PERCEPTION OF SELECTED SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON

PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT TO EDUCATION

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty
of the Senior High School Department
University of Cebu - Main Campus
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Grade 11 Senior High School Students
of Second Semester S.Y. 2022 – 2023
In Practical Research 1

ERNEL A. GARCES
VINCE KATRICE S. BULAY
VINCE JAMES B. BERBERIO
BEAU CREWE P. DELA CERNA
ETHEL DIANNE H. ARMECIN
EARL AUSTIN GAMBOA
KASHIECA ANNE A. BADIANG
JIAN CARLO V. SARIGUMBA
CHRIS LAWRENCE YAC

STEM 11 5A Zeal

June 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to thank all the people who supported for the success

of this thesis.

First of all, we would like to thank our Almighty God for guiding us through the

challenges we faced, providing us with strength and perseverance throughout the journey.

To our beloved parents, whose unwavering support and encouragement made this

study possible. Their constant inspiration and support have positively influenced our path

to success.

To our research adviser, Mr. Jade Kelly A. Linawagan, thank you for the

knowledge you've shared, the overwhelming support, dedication, and guidance. We are

extremely grateful for the revisions from title proposal to the final output of our study.

To our panelists, Ms. Danica Rose P. Altubar and Ms. Michelle V. Ceniza, thank

you for sharing your expertise that we will surely cherish for the rest of our lives.

To the authors of the books and academic journals, they brought enlightenment

and fill in the gaps in our literature review and studies.

To our informants, thank you for sparing us a bit of your time and entrusting us

with the information that will shed highlight to the outcomes of this study.

Lastly, to the entire Grade 11 STEM Zeal 5A, thank you so much for the

collaboration. Without commitment and teamwork, we wouldn't pass our thesis.

 DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate this thesis to the people who were behind the success of

this research experience.

To the Almighty God, our respective families, mentors, classmates, friends, and

loved ones, you have been the sources of our inspiration and strength throughout this

journey. Without you, this path would never have been as successful and fulfilling. Your

unwavering support and encouragement have propelled us forward, enabling us to

achieve our goals and aspirations.

All the knowledge and learnings we have acquired during this research endeavor

will forever remain our greatest experience as we navigate the challenges of life. We are

determined to never cease learning and remain committed to inspiring the younger

generation to stay motivated and persevere through the hardships they encounter in the

world.

May this thesis stand as a testament to our collective efforts and serve as a

reminder of the remarkable impact that can be achieved when individuals come together

in pursuit of knowledge and progress. Together, we have laid the foundation for a brighter

future.

With deepest gratitude and heartfelt appreciation, we dedicate this thesis to all

those who have been a part of our journey. Thank you for your unwavering support, love,

and belief in our abilities. May our achievements inspire others to reach for greatness and

create a better world for all.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Cover Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract vi
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study 1
Theoretical Background 4
Review of Related Literature 6
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem 19
Significance of the Study 20
Scope and Delimitation 22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 23
Research Locale 23
Research Informants 24
Research Instruments 24
Research Procedure
Data Gathering Procedure 25
Data Analysis Procedure 25
DEFINITION OF TERMS 27
CHAPTER II PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation of Themes 29
CHAPTER III SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 37
Conclusion 37
Recommendations 38
REFERENCES 39
APPENDICES
A. Transmittal Letter 45
B. Consent Form 46
C. Research Instruments 47
D. Documentation 48
E. Coding Table 50
CURRICULUM VITAE 53
 ABSTRACT

Parents play a crucial role in shaping the lives of their children. The purpose of the study
was to explore the phenomenological study on the perceptions of senior high school
students on the impact of parental involvement to education. The informants consisted of
7 grade 11 STEM students studying at the University of Cebu – Main Campus, Senior
High School Department. A semi-structured interview and purposive sampling were
utilized. Questions were asked to answer the views of the students in terms of the
perceived importance and perceived effects of parental involvement in education. The
findings revealed that parental involvement in the student’s education plays a significant
role in the parent-child relationship. Two important factors for the parent-child
relationship were academic and emotional support. It was also revealed that parental
involvement may have both positive and negative outcomes. Positive outcomes such as
motivation, while negative outcomes such as parental pressure. The study concludes that
parental involvement in education is crucial for student success. It inspires and motivates
students, provides guidance during challenges, and helps them cope with academic stress.
However, finding a healthy balance is essential to avoid excessive pressure and maintain
a positive parent-child relationship. Achieving a balanced approach to involvement is key
to fostering a supportive educational environment for students' growth and well-being.

Keywords: PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT, PARENTAL SUPPORT, PARENTAL

ENGAGEMENT
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Parents play a crucial role in shaping the lives of their children. As role models,

parents have a profound impact on their children's attitudes, ambitions, ideals, social

patterns, and moral standards. Parental involvement is a crucial aspect of a child's

educational success. It is defined as the willingness of parents to support and guide their

children's learning, including their academic performance. Children who receive parental

support and involvement in their schooling often exhibit positive behavior, improved

attitudes toward schooling, better school attendance, decreased school dropouts, and

improved academic performance. Moreover, parental involvement is a significant factor

that can contribute to a child's academic success (Singh & Mahajan, 2021).

In an international study conducted by Barshay (2022), statistics showed that

some American parents do not want their children to go to college. The survey revealed

that forty-six percent (46%) of American parents tend not to support their children to a

four-year college regardless of no barriers or otherwise. Besides, fifty-four percent (54%)

of American parents prefer to enroll their children in college. In addition, parents would

want to pursue their children with alternatives to a traditional degree, such as vocational

training that does not occur in college, or prefer their child to start a business. This

highlights the importance of understanding the role of parents in shaping their children's
 2

educational aspirations and the need for providing a variety of education options to meet

the student's goals.

Furthermore, the adoption of online learning modalities as a response to the

pandemic has presented unique challenges for students, who are often left to navigate the

virtual classroom without the same level of parental support as before. However, a

national study by Tus (2021) revealed the important role parents play in supporting their

children's academic success during online learning. It was revealed that students whose

parents were highly engaged, monitored, and supportive of their academic progress

tended to have better academic outcomes. This highlights the importance of parental

involvement in online learning environments and suggests that parents can make a

significant difference in their children's academic success, even in virtual classrooms.

Moreover, if a student has high self-esteem it may lead to high academic

achievement. In connection, a local study conducted by Moneva et al. (2020) revealed

that parental involvement is highly beneficial for students to achieve academic success.

Among the selected senior high school students surveyed, 57.5% strongly agreed that

parental involvement is beneficial for academic performance, while 33.8% agreed that a

good parent-child relationship contributes to high academic performance. Only 2.5% of

students disagreed that parental involvement is necessary for academic achievement.

These findings emphasize the crucial role of parental involvement in promoting their

child's self-esteem and academic success.

Several studies conducted that parental involvement has an impact on the

education of students. As stated by Barger et al. (2019) parents' engagement in the school
 3

event and community attributes to the child's academic achievement and motivation.

Moreover, there is a positive and significant correlation between parental involvement

and students' academic performance (Singh & Mahajan, 2021; Yieng et al., 2020; Gurung

et al., 2020). However, the involvement of parents in a negative way may have downsides

to the children's success and achievement (Naite, 2021). For instance, it was revealed that

high expectations from parents could cause pressure and mental health issues

undermining the students' motivation (Eriksen, 2020; Pinquart & Ebeling, 2020). Thus,

this phenomenological study would like to focus more on the perception of senior high

school students towards the impact of parental involvement in education. Further, the

present study will address the gap in terms of contributing to the local setting.

This phenomenological study aims to explore the perceptions of selected senior

high school students at the University of Cebu - Main Campus, Senior High School

Department regarding the impact of parental involvement in their education. Specifically,

the study aims to explore the perceived importance and effects of parental involvement

on the student's education. Existing research has consistently shown that parental

involvement in a student's education is strongly associated with academic motivation and

achievement. As such, the present study seeks to deepen our understanding of how

parental involvement impacts the education of students. Through this study, the

researchers hope to gain valuable insights into the perceptions of students on the role of

parental involvement to one's education.

 4

Theoretical Background

The study is anchored on Cultural Capital Theory of Pierre Bourdieu (1977) and

supported by Sociocultural Theory of Lev Vygotsky (1962) and Social Learning Theory

of Albert Bandura (1977).

Cultural Capital Theory introduced by Pierre Bourdieu argued that cultural

capital played an important role in one’s social position. Bourdieu says in his work that

cultural capital is often passed on from one generation to the other, he has said in his

work with reference to education that those who are able to attain good quality education

often belong to the higher strata of society and are able to secure their future and hence

provide their children with good quality education. Bourdieu has distinguished cultural

capital into three types; embodied, institutionalized, and objectified in his work ‘Forms of

Capital’ in 1986. Embodied capital is the process of socialization and education acquiring

this capital over a period of time and is reflected in the mannerisms and skills that are

acquired in behavior. Subsequently, Institutionalized capital is something that can be

certified such as the degrees, the rank or position at the job, etc. this is the measurable

aspect of cultural capital. Lastly, Objectified capital such as the brands that choose to buy

products from, or the university they choose to study from, etc. this is often the

determinant of the economic condition in the society and helps maintain the position as it

may be passed on from one generation to the other.

Social Learning Theory introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura, proposed

that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling and is influenced by

factors such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions. The social learning theory
 5

accounts for the interaction of environmental and cognitive elements that affect how

people learn. The theory suggests that learning occurs because people observe the

consequences of other people's behaviors. Moreover, Bandura's theory moves beyond

behavioral theories, which suggest that all behaviors are learned through conditioning,

and cognitive theories, which consider psychological influences such as attention and

memory. According to Bandura, people observe behavior either directly through social

interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media. Actions that

are rewarded are more likely to be imitated, while those that are punished are avoided.

Sociocultural Theory introduced by psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that

parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large are responsible for developing the

brain's higher-order functions. According to Vygotsky, human development relies on

social interaction and, therefore, can differ among cultures. The sociocultural theory

stresses the role that social interaction plays in psychological development. It suggests

that human learning is largely a social process and that our cognitive functions are

formed based on our interactions with those around us who are "more skilled".

In relevance to the study, the cultural capital theory predicts that parents with high

cultural capital who attain good quality education will be the ones who are more involved

in the student's education. However, the cultural capital of a parent may influence the

students' education in choosing the course or school to take. Thus, this positively and

negatively associates the child with their wants, motivation, cognition, and behavior.

Moreover, social learning theory indicates that students learn from the behavior around

them that influences their motivation. It corresponds to the involvement of a parent since

a parent is responsible for supporting and assisting students from the beginning. The
 6

students' cognition and motivation in school may be affected by the physical or mental

behavior shown. Hence, it has a positive and negative influence on children. Lastly, the

sociocultural theory implies the impact of a parent on students' cognitive skills. Parents

are responsible for introducing the cultural beliefs and values that can influence student

development and understanding. Consequently, parents are the most skilled individuals in

influencing the students' logical thinking, abstract thinking, and other cognitive skills

used in school. Hence, all the theories mentioned could impact the parent's involvement

with learners in both positive and negative ways.

Review of Related Literature

The review of the literature for this study focuses on the overview of parental

involvement that consists of the importance and influence of parental involvement to the

education of students. It also discusses the effects of parental involvement to students.

Related Literature

Importance of Parental Involvement

A study by Arshad (2016) explored the student's perception of the need for

parents' involvement at the university level. It was revealed that students strongly

perceived the need for their parents to be involved in their academic lives. While most

students did not face any serious issues that required parental intervention, they

welcomed their parents' visits to the university. The study revealed that parents did not

have much influence on the choice of subject for their children, however, their guidance

and counseling were still crucial for adult students at this level. The results further

indicated that university-level students believed that parental involvement at the

 7

university was necessary to keep them updated on their academic progress, thus

emphasizing the significance of parental involvement in their child’s academic journey.

Moreover, parental involvement has a significant impact on a child's overall

development, including their emotional, intellectual, and social growth. Studies have

shown that when parents actively engage in their child's education and decision-making,

it promotes a sense of empowerment and responsibility, which motivates them to strive

toward their academic and personal objectives. Students who have strong parental and

family support, along with a network of community resources, are more likely to

overcome educational challenges and succeed in their endeavors. These findings indicate

that parental involvement is crucial for student success and should be promoted at all

levels of education (Esau, 2018).

Furthermore, studies on the importance of parental involvement in student

academic performance have shown that parental influence plays a critical role in students'

academic success. A study by Pandey and Thapa (2017) revealed that the influence of

family, school, parents, and teachers can significantly contribute to students' academic

performance. Students who receive support and encouragement from their parents tend to

have higher levels of self-confidence and self-concept, which can help them succeed in

school. Parents can lay the groundwork for their children's academic success by building

their self-reliance and providing guidance and counseling when necessary. In short,

parental involvement is crucial in shaping students' academic performance and overall

development.
 8

However, a study by Đurišić and Bunijevac (2017) revealed that schools have a

crucial role in building partnerships with parents to enhance student academic

performance. By fostering a sense of return for students' academic success, schools can

increase parental involvement and encourage parents to actively support schools and

contribute to the educational system. Through parental support, schools have an

opportunity to improve current school activities by involving parents in the learning

process, leading to higher parent and teacher satisfaction, better student achievement, and

an overall improved school environment. To ensure effective parental involvement,

schools must have partnership programs that continually develop, implement, evaluate,

and modify activities and strategies that support family and community involvement.

Additionally, the school's approach to parental involvement is likely to be influenced by

teachers' attitudes towards parents, including how they communicate and show respect

for parents, which can impact the level of parental involvement in their child's education.

According to Batool and Raiz (2020), parental involvement is crucial for the

teaching and learning process. Parents play a significant role in motivating students,

fostering positive relationships, effective communication, and providing guidance on

career decisions. Students rely on their families and societal trends when making career

choices. Parents also support students in managing time, making decisions, and

establishing goals. They help students deal with academic and peer-related challenges

and encourage participation in co-curricular activities. Additionally, parents' education

level influences children's growth, development, behavior, abilities, and career paths.

A study by Aqeel et al. (2016) revealed that parental involvement, specifically

mothers' and fathers' school involvement, had a significant impact on student's academic
 9

experiences. Truant students faced more problems and had lower self-evaluations when

their parents were less involved in school. Fathers played a greater role for truant

students, while mothers were important for punctual students. The findings emphasize the

importance of parental monitoring and support in promoting student achievement. In

Pakistani society, cultural norms and parental literacy influenced the level of

involvement, with fathers often taking a stricter role. Overall, parental involvement

emerged as a crucial factor in shaping adolescents' academic outcomes.

A study by Malik et al. (2020) revealed that parents' level of education strongly

influences their involvement. More highly educated parents tend to be more engaged with

their children. However, the study also reveals that the home environment is not

adequately modified to create a conducive learning atmosphere. In the Pakistani context,

where extended families are prevalent, joint family systems often hinder the creation of

an optimal learning environment. Additionally, based on students' perceptions, the study

highlights that parents exhibit greater involvement in the academic affairs of male

students compared to female students. Parental involvement remains consistent across

children aged 10 to 15. Moreover, the study finds that parents are more engaged in the

academic matters of sixth-grade students compared to eighth-grade students at both home

and school.

A study by Bailey (2017) revealed that students benefit from parental

involvement. The extent of parental involvement may differ due to diverse family

structures and abilities, but what became evident is that some degree of parental

involvement is necessary in a student's life. Parental involvement has the potential to

shape a student's path and guide them toward success.

 10

A study by Mahuro and Hungi (2016) explores the relationship between parental

involvement and children's academic outcomes. The findings indicate a positive

correlation between parental involvement and academic achievement. Collaborative

efforts among families, schools, and communities create an environment that promotes

learning, enhances parenting practices and communication skills, improves academic

performance, and fosters positive social values. Preschool attendance and effective

communication are essential aspects of parental involvement. The study highlights the

positive impact of parental involvement in parenting and communication on numeracy

and literacy scores.

When students feel supported and loved by their parents, their self-confidence is

boosted, leading to greater competence in making career decisions. Financially capable

parents contribute to students' better performance. Regardless of occupation, parents

should maintain communication and provide advice on schoolwork. Students should

respect their parents' occupations and businesses. Parents should also spend quality time

with their children and assist them in their education (Esquivel-Santos, 2018).

Further, parents who actively participate in their children's home-based

assignments and educational activities exert a considerable influence on the student’s

educational performance. It also highlights that both educated and uneducated parents

recognize the importance of their children's education and take proactive measures

beyond relying solely on school teachers. Moreover, the findings reveal that both literate

and illiterate parents strive to arrange tuition classes based on their available resources

and capabilities. It is evident that illiterate parents may face challenges in providing
 11

proper guidance, while time constraints often limit the involvement of literate parents in

their children's academic endeavors (Shah et al., 2020).

In addition, parental involvement significantly influences children's attitudes

toward learning, academic performance, and overall educational success. Parents who

prioritize education, maintain a positive attitude toward school, and actively engage in

their children's academic journey create an ideal environment for learning. By

establishing open communication with teachers, setting high but realistic expectations,

and fostering a love for reading, parents can effectively support their children's

educational development. Additionally, spending quality time, providing encouragement,

and assisting with assignments further enhance the parent-child relationship and

contribute to improved grades. Parental involvement is a powerful catalyst for

empowering children and maximizing their educational potential (Kaukab, 2016).

Also, a study by Ahmed et al. (2022) revealed that children consider parental

involvement crucial for their academic success, with parents using persuasive techniques

to motivate them. Living in extended families, children learn from and support each

other. However, poverty and limited parental education lead to dependency on extended

family members. The study highlights the need for a broader understanding of parental

involvement in developing countries, where poverty, traditional practices, and gender

discrimination hinder children's education.

Effects of Parental Involvement

A study by Malcolm (2014) revealed the positive impact of parental involvement

on student outcomes, particularly academic success. There is a significant relationship

 12

between middle school students' perceptions of parental involvement and various student

outcomes, such as their grade point average, attendance, and attitudes toward school. The

results showed that there was a correlation between parental involvement and student

success, with students who reported greater levels of parental involvement exhibiting

higher academic achievement and more positive attitudes toward school. The study

highlights the effects of parents being involved in their children’s education as it can lead

to better academic outcomes and improved attitudes towards school.

Furthermore, parental involvement plays a crucial role in the academic

performance and overall development of students. The study highlights the students'

perceptions of parental support and involvement greatly impact their motivation and

success in school. Neglect of parental involvement has been linked to poor academic

performance, while active parental participation has been associated with improved

school outcomes. To ensure the success of their children, parents must provide guidance,

counseling, and all kinds of support, including financial and emotional support. The study

suggests that parental involvement should be maintained and emphasized throughout the

student's education to maximize its positive impact (Sam et al., 2021).

Moreover, parental beliefs about the children's self-efficacy were associated with

different forms of parental involvement in homework. Parental control and involvement

were negatively related to children's self-efficacy, while parental encouragement for

cognitive engagement was positively related. The researchers also found that the quality

of parental involvement in homework had contradictory impacts on homework quality

depending on how it was measured. Supportive homework assistance had a significant

positive impact on students' success, while intrusive homework assistance had a negative
 13

impact on achievement. The quality of parental involvement in homework mediated the

relationship between effective family-school communication and academic achievement

and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial for families and schools to have open

communication to improve the quality of parental involvement in homework and enhance

student success and well-being (Dettmers et al., 2019).

Additionally, a study by Gabriel (2015) revealed that a strong parent-teacher

relationship and parental involvement in children's education led to positive academic

outcomes. Students also reported that when their parents were involved in their

education, they received guidance in making the right career choices and discipline

decisions. Also, Juma (2016) revealed that there is a clear link between parental

involvement in children's education and their academic success. To conclude, parental

involvement in children's education plays a significant role in shaping their academic

achievement, and fostering a strong parent-teacher relationship is crucial in this regard.

A study by McNeal (2014) stated that certain forms of parent involvement, such

as parent-child discussions, have a more significant impact on student attitudes,

behaviors, and achievement compared to others. The influence of parental involvement

on attitudes and behaviors outweighs its effect on academic performance. Moreover,

parent involvement can indirectly shape adolescents' development in the long term, with

cumulative indirect effects on achievement being more substantial than direct effects. It is

crucial to acknowledge the reactive nature of parental involvement, where interventions

typically occur after difficulties arise, often at the request of schools. While negative

relationships may emerge due to poor performance triggering parental engagement,

overall, parental educational support strategies are believed to be beneficial in preventing

 14

further academic decline. Understanding the timing of parent involvement is essential for

comprehending both the positive and negative effects of these strategies.

A study by Mutodi and Ngirande (2014) revealed the relationship between

parental involvement, encompassing parenting, communication, home, and family

support, and students' mathematics performance. The results indicated a significant

positive correlation between parental involvement and student performance. The

regression analysis identified home and family support as the most influential predictor of

students' mathematics performance. This suggests that parents' involvement in tasks such

as assisting with homework, creating a supportive home environment for studying, and

motivating their children while setting realistic expectations positively impacts academic

performance.

According to Thomas et al. (2020), parental involvement significantly impacts the

students’ achievement scores, whereas parents' perception does not align fully with

previous research. Although the effects are relatively small, occupational status and

family background play a more prominent role in predicting academic achievement.

Students' well-being, on the other hand, seems to be minimally influenced by parental

involvement perceptions, with socio-demographic factors playing a stronger role.

Overall, this study underscores the importance of students as active participants in the

learning process and highlights the effects of their perceptions of parental involvement on

achievement and well-being, emphasizing the need for attention to these perceptions in

guiding the educational process at home.

 15

Related Studies

A study by Sujarwo et al. (2021) revealed that the components of parental

involvement are divided into three: (1) habituation, such as communicating with teachers,

attending school activities, getting engaged in organizations, and connecting with the

community, (2) academic, such as covering the provision of learning support materials,

helping children make decisions, making mutually agreed rules and having discussions

with children about education, (3) self-concept, such as encompassing emotional

interactions, engaging in shared leisure activities, nurturing, and building communication

with children.

According to Rogers (2021), findings revealed that creating a learning

environment at home and having highly achievable expectations were predictors of

student achievement. Six themes were identified: (1) Communication, (2)

Partnership/Relationship, (3) Ways of Participation, (4) Accomplishment, (5) Mental

Health, and (6) Resources. One to five themes emerged for parents, while all six themes

emerged for teachers.

As stated by Kunah and Supriyani (2022) the parent's involvement in the child's

success as a student has six factors known as Epstein's framework: parenting,

communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision-making, and collaborating with

the community. When parents undertake that framework, students would typically have

higher grades and test scores, better attendance, and more consistently complete

homework.
 16

In connection also, a study by Patton (2019) showed findings from the data

collected from face-to-face interviews which identified 3 themes: (1) parenting and

learning at home, (2) volunteering and decision-making, and (3) communicating and

collaborating with the community. The 3 themes overlapped with components of

Epstein’s model of parental involvement and were evident in the participants’ answers to

the interview questions.

A study by Penn (2019) revealed seven themes that reflect teachers' perspectives

of parental involvement namely: (1) Understanding Parental Involvement, (2) The Impact

of Parental Involvement, Development and Implementation of Programs, (3) Barriers to

Parental Involvement, (4) Eliminating Barriers, (5) Promoting (6) Parental Involvement

through Strategies and Programs, and (7) Necessary Teacher Attributes. Findings from

this research were essential in understanding teachers' views associated with parental

involvement in schools.

A study by Nigussie (2021) revealed 12 subthemes and 2 themes in the

involvement of a parent in supporting the student's academic achievement. These

subthemes are (1) learning at home, (2) parents' communication with children, (3)

parental presence, (4) after-school activities, (5) parental communication with the teacher,

(6) parent volunteerism at school, (7) parental participation in school-related decisions,

(8) parental satisfaction of student success, (9) community participation, (10) the obstacle

to parental involvement, (11) parental support to children's education,(12) parental funds

of life, and after identifying concepts and finding relations between subthemes. The

researcher integrated the 12 subthemes into two themes for the final report: (1) the

parent-child and (2) the parent-school relationship. The findings showed that parental
 17

involvement has been inconsistent due to parental lack of knowledge about school

activities, lack of time, and parental conflicts of schedules.

A study by Sherpa et al. (2022) revealed the extent of involvement for different

members of the family, the perceived importance of parental involvement at different

levels of education, some common barriers to parental involvement, areas of involvement

and neglect, and the impact of death, separation, and divorce of parents, on at-risk

students.

Furthermore, a study by Krane and Klevan (2019) revealed the importance of

teacher-student relationships and parental involvement in upper secondary school. The

data were analyzed via a thematic analysis and organized into three main themes: (1) The

multitalented teacher: mastering school subjects and personal relationships. (2) Parents

are responsible: to support and guide students in teacher-student relationships. (3)

Between childhood and adulthood: students must gradually take on more responsibility.

Moreover, a study by Kalaycı and Ergül (2020) revealed the significance of

parental involvement in young learners. Five themes emerged which include: (1) factors

influencing students’ achievement, (2) significance of parental involvement, (3) parents’

way of involvement in English language teaching/learning process, (4) strategies that

parents use to encourage parental involvement, and (5) teachers’ need for further training

on parental involvement.

Lastly, a study by Garcia and de Guzman (2020) revealed that parental

involvement in children’s education is an integral component of young children’s

academic achievement. Four main themes were revealed: (1) Home-based involvement,
 18

(2) School-based involvement, (3) Academic socialization, and (4) Providing for the

child’s basic needs.

 19

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to explore the perception of senior high school students towards

the impact of parental involvement to education at the University of Cebu - Main

Campus, Senior High School Department during the 2nd semester of the school year

2022-2023.

Specifically, it answered the following research questions:

1. What are the students’ perceptions on the importance of parental involvement to

one’s education?

2. What are the perceived effects of parental involvement to the education of the

students?
 20

Significance of the Study

This study focused on the perspectives of senior high school students on the

impact of parental involvement to education. This research is deemed significant to the

following:

Parents will benefit from this study as it will help them understand the level of

their involvement with their children and how it influences their children's academic

motivation and achievement. The outcome of this study will serve as their basis for the

significance of parental involvement and how they can provide effective support and

guidance to their children, not only financially but also emotionally.

Students will benefit from this study as this will serve as a valuable resource for

them seeking to understand the role of parental involvement in their academic motivation

and success. By examining the impact of parental involvement on academic outcomes,

students can gain insight into the importance of their parent's involvement in their

education. The findings of this study can provide students with the knowledge they need

to appreciate the significance of parental involvement in achieving academic success.

Teachers will benefit from this study as it provides insights into the impact of

parental involvement on students' education. The findings of this study may guide

teachers in designing activities or homework that involve parents in the learning process.

With a better understanding of parental involvement, teachers can encourage parents to

participate in their child's education and support their academic development. This study

can also help teachers develop stronger communication skills to effectively communicate

with parents and encourage their involvement in their child's education.

 21

Schools will benefit from this study by gaining a deeper understanding of the

impact of parental involvement on their student's academic motivation and success. The

results of this study can serve as a valuable resource for the schools to enhance their

parental involvement programs and initiatives. By using the outcome of this study,

schools can create more effective and targeted programs, activities, and events that

promote parental involvement in education. This study can help schools in building better

connections between the school and the parents, thereby improving the overall school

environment and student success. Hence, this study aids them in building a better

connection between the school and student-parent relationship.

Researchers will benefit from this study by gaining a comprehensive

understanding of the impact of parental involvement on students, particularly through the

perceptions of senior high school students at the University of Cebu - Main Campus,

Senior High School Department. This study will provide valuable insights and data that

can contribute to further research on parental involvement and its impact on academic

success. Additionally, the study can also serve as a basis for identifying best practices and

recommendations for promoting parental involvement in education.

Future Researchers will benefit from this study as it provides information and

useful insights into the impact of parental involvement on student's academic motivation

and achievement. The findings of this study could inspire and guide them in conducting

their research with a more comprehensive and in-depth approach. Additionally, future

researchers will also use this study as a reference and a starting point for exploring new

areas or aspects related to parental involvement in education. With this study, future

researchers will expand their knowledge and understanding of the topic.

 22

Scope and Delimitation

The study utilized the phenomenological design and focuses on the perception of

selected senior high school students on the impact of parental involvement to education at

the University of Cebu - Main Campus, Senior High School Department. The primary

informants of this research study consisted of purposively selected grade 11 STEM

students enrolled in the 2nd semester of the school year 2022-2023. The study was

saturated with 7 informants. A semi-structured interview was utilized to determine

students' perspectives based on their understanding of the impact of parental involvement

in education. Questions were asked to answer the views of the students in terms of the

perceived importance and perceived effects of parental involvement to education.

Moreover, the study was limited to the information provided by the informants.

Purposive sampling was utilized in selecting informants who will provide the best

information to achieve the objectives of the study.

 23

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology in this study. It describes the research

design, research locale, research informants, research instrument, data gathering

procedure, and data analysis procedure.

Research Design

This study utilized a phenomenological design to explore the perceptions of

selected senior high school students regarding the impact of parental involvement on

education. Phenomenology is a study method that seeks to identify the fundamental

nature of a phenomenon by examining it from the perspectives of individuals who have

encountered it. The goal of phenomenology is to communicate the essence of this

experience - both what was experienced and how it was experienced. This approach

enables researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and the

perspectives of the participants, resulting in a more insightful study (Neubauer et al.,

2019).

Research Locale

This study was conducted at the University of Cebu - Main Campus, Senior High

School Department located at J. Alcantara Street, Sambag I, Cebu City. The University of

Cebu is renowned for providing affordable and quality education, with a strong

commitment to producing top-notch graduates. With over five decades of experience in

the field of education, the University of Cebu has been granted deregulated status by the

Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and is accredited by the Philippine

Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA).

 24

The Senior High School Department of the University of Cebu offers three tracks:

Academic, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood, and Arts, each with different strands to cater

to the diverse interests and aspirations of its students. The Academic track has four

strands, namely Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM); Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); and

General Academic Strand (GAS). The Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track offers

strands in Travel Service (TS), Computer System Servicing (CSS), and Cookery (CK),

while the Arts track offers a strand in Arts and Design (AD).

Research Informants

This study utilized a purposive sampling procedure and was saturated with 7

informants. According to Campbell et al. (2020), purposive sampling is a simple and

straightforward approach to data collection and analysis, it aims to select respondents that

are most likely to give appropriate and useful information. The main criteria for inclusion

in this study are: (1) the informant must be a bona fide grade 11 student at the University

of Cebu - Main Campus, Senior High School Department, (2) the informant must have

the capability to view the perceived importance and perceived effects of parental

involvement in education.

Research Instruments

This study utilized a semi-structured interview with the informants.

Semi-structured interviews are often open-ended, allowing for flexibility. According to

George (2022), semi-structured interviews offer greater detail and richness due to their

more open-ended nature. Informants may be asked to clarify, expand or rephrase their
 25

answers if necessary. The researchers created a questionnaire consisting of open-ended

questions written in English. Questions contain the views of students on the perceived

importance and effects of parental involvement to education.

Data Gathering Procedure

To ensure the accuracy and credibility of the data, an interview was conducted to

gather information. The researchers obtained a letter of approval from the school

principal to conduct the interview at the University of Cebu - Main Campus, Senior High

School Department. During the interview, the researchers asked open-ended questions,

actively listened to the responses, and took photographs for documentation purposes,

while recording the answers of the informants. The researchers purposively selected

grade 11 STEM students as informants given the relevance of their perspectives to the

research objectives. The interview started as soon as the informants gave their consent.

Data Analysis Procedure

To analyze the gathered data, a thematic analysis approach was used to examine

the collected data. The researchers carefully analyzed the interview transcripts, listened to

the recorded conversations between the informants and the researcher, and wrote down

the conversation between the informants and the researcher. The analysis centered on

identifying and exploring the key themes related to the perceived importance and effect

of parental involvement on students' education. The identified themes were then

organized and categorized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the participant’s

perceptions. The data analysis process was repeated and involved multiple rounds of

review and refinement to ensure the accuracy and validity of the findings.
 26

To begin the analysis, the researchers followed the following steps: First, the

researchers carefully listened to the recorded conversations, transcribed them, and

analyzed the data for a comprehensive interpretation. Second, the researchers identified

significant statements that were relevant to the study's themes and categorized them

accordingly. Lastly, the researchers submitted a well-written, accurate interpretation of

the interview data.

 27

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The key terms in the study give the following conceptual and operational

definitions.

Parental Involvement refers to the actions and practices that parents undertake to

support their children's educational success. It is a complex and interactive concept that

has been strongly linked to the social and academic outcomes of children (Singh &

Mahajan, 2021). Parental involvement can be operationally defined as the tangible

actions and practices parents undertake to support their children's educational success.

This includes assisting with homework, attending parent-teacher conferences,

volunteering at school events, and fostering a supportive learning environment at home.

Parent-Child Relationship refers to the bond between a parent and their child

(Nigussie, 2021). The parent-child relationship can be operationally defined as the bond

and interactions between a parent and their child, which actively support the child's

development and academic success. This relationship encompasses measurable behaviors

and actions that contribute to a positive and nurturing environment. Parents demonstrate

active support for education by engaging in activities such as assisting with homework,

reviewing schoolwork, and participating in school-related discussions. They also

establish healthy habits by promoting regular study schedules, balanced nutrition,

physical activity, and sufficient sleep.

Motivation refers to the internal drive and desire that fuels a student's academic

success. It encompasses the psychological and emotional factors that influence a student's

willingness to put effort into their studies, persist in the face of challenges, and strive for
 28

positive academic outcomes (Rogers, 2021). Motivation can be operationally defined as

the context of parental involvement and can be described as the measurable actions and

behaviors undertaken by parents that contribute to increased student effort and positive

academic outcomes. This includes observable indicators such as verbal encouragement,

goal-setting, and planning activities, provision of educational resources and materials,

monitoring and feedback on academic progress, and recognition or rewards for

achievements.
 CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered from the

informants at the University of Cebu – Main Campus, Senior High School Department.

Perceived Importance of Parental Involvement

I. Parent-child Relationship

A. Academic Support

B. Emotional Support

Perceived Effects of Parental Involvement

II. Positive Outcome

A. Motivation

III. Negative Outcome

A. Parental Pressure

Presentation of Themes

The researchers were able to extract 3 themes from the data gathered. The themes

are (1) Parent-child Relationship, (2) Positive Outcome, and (3) Negative Outcome. Each

theme is supported by 2-3 statements and is evident by the 7 informants of the study.
 30

Perceived Importance of Parental Involvement

I. Parent-child relationship

The parent-child relationship is essential to a child's development and academic

success. Cultural Capital Theory introduced by Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the role of

cultural capital in shaping one's social position. Bourdieu argues that cultural capital,

which encompasses embodied, institutionalized, and objectified forms, is often passed

down from generation to generation. Bourdieu’s Theory highlights how socioeconomic

factors and educational opportunities are interconnected, shaping the parent-child

relationship and influencing a child's educational outcomes. One way parents can support

their child's education is by helping to establish and maintain healthy habits that prepare

them for school. This includes developing a consistent morning routine, encouraging

healthy eating habits, and ensuring their child's safety. Parents can also support their

child's decision-making skills by providing opportunities for them to make choices and

guiding them through the decision-making process. Additionally, communication

between parents and children is crucial, especially when it comes to discussing school

and academic activities. Parents can gain insights into their child's interests, strengths,

and challenges by engaging in conversations about their child's education. This can help

parents tailor their academic support and ensure their child receives the best possible

education. However, the parent-child relationship is essential for fostering a positive and

supportive learning environment that enables children to reach their full potential

(Nigussie, 2021).
 31

A. Academic Support

Academic can take various forms, including providing learning support materials,

helping the child make informed decisions, setting mutually agreed rules, and engaging in

discussions about education (Sujarwo et al., 2021). By providing access to learning

materials, such as books and educational resources, parents can support their child’s

learning and supplement their formal education. Additionally, helping children make

decisions and setting mutually agreed rules can provide structure and consistency, which

can lead to increased focus and academic achievement. Finally, having open discussions

with children about education can foster a love of learning and help to develop critical

thinking skills. As the informants said:

“It is important to know the students’ performance so that the

parents can know what are what their students if they are doing
well in their studies and that it is good for the parents to know to
fully support them in their activities or financial assistance to
furthermore increase their grades.” (Informant 1, line 32-33)

“...parents' involvement in our education is really essential,

especially the number one reason we are working hard us
students is because for our parents, and with their involvement I
think that with their involvement I think we students can receive
more supports and with that we are more inspired and motivated
to do our best and do better.” (Informant 4, line 184-185)

Parental involvement is critical for ensuring that students receive the academic

support and motivation they need to succeed in school and beyond. When parents take an

active interest in their child's academic progress, they can monitor their child's

performance and identify areas where additional support may be needed. This can lead to

better academic outcomes for the child, as parents can provide the necessary academic
 32

support to help their child succeed. Moreover, parental involvement can help to motivate

children to study and do better in school. When students receive support from their

parents, they feel more confident in their abilities and are more likely to engage in their

studies. According to Sujarwo et al. (2021), parents have a responsibility to fulfill their

children's needs, which extend beyond just material necessities. Children require

educational support and assistance that is crucial to their development, and this need

should not be neglected.

B. Emotional Support

Emotional support from parents is vital to a child's well-being and academic

success. According to Sujarwo et al. (2021), parents can provide this support through

effective communication and make closure to their children. Effective communication is

the key to building positive relationships with children, which can help them feel

understood, valued, and supported. When parents take the time to listen actively and

empathize with their children, they can create a safe and supportive environment where

children feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feelings. As the informants said:

“…students can rely on their parents whenever they are having

problems in terms of their studies and if they could not if they
could not give what's been ask from the teachers or from the
school.” (Informant 1, line 38-39)

“...it’s important because students uhmm may have lots of ups

and downs during uhmm their uhmm along their uhmm
education so with uhmm if they know that there ha they have
their parents with them all the time they would uhmm uhmm have
a better way to cope up with all the stress that they are facing in
their education.” (Informant 7, line 376-377)

The emotional support provided by parents can have a positive impact on

 33

student's academic outcomes, as well as their overall well-being. When students face

challenges or problems in their studies, they can turn to their parents for guidance,

advice, and emotional support. By providing a listening ear, empathetic responses, and

practical solutions, parents can help their children cope with stress and navigate the

challenges of school life. When students feel emotionally supported by their parents, they

are more likely to develop resilience and persistence in the face of obstacles. They will be

better equipped to manage their stress levels, maintain a positive attitude toward their

studies, and pursue their academic goals with greater confidence and determination.

According to Sujarwo et al. (2021), the emotional interaction between a parent and child

is crucial to the development of a child's self-concept. Thus, it is important for parents to

maintain a strong emotional connection with their children to promote their academic

success and overall well-being.

Perceived Effects of Parental Involvement

II. Positive Outcome

Parental involvement is widely recognized as having a positive impact on

students' academic success. By supervising homework, arranging tutoring, and

after-school programs, parents can provide additional academic support that can have a

positive impact on their children's academic performance (Nigussie, 2021). Overall,

parental involvement in education has numerous positive effects on students, and parents

should take an active role in supporting their children's academic success. Drawing upon

the Social Learning Theory introduced by Albert Bandura, learning occurs through

observation, imitation, and modeling, influenced by factors like attention, motivation,

 34

attitudes, and emotions. Bandura's theory highlights the interaction between

environmental and cognitive elements in the learning process. Parents serve as important

role models, and their supportive behaviors can positively impact a child's education.

A. Motivation

Motivation is a key factor in a student's academic success, and parental

involvement can play a significant role in fostering this motivation. When students feel

that they have the support of their parents, they are more likely to be motivated to do well

and to try harder in their studies. Additionally, when students know that their parents are

actively engaged in their education, they may be more likely to exhibit positive behaviors

and attitudes, such as better attendance, increased participation in class, and improved

academic performance (Rogers, 2021). As the informants said:

“...I think on the good side kay murag mas maka receive silag
support with the parents involvement it gives the students more
reasons to improve and excel in their academic performance.”
(Informant 4, line 200-201)”

“...if it’s encouraging then the students will be influenced to do

well in school, do better in school, get better scores and grades
and be an honorary role.” (Informant 3, line 149-150)

Parental involvement has a significant implication for student motivation and

academic success. When parents provide academic support and are actively involved in

their children's education, students are more likely to be motivated and excel

academically. By being actively involved in their children's education, parents can help to

instill a lifelong love of learning and set their children on a path to success. According to

Rogers (2021), it was revealed that effective communication, strong partnerships and
 35

relationships with families, and parental engagement have been identified as critical

components for a student's academic success.

III. Negative Outcome

While parental involvement is generally seen as a positive force in a student's

academic success, there can also be negative effects. For example, a lack of

communication between parents and their children can have a negative impact on

student's academic outcomes. If parents are too focused on their child's academic success,

they may overlook their child's emotional needs. This may lead to lower levels of

achievement (Rogers, 2021).

A. Parental Pressure

Parents' pressure on their children to perform academically can lead to negative

outcomes. It is important for parents to create a comfortable atmosphere at home by

avoiding putting too much pressure on their children. One way to do this is by engaging

in open-ended discussions that allow children to share their thoughts and experiences in

their own words. Storytelling is a great way to generate discussion and encourage

children to express themselves. By creating a positive and supportive environment at

home, children can develop their own interest and motivation in their academic pursuits,

rather than feeling pressured or forced into certain activities or expectations (Sujarwo,

2021). As the informants said:

“...for the negative side is that again was if they are pressured
right and then the students may will not do good in their studies
and then they get they get they might fail or highest expectations
parents they may not do well and get compared from their like
cousins or brothers or any friends.“ (Informant 1, line 49-50)
 36

“...pwede sad siya ma bad for the children kay sometimes when
the parent.. parent pud puts too much pressure and expectations
sa child kay ma damage ilahang mental stability and it also
create awkwardness towards the parent and the child
relationship.” (Informant 5, line 296-298)

The negative implications of parental pressure can have lasting effects on a child's

emotional and mental well-being. Pressure to perform academically may lead to poorer

academic performance. Furthermore, high expectations from parents can also cause a

strain on the parent-child relationship, resulting in a breakdown of communication and

trust. It is important for parents to find a balance between supporting their child's

academic progress and allowing them the space to make their own decisions and

mistakes. Providing a nurturing and supportive environment without excessive pressure

can lead to healthier outcomes for both the child and the parent. According to Rogers

(2021), students should not be pressured or forced into achieving something beyond their

capabilities. When students feel supported and encouraged to be themselves, they are

more likely to thrive academically.

 CHAPTER III

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter of the study presents the summary of findings, conclusion, and

recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The findings revealed that parental involvement in the student’s education plays a

significant role in the parent-child relationship. Two important factors for the parent-child

relationship were academic and emotional support. However, the study also revealed that

parental involvement may have both positive and negative outcomes. Positive outcomes

such as motivation, while negative outcomes such as parental pressure.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that parental involvement in

education is crucial, as perceived by the informants: Parents' awareness of their children's

academic performance and provision of support is vital. This involvement inspires and

motivates students to excel academically. Moreover, students rely on their parents for

guidance during challenges. It aids students to navigate the ups and downs of education

and cope with academic stress. However, it is essential to strike a balance, as excessive

pressure can have negative effects on a student's well-being and the parent-child

relationship. Achieving a healthy and balanced approach to involvement is the key to

fostering a positive educational environment for students' growth and well-being

.
 38

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the researchers would like to suggest or

recommend the following:

1. Parents may take an active interest in their child's academic progress, providing

both academic and emotional support. However, parents may be cautious not to

exert excessive pressure, as it can impact academic performance and strain the

parent-child relationship. Striking a balance between involvement is key to

fostering a positive educational environment.

2. Schools may create more effective and targeted programs, activities, and events

that encourage parents to be involved in their child's education. By fostering a

supportive and collaborative atmosphere, schools may improve overall student

success and enhance the parent-child relationship.

3. Future researchers may expand upon this research by conducting larger-scale

studies with a wider range of informants. Enabling them to approach their

investigations with a more comprehensive and in-depth perspective. Moreover,

this study may be used as a reference and starting point for exploring new areas

and aspects related to parental involvement in education.

 39

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