Modern Systems Analysis

and Design
Eighth Edition, Global Edition

Joseph S. Valacich
Joey F. George

Chapter 1
The Systems Development
Environment
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-1
Learning Objectives
✔ Define information systems analysis and design.
✔ Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC).
✔ Explain computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
tools.
✔ Describe Agile Methodologies and eXtreme
Programming.
✔ Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-2

Introduction
■ Information Systems Analysis and Design
◻ Complex organizational process
◻ Used to develop and maintain
computer-based information systems
◻ Used by a team of business and systems
professionals

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-3

Introduction (Cont.)

■ Application Software
◻ Computer software designed to support
organizational functions or processes
■ Systems Analyst
◻ Organizational role most responsible for
analysis and design of information systems

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-4

Introduction (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-1 An organizational approach to systems analysis and

design is driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools.
Sources: Mitarart/Fotolia, PaulPaladin/Fotolia
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-5
A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design
■ 1950s: focus on efficient automation of
existing processes
■ 1960s: advent of procedural third
generation languages (3GL) faster and
more reliable computers
■ 1970s: system development becomes
more like an engineering discipline

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-6

A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
■ 1980s: major breakthrough with 4GL,
CASE tools, object-oriented methods
■ 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI
applications, client/server platforms,
Internet
■ The new century: Web application
development, wireless PDAs and smart
phones, component-based applications,
per-use cloud-based application services.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-7

Developing Information Systems

■ System Development Methodology is a

standard process followed in an
organization to conduct all the steps
necessary to analyze, design, implement,
and maintain information systems.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-8

Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
■ Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems
■ Phases in SDLC:
◻ Planning
◻ Analysis
◻ Design
◻ Implementation
◻ Maintenance

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-9

Standard and Evolutionary Views of
SDLC

FIGURE 1-3 Evolutionary model

FIGURE 1-2
Systems development life cycle

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-10

Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
■ Planning – an organization’s total
information system needs are identified,
analyzed, prioritized, and arranged
■ Analysis – system requirements are
studied and structured
■ Design – a description of the
recommended solution is converted into
logical and then physical system
specifications
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-11
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
■ Logical design – all functional features of
the system chosen for development in
analysis are described independently of
any computer platform
■ Physical design – the logical
specifications of the system from logical
design are transformed into the
technology-specific details from which all
programming and system construction can
be accomplished
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-12
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
■ Implementation – the information system
is coded, tested, installed and supported in
the organization
■ Maintenance – an information system is
systematically repaired and improved

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-13

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-14
 A Specialized Systems
Development Life Cycle
Figure 1-7
Microsoft’s Security Development Lifecycle (SDL)

Training Verification Release

Response
focuses on focuses on makes
These are like traditional deals with
security. product product
SDLC’s analysis, design, and security
quality available
implementation. problems
assurance. for general
that come up
use.
after product
(Source: http://www.microsoft.com/security/sdl/default.aspx. release.
Used by permission.)
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-15
The Heart of the Systems Development Process
FIGURE 1-8 FIGURE 1-9
Analysis–design–code–test loop The heart of systems development

Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation

into a single iterative and parallel process of activities.
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-16
Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins

when another
completes, with
little backtracking
and looping.

FIGURE 1-10
Traditional waterfall SDLC

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-17

Problems with Waterfall Approach

■ Feedback ignored, milestones lock in

design specs even when conditions
change
■ Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase)
■ Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-18
Different Approaches to Improving
Development

■ CASE Tools

■ Agile Methodologies

■ eXtreme Programming
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-19
Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
■ Diagramming tools enable graphical
representation.

■ Computer displays and report generators

help prototype how systems “look and
feel”.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-20

Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)

■ Analysis tools automatically check for

consistency in diagrams, forms, and
reports.

■ A central repository provides integrated

storage of diagrams, reports, and project
management specifications.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-21

Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
■ Documentation generators standardize
technical and user documentation.

■ Code generators enable automatic

generation of programs and database
code directly from design documents,
diagrams, forms, and reports.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-22

CASE Tools (Cont.)

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-23

Agile Methodologies

■ Motivated by recognition of software

development as fluid, unpredictable, and
dynamic
■ Three key principles
◻ Adaptive rather than predictive
◻ Emphasize people rather than roles
◻ Self-adaptive processes

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-24

The Agile
Methodologies group
argues that software
development
methodologies
adapted from
engineering generally
do not fit with
real-world software
development.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-25

When to use Agile Methodologies
■ If your project involves:
◻ Unpredictable or dynamic requirements
◻ Responsible and motivated developers
◻ Customers who understand the process and
will get involved

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-26

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-27
eXtreme Programming
■ Short, incremental development cycles
■ Automated tests
■ Two-person programming teams
■ Coding, testing, listening, designing

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-28

eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
■ Coding and testing operate together
■ Advantages:
◻ Communication between developers
◻ High level of productivity
◻ High-quality code

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-29

Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD)
■ Based on objects rather than data or
processes
■ Object: a structure encapsulating
attributes and behaviors of a
real-world entity

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-30

Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) (Cont.)
■ Object class: a logical grouping of
objects sharing the same attributes
and behaviors
■ Inheritance: hierarchical
arrangement of classes enable
subclasses to inherit properties of
superclasses

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-31

Rational Unified Process (RUP)
■ An object-oriented systems development
methodology
■ Establishes four phase of development:
inception, elaboration, construction, and
transition
◻ Each phase is organized into a number of
separate iterations.

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-32

 FIGURE 1-11
Phases of OOSAD-based development

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-33

Our Approach to Systems
Development
■ Criticisms of SDLC
◻ Forcing timed phases on intangible processes
(analysis and design) is doomed to fail
◻ Too much formal process and documentation
slows things down
◻ Cycles are not necessarily waterfalls
■ And yet the concept of a cycle is in all
methodologies. So, SDLC is a valuable
model that has many variations.
Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-34
Summary
■ In this chapter you learned how to:
✔ Define information systems analysis and design.
✔ Describe the information systems development life
cycle (SDLC).
✔ Explain computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
tools.
✔ Describe Agile Methodologies and eXtreme
Programming.
✔ Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-35