore, the present Government of
India has not given any paisa funds. Krishna, Godavari rivers and
existing reservoirs have been linked to collect, store and supply water
to every household in 25,000 villages and 65 towns in the state. The
aim of this project is to provide 100 liters of drinking water per person
in rural areas and 150 liters in urban areas. About 4 TMCs have been
planned for industrial needs. The project required 13,000 clearances
from various departments like Railways, Defence, National
Highways, Forests, Irrigation, Panchayat Raj, Roads and Buildings.
Government has established Telangana Drinking Water Supply
Corporation for implementation of Mission Bhagiratha.59 overhead,
ground level tanks are available. 40 TMC of water is being obtained
from tanks and reservoirs from 100 acres to 10,000 acres.
The piping system runs for 1.697 lakh kilometers.182 MW of
electricity is required.
Mission Bhagiratha Pylon was inaugurated by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on Sunday, August 7, 2016 at 3 PM at Komatibanda
in Gajwel Legislative Assembly Constituency . With this, Gajwel has
created history as the first constituency in the country to get door-to-
door Nalla facility.
Through this scheme, 1.30 lakh kilometers of pipelines connecting
Krishna and Godavari rivers along with other reservoirs will be
provided to every household in 24,000 villages and 65 towns of the
state at a cost of Rs.42,000 crores.
In the 2016-17 budget , Rs 36,976 crore has been allocated for
Mission Bhagiratha.1,081 crore rupees have been allocated in
the 2018 Telangana state budget. The project contractor has to look
after the maintenance of the entire water network for 10 years at no
additional cost to the government.

HISTORY
 That project is named for King Bhagiratha, who, according to myth,
brought the River Ganga to Earth from the heavens.
The inspiration for the project was driven by the residents who relied
on contaminated groundwater. In drought-prone Nalgonda district,
973 villages faced high fluoride content that leads to disease
and fluorosis.
A similar project, Maneru Manchineella Pathakam, was conceived
and completed by K.C.R, when he was MLA for Siddipet Assembly
Constituency in 1996-97, at a cost of ₹100 crores. The water was
sourced from Lower Manair Dam and supplied to all households in
180 villages across Siddipeta constituency. The Chief Minister vowed
in 2016 that he would not seek votes in 2019 if the water project was
not completed by 2018. The project was completed successfully. It
received an award from the Central Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra
Singh Shekhawat in Rajya Sabha that Telangana is the only state in
India providing piped water for every house hold in the state.
The project was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra
Modi at Komatibanda village, Medak district in Gajwel
constituency on 6 August 2016.[4] The other dignitaries were,
the Chief Minister of Telangana, K Chandrashekar Rao.
The 150 water treatment plants, 62 pumping stations, 35,573
Overhead service reservoirs, 27 intake wells are set up. The electric
motors and pumping systems were sourced from BHEL with
advanced technology.

PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS

 Instead of earlier practise of EPC System for Mega Projects,the

project was investigated, designed and estimated by the Mission
Bhagiratha Department.
 All DPRs,Designs prepared by the department and vetted by
WAPCOS.
 98% of transmission & distribution systems function by gravity.
 5 years defect liability and 10 years O&M on executing agencies.
 Integration of all existing water supply schemes and ongoing
drinking water projects.

SCOPE

 The Project comprises 26 segments in 32 districts.

 Stages involved in the entire Water Supply chain.
o Sourcing water from major rivers or reservoirs fed by these
rivers.
o Purify the raw water in near by Water Treatment Plant.
o Pump treated water to the major OHSRs and Sumps at the
highest points.
o Transmit from the highest point through secondary pipeline
network to all the habitations by gravity (98%).
o Distribute to each house hold through a modern,rationalised
intra village network by providing tap connections to each
household.

VISION
 To ensure safe and sustainable PIPED drinking water supply at:
o 100 LPCD ( litres per capita per day) for rural areas,
o 135 LPCD for Municipalities.
o 150 LPCD for Municipal Corporations.
o 10% Quantity allocated to Industrial requirements.
 To provide tap connection to every household of the habitation.
 10% of water in all Irrigation sources reserved for Drinking Water.

MISSION BHAGIRATHA GEOGRAPHY

 No of segments - 26
 Administrative Sanctions - Rs 46,585.68 crores
 Total Geographical area to be covered - 1.11 lakh Sqkm
 Total Population benefitted - 2.72 crores
 Constituencies to be covered - 95
 Urban Local Bodies to be covered with Bulk supply ( 114 + 7
partially )
 Rural Habitations to be covered - 23,975
 Sources
o Krishna River( and its tributaries)and Godavari River (and its
tributaries )
 Water requirement(86.11 TMC (2048))
o Krishna Basin : 32.43 TMC
o Godavari Basin :53.68 TMC


o Rural households to be covered - 54.06 Lakhs
 Total pipeline network - 1.50 lakh Kms
 Scale of Supply
o Rural - 100 LPCD
o Muncipalities - 135 LPCD
o Municipal Corporations - 150 LPCD
 Present Power Load - 140 MW.

Total Structures(assets)
 Intake Structures - 77 Nos
 Water Treatment Plants(WTPs) - 123 Nos
 Major Structures - 1804 Nos
 OHSRs - 37,002 Nos
CONCLUSION :

As the population rises, the world's water usage will rise. Many areas
of the world already suffer from a lack of fresh water ,” (Population
Control 3). If the world runs out of freshwater, humanity will plunge
into chaos Humanity needs water to survive, and that is a fact. Most
importantly, all forms of living organisms will go extinct if we do not
conserve water right away. In conclusion, unnecessary usage of water
must be stopped at once . Every single person must work to conserve
water and restore the balance. If not, we all know what the
consequences are going to be.

wastewater treatment is an essential process that is critical in

protecting our environment and public health . By removing
contaminants from waste water, we can reduce the risk of water
pollution and the spread of water borne diseases.
The project was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra
Modi at Komatibanda village, Medak district in Gajwel constituency
on 6 August 2016. The other dignitaries were, the Chief Minister of
Telangana, K Chandrashekar Rao.
The project was completed successfully. It received an award from
the Central Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat in Rajya
Sabha that Telangana is the only state in India providing piped water
for every house held in the state .It was found that each household
was getting 100 liters of per capita quality drinking water under
Mission Bhagiratha. It has been noted that all villages were provided
uninterrupted, daily quality drinking water through taps. It came to a
conclusion that Telangana’s Mission Bhagiratha scheme has already
set an example for the country in terms of quality and quantity.
One of the major challenges faced by the state was the problem of
fluorosis, caused by the consumption of contaminated water.
However, the potable drinking water supplied through the Mission
Bhagiratha scheme has helped eradicate this problem, thus improving
the health and well-being of the people.

The objective of Mission Bhagiratha is to supply potable drinking

water in adequate quantity, conveniently and as economically as
possible. While planning a water supply scheme, it is essential to take
into consideration the priorities fixed by the State Government and
the overall requirements of the entire region.

They were shocked when the ministry officials revealed details of the
information submitted by the BRS government about Mission
Bhagiratha's '100 per cent success' rate. She said that recently Chief
Minister A. Revanth Reddy had sanctioned `60 crore for drinking
water supply in Komaram Bheem Asifabad district.

Through this project, the state government has succeeded in providing

free and safe drinking water to all households in the state, thereby
addressing a basic need of the people. One of the major challenges
faced by the state was the problem of fluorosis, caused by the
consumption of contaminated water.

The Mission Bhagiratha project is a flagship initiative of the

Government of Telangana in India, aimed at providing safe drinking
water to every household in the state. Launched in August 2016, the
project is named after Bhagiratha, a legendary figure in Hindu
mythology who brought the River Ganges to Earth.

The ambitious project will supply clean drinking water to all

households in the state through water sourced from the River
Godavari (53.68 TMC) and the River Krishna (32.43TMC). The bulk
supply is expected to be completed by May 2018, and intra-village,
intra-locality works will be completed by December 2018.

Mission Bhagiratha is a Flag ship programme to provide safe drinking

water to each and every household. The total project cost for
Khammam District is Rs. 1666.24 Crores (both Intra & Grid).