for Learners

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Third Quarter-Week 2 Day 1 - 4
Lesson Objectives:

1. Use Gauss’s law to infer electric field due to uniformly distributed

charges on long wires, spheres, and large plates.
2. Solve problems involving electric charges, dipoles, forces, fields,
and flux in contexts such as, but not limited to, systems of point
charges, electrical breakdown of air, charged pendulums,
electrostatic ink-jet printers.
3. Relate the electric potential with work, potential energy, and
electric field.
4. Determine the electric potential function at any point due to highly
symmetric continuous- charge distributions.
MELC Code: STEM_GP12EM- IIIb-13 to STEM_GP12EM- IIIc-17

Written by:

SONNY CORDOVA - Siay NHS

JESSA GARCIA - Siay NHS
LAILANI SUMAGANG - Laih-Batu NHS
RHEA JOY PUERTO/ALLAN MAXIMO - Siay NHS
/
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I.MINI LESSON (DAY 1)

Gauss’Law
• Gauss’s law, also known as Gauss’s flux theorem, is a law relating the
distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field.
• The law was formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss (see ) in 1835 but was not
published until 1867. It is one of the four Maxwell’s equations which form the
basis of classical electrodynamics, the other three being Gauss’s law for
magnetism, Faraday’s law of induction, and Ampère’s law with Maxwell’s
correction.
• We can now determine the electric flux through an arbitrary closed surface
due to an arbitrary charge distribution. We found that if a closed surface does
not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then
any electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit
at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not
have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through
the surface is zero.
• Therefore, the net number of electric field lines passing through the two
surfaces from the inside to outside direction is equal. This net number of
electric field lines, which is obtained by subtracting the number of lines in the
direction from outside to inside from the number of lines in the direction from
inside to outside gives a visual measure of the electric flux through the
surfaces.
• The Gaussian surface does not need to correspond to a real, physical object;
indeed, it rarely will. It is a mathematical construct that may be of any shape,
provided that it is closed. However, since our goal is to integrate the flux over
it, we tend to choose highly symmetrical shapes.

Gauss’s law states that the net flux of an electric field in a closed surface is directly
proportional to the enclosed electric charge.
1. What is Gauss’s law?
Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal
to the total charge inside divided by ε0. Charges are the source and sinks
of the electric field.
2. What is the direction of the electric field to the gaussian surface?
The direction of the electric field is perpendicular to the gaussian surface.
3. How static electric field generated by a distribution of charges on long wires,
spheres, and large plates?
The charge distributions we have seen so far have been discrete: made up
of individual point particles. This is in contrast with a continuous charge
distribution, which has at least one nonzero dimension. If a charge
distribution is continuous rather than discrete, we can generalized the
definition of the electric field. We simply divide the charge into infinitesimal
pieces and treat each piece as a point charge.
4. What is the formula for Gauss’s law?
𝑄
∅ = 𝑜𝑟 ; Φ = E 4 π r2
𝜀0

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II. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1: Fill in!

Problem: How is the electric field related to the Gaussian surface?
Hypothesis: Electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the total charge inside
divided by ε0. Charges are the source and sinks of the electric field.
Instructions: Choose appropriate word/s inside the box to complete the given
statement and write it on the space provided.

Flux Electric Field Gaussian Surface Coulomb’s

Law Charge Gauss’ Law Perpendicular Vectors
Inverse Force

The amount of _________ enclosed by the

Gaussian surface, a cylinder of radius r and length
ℓ, is 𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝜆ℓ. The __________ consists of three
parts: two ends S1 and S2 plus the curved sidewall
S3. The __________ through the Gaussian surface
is
∅𝐸 = ∯𝑠 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
∅𝐸 = ∬𝑠 𝐸1 ∙ 𝑑𝐴1 + ∬𝑠 𝐸2 ∙ 𝑑𝐴2 +
1 2
Figure 1. Gaussian Surface
∬𝑠3 𝐸3 ∙ 𝑑𝐴3 Source: phys.libretexts.org, 2020
∅𝐸 = 0 + 0 + 𝐸3 𝐴3
∅𝐸 = 𝐸(2𝜋𝑟ℓ)

where we have set 𝐸3 = 𝐸. As can be seen from the figure, no flux passes through the
ends since the area ____________ dA1 and dA2 are ______________ to the
_____________ which points in the radial direction. Applying ________________
gives
𝜆ℓ
𝐸 (2𝜋𝑟𝑙 ) = 𝜀
0
𝜆ℓ
𝐸 = 2𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟ℓ
𝜆
𝐸 = 2𝜋𝜀
0𝑟
Using ______________. Notice that the result is independent of the length ℓ of the
cylinder, and only depends on the ____________ of the distance r from the symmetry
axis.

Guided Questions:
Based on the discussion and answers on the activity discuss the following questions.
1. What is Gauss’s Law?____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How are electric field and Gaussian surface related?___________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 3. How is the electric flux related to the charge inside considered in a control
volume for Gaussian surface?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Therefore, I conclude_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____

III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY:

ACTIVITY 2: FIND ME!

Instructions: Given the hint below. Find the word/s horizontally, vertically, or diagonally
in the box and write the answers on the space provided with the correct definition.

Table 1. Word Puzzle Source: phys.libretexts.org, 2020 ;

G A U S S I A N S U R F A C E
E L E C T R I C F O R C E L L
A L R N O H I B C V W P E K E
B P E M P G J A D U X C Q L M
C E S C Q F K Z E T T O E J N
D R L L T E L Y F R Y C R I O
E M T E R R M X I S T N S H C
F I U K C D I C G R Z M T O O
G T V J S T F C I R A L U G N
H I W I T L R C C Q B L U F D
I V X H U C D I H H O K V E U
J I Y X U I N W C M A J W D C
K T Z G P B O V B F C R X C T
L Y A O V A P S I P I I G B O
M Q L F W Z L U J O D E Y E R
N E B E X A Q T K N E H L A S
O P C D W Y R S L M F G Z D P

1. E________________a property that an object can have.

2. P________________ equivalent to 8.85418782 × 10-12 m-3 kg-1 s4 A2
3. E________________ radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward
a negative point charge.
4. G________________ the total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to
the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity.
5. G________________ a closed surface in three-dimensional space through which
the flux of a vector field is calculated
𝑘𝑄 𝑄
6. C________________ 𝐹 = 𝑟12 2
7. E________________ exerted between any two charged objects.
8. C________________ materials or substances which allow electricity to flow

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9. E________________ deals with the separation of the positive and negative charges
found in any electromagnetic system.
10. E_______________the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area.

IV. EVALUATION ACTIVITY

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. How is the electric flux through the Gaussian surface equal to zero?
A. If a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume
B. if a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can
terminate.
C. If any electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exist at
some other point of the surface.
D. If the net number of electric field lines passing through the two surfaces from the
inside to outside direction is equal.

2. When to find the total charge that resides inside the enclosed volume or within the
Gaussian surface?
A. If the charges are discrete point charges
B. If the charge is described by a continuous distribution
C. If the flux is independent of the size of the spherical surface.
D. if charges of equal and opposite sign are included inside the closed surface

3. What do you call the total of the electric flux out of a closed surface that is equivalent
to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity?
A. Gauss’ Law C. Electric Field
B. Coulomb’s Law D. Electric Charge

4. What is 𝜀0 stands for in the formula (from activity 4)?

A. Surface Area C. Electric flux
B. Enclosed Charge D. Permittivity of free space

5. The following are the materials used in Gauss’s law to infer electric field with equal
distribution of charge. Except____?
A. Long Wire C. Sphere
B. Large Plate D. Disk

I. MINI LESSON (DAY 2)

Electric Potential
The electrical potential is defined as the electric potential energy per unit charge.
The potential can be written in a form ;
𝑼 ∆𝑼
𝒗= 𝒒 and ∆𝒗 =
𝒒

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In a uniform electric field, where ∆𝑼 = 𝒒𝑬∆𝒙 , the change in electric potential will be
∆𝑽 = −𝑬∆𝒙
The SI unit for electric potential is the volt. V , V = J/C. To find a particle’s change in potential
energy, use: ∆𝑼 = 𝒒∆𝑽

In dealing with Static Electricity, we have to consider important elements such as

Electric Potential, Electric field, the work is done and Electric Potential energy.
Electric Field is the space in the neighborhood of a charged particles and it has the
property that any charged particle placed in it will experience Electric Force. The
strength of the field at any point is given by the Equation:
E= F
q Where:
F-is the force in Newtons
q0 – is the magnitude of test charged in Coulombs and
E- is the electric field strength which has a unit of Newtons
per coulomb (N/C).

The Work done in moving this charge from point A to point B is the force multiplied
by distance d. W = qo Ed.
If point A refers to the ground or infinity, the work is done in bringing a unit positive
test charge from infinity to another point B is called Electric Potential at B. Electric
Potential is designated by a letter V. V= W
qo

Electric Potential Energy- is the energy that is needed to move a charge against
an electric field .more energy is needed to move a charge further in the electric
field but also more energy to move it through a stronger electric field.

Electric Potential is related to the Work by an external Force when it transports a

charge slowly from one position to another in an environment containing other
charges at rest.

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I. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

Activity 1: “TELL WHAT IT MEANS!”

Objective: This activity allows the students to give the meaning of the given
equations.
I.Problem: What do you mean by the Equations: E= F, V= W, and W= qo Ed?
qo qo
II.Hypotheses:
E= F -- means that Electric field is the ratio of the electric force to the charge.
qo
V= W -- means that Electric Potential is the ratio of work to the charge.
qo
W = qo Ed -- means that work is the product of force and distance.
III. Materials: Pen and paper

IV.Procedure:
1. Given the Equation on the left side of the Graphic Organizer, write its
meaning on the right side of the graphic organizer.
2. Answer the guide questions given.

Table 2. Electric Potential Concept

Electric Potential Concept

EQUATIONS MEANING

E=F
qo

V= W
qo

W= qo Ed

Guide Questions:
1. How will you solve for the strength of the Electric field?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. From the equations given how would you relate Electric Potential with work
and Electric Field? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why? ______________________
_______________________________________________________________
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 Therefore, I conclude_______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY

Activity 2: LET’S SOLVE IT!

Objective: This activity allows students to apply Electrical Equations to practical
situations.
I.Problem: How is electric potential related to the electric field and the field
separation?
II.Hypothesis: Electric potential is directly related to the electric field and field
separation.
III. Materials: Pen and paper
IV.Procedure:
1. Solve the given Problem using appropriate equations.
2. You can use scratch or additional paper to solve the problem and attach it to
the submission of this module or use the space provided for you.

Problem 1: A point charge of -6.00x10-9 C is 3.00m from point A and 5.00m

from point B. Find the potential at point A and point B. What is the potential
difference between points A and B?

Note:
The electric potential at a point due to a charged particle is given by the equation:
V= kq
d
Where: k – is the coulomb’s constant. Which is = 9x109Nm2/C2
Potential Difference is designated as VAB and VAB = VB – VA. or VAB = W / q
Solution:

Problem 2: A point charge of 1.50x10-6 C is 2.00m from point A and 2.00m

from point B. Find the potential at point A and point B. What is the potential
difference between points A and B?

Solution:

Guide Questions:
1. How is electric potential related to the electric field and the field separation?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 2. Write the relation of the electric potential to the electric field and separation
distance?______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why?

______________________________________________________________
Therefore, I conclude_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

IV. EVALUATION ACTIVITY

Directions: Choose the correct answer and write only the letter of your answer.
_ 1. Which of the following statements describe Electric Potential?
A.The amount of potential energy per unit of charge.
B.The amount of electric potential energy.
C.The force acting upon a charge.
D.The amount of force per charge.
_ 2. What happens to potential energy when an external force does work on a
positive test charge to move it from one location to another?
A. Neither increase nor decrease
B. Remains unchanged
C. Decreases
D. Increases
_3. Which of the following is the equation for the Electric field?
A. E= F/q B. V= Ed C. W= q ΔV D. W = Fx d
_4. What is the effect to potential energy if the movement of positive charge is in
the direction of an electric field?
A. Losing potential energy C. Zero energy
B. High potential energy D. No effect

_ 5. How would you describe the force of attraction between two opposite charges
as the distance between them increases?
A. Force of attraction decreases. C. Force of attraction increases.
B. Niether increase nor decrease D. Either increase or decrease.

I. MINI LESSON (DAY 3)

In electric circuits, a point of zero electric potential is often defined by grounding

some point in the circuit. The electric field of a point charge extends throughout
space, so its electric potential does, also. The zero points of electric potential could
be taken anywhere but are usually to be an infinite distance from the charge, far
from the influence and the influence of any other charges. With this choice, the
methods of calculus can be used to show that the electric potential created by a
point charge q at any distance r from the charge is given by

8
 𝑞
V= 𝑘𝑒 𝑟 which shows that the electric potential, or work
per unit charge, required to move a test charge in from infinity to a distance r from a
positive point charge q increases as the positive test charge moves closer to q.

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
1. Draw a diagram of all charges and circle the point of interest.
2. Calculate the distance from each charge to the point of interest, labeling it on
the diagram.
𝑞
3. For each charge q, calculate the scalar quantity V= 𝑘𝑒 𝑟 .
4. Sum all the numbers found in the previous step, obtaining the electric
potential at the point of interest.

As we remember, it was convenient to define an electric field related to the electric

force. In this way, the properties of fixed collections of charges could be easily
studied, and the force on any particle in the electric field could be obtained simply
by multiplying by the particle’s charge.
Electric potential is a scalar quantity. From the equation of electric potential
difference, we see that it measure the change of potential energy per unit charge.
Alternately, the electric potential difference is the work per unit charge that would
have to be done by some force to move a charge.
Thus, the electric potential has the equation; ∆ V= -𝐸𝑥 ∆x where ∆ V-the electric
potential ( volt) ; 𝐸𝑥 - the x-component of the electric field;
∆x – the displacement of the charge along the x-axis

Sample Problems:
Problem: In atom smashers, charged particles are accelerated in much the same
way they are accelerated in TV tubes: through potential differences. Suppose a
proton is injected at a speed of 1.00 x 106m/s between two plates 5.00 cm apart.
The proton subsequently accelerates across the gap and exits through the
opening. (a). What must be the electric potential difference be if the exit speed is
to be 3.00 x 10 6 m/s? (b). what is the magnitude of the electric field between the
plates, assuming it’s constant?
a. -4.18 x 104 V b. 8.36 x 105 N/C

Problem: Suppose electrons in a TV tube are accelerated through a potential

difference of 2.00 x 104 V from the heated cathode ( negative electrode), where
they are produced, toward the screen, which also serves as the anode( positive
electrode), 25.0 cm away.
( a). At what speed would the electrons impact the phosphors on the screen?
Assume they accelerate from rest and ignore relativistic effects. ( b). what’s the
magnitude of the electric field, if it is assumed constant?
a. 8.38 x 10 7 m/s b. 8.00 x 10 4 V/m

II. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1: “FINITE DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES”

I.Problem: How is electric potential derive from a finite distribution of charges?

II.Hypothesis: Electric potential for finite distribution charges is related to the partial
9
derivative of the charges and the finite length of the materials that conduct.
III.Materials: Illustrations of finite length distribution charges.
IV.Procedure:

1. Positive charge Q = 2C is distributed uniformly along the x-axis having a length of

8cm. Find the electric potential at point P at a distance of considering dQ charge is at
x = 2cm?
2. Refer to the sketch attached and provide the required information.

Figure 2. Electric Potential of finite distribution

3. The expression dQ= (Q/2a) dx; where is a =4cm and the distance from the
continuous charge to point P can be expressed as √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; where y = 4cm.
4. The electric potential for finite and continuous charge will be related by ;

5. Thus using the expression, electric potential for x = 2cm ; a = 4cm will be :
V = 6.50 x 10 11 Nm/C ;

Guide Questions:
1. How does electric potential be determined for the continuous charge?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are other conditions to consider to determine the electric potential?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why?

___________________________________________________________________

10
 Therefore, I conclude______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY
____

III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 2: “DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES”

I. Problem: Calculate electric potential from a finite distribution of charges?

II. Hypothesis: Electric potential for finite distribution charges is related to the
partial derivative of the charges and the finite length of the materials that conduct.
III. Materials: Illustrations of finite length distribution charges.
IV. Procedure:

1. A charge Q = 2mC is distributed uniformly along the y-axis having a length of 8cm.
Find the electric potential at the point P at a distance of considering dQ charge is at
y = 2cm?
2. Refer to the sketch attached and provide the required information.

Figure 3. Finite continuous charge distribution

3. The expression dQ = (Q/2a) dy ; where is a =4cm and the distance from the
continuous charge to point P can be expressed as √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; where y = 4cm.
4. Determine the electric potential for a finite and continuous charge ;

Solution:

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Guide Questions:
1. How does electric potential be determined for a continuous charge?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are other conditions to consider to determine the electric potential?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Therefore, I conclude______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____

IV. EVALUATION ACTIVITY

Direction: Read the following problems and show your solution. Please provide extra
sheets of paper if spaces are not enough.

Calculate the electric potential due to a collection of point charges.

Problem 1: A 5.00 -µC point charge is at the origin and a point charge 𝑞2 = - 2.00 µC
is on the x-axis at ( 3.00,0)m.( a.) If the electric potential is taken to be zero at
infinity, find the electric potential due to these changes at point P with coordinates( 0,
4.00m) (b.) How much work is required to bring a third point charge of 4.00 µC from
infinity to P?

Problem 2: Suppose a charge of -2.00 µC is at the origin and a charge of 3.00 µC is

at the point ( 0,3.00)m. (a.) Find the electric potential at (4.00,0) m, assuming the
electric potential is zero at infinity, and (b) find the work necessary to bring a 4.00 µC
charge from infinity to the point(4.00,0)m.

12
Problem 3. Suppose three protons lie on the x-axis, at rest relative to one another at
a given instant of time. If proton’s 𝑞3 on the right is released while the others are held
fixed in place, find a symbolic expression for the proton’ speed at infinity and
evaluate this speed when r0 = 2.00 fm. ( note: 1 fm= 10-15 m.)

I. PERFORMANCE TASK (DAY 4)

Activity 1: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL FOR CONTINUOUS CHARGE

DISTRIBUTION!
I.Problem: Calculate electric potential from a finite continuous distribution of charges?
II.Hypothesis: Electric potential for finite continuous distribution charges is related
directly to the charges per unit length distribution and the finite length of the
materials that conduct.
III.Materials: Illustrations of finite length distribution charges.
IV.Procedure:
1. A charge Q = + 2µC is distributed uniformly along the x-axis having a length of 6cm.
Find the electric potential at the point P at a distance of considering dQ charge is at
coordinates ( 0, 4cm)
2. Sketch the system of charges below the blank grid and refer to the problem strategy
as stated in the Mini-Lesson day 3 and the activities in day 3 as your guide in solving
this performance activity.

Figure 4: Sketch of continuous charge distribution

13
3. Show your solution in the box provided.

Solution:

Guide Questions:
1. For the region x = -3cm to x = +3cm, what is the total charge?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How will you relate the electric potential of a continuous charge distribution to the
location of the length of the charges?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Is the hypothesis correct? If yes why? If no why?

___________________________________________________________________
Therefore, I conclude______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____

References:

Serway, Raymond A. (2012). Physics Fundamentals 2. Pasig City: Cengage

Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Ph
ysics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/06%3A_Gaus
s%27s_Law/6.03%3A_Explaining_Gauss%E2%80%99s_Law

http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/coursenotes/modules/guide
04.pdf

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Rubrics
These criteria are used throughout the conduct of the activities.
Criteria Beginner (1) Acceptable (3) Proficient (5)
Process Skills The student does Students Students always
not demonstrate occasionally demonstrate
targeted process demonstrate targeted process
skills. targeted process skills.
skills.
Time The student did not Students finish on Students finish
Management finish on time with time with ahead of time with
incomplete data. incomplete data. complete data.
Cooperation The student does Students have Students is on
not know their defined tasks and has
tasks and has no responsibilities defined
defined most of the time. responsibilities at
responsibilities. all times.

Quality Assured/ Evaluated by the Following:

Julmajir Abbang Salipmugdar, MST Physics

Dexter S. Sendiong, ME, EE

Dr. Jenny T. Dosil

Education Program Supervisor in Science

Reviewed By:

Evelyn F. Importante
OIC- CID Chief EPS

Aurelio A. Santisas
OIC- Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jerry C. Bokingkito
OIC- Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Jeanelyn A. Aleman, CESO VI

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent

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